# species_source

externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/296/mode/1up
description:
  WELD 706. 

  Host. — Quercus gambelii Nuttall and probably other Rocky Mountain oaks. 

  Gall.— Cluster of several dozen hairy brown cells that are probably fleshy when fresh, at end of vigorous etiolated shoots coming up under loose stone piles or under mass of humus. It is probably a spring gall. The clusters measure up to 2-3 cm. in diameter. 

  Habitat. — Collected old galls in July, 1916, at Trinidad, Colorado; Las Vegas, and Rito de los Frijoles near Buckman, New Mexico; Grand Canyon and Flagstaff, Arizona.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/296/mode/1up
description:
  WELD 707. Plate 37, fig. 35. 

  Host. — Quercus emoryi Torrey. 

  Gall. — Similar in size and appearance to that of Eumayria floridana Ashmead. 

  Habitat.— Old galls found at Prescott, Arizona, April 13, 1918.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/297/mode/1up
description:
  WELD 1501. Plate 37, fig. 33. 

  Host.— Quercus agrifolia Nee, Quercus wislizeni A. de Candolle Quercus californica Cooper. 

  Gall — Abrupt oblong swellings at base of sprouts which are only a few millimeters in diameter. The gall may measure 25-35 mm. in diameter by 35-75 mm. long. It is hard and woody when dry, covered with normal brown bark which is not much thickened. Cells radially arranged in pockets in the wood. Exit holes with a characteristic smooth ring. 

  Habitat. — The writer has collected old galls on Quercus wislizenii on Mount Tamalpais, in San Gabriel and San Antonio River canyons in San Gabriel Mountains, in Ojai Valley, and at Santa Margarita, California; on Quercus agrifolia at Newhall, near Carpinteria, at Santa Margarita, Paso Robles, Paraiso Springs, Monterey, and Los Gatos; on Quercus californica at Dunsmuir and in Sequoia National Park. Fresh galls nearly full grown but too immature for rearing were seen only once at Monterey, on May 11, 1918.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/297/mode/1up
description:
  WELD 407. Plate 37, fig. 36. 

  Host. — Quercus laceyi Small. 

  Gall. — Dried-up galls, 5 mm. in diameter, were found at base of stump in the late fall. They were globular, with a slight pedicel, produced in a cluster. Probably a fleshy spring gall of the Trigonaspis type. 

  Habitat. — Boerne, Texas.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/297/mode/1up
description:
  WELD 408. Plate 37, fig. 34. 

  Host. — Quercus laceyi Small and Quercus virginiana Miller. 

  Gall. — Confluent, globular, dried-up galls, 4 mm. in diameter, in a small cluster, pubescent on surface. Found in fall on young shoots of live oak buried under thick bed of dead leaves and on laceyi attached to a large root. 

  Habitat. — Boerne and Cuero, Texas. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31780#page/140/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta radicola, new species

  Gall.--This gall also could not be found in the collection. The Note Book says: Received from JG Barlow, Cadet, Missouri, one much shriveled gall, found on the roots of scrub oak. 

  Reared May 21, 1886.


description:
  One to several purple-red integral leaf spots near the base of leaves of Viburnum acerifolium, causing a slight swelling on both sides of the leaf. Observed in New Hampshire in June. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4401781#page/237/mode/1up
description:
  The following notes were made on this species secured at Hays, Ellis county, July 16-22, 1912 : In the earlier part of the season the galls or swellings on Cucurbita foetidissima are comparatively small and nearly solid, and the larvae within quite young. Both grow quite rapidly, however, and the caterpillar soon eats out most of its abode, leaving the same little more than a shell. At the above date numbers of the larvae are deserting the galls by a ventral or nearly ventral aperture, to enter the earth. By July 19 nearly all the galls have been vacated, and a few small terminal swellings containing young larvae remain. 

   Each gall contains but one larva, and is entire until the exit hole is made. As can be seen from plate XXXII, the galls are usually longer than wide; they may be of nearly uniform coloration, or else striped like the gourd. Though perhaps most frequent on the radiating and trailing stems, they may be developed from a leaf petiole, and more rarely from a tendril stem (fig. 8). They were found to vary in dimensions from about one to four inches (25-102 mm.) long, and from two-thirds to one and a quarter inches (17-32 mm.) in diameter.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16145221#page/258/mode/1up
description:
  Xanthoteras mediocre, new species

  Host.--Quercus subturbinella Trelease

  Gall.-- Similar in color and structure to the gall of [Xanthoteras forticorne](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/851) (Walsh) but not so large. The clusters are roughly globular, about 20 mm. in diameter, on young shoots under debris. The individual fig-shaped galls contain from 2-6 cells, while those of forticorne are monothalamous. 

  Habitat. — The type material is from Camp Creek, Arizona. Mrs. Capron sent galls on November 20, 1928, and living flies were cut out on December 8. On December 27, 1928, she collected another lot of galls and flies were cut out January 2 and others emerged indoors about January 22, 1929.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22092#page/109/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips polita, n. sp. 

  Galls round, monothalamous, found abundantly in midsummer on both surfaces of the leaves of Quercus obtusiloba [stellata], at or near the summit of young and thrifty shoots, from one to fifteen or twenty on a single leaf. They are from one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and are when grown in the shade of a paler green than the leaf, but when exposed to the sun are red or brown. They are attached so slightly to the mid- vein and its branches that their removal leaves little if any trace. The shell is when dry extremely thin and brittle, and the single round larval cell is kept in a central position by fine radiating and branching fibres that extend to the outside shell. These galls resemble, except in their mode of attachment to the leaf, those of C. singularis B., but the insects differ considerably. They are also somewhat like those of C. inanis Harris, but are many times smaller. The insects are fully mature in October, but remain in the galls over winter. I received my specimens of this species from Mr. E. Potts, of Philadelphia, and from Mr. Thomas Annadown, of Glassboro, N. J., and Mr. P. H. Uhler informs me that they are very abundant in southern New Jersey and in some parts of Maryland. The shining and finely polished thorax and abdomen suggest the specific name given to the insect.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/259461#page/501/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus ficus Fitch (autumnal)

  white oak

  Well figured and described, NY Rep II 314. Some of the central cells in these galls contain in February living larvae about .05 inch long and occasionally a blackish pupa about .08 inch long, evidently from the structure of its antennae chalcididous. About one-fourth of these galls in the winter exhibit external perforations, and their central cells are then invariably perforated, indicated that the maker of the gall had already vacated his cell. With such as are not perforated, the central cell generally contains in February and March the above-mentioned chalcididous larva or pupa, which is in no doubt identical with a Chalcidide that I have bred abundantly in May from these galls. The cells in which the guest gall-fly most probably lives are attached to the external rind of some few galls only, in addition to the central cell which is found in every gall and in which, according to all analogy, the maker of the gall must reside. I have found larvae in March in some of these external cells; and in the same gall in which one of the external cells was tenanted by a larva, the central cell was also tenanted by a chalcididous larva; thus furnishing confirmatory evidence, that in certain cases the guest gall-fly does not destroy the gall-fly, or, which is the same thing, its chalcididous parasite. The twigs on which the galls are placed, unless very large, always perish the next season, and where recent galls are found, a great quantity of old, last year's, dry galls on dry and half-rotten twigs may always be observed. This circumstance seems to have led Dr Fitch to imagine that there were two crops of these galls every year. He makes the same supposition with regard to the galls seminator Harris and q inanis OS, but in the latter case I know from close and continued observation that the supposition is incorrect. I doubt the fact of any oak-inhabiting Psenide being double-brooded. The gall q ficus occurs near Rock Island IL chiefly on unthrifty sprouts 2 or 3 feet high growing round the stumps of young white oaks, and never on trees of any size. Dr Fitch found them "on the long slender shoots of young and thriftily growing white oaks." I have seen them only once or twice in such a situation and then not 7 feet from the ground. The fact of their not occurring on large trees is explained by the gall-producing insect being, as I believe, subapterous. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31780#page/139/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta emoryi, new species

  Gall.--A small, brown, thin-shelled, semiglobular gall, attached by a small point to the upper or under surface of a leaf of Quercus emoryi. Internally there is a small, central kernel, held in place by delicate filamentary fibers. Diameter, 2 to 3 mm.

  Three specimens, reared December 13, 1880, from the above described gall; collected by Mr HH Rusby, at Silver City, NM.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84930#page/27/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta clavula, sp. nov.

  Gall. — On the under side of the leaves of a species of white oak (probably Quercus douglasi). Monothalamous. Narrow and almost parallel to about the middle, thence suddenly becoming inflated into a club with the apex pointed. At the extreme base it is slightly broader and is attached by a point to the leaf. The gall very much resembles a miniature Indian club in shape. Brown in color, and the larva lives in the inflated part of the gall in a rounded cell. Length, 5-7 mm. ; width of narrow part, 1 mm., of thickened part, 1.75 mm. 

  Habitat: — California (Napa and Sonoma Countries). Described from twelve specimens.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45817515#page/125/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus-ficus Fitch

  Surrounding the twigs of white oaks in a dense cluster, resembling preserved figs packed in boxes, each molded to the shape of those pressing against its sides, hollow bladder-like galls of the pale dull yellow color of a faded oak leaf, each gall producing a small black fly with the lower half of its head, its antennae and legs pale dull yellow, its hind shanks dusky and its abdomen beneath reddish-brown, its antennae with fifteen and in the female thirteen joints. Length 0.06, females 0.10, and to the end of their wings 0.14. (Fitch.)

  Galls which apparently belong to the above species were received June 10, 1882, from Miss Kath. Parsons, South Lancashire, Mass., who found them on the oak at Breakheart Hill, Saugus, Mass., and several of the gall-flies were bred from them between July 1 and July 13. 

  Apparently the same kind of galls were found July 20, 1883, in Virginia on Q. alba. From these issued, from August 16, 1883, to April 21, 1884, numerous parasites, belonging to the genera Torymus, Ormyrus, Decatoma, and a Cecidomyid. 

  The Cynips, which are wingless, differ from those from Miss Parsons in that they were winged. They commenced to issue January 30, 1884, and kept on issuing through the whole of February. 

  From a few galls, received March 19, 1883, two specimens, also wingless, issued February 9, 1884, and large numbers of wingless insects issued from a lot of galls collected by Mr. Koebele at Meredith Village, N. H., in September, 1883, in the same month. Among these last was also one winged specimen of probably a different species. (Riley's unpublished notes.)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/21941226#page/23/mode/1up
description:
  Xanthoteras forticornis Walsh 

  Cynips quercus-forticornis Walsh
  Cynips forticornis
  Teras forticornis
  Cynips quercus-ficus
  Biorhiza forticornis
  Xanthoteras forticornis

  Many of these galls are pressed together so closely on the twig as to lose all normal form, becoming flattened. Thin-walled, one-celled, the larval cell held in place by radiating fibers. Yellow, sometimes with red sides, turning brown. Common on white oak, Quercus alba. Insects emerged from July 1 to 13. [likely in error]


description:
  "The characteristic color of the galls is only in the epidermis, which is 1 cell layer thick. When the epidermis is peeled away, a mat of white fungal tissue can be seen below...hard, black carbonaceous material...encases the larva or larvae."

  [He lists the following host records for this species, verified by both host and insect identification: *Aster claytoni [Eurybia divaricata]*, *Aster cordifolius [Symphyotrichum cordifolium]*, *Aster divaricatus [Eurybia divaricata]*, *Aster gracilis [Eurybia compacta]*, *Aster macrophyllus [Eurybia macrophylla]*, *Aster paludosus [Eurybia paludosa]*, *Aster radula [Eurybia radula]*, *Aster spectabilis [Eurybia spectabilis]*, *Aster surculosus [Eurybia surculosa]*]

  [Additionally, he lists *Eurybia radulina* as a possible *Asteromyia sp.* host based on observations of galls only (no insect material was available). Included here, provisionally, because the host is in the same genus as most (all?) *A. clarkei* hosts, but these gall records may alternatively represent a distinct midge species.]


description:
  "The characteristic color of the galls is only in the epidermis, which is 1 cell layer thick. When the epidermis is peeled away, a mat of white fungal tissue can be seen below...hard, black carbonaceous material...encases the larva or larvae."

  [He lists the following host records for this species, verified by both host and insect identification: *Aster choralis* [probably a *Symphyotrichum cordifolium* complex member], *Aster ciliolatus [S. ciliolatus]*, *A. coerulescens* [probably a *S. lanceolatum* complex member], *A. cordifolius [S. cordifolium]*, *A. divaricatus [Eurybia divaricata]*, *A. dumosus [S. dumosum]*, *A. ericoides [S. ericoides]*, *A. falcatus [S. falcatum]*, *A. laevis [S. laeve]*, *A. lateriflorus [S. lateriflorum]*, *A. novae-angliae [S. novae-angliae]*, *A. oblongifolus [S. oblongifolium]*, *A. ontarionis [S. ontarionis]*, *A. paternus [Sericocarpus asteroides]*, *A. pilosus [Symphyotrichum pilosum]*, *A. puniceus [Symphyotrichum puniceum]*, *A. sagittifolius* Wedemeyer *[S. cordifolium]*, *A. schreberi [E. schreberi]*, *A. simplex* [probably a *S. lanceolatum* complex member], *A. undulatus [S. undulatum]*]

  [He also lists the following additional *Symphyotrichum* species as possible *Asteromyia* hosts based on observations of galls only (no insect material available). These gall records are included on this page because this midge species seems to specialize on this host genus, but see the "gallformers notes" for possible exceptions to this trend:
  *Aster anomalus [Symphyotrichum anomalum]*, *A. azureus [S. oolentangiense]*, *A. elliottii [S. elliottii]*, *A. lowrieanus [S. lowrieanum]*, *A. lucidulus [S. firmum]*, *A. novibelgii [S. novi-belgii]*, *A. occidentalis [S. spathulatum]*, *A. praealtus [S. praealtum]*, *A. sericeus [S. sericeum]*, *A. shortii [S. shortii]*]


description:
  *Asteromyia clarkei* and *Asteromyia laeviana* make similar black-blister galls on the leaves of North American asters. Gagné (1968) showed that the insects themselves are clearly differentiable morphologically, as adults and even as larvae.   

  Since Gagné (1968), the North American species in the genus *Aster* have been split into several smaller genera. Most of them are now in the genus *Symphyotrichum*, but there are other "former-*Aster*" genera, including *Eurybia*, *Sericocarpus*, and several others. 

  Nearly all of the former-*Aster* hosts Gagné (1968) reported for *Asteromyia laeviana* now fall into *Symphyotrichum* and nearly all of the hosts for *Asteromyia clarkei* fall into *Eurybia*. The only exceptions to this convenient pattern, for *Asteromyia laeviana*, are:

  *Eurybia divaricata* (multiple lines of evidence that it hosts both midge species)
  *Eurybia schreberi* (a close relative of *E. divaricata*)
  *Sericocarpus asteroides* (this surprising record was presumably based on a single larva)

  A later source (Stireman et al., 2010) reported *Asteromyia laeviana* from *Eurybia radula*, but this was almost certainly a misidentified host given the location of the collection (western Ohio) and the rarity of *E. radula* in the southern part of its range. In fact, the location is out-of-range of all *Eurybia* species, though it is nearer the published ranges of the much more common *E. divaricata* and *E. macrophylla*. Asters are notoriously difficult to identify, particularly when only vegetative material is available.
   
  Gagné (1968) also cautioned that further study may reveal other plants in addition to *E. divaricata* that can host both gall midges.

  However, with a few possible exceptions (namely *Eurybia divaricata* and its close relatives), it is very tempting to circumscribe this midge's host range to *Symphyotrichum*.


description:
  *Asteromyia clarkei* and *Asteromyia laeve* both make black-blister galls on the leaves of North American asters. Gagné (1968) showed that the insects themselves are clearly differentiable morphologically, both as adults (either sex) and as larvae.   

  Since Gagné (1968), the North American species in the genus *Aster* have been split into several smaller genera. Most of them are now in the genus *Symphyotrichum*, but there are other "former-*Aster*" genera, including *Eurybia*, *Sericocarpus*, and several others. 

  Nearly all of the former-*Aster* hosts Gagné (1968) reported for *Asteromyia laeviana* now fall into *Symphyotrichum* and nearly all of the hosts for *Asteromyia clarkei* fall into *Eurybia*. 

  The only published exception to this convenient pattern, for *Asteromyia clarkei*, is:
  *Symphyotrichum cordifolium* - this record is based on a New York collection of adults reared from galls by E. P. Felt in 1914. There is also [this BugGuide gall observation](https://bugguide.net/node/view/1631582) by M. J. Hatfield, on genuine *Symphyotrichum cordifolium* (no *Euthamia* lookalikes are in range) from which Hatfield reared adults that Gagné subsequently identified as *Asteromyia clarkei*.
   
  Gagné (1968) also cautioned that further study may reveal other plants capable of hosting either midge species. He didn't explicitly mention *S. cordifolium* in these comments but it is present as a host under his descriptions of both midge species.


description:
  Monothalamous. Pale green, rounded somewhat, blister-like, much broader than high, single, or two or three in a row coalescing. Inside it is white, and contains a large larval chamber. It is formed between two, three or four leaves fastened together, the gall protruding on the upper and under side of the leaves. Width, 2.5 to 3.5 mm. Height, 2 mm.


description:
  [when on *S. canadensis*]:
  "5- to 15-mm diam. when larvae mature, nonmarginal galls round to elliptical, but marginal galls lunate…Color variable: yellow, gray, buff, or purple with a pink center and ringed with white. Strikingly different-colored galls sometimes appear on the same leaf. Circular galls usually contain more than 1 larva but marginal galls typically contain only 1."

  [when on *S. juncea*]:
  "circular, about 3-4 mm diam. with only 1 larva/gall. Color dark gray with white or yellow margin becoming dull black or brownish when larva is mature."

  [Also lists the following host records for this species, verified by both host and insect identification: verbatim name [current name]: *Solidago angusta* [*S. petiolaris* var. *angusta*], *S. arguta*, *S. caesia*, *S. californica*, *S. canadensis* [*S. canadensis*, *S. altissima*, and presumably other very close relatives], *S. chadonnetii* [*S. rigidiuscula*], *S. concinna* [*S. missouriensis* var. *extraria*], *S. confinis*, *S. curtisii*, *S. delicatula*, *S. dumetorum* [*S. gigantea?*], *S. elliotii* [*S. latissimifolia*], *S. erecta*, *S. fistulosa*, *S. gigantea*, *S. juncea*, *S. missouriensis* [*S. missouriensis* var. *missouriensis*], *S. mollis*, *S. nemoralis*, *S. rigida*, *S. rugosa*, *S. sempervirens* [*S. mexicana*, based on location], *S. sparsiflora* [*S. velutina*], *S. speciosa* [*S. rigidiuscula*], *S. squarrosa*]

  [Also lists the following probable host records for this species, based on records of leaf spot galls. Without a definitive insect ID, it is possible, though unlikely, that these could represent other *Asteromyia* species, namely, *A. modesta* : *S. angusta* [*S. petiolaris* var. *wardii*, based on location], *S. mollis* [*S. radula*, based on location], *S. sempervirens* [*S. sempervirens* s.s., based on location], *S. bicolor*, *S. bootii* [*S. arguta* var. *bootii*], *S. buckleyi*, *S. multiradiata*, *S. confinis* [or possibly refers to *S. spectabilis/guiradonis*], *S. decumbens* [*S. gutinosa*], *S. odora*, *S. ohioensis*, *S. pinetorum*, *S. roanensis*]


description:
  "In typical galls of *A. modesta* there is usually some purple on the gall or on the surrounding area. In the latter case, the tissue immediately above the larva remains green. On *Grindelia* the gall tissue is occasionally hardened but there is no carbonaceous material typical of the other species of *Asteromyia*. There is only 1 larva/gall."

  [Host records: *Conyza canadensis*, *Erigeron strigosus*, *Grindelia hirsutula*, *G. humilis*, *G. robusta*, *G. squarrosa*, *Solidago flexicaulis*, *S. macrophylla*]

  [See [this page](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3385) for the *Grindelia* galls]


description:
  "…galls are 3–10 mm long; rounded, elliptical, or elongate-elliptical, depending on the width of the affected leaf; and black, usually with a narrow yellow, white, or purple margin…"

  "[on *E. caroliniana*] ...the galls are found on the upper green stems in addition to the leaves… usually completely surround[ing] the stem, as in *A. gutierreziae*… Unlike for *A. carbonifera*, the epidermis does not peel off the galls in a layer 1 cell thick. Rather, the epidermis is incorporated with the fungi."


description:
   - [on *Baccharis*]: black, 3-4 mm diam.
   - [on *Gutierrezia*]: on stems, black; cylindrical, continuous around stem; about 2-3 times diameter of stem, 5-9 mm long. One larva/gall.
   - [on *Gymnosperma*]: on stems as for *Gutierrezia*. On leaves, they are elliptical; black; 3-5 mm diam.
   - [on *Isocoma [Medranoa]*]: on stems as for *G. microcephala* but smaller, 5-6 mm long.
  ...
  [He lists the following host records for this species, verified by both host and insect identification: *Gutierrezia microcephala*, *Gutierrezia sarothrae*, *Gymnosperma glutinosum*, *Isocoma palmeri [Medranoa palmeri]*.]
  ...
  [Additionally, he lists the following as possible *Asteromyia* hosts based on observations of galls only (no insect material available):]

  Following are species on which I have collected galls, presumably of *Asteromyia*, but from which no larvae, pupae, or adults were available for study....
  ...
  *Baccharis halimifolia* L.—Md., Fla.
  *B. bigelovii* Gray—Ariz.
  *B. douglasii* DC.—Calif.


description:
  The female chews a hole into a flower bud and oviposits onto an anther. She then plugs the hole with a fecal pellet and proceeds to chew the flower’s pedicel. Such flower buds either fall off immediately or die attached to the raceme and fall a few days later. Larvae feed and pupate inside the unopened flower buds.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/321/mode/1up
description:
  Xanthoteras tubifaciens, new species

  Host. — Quercus garryana. 

  Gall (fig. 41). — A convex mass of tubular galls standing side by side in a compact cluster on the underside of the leaf in the fall. The mass measures up to 25 mm. long by 15 mm. wide. The individual galls are easily detached, especially in preserved specimens, white or cream-colored, up to 9 mm. long, tapering gradually from the base to a diameter of about 3 mm. at the distal open end, the distal portion beset with tapering spines which are often rosy at the tip. The single larval cell lies midway of the length of the gall and measures about 2 mm. long by 1.2 mm. in diameter. The tissue of the dried galls is of crystalline hardness so that the insects are unable to chew their way out of preserved specimens. 

  Habitat. — The type material was collected September 8, 1922, in Sequoia National Park, Calif., just above the Cedar Creek checking station on the road to Giant Forest. At that time the galls contained full-grown larvae. Living flies were cut out of the galls on November 10. These galls were seen just starting to develop at McLeod, Oreg., on July 22. They were also seen at Yreka, Calif., and the Stanford collection has galls from Siskiyou, Oreg.


description:
  This may be the then-undescribed [sexual generation gall of Amphibolips spinosa](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4229).


description:
  A green globular gall speckled with slightly raised black dots, similar to [the agamic gall of Amphibolips spinosa](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/998), with thick walls and short radiating fibers holding a single central larval cell, on buds of Quercus nigra appearing as early as July and persisting into the fall and likely over winter. Observed in Florida and Louisiana. This is likely the agamic generation gall of [Amphibolips melanocera](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1002). 


description:
  Pink-white erineum along veins on the upper side and more broadly on the lower side of leaves of Malus fusca. Eriophyid mites present. Observed in Alaska in June. 


description:
  The agamic generation gall of Callirhytis parva is likely [this undescribed acorn pip gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1122). 


description:
  This is likely the agamic generation gall of [Callirhytis parva](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/960). 


description:
  A small globular gall sparsely covered in short hairs, with an apical nipple, on a leaf of Quercus garryana. Observed in Oregon in May. 


description:
  "The bung is honey-colored at first, but whitens with exposure to weathering....The outer surface of the finished bung is flush with [a ring of raised plant tissue]."

  "Light bung coloration is a galler rather than a foodplant trait, as shown by..."

  "Ramets with light-bunged galls from Maryland, Michigan, and Ohio were identified as *S. canadensis* and *S. altissima*. The galler exhibits high fidelity to this foodplant complex as shown by..."

  [goes on to emphasize the rarity of occurrences of light-bunged (therefore, made by this particular *Gnorimoschema* species) galls on *S. gigantea*, *S. ulmifolia*, "*S. juncea-missouriensis* complex" [almost certainly *S. juncea* at this eastern site]]

  [Miller mentions that "*S. nemoralis*" was given as the host by Riley in 1869, but emphasizes that he has personally never found *Gnorimoschema* galls on this host species, despite searching, and also casts doubt on the identity of the gall-former responsible for galls Riley reported from *S. missouriensis* from Washington and British Columbia.]


description:
  "This species differs most strikingly from *G. gallaesolidaginum* [*G. gallaesolidaginis*] in that its bung is blackish brown, recessed, and not beveled."

  "Ramets from Michigan and Maryland bearing galls plugged with dark, recessed bungs were identified as *Solidago gigantea*, a fairly distinctive goldenrod..."

  [Later describes very rare occurrences (<<1%) of dark-bunged galls on other hosts, one on a host in the *Solidago canadensis-altissima* species complex, and two on *Solidago ulmifolia*. Because they were so rare, they are not listed as hosts based on this source for the purposes of gallformers.org.]


description:
  "The mature gall is more variable in shape than those of *G. gallaesolidaginum [G. gallaesolidaginis]* and *G. jocelynae*, ranging from vertically symmetrical to pear-shaped..."

  "*Solidago sempervirens* is a long-known foodplant... In the present study, foodplant ramets from sites in Ohio and Maryland bearing galls plugged with dark bungs flush with the gall exterior were identified as *S. juncea* ... I sometimes found *G. salinarum* galls on *S. ulmifolia* in Maryland, but only at a few sites where galls were abundant on *S. juncea*."


description:
  "Mature galls range from vertically symmetrical to pear-shaped, with irregularities in shape being more pronounced than in [*G. gallaesolidaginis, G. jocelynae, G. salinaris*]."

  "The opening of the adult exit to the outside is located in the upper one-third of the gall, sometimes in the narrow part of pear-shaped galls... [This species] does not make a bung; only intact plant epidermis caps the finished adult exit. This cap is usually less visible externally than those the other other gallers fusing caps of intact plant tissue, and thus may be thicker. The cap has a single layer of silk on its inner side ... Exit caps are translucent when the exit sides of bisected galls are held up to a lamp. The pointed adult frons is probably adapted for penetrating a thick exit cap."

  "...reared adults and galls of [this species] came from *Aster novae-angliae*, *A. pilosus*, *A. simplex*, and *A. praealtus.* The foodplant reported by Fyles (1911b), *Aster junceus* Ait., is now referable to *A. junciformis* Rydb." [in 2022, POWO lists this as a synonym for *Symphyotrichum boreale*".]


description:
  "...the opening of the adult exit is located in the middle one-third of the gall slightly above midgall." [rather than the upper third]
  "No bung is made; only intact plant epidermis caps the finished exit. Caps are translucent when the exit sides of bisected galls are held up to a lamp."
  "Discounting minor irregularities, the galls are vertically symmetrical."


description:
  Miller (2000) assigns these to *Solidago speciosa*, which at the time of his work included several species now (as per POWO, accessed today, 7/8/2022) segregated. Only the segregate species *Solidago rigidiuscula* is in range for the sites where Miller collected this species (Chippewa County, WI, Ramsey County, MN), but these sites *are* near the border of the range reported for another segregate from *S. speciosa*, *S. jejunifolia*. It is conceivable that these records include galls from this species instead, but this seems generally less likely. *S. speciosa* in the new, restricted sense does not range near the collection sites. *Solidago* range information was taken from John Semple's website at the University of Waterloo, accessed today, 7/8/2022.


description:
  "Reared adults for this study came from *Aster* spp., including the taxonomically variable *Aster pilosus*, which has several named varieties. Godfrey et al. (1987) reared *G. gibsoniellum* from *Aster* spp. Busck (1915) gives the foodplant as *"Solidago rigida."* *S. rigida* L. is a distinctive goldenrod which I scanned extensively in Minnesota and southwestern Manitoba without finding *Gnorimoschema* galls." [note: Despite this statement by Miller, it's hard for me to imagine Busck truly mistaking *Solidago rigida* for an aster, so I'm still including it in our gallformers.org database as a host. It is still possible that it was misidentified, however.]

  "Discounting minor irregularities, the galls are vertically symmetrical to mildly pear-shaped. The pear-shaped galls occurred at ground level."

  "I first detected this galler while mowing a rural lawn that was being invaded by *Aster pilosus* from an adjacent field. Most of the galls were at ground level, becoming apparent only after mowing exposed them.... Gibson also noted that the galls were near ground level."

  "The opening of the adult exit is located in the upper one-third of the gall."

  "No bung is made; only intact plant epidermis caps the finished adult exit, as in *G. gallaespeciosum*."


description:
  "Adults were reared from *Grindelia squarrosa* (Pursh) Dun., and *Haplopappus ciliatus* (Nutt.) DC. [note: as of 2022 POWO lists this as a synonym for *Grindelia ciliata*]

  "The opening of the adult exit to the outside is located in the upper one-third of the gall...the larva covers the opening with a cap consisting of plant tissue fragments interwoven with silk. The cap, which is pliable when touched with an insect pin, is conspicuous at completion, but dries and weathers so that it later blends more the the gall exterior."

  "...galls usually occur singly on *Grindelia squarrosa* main stems, sometimes also on larger lateral branches..."

  "mature gall vertically symmetrical"


description:
  "Reared adults are reported most often from *Solidago flexicaulis* L., less often from *S. caesia* L., *S. uliginosa* Nutt., and *Aster divaricatus* L...The one adult reared in this study came from *Aster sagittifolius* Wedemeyer in lower Michigan."

  "...galls are vertically symmetrical at maturity....and may disrupt ramet development such that no more than a single pair of leaves develops above galls."

  "The opening of the adult exit to the outside is located in the upper one-third of the gall."

  "...finished exits were capped by intact plant epidermis."


description:
  Are all these different host reports really referring to the same species of moth? They are all woodland Astereae, but I can't help but wonder whether there have been some mistakes in host identification. Miller (2000) reported that he could only find these galls on *Aster sagittifolius* [now *Symphyotrichum sagittifolium* - if segregated from *S. cordifolium*], from which he reared adults that matched those of the original describer, Kellicott. Judd (1962) could not find any galls on *S. caesia* despite there being large numbers of these plants near a *S. flexicaulis* site with many galls. Earlier sources report galls from *Eurybia* and *Doellingeria*, suggesting a much wider range of acceptable hosts. Busck (1911, 1939) considered this problem of host identification, and concluded that the species may simply have a wide host range. His "*S. latifolia*" is our current *S. flexicaulis*; his *Aster corymbosus* apparently refers to *E. divaricata*. 

  Fyles (1911) made a strong case that at least the *Doellingeria* galler is distinct - it would then have his name, *Gnorimoschema gallaediplopappi*. McDunnough (1959) agreed with Fyles, while also adding *Solidago uliginosa* to the list of *G. gallaeasterella* hosts. *Doellingeria* is more distantly-related to the other hosts above than they are to one another, a fact not perhaps not appreciated in earlier decades when it was lumped into "Aster" sensu latissimo. This separation is now followed here on gallformers.org.

  I still can't help but wonder how many of these hosts are misidentified or otherwise inaccurately assigned to this species. Multiple moth species being conflated here, each galling a different phylogenetic range of hosts, would explain some discrepancies in gall morphology between Miller (2000) and earlier sources, particularly whether or not this species constructs bungs.


description:
  "G. busckiellum Kearfott ... galls lateral branches of Aster patens Ait., and is still known only from the type series reared in New Jersey. In the gall induced by this moth, the finished adult exit is covered only by intact plant epidermis."


description:
  "...occurs on both the East and West coasts, but has not been reported anywhere in between. In the East, it is known only from the type series reared in Massachusetts from main-stem galls on *Aster ericoides* L. at or near ground level. The finished adult exit of this galler is covered by intact plant epidermis. In the West, *G. subterraneum* galls occur on *A. chilensis* Nees, varying in height from ground level upward."


description:
  Many small brown wooly tufts scattered across the lower side of leaves of Microdesmia arborea. Old galls with cecidomyiid exuviae observed in April in Oaxaca. 


description:
  A single very small globular gall densely covered in pink-orange hair, at the edge of a leaf of Quercus lobata, causing some minor bending of the leaf. Observed in Spring-Summer in California.

  [Two adults reared from these galls]( https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?verifiable=any&verifiable=any&place_id=any&field:Gallformers%20Code=q-lobata-hairy-pebble&user_id=norikonbu&term_id=1&term_value_id=2) were sent to Dr. James Nicholls, and his preliminary result in June 2024 indicated that it was a sexual generation of Feron. However, further investigation is needed to identify the exact species.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3154527#page/42/mode/1up
description:
  Receptaculum broadly effused, bright rosy-red, becoming pruinose, thickening but only slightly distorting the affected parts; spores hyaline, fusiform, straight. μ 10-12 X 4-5. On young shoots and leaves of Arctostaphylos pungens. Tamalpais, May, June. 


description:
  The Exobasidium causing galls on Arctostaphylos was long identified as E. vacciniii. However, newer research shows that E. vaccinii is host-specific, infecting only Vaccinium vitis-idaea. The name E. arctostaphyli was originally used for fungal galls observed on A. pungens. But until further research is undertaken, and in light of work by Burt, and later Savile, lumping many Exobasidium galls on different hosts together under E. vaccinii, it seems appropriate to ID the complex of Exobasidium species galling Arctostaphylos leaves as E. arctostaphyli. 

  ONE EXCEPTION: the whole shoot discoloration, which gives the appearance of a pseudo-flower, is being identified on iNaturalist as "Exobasidium sp." with the Gallformers Code "a-spp-whole-shoot-discoloration." This is the result of a compromise between (a) identifying all but the A. pungens galls as Exobasidium sp. or (b) identifying all the manzanita galls as Exobasidium arctostaphyli. This compromise may not really satisfy anyone. But it is a huge step forward from the practice by most American sources of mis-identifying these galls as E. vaccinii. 

  Taxonomic research is desperately needed!


description:
  Kuwayama [=Bactericera] lavaterae ... Host: Lavatera [~= Malva] ... In moderate infestations the nymphs occur i[n] blister-like depressions." 


description:
  BugGuide contributing editor Chris Mallory, who has long worked to expand what is known about N. American psyllids, has identified this psyllid from galls on Malva assurgentiflora and M. arborea that members of iNaturalist have posted. He also contributed the BugGuide guide page at https://bugguide.net/node/view/1353857. Look for the psyllids themselves on the host plant, especially on the underside of leaves, and try to get a photo of them if possible, 


description:
  The nymphs attack the young terminal leaves causing them to curl into a loosely cabbage-like growth. 


description:
  [A] species of tubuliferan thrips has recently become a serious pest on a common urban ornamental shrub, Myoporum, inducing considerable leaf deformation through its feeding activities


description:
  Swollen midrib or lateral vein (318b) . . . . Lasioptera collinsonifolia (Beutenmuller)

  Galls are green, tapered and 1-2 cm long. The one to several white larvae in the central tunnel of each gall overwinter in the gall and pupate the following spring. Host: C. canadensis. Distr.: New York and Maryland. 


description:
  Hawaii is not on the Gallformers map at this writing, but the most serious consequences of the introduced Klambothrips myopori are its effect on Myoporum sandwicense, a native plant of cultural significance that is also an important structural and biological component of Hawaiian forests. See https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/hisc/files/2013/02/Maui-Naio-Thrips-EDRR-Plan.pdf  

  By contrast, in California, Myoporum is an introduced ornamental that is to at least some degree invasive. That said, removing and replacing severely galled Myoporum ornamentals has imposed a burden on landowners and governments. 

  ID note: Pulling open the curled leaves of a galled plant will sometimes reveal the adult thrips as well as nymphs. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32307#page/323/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips q gemmaria n. sp.

  The gall-fly of another species affecting this oak I have just succeeded in raising this spring, after many previous ineffectual attempts. The galls appear in early spring and are soft, bristly and sticky. The immaturity of the specimens was probably the cause of my not succeeding before. The fly does not appear until the following year, February and March.

  Galls.-- Numerous, small, oblong, bud-like galls, surrounding a twig or sometimes issuing from the sides of the larger branches, .10-. 12 inch in length by .05 inch in diameter. 

  Fly escapes by perforating a hole in the side. 

  Described from thirty female bred specimens. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84930#page/29/mode/1up
description:
  Philonix californica, sp. nov.

  Gall. — On the upper surface of the leaves of a species of white oak. Monothalamous. Rounded, flattened disc-like, becoming slightly elevated toward the middle. The sides are flat and very thin, and the gall rests closely on the leaf. The larva lives in the center of the elevated part. The color is pinkish or purplish, with the apex sometimes yellowish. Width, 3 to 4 mm. Height, 1 mm. 

  Habitat — Kern Co., California, January. 

  Type — United States National Museum. Described from five females. 


description:
  Some galls of F. californicum resemble agamic ones of Feron pattersonae, but Joyce Gross reports on [https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/188623145](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/188623145) that DNA of larvae she had collected was analyzed by James Nicholls as F. californicum. Quercus john-tuckeri was also added tentatively as a host based on this observation.


description:
  Puccinia monoica is a spectacular plant parasitic rust fungus that triggers the formation of flower-like structures (pseudoflowers) in its Brassicaceae host plant Boechera stricta. Pseudoflowers mimic in shape, color, nectar and scent co-occurring and unrelated flowers such as buttercups. They act to attract insects thereby aiding spore dispersal and sexual reproduction of the rust fungus. ...  [G]ene expression profiling ... point[s] to an extensive reprogramming of host genes by the rust pathogen to induce floral mimicry. 


description:
  [B]listers [first] appear as reddish or pinkish swellings, later as rough red swellings on the lower surface of the leaf blade. Often they coalesce, covering a large area of the leaf blade alongside the midrib.
  As blisters become infested with mites, they turn dark brown to black, and by the end of the growing season the affected tissue has become dead and shrunken. Blisters ... not colonized by mites are pale green ... [B]listers without exit holes never contain mites.


description:
  .. oval or pear-shaped, greenish and whitish, unopened buds in a cluster of red flowers. Feeding activities of the mites abort the growth of flower buds, preventing the sepals and petals from opening, and the stamens, pistils, and other floral parts are distorted. 

  [photos pg. 92]


description:
  [The galls] are found commonly on a main stem, but rarely on a branch. The flower cluster is sometimes entirely aborted, but usually only partly so, the lower pedicels in the cluster remaining normal.
  In the majority of cases the gall is terminal, but in a few instances the stem ... project[s] a short distance beyond it. The gall has the relatively simple structure of a spindle-shaped enlargement of the stem. In length it varies from 10 to 15 mm, and in greatest width from 5 to 8 mm.
  It is roughened on the outside by the stumps of the aborted branches. On account of the shortening of the stem axis and the consequent crowding of the nodes, these branches are more numerous on a gall than on a corresponding length of normal stem. This gives the gall a gnarled surface and forms a strongly-protected case for the larva. The gall in some cases is surmounted by a tuft of leaves growing from its apex.
  The aperture through which the moth escapes from the gall is made always near the upper end.
  The insect passes the winter in the larval condition.


description:
  Causing small to large (several centimeters in extent when swollen) orange-brown[*] galls on leaflets, midribs, and petioles of Dryopteris arguta (Kaulf.) Wats. The galls are fleshy and gelatinous, becoming small, wrinkled, and hard when dry; much swollen when wet. 

  * Mix amended this in a later article, describing the galls as green in May-June when they first appear


description:
  Numerous small bead galls, the same color and hairiness as the leaf, scattered on leaves of Wyethia (=Balsamorhiza) sagittata. According to [Nemaplex](http://nemaplex.ucdavis.edu/Taxadata/G006s3.aspx) "Galls project mainly from the lower surface of the leaf, 3-4 mm in diameter."


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15672479#page/377/mode/1up
description:
  Antron pileus, new species

  Host: Quercus turbinella

  Gall.(Pl 17, fig 19)--A broadly conical bud gall, usually solitary, at end of new growth in summer. Straw yellow above with a purple margin, 4-7 mm in diameter, broader than high, strongly concave below like the pileus of the fungus Coprinus. Larval cavity at very apex and exit hole just below the short nipple. 

  Habitat.--The type material was sent by Mrs NW Capron, from Prescott AZ, July 12, 1947, and one adult emerged en route. More galls were sent August 1, 1947, and dead adults were cut out of the galls. More were sent in early July 1949, and adults emerged July 10-19. In previous years she had sent galls from Camp Creek, Cherry, Pine, and Young, and I had collected them at Ash Fork and Williams, AZ.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114064#page/148/mode/1up
description:
  Antron magdalenae, new species

  Host: Quercus subturbinella=Q. turbinella Greene. 

  Gall: Globular, 3 mm. in diameter, with a dull, uneven surface covered with stellate hairs, sessile by a broad base on under side of leaf in the fall. Wall thin. 

  Habitat: The types were cut out November 10 from galls collected Nov. 9, 1921, at Magdalena, N. Mex. Two paratypes are from Tijeras, N. Mex. Galls were seen also at Hillsboro, Kingston, and in the Burro Mountains, N. Mex.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13762219#page/227/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips nigricens n. sp. 

  Galls in clusters attached to the midrib on the underside of the leaves. The galls are cone-shaped, and resemble very small galls of C. strobilana. The galls fall to the ground a little before the leaves drop in the fall. From a large number of these galls gathered in October, 1887, I obtained one perfectly developed female late in September, 1888. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/336/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus biconicus, new species

  Host.--Quercus stellata

  Gall (fig. 13). — Cluster at base of petiole of leaf in autumn. The clusters consist of as many as 20 individual galls which are closely packed, the basal half of each more or less distorted by mutual pressure. The individual galls are spindle-shaped, with pyramidal base and conical apex, up to 8 mm. long by 5 mm. in diameter, brownish, covered with stellate hairs, dropping when mature. Monothalamous, consisting almost entirely of nutritive material in which a larval cavity is scarcely evident when the galls drop. When the larvae finish feeding the wall left is only about 0.2 mm. thick. Diameter of exit hole 1.2 mm. This is the gall described by Wells. 

  Habitat. — The types were reared from galls collected in fall and winter of 1919 at Denton, Tex., by R. L. Marquis. A gall opened on November 7, 1920, contained a pupa which transformed November 12 and adults issued (at Washington) before March 12, 1921. 

  Galls have been collected at Poplar Bluff and Ironton, Mo. ; Hoxie, Little Rock, Hot Sprin^rs, and Texarkana, Ark. : Palestine, Houston, Cuero, Boerne, College Station, and Arlington, Tex.; Tallahassee, Fla. ; East Falls Church, Va. ; Washington, D. C.


description:
  Andricus confertus new species

  Gall--A rounded, closely packed mass of galls occurring on the midribs or lateral veins on the undersides of leaves (rarely on upper side). The masses are from 6 to 8 mm long and almost as wide, each mass containing from few to 20 or more galls. Each gall is rounded on the outer surface and compressed basally. Easily detached when ripe and deciduous. Color pink or rose when fresh, tan when old and dry; 1 to 3 mm in diameter. Monothalamous.

  Host: Quercus lobata

  Type locality.--Stanford campus Santa Clara county CA

  Note.--This species is described from ten females cut out in March from galls collected in November and December. Many galls opened in March contain insects still in larval stage.


description:
  If this species is a true Holocynips, it would represent the only known jump of a lineage from white oaks to red oaks since the divergence of Loxaulus and Melikaiella.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23810#page/705/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus similis n. sp.

   QUERCUS ILICIFOLIA. Club-shaped, woody galls, growing on the ends of the small limbs. Apex blunt and generally turned to one side, covered in summer with a few leaves and containing one, and occasionally two or three larvae. It is strikingly like that of C. q. tuber of Fitch, but produces a fly which though closely related, is evidently a different species.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/348/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis ceropteroides n. sp.

   Galls. — Slight enlargements of base of the annual growths of the shoots of tinctoria. These swellings are often so inconspicuous that it is very difficult to distinguish them from the unaffected branches. Occasionally one is so developed as to attract notice. They are polythalamous, though only a few insects are found in even the largest. Found in July at Crescent Beach, Branford, Conn.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42040#page/16/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta erinacei (Mayr)

  [of the agamic gall:] It is widely distributed, having been reported from New England, North Carolina, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Ohio, Virginia, Canada, and probably Florida and Colorado. 

  The [agamic] insect makes its way to the leaf and flower buds of the white oak, where oviposition takes place. On the tree where our observations were made, it continued to emerge and oviposit until the twenty-first of November. 

  Buds were examined on the eighth of May and the unhatched eggs found were very turgid, appearing slightly enlarged. On the twelfth of May a slight swelling, at the apex of which an empty egg shell was visible, appeared on the lower green portion of the scale, (Fig. 9, Pl II). This proved to be a freshly formed gall, containing a young larva of Dryophanta erinacei. The gall at this stage was thin-walled, with a pebbled surface, greenish in color, and contained a watery fluid. The egg-shell remains attached to the apex of the gall until the latter has reached considerable size, when it dries up and disappears. These hypertrophies develop rapidly, as many as three appearing on one scale. The wall of the gall has by this time changed to a yellowish brown color, and soon becomes quite dry and brittle. 

  Galls also develop on the apical portion of the leaf and flower buds, (Fig. 10, Pl II). These are red, being similar in color to the young leaf and flower. The wall is pebbled on the surface, and thin. The cavity contains a single larva bathed in a watery fluid, and similar in all respects to the one inhabiting the scale gall. The terminal galls are of the same size as those on the scales, varying in number from one to four, and when mature are reddish brown. Since only the agamic form of Dryophanta erinacei was found ovipositing on the leaf and flower buds, and since the eggs of this species and no other were found in the leaf and flower region, and since males and females similar in size and character emerge from the two galls, it is evident that they are produced by the same insect. The difference in color in the galls is due to the normal difference of the tissue of which they are formed. 

  Shoots were brought into the laboratory, placed in water and covered with bell jars. Here about noon on the twenty- first of May the first male and female emerged. They were quite vigorous, and about four-thirty in the afternoon the female was noticed actively moving along the midrib of the young leaf. Suddenly she stopped, and set up a rapid nodding motion which lasted thirty-five seconds, during which the ovipositor was thrust into the tissue. The insect remained motionless for a time, then withdrew the ovipositor, filling the passage with a yellow substance which, as in the agamic form, is probably a secretion poured forth by the accessory glands of the reproductive system. The process was repeated four times in succession without moving the body forward. Each time the ovipositor was inserted the body was curved slightly more than at the preceding puncture. The entire time occupied by the four ovipositions was from four-thirty- four to four-fifty, or sixteen minutes, thus allowing four minutes to each oviposition of which a little over two minutes and a half was occupied by the passage of the egg. Many other observations were made, and the time in all instances corresponded to the first recorded.

  In the open the adults did not emerge until the twenty-ninth of May, and continued to oviposit from that time until the fifth of June. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42040#page/13/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta erinacei (Mayr)

  The Oak Hedgehog Gall is rounded or oblong, with the surface finely netted with fissures, and more or less densely covered with spines. It varies in length from 10-15 mm, and occurs on both sides of the White Oak leaf. The point of attachment is generally on the midrib (Fig. I, Pl I), though it is often found on the lateral veins. When young it is yellowish green, but in autumn it becomes yellowish brown, much lighter in color than the tinting of the leaf. The gall first appears late in June, and reaches full development about the third week in August. It is widely distributed, having been reported from New England, North Carolina, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Ohio, Virginia, Canada, and probably Florida and Colorado. 

  A longitudinal section through the gall shows that it contains several chambers varying from two to eight in number. These I have named according to their location. First to be noted are the central cavities, (Fig. 2a, PI. I), which measure 2 mm x 3 mm and are located in the central portion of the growth. These are occupied by Dryophanta erinacei and the parasites. Second, there are the lateral cavities, (Fig. 2b, Pl I), situated at the side and base of the growth and measuring 13 mm x 2 mm. These are occupied by inquilines. Lastly, there are to be found the peripheral cavities, (Fig. 8a, Pl II), located on the coriaceous portion of the gall, and covered with the basal layer of spines. These are 1 mm in size, and are likewise occupied by inquilines.

  The gall was first described by Walsh in 1864 under the name Cynips q. erinacei. When Mayr in 1881 established the genus Acraspis he included the insect causing this gall, which therefore was known as Acraspis erinacei. The first description of the insect appeared in a paper by Beutenmiiller '09, entitled "Species of Biorhiza, Philonix, and their allied Genera, and their Galls," in which he places it in the genus Philonix. As will be shown later in this discussion, the insect belongs to the genus Dryophanta, and should be known therefore as Dryophanta erinacei (Mayr).

  The Life-History of Dryophanta Erinacei. 

  In the open the [sexgen] adults did not emerge until the twenty-ninth of May, and continued to oviposit from that time until the fifth of June. The egg is oval, provided with a pedicel 750m. in length. It is always placed in the fibro-vascular bundles, and at an angle of about 80° to the axis of the leaf.

  On the twenty-fifth of June the first evidences of gall-formation appeared on the leaf-veins, the hypertrophied tissue pushing through the slightly ruptured epidermis. In galls gathered on the first and second of July, larva were found measuring 375 um. During the summer, molts were observed after which the larva measured 750 um, 1.25 mm, 1.75 mm, 2.25 mm, respectively, thus showing five stages during the life-history. Fig. 19, PI. Ill, shows a larva 1.75 mm, obtained about the middle of August. From this time, the thorax does not show a great increase in size,, but the abdomen loses its reflexed character, becomes globose,, and increases in size until pupation. The first pupa was obtained on the fifth of September, but the adults did not emerge until the fifth of November. Fig. 5, PI. I, shows a pupa of the agamic form. 

  The agamic form of Dryophanta erinacei emerges from the oak hedgehog gall about the fifth of November. 

  The insect makes its way to the leaf and flower buds of the white oak, where oviposition takes place. On the tree where our observations were made, it continued to emerge and oviposit until the twenty-first of November. The insects are most active on cold days or early in the morning. During the warm weather they are inactive and sluggish, hiding at the base of the petioles, in the crotches of the young shoots, or in the crevices of the bark. They have been taken in this vicinity on rare occasions in early December, but usually they succumb to the first heavy frosts at the close of November.


description:
  Druon laceyi Zhang, Sasan & O’Kennon sp. n.

  Gall. Small clusters of 1-10 individual (unilocular) brown oval cells in the center of the leaf, emerging perpendicular from the midrib on both upper and lower leaf sides of Q. laceyi in the fall (Figs. 1–2). Seen in abundance on nearly every leaf of each affected host. The cell surface when examined with a microscope shows numerous minute papillae covered with a crystalline material and sparse long white woolly hairs. The hairs weather away as the galls age, except near the base. Inside is a single thin-walled chamber (Fig. 3). Cells stay firmly attached to the leaf when it falls. Leaf petioles frequently display a small darkened area, presumably where eggs were inserted. Approximately 2–3mm long and 1.5mm in diameter. Seen in Fort Worth, TX in October. Adults emerge the following February (Fig. 4). 

  Biology. Only the asexual generation of this species is known, inducing aggregated detachable leaf galls on the top and bottom of the Q. laceyi. In addition to the gall inducer, inquilines (Cynipidae: Synergus Hartig, 1840) and parasitoids (Eupelmidae: Brasema Cameron, 1884 & Ormyridae: Ormyrus Westwood, 1832) have also been reared from galls of the same collection (iNaturalist observations: 66896457, 66896459, 68692701, 80260145, 80260150, 80260151, 80260156). 

  Distribution. Currently known only from Texas. It is possible that this species also occurs in Oklahoma and northern Mexico, where the host plant is known. Further research is necessary to establish the distribution of this species.


description:
  Andricus lustrans Beutenmüller 1913, comb. rev.

  Zopheroteras vaccinii Burks, 1979.
  Callirhytis lustrans Weld, 1926.
  Andricus dimorphus verifactor, Kinsey, 1922.
  Andricus impositus, Beutenmüller, 1918.
  Acraspis vaccinii (erroneously associated with gall only) Ashmead, 1887.

  The gall of A. lustrans was first described by itself (without the larva or adult wasp) from Quercus stellata Wangenh. (Osten Sacken, 1862). As this name based on gall alone was established before 1931, it is considered valid according to ICZN article 23.3.2. Ashmead described a new wingless wasp and erroneously associated it with the gall Osten Sacken had described as Acraspis vaccinii Ashmead, 1887 (later transferred to Zopheroteras vaccinii by Beutenmüller in 1909a), while reprinting Osten Sacken’s description of the gall (Ashmead 1887).

  In 1913 Beutenmüller described the wasp (Fig. 19–21) without the gall as Andricus lustrans Beutenmüller, 1913, and the same species with its gall a few years later which he named Andricus impositus Beutenmüller, 1918. He commented that the gall of A. impositus is similar to Z. vaccinii but the wasp did not match (Beutenmüller, 1918). Kinsey also separately described this species under the name Andricus dimorphus var. verifactor Kinsey, 1922, reared from Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana. In 1926, Weld concluded that A. impositus and A. dimorphus var. verifactor are the junior synonyms of A. lustrans, and transferred the species to Callirhytis (Weld, 1926). Most recently, the species was then erroneously synonymized with Z. vaccinii by Burks (1979) based on Ashmead’s error. The senior author examined the holotype specimen and freshly collected materials (Figs. 19–22), reinstating the name A. lustrans as the species lacks the diagnostic characteristics of Callirhytis. In the Nearctic Cynipini phylogeny by Ward et al. (2022), A. lustrans was recovered as the sister group to an undescribed “pentagonal cluster” gall, both of which are related to Andricus pisiformis Beutenmüller, 1911 and Andricus quercusstrobilanus (Osten Sacken, 1862). A similar-looking gall was recently described as Andricus chapmanii Melika & Abrahamson, 2021, but the adults of A. lustrans can be easily separated using characters such as the incomplete notaulus (Fig. 21), and metasomal tergites smooth (Fig. 19) (Melika et al. 2021a).

  There is a large series of over 100 specimens collected from Bronx Park in NY that are identified as A. lustrans (identified as A. impositus) collected by Beutenmüller (1918) at NMNH, which he stated as common in the region but is becoming urbanized. There are no current records of this species on iNaturalist outside of TX, which could suggest a reduction in their distribution, despite Q. stellata being found across eastern US. Additional host records include Quercus sinuata var. breviloba (Torr.) C.H.Mull. (Weld 1959).


description:
  Striatoandricus aciculatus (Beutenmüller, 1909), comb. nov.

  Andricus aciculatus Beutenmüller, 1909

  Striatoandricus aciculatus was first described based on specimens reared in College Station, TX from post oak (Quercus minor (Marshall) Sarg. = Q. stellata) (Beutenmüller 1909b), and have also been reported from Quercus durandii Buckley (= Quercus sinuata Walter) and Quercus lyrata Walter (Weld 1959). This species fits the morpho- logical characteristics of Striatoandricus such as the striated metasoma (Figs. 23–25), and is therefore transferred herein. Similar galls have been observed on iNaturalist across multiple US states surrounding the Gulf of Mexico (e.g. on Quercus austrina Small, iNaturalist observation 94165953), but specimens are needed to confirm the true range of S. aciculatus.


description:
  Druon gregori Melika, Nicholls & Stone 2022

  Druon gregori is a new species described earlier this year in Cuesta-Porta et al. (2022), known only from the Santa Catalina and Chiricahua Mountains in Arizona on oaks in the Series Leucomexicanae. Our record (Figs. 27– 30) represents both a new state record (TX), and new plant record (Quercus mohriana Buckley × Quercus havardii Rydberg hybrid, iNaturalist observation 109484892, 103440540, 103440538) for the species. Additionally, a similar gall has been observed in New Mexico on Quercus turbellina Greene (iNaturalist observation 107224635), which would suggest that D. gregori can be found across these southwestern US states on Leucomexicanae oaks.


description:
  Quercus parvula shrevei added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/97212402).


description:
  Callirhytis trimaculosa new species

  Gall.--Small, reddish-brown, subglobular, covered densely with crystalline spicules, found singly or in clusters of two on the undersides of leaves. Monothalamous. Diameter, 2-5 mm.

  Host.--Quercus lobata Nee.

  Type locality.--Stanford campus, Santa Slara County, CA

  Galls collected in December. Adults emerged in early summer.

externallink:
  https://www.google.com/books/edition/California_Gall_making_Cynipidae/Jn5OAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=trimaculosa%20new%20species


description:
  Based on drawings, photos, and type galls, D bassetti can be distinguished from agamic galls of [D quercusmamma ](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/568) by the wide, clasping base of the gall. Pulling a gall off the twig will show the larval cell exposed at the bottom, while it is centered and not visible without cutting in D quercusmamma. Dates given in the literature suggest D bassetti has a phenology similar to D quercusmamma, emerging in the fall. However, galls apparently belonging to this species have been observed much earlier than those of D quercusmamma typically appear, as early as late May rather than late July. These early galls tend to be hairless and green, while early galls of D quercusmamma are densely hairy and white-pink.


description:
  Over 450 hosts for genus, but 8-10 host races or biotypes, some with limited host range.

  Plants become distorted and stunted; infected tissues are spongy; damage can predispose plants to other problems.

  Field shows irregular areas of sparse growth. 

  Clover and Alfalfa: [R]eduction of internode length and swollen stems.

  Onions, Garlic: Bloated, twisted, swollen leaves, distorted and cracked bulbs. 

  Oats and Rye: Extra tillers, swollen leaf bases.

  Narcissus: Leaves distorted, yellowish swelling 


description:
  Rhopalomyia baccharis Felt, 1908

  Coyote brush, Baccharis pilularis De Candolle (Asteraceae) is a common shrub of the inner coast ranges of California. Two species of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) have been described from this plant in California, Rhopalomyia californica Felt, 1908, and Rhopalomyia baccharis Felt, 1908. The first is a well known species responsible for a common and conspicuous terminal bud gall (Fig. 1). This gall midge has been used successfully in the biological control of coyote brush in Australia (McFadyen 1973). Several studies on various aspects of the biology of this species have been published (Tilden 1951a, 1951b; Ehler 1982, 1987, 1992; Ehler & Kinsey 1990, 1991, 1993). 

  Little, however, is known of the second species, R. baccharis, described originally on the basis of a single male and female taken from an unspecified stem gall. Following the cursory initial description of this species (Felt 1908) and a subsequent longer formal description (Felt 1915), essentially nothing more on the species or its gall was ever published. Pritchard (1953) mentioned that stem galls were common on the prostrate form of the host in the sand dunes of the San Francisco peninsula, but did not describe the gall in any detail. After almost a century since the original description, the gall is finally described and illustrated here (Figs. 2, 3). 

  According to Raymond J. Gagne´ (in litt.) adults of R. baccharis and R. californica are essentially similar. This comparison led him to synonymize the two species (Gagne´ & Boldt 1995) under the assumption, no other stem gall having ever been reported, that Felt’s ‘‘stem gall’’ was instead the typical bud gall of R. californica taken from the stems rather than at the host’s apices. Gagne´ (2004) resurrected R. baccharis from synonymy upon learning from the author that the distinctive stem gall on Baccharis described here had been found in California (Gagne´, in litt). Pupae and adults were eventually reared from the integral stem galls by the author and sent to Dr. Gagne´, who reported (in litt.) that the pupae of the two species, unlike the adults, are easily separated.

  Dr. Gagne´ has reported (in litt.) that adults from the new galls fit the types of R. baccharis and that the pupae, previously unknown, are distinct from those of R. californica based on the respective lengths of the antennal sheath bases and cephalic sclerites of the pupae. As reflected in the two sketches kindly provided by him and incorporated in this paper (Figs. 4, 5), the antennal sheath bases and cephalic sclerites of Rhopalomyia californica are notably longer than those of R. baccharis. There is no longer any doubt of the distinctiveness of R. baccharis. Dr. Gagne´ suggests that the two species of Rhopalomyia on coyote brush are closely related because of the similarity of adult morphology and that the distinctive pupae reflect different strategies for escaping from the galls.

  Rhopalomyia baccharis induces the development of an integral stem gall (Figs. 2, 3) that secondarily bends and twists the stems of both male and female shrubs. Galls are the same color as normal stems and measure 5–10 mm in diameter and 15– 90 mm in length. The galls usually show definite longitudinal ridges. Spring galls turn bark-brown and harden by late summer, with the stem distad of the gall remaining green and growing an additional 180 mm or more beyond the gall. A second round of galls develops in the fall near the tips of the spring-summer shoots. These galls remain green through the winter, but harden and turn brown soon after the emergence of adult gall midges in December and January. Bent and twisted stems are prominent signs of infestation and contrast strongly with normal straight stems. Stem bending apparently develops in response to the characteristic positioning of the larval tunnels along alternating sides of the stems (Fig. 3). Larval chambers form just under the cambium layer to one side of the stem and run longitudinally downward just inside the bark. Small galls (<10 mm long) usually contain a single larval chamber, while longer galls (>15 mm) have two or more chambers depending on length. A gall 90 mm long can have three or four larval chambers on alternate sides of the stem. Each larval chamber contains a single larva. 

  Each larval chamber is capped at its apex by a thin layer of tissue. At about the time the larvae pupate, the cap splits longitudinally and curls inwardly resulting in an elliptical opening about 2 mm wide by 7 mm long through which the adult gall midge escapes. These openings often develop in the axils of small branches or leaves that protrude from the galled stem, reflecting the original site of egg deposition or entry by the larvae.

  The light orange larvae may be found in various instars in early summer and again in late fall, suggesting that this species is bivoltine. In October and November, some larval chambers were nearly filled with a clear fluid of unknown origin and role, yet the larvae appeared to be active despite being immersed. Other chambers were simply hollow with single larvae within. Upon reaching full size, larvae pupate at the lower end of the chambers. Unlike the adults of many other gall midges, including R. californica, that force their way out of the galls while still encased in the pupal skins, R. baccharis adults emerge from the pupal skins inside the galls and then crawl out of the galls through the elliptical exits already provided. The blackish-brown pupal exuviae are regularly found at the lower end of the larval chambers.

  Galls collected during early summer did not yield adults although pupae were present. Whether this circumstance has to do with increased larval vulnerability to parasites or predators during the spring and early summer, laboratory conditions, or other yet to be determined factors is not known. Adults emerged regularly in December and January, however, from galls collected in September through November. Although some adult gall midges were still emerging in February, most galls collected in the fall contained pupal exuviae by late winter.

  The opening of the exit hole is apparently timed for adult emergence of R. baccharis because the only other times other free-living insects were found in the chambers were after adult emergence. The two instances of this noted during this study involved an unidentified moth caterpillar and the mealy bugs Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn 1900) found in the upper portions of empty larval/pupal chambers of galls collected in February.

   Many larvae have internal hymenopterous parasitoids. Infested larval ‘‘mummies’’ and barrel-shaped larval skins of R. baccharis are often found in the galls. No attempt was made to assess parasitoid survival rates or losses


description:
  Although this species was at one time viewed as a junior synonym of R. californica, Russo 2007 -- cited below -- reestablished it as a separate species, and it appears in Gagné, R.J. and M. Jaschhof. 2021. A Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World. Fifth Edition. Digital. 816 pp. 


description:
  Heteroecus sp.
  Hair-capsule-gall wasp
  [Page 150]

  Hosts: Quercus vaccinifolia

  Smooth, pointed, monothalamous leaf galls on huckleberry oak. The pointed larval capsules sit atop a hair-thin stalk that emerges out of a ventral lateral vein.


description:
  Female trees bore catkins comprised of a mix of both healthy, green capsules and hypertrophied, yellow or orange capsules. The sizes of asci, 60-125 µm long and 16-26 µm wide, were within the range reported by Mix (1949) for T. johansonii on P. tremuloides.


description:
  Causing leaf-curl (without evident thickening) of small areas or of the whole blade of leaves of Carpinus caroliniana 


description:
  Causing leaf curl with thickening, affecting part or all of the blade, on leaves of Alnus japonica and A. rubra


description:
  Mix noted in his 1956 Notes on Some Species of Taphrina that T. japonica collected from Alnus rubra in Marin Co. and San Mateo Co., Calif. was causing witches' brooms in addition to leaf curl.  Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook (2008) says "Young leaves are enlarged to several times normal size and curled. They dry up after ascopore discharge...” 


description:
  Causing leaf-curl, with great enlargement and reddish-purple coloration of leaves of Rhus copallina L., R. coriaria L., R. glabra L., and R. typhina L.


description:
  Deforming fruits and all floral parts of Prunus alabamensis Mohr, P. virginiana L., P. virginiana L. var. demissa Torr., and P. virginiana L. var. melanocarpa Sarg.


description:
  Causing tongue-like enlargements of bracts of female catkins of Alnus rhombifolia Nutt., A. rubra Bong, A. sinuata Ryd., and A. tenuifolia Nutt. Also causing small puffed or curled areas on the leaves of A. rhombifolia


description:
  Causing small to large, convex-concave, slightly swollen spots or blisters on leaves (occasionally deforming the whole leaf, but not forming true witches' brooms) on many species of Quercus.


description:
  A slight swelling at the base of the previous year's twig growth on Quercus alba, containing many cells in the wood, emerging by July. Galls contained adult wasps. Consistent with similar galls on other white-group oaks induced by cynipids in the genera Loxaulus and Bassettia. Observed in Ontario. 


description:
  This non-native fungus causes alder tongue galls on European alder (Alnus glutinosa) in Europe and may do the same on naturalized European alders in North America. 

  The native fungus Taphrina robinsoniana induces tongue galls on native Alnus incana and native [Taphrina occidentalis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3476) induces tongue galls on 
  Alnus rubra, A. rhombifolia, A. sinuata and A. tenuifolia.


description:
  Causing protruding tongue-like enlargements of bracts and ovaries of female catkins of Alnus incana [rugosa] and A. rugosa [serrulata]. The tongues appear on the catkins near pollination time and are then very small: 2-3 mm. long. Later in the season when the fruits of the alder are well grown the tongues may measure several millimeters in length. Occasionally also causing leaf curl (involving all or part of the leaf), with typical thickening of leaves, on the same hosts.

  [Mix 1954 pg. 58 updates the host names to A. rugosa and A. serrulata based on a revision of Alnus that had been published in the intervening years.]


description:
  This is a scale insect, not a gall. Scale insects are included here because some of them resemble galls much more closely than they resemble insects.


description:
  Quercus pacifica is added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/127151536).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/343/mode/1up
description:
   ANDRICUS FLOCCI (Walsh) 

  Galls were collected on Quercus alba at Evanston, Glencoe, Glen Ellyn, New Lenox, and Moline. IL.; Porter. Ind. ; Ironton and Poplar Bluff. Mo.; Texarkana, Ark.; Marianna, Fla. ; and Bluemont. Va. Crosby collected them at Riverhead and Zabriskie at Nyack. N. Y. Brodie had galls sent to him from Manitoba from which flies emerged at Toronto May 20. 

  From galls collected at Ironton in October. 1917, adults emerged May 16-28, 1918. The forest-insect collection has flies that emerged April 22, 24, 30. and May 2 and 5, 1915 from galls collected at Lyme. Conn., by A. B. Champlain and flies that emerged April 14— 16, 1915, from galls from Harrisburg, Pa. On April 15 William Mliddleton liberated some of the latter in a cage on a white oak tree and observed oviposition in one of the subapical buds. From the resulting gall he reared adults of both sexes on June 19 — a suggestion for further experimentation. 


description:
  On Ribes spp., especially R. rubrum, living in concavities on undersides of leaves formed by brownish or purplish red blister galls. ... In Europe, Central Asia, east Siberia, Korea, Japan, China and North America.


description:
  Raised leaf galls are produced on Ribes (see picture above) which are broadly open on the underside where the aphids live. The upperside of the gall turns bright red. Cryptomyzus ribis are found throughout Europe, Asia and North America, and can be a serious pest of currant bushes. ... Cryptomyzus ribis has been recorded from 26 Ribes species


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3043693
description:
  C. cinerosa, n. sp.
  "Globular, monothalamous galls, from three-fourths to one inch in diameter, the surface in recent specimens covered with a mealy grayish powder, which disappears when the galls have been long exposed to the weather; internally of a dense cellular structure, much like the galls of C. q. globulus; the rather large, centrally placed larval cell nearly or quite free." 


description:
  This gall is undescribed, its existence inferred from the life history pattern in related wasps and one mention in Weld's Field Notes. It is likely a cryptic integral gall on flower stems or stems of very young bud shoots. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/343/mode/1up
description:
  ANDRICUS FLOCCI (Walsh)

  The forest-insect collection has flies that emerged April 22, 24, 30. and May 2 and 5, 1915 from galls collected at Lyme. Conn., by A. B. Champlain and flies that emerged April 14— 16, 1915, from galls from Harrisburg, Pa. On April 15 William Mliddleton liberated some of the latter in a cage on a white oak tree and observed oviposition in one of the subapical buds. From the resulting gall he reared adults of both sexes on June 19 — a suggestion for further experimentation.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7490889
description:
  Rhodites lenticularis n.sp.

  'Lentile-shaped galls in parenchyma of the leaves of Rosa lucida, showing on both the upper and underside and from 0.10 to 0.15 of an inch in horizontal, and 0.08 inch in vertical diameter. Comparatively few of the galls are single. Most are confluent and of irregular outline, and in some instances the entire leaf is covered, while in others the right or left lobe is thus covered. These galls resemble the European species R. spinosissimae, but the latter are more nearly globular and their vertical diameter is one-half more, while the horizontal is considerably less. The larval cell is much larger and the walls much thinner than in R. lenticularis...'


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7490890
description:
  Rhodites tumidus n.sp

  'They are globular, and from three-fourths to one and one-fourth inches in diameter, and of the same spongy cellular consistence, internally, as R. radicum. They appear to be enormously developed leaf buds, for the terminal half of many of them bears a faint resemblance to a half-opened rose, or a miniature cabbage, the line on the surface being the outlines of leaves. They grow on the end of a woody stem, and are in most cases nearly sessile, though in a few the stem is half an inch long. The upper half of the gall is covered with a thin, white, papery epidermis, which is usually torn and curled by the rapid growth of the gall itself.

  The true bark beneath is red or brown, and quite smooth in fresh galls, but wrinkled when they become dry. The apex of several galls is crowned with sharp spines and such are found on the base, and stem of others. It is plain that each gall is a foreshortened branch and the gall-fly must lay her eggs in it at an early stage of its development. These galls are polythalamous.'


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7490891
description:
  Rhodites variabilis n.sp.

  Irregularly rounded, sometimes ovate or reniforni, and varying so much in form and size as to make a description difficult. They are from one-quarter to three-quarters of an inch in diameter in the more regular forms, but the reniform specimens often exceed an inch in diameter. Polythalamous, but evidently so through the perfect coalescence of two or more galls. The surface, like that of a russet apple and the color, nearly the same. Some, gathered perhaps before they were fully matured, are of a darker color, and are shrunken. These last may possibly prove to be a distinct species, but the insects offer no essential points of difference.

  The development of these galls is as variable as their form. Some appear to grow on the ends of the small branches, others are attached to the leaf stems, while others are developed from an abortive leaflet, while still others grow on the surface of fully developed leaves. Internally, they ai-e of a rather solid, pith-like substance,
  and the larvae have no free larval cell.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7490893
description:
  Rhodites nebulosus n.sp.

  Round, hollow, thin shelled, monothalamous galls three-sixteenths of an inch, or less, in diameter, on the underside of the leaves of the wild rose (Rosa blanda and probably R. carolina). They are usually situated on the lateral veins on the lower half of the leaf and close to the mid-vein. The surface in the green galls is quite smooth, but when dry it is slightly rough and uneven, but not pubescent. There is no larval cell.

  These galls are often parasitized, and such are sometimes quite solid and contain several larval chambers. The same often occurs in galls of R. bicolor. I have received this species from correspondents in widely separated sections, but in most cases the galls were immature when collected and produced nothing, and 1 have only
  one gall-fly, a male, of this species.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7490902
description:
  Dryophanta pedunculata n.sp.

  Galls growing on slender peduncles on the edge of the leaves of Q. rubra and Q. coccinea. The peduncles are from one-fourth to one-half an inch in length and are plainly the prolongation of lateral leaf veins. They are usually flattened, and in some cases bordered on one side for nearly the whole length with a very narrow extension of the leaf blade itself. When dry they are often twisted like the stems of the moss Funaria hygrometrica. The gall is ovate, with a long, curved point. It measures one-eighth by three-sixteenths of an inch exclusive of the tip. When fresh it is smooth, and has a somewhat glaucus hue, which mostly disappears in drying, changing to a dark, dirty olive-brown. It is extremely thin, and is hollow, except the free, smooth, oval larval cell. This cell is .05 by .10 of an inch, and is extremely fragile.

  This gall differs from Andrlcus capsula Bass, in size, being much larger, and in shape the latter being as long, but only half as thick, and also in color, which in either species is constant. But the free larval cell in D. pedunculata, and its entire absence in A. capsula is the most striking difference.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7490905
description:
  Andricus (Callirhytis) ruginosus n.sp.

  A hard, round knot, nearly an inch in diameter, near the tip of a slender twig of Q. (virens?) The surface rough and blackened and deeply and irregularly fissured, probably by drying, with several holes made by the escaping insects. Polythalamous, the walls of the numerous larval cells not separable from the firm, but rather open cellular tissues around them. This gall resembles those of A. Suttonii, but is much more rough, and is entirely destitute of woody fibre.

  Sent me by Mr. Howerton from New Mexico. Five gall-flies reared ; all females.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32322#page/82/mode/1up
description:
  A. (Callirhytis) reticulata n. sp.

  Polythalamous galls on the midvein and near the base of small oak leaves from what is probably one of the dwarf varieties of Q. virens. Prominent on both surfaces, but more so on the underside. They are almost round and (dried specimens) one-fourth of an inch in diameter. The dry galls are exceedingly hard, and they bear a very close resemblance to those of A. cicatricula, though the scar or indentation invariably found in that species is wanting. The larval cells are not separable from the solid woody fibre around them, and they all radiate from a common centre. 

  My galls, collected by Mr. Howerton in New Mexico, have produced no males, but I do not look upon this as an agamous species. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7490909
description:
  D. (Callirhytis) clarkei [the D is a typo as this is described in the section of the paper regarding Bassett's Andricus subgen Callirhytis).

  Small, black polythalamous galls. The sterile flowers of Q. ilicifolia transformed into galls in such countless numbers as to make the aments look like elongated blackberries. The largest gall I have found measured .11 of an inch in diameter and contained four larval cavities. Most of them are considerably smaller, having from one
  to three cavities, and measuring from .05 to .08 inch.

  Small as these galls are, and short and early as their season is, at least two-thirds of them contain at this writing (November, 1889) living parasitic larvse. In most cases nearly every flower has been transformed into a gall, though in a few the galls are sparingly intermixed with the flowers.

  At the time the galls were received, early last spring, no flies had made their appearance, but they came out in considerable numbers during the month of May. They are all females, and are described as follows.


description:
  Hosts: Adults were reared from Juncus elliottii by Janet Wright as documented at https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/43069568. 


description:
  A relatively large, near spherical gall densely covered in orange hairs obscuring the surface, on the upper and lower side of the midrib of Quercus hemisphaerica. Observed in September in Florida. 


description:
  Identifying N. American Livia psyllids to species from their galls is not always possible because we know too little about their host relationships. Writing in 1997, Hodkinson & Bird described 10 Livia species occurring in North America, but only four were associated with any specific species of Juncus or Carex. If you find these galls in spring or summer, try to (1) find and photograph the psyllids and (2) take a series of photos of the host plant. 

  You may need to put a tray or cloth on the ground and shake the plant to find the adult psyllids. Since they are small --- forewings ~ 2mm long --- getting a diagnostic photo may be difficult. Consider taking a couple back with you, chilling them, and taking photos through a high-quality magnifier or a lens extender. Get a dorsal photo that shows the antenna length plus a photo showing wing venation. If you only find subadults, try putting a few in a sealed, labeled container with some plant material in the hope that in days or weeks you will have an adult to photograph. [To improve your chances of success, read https://bugtracks.wordpress.com/rearing//]

  Getting the photos needed to identify the rush or sedge is also challenging, because they are tricky to ID. For tips on taking photos that will allow a knowledgeable person to ID the sedge, rush, or grass species you found, go to https://forum.inaturalist.org/t/identifiers-what-do-you-id-and-how-can-observers-make-it-easier-to-do-so/8835/12 and scroll down to the comments by Sedgequeen. 

  <b>Sedge galls may be difficult to spot</b>. The [one illustration I could find on the Net of a Livia gall on Carex](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/hemiptera/sternorrhyncha/psylloidea/liviidae/liviinae/livia/livia-crefeldensis/) is not all that obvious a gall. This may be the reason that, as of the start of 2025, the Livia galls found by members of iNaturalist seem to be on rush, not sedge.


description:
  In Livia junci [a Eurasian species] ... it is the hatching larvae, which migrate ... to feed on the growing points of the developing shoots, that induce the formation of the highly characteristic galls (Schmidt, 1966). At high psyllid densities each shoot takes on a rosette growth form and the ... linear leaves become puffy and swollen basally and the tips wither and curl. ... [T]he plant [may] turn[ ]a deep reddish brown. Similar galls are induced by several of the known Livia species.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7490918
description:
  Neuroterus pallidus n.sp.

  Galls in dense clusters at or near the end of the aments of Q. bicolor, but seldom found on the basal half of the flower stems. It is safe to call them monothalamous, though now and then a gall is found that contains two larval cavities. The galls are of a fine, soft cellular consistence, easily crushed in the fingers, and contain no separate larval cell. They are of a pale, faded wood color and smooth, and unevenly globular. They seem to be free from the attacks of parasites, for among thousands of galls I fail to find a single one.

  The flies mature earlier than the two species already described as found on the sterile flowers of the oak, for, when found, the insects had gone with the exception of a few belated ones, from which I have made the following description. They are of both sexes.


description:
  A fimbriated green-pink leaf gall at the edge of a leaf of Quercus arizonica, similar to the [sexgen gall of Andricus opertus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1512). Observed unemerged in Arizona in July. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7732829
description:
  Cynips q. batatoides n.sp.

  Abrupt, potato-like swellings of the twigs and branches, varying in size and form, from 04. to 0.7 and sometimes an inch long, and 0.3 to half an inch or more broad; the outer surface is rough of the same color as the bark; internally it is white and in consistency not unlike a potato. No kernels; each insect separated by a very thin, hardly perceptible parchment-like substance. In on of the galls I counted fifteen gall-flies.


description:
  An integral polythalamous midrib swelling on Quercus shumardii, toward the middle of the leaf rather than near the petiole, but otherwise similar to [Melikaiella tumifica](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/755) or [Callirhytis pigra](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1095). Old gall with multiple egress holes observed in November in Texas.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7732833
description:
  Cynips q. catesbaei n.sp.

  Slight wavy swellings at the base of tender new shoots, hardly visible to the naked eye.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7732834
description:
  Cynips q. aquaticae n.sp.

  Globular, hollow, succulent galls, of a plum color, growing through the leafy expansion of the newly formed leaf, projecting about equally from the upper and the under surface of the leaf, containing a yellowish, slightly elongated kernel, which rolls freely about. Diameter .35 to .40 inch.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3048236
description:
  Cecidomyia (tiliae) verrucicola, n. sp. Wart-shaped, round, pale green galls, 3 — 4 millim. in diameter, projecting on the upper and underside of the leaves of the linden. They occur between the ribs and veins and often upon them. In autumn they become brown, hard and woody, and spring open on the underside, a circular piece detaching itself and either falling to the ground, or remaining fastened to the gall by a small portion of its circumference, in the shape of a lid. Inside of the gall, when green, there is a low-roofed cavity, containing a white larva, with a distinct breast bone, heart-shaped anteriorly, and ending in an elongate point posteriorly. The dry galls are empty. I found them common on Goat Island (Niagara Falls), on the hills near West Point, N. Y., in Cambridge, Mass., etc., in August and September, on the young shrubs of the linden.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57428948
description:
  The urn-shaped, sub-sessile, pale green, semitransparent, succulent galls are about 3 mm high and occur on the upper surface of the leaves of Urtica gracilis.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36498463
description:
  [Plate 2: Midge Galls] (3) Hazel leaf showing a pilose deformity from which was reared Lasiopteryx coryli Felt


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36498463
description:
  [Plate 2: Midge Galls] (9) Reddish swellings on under surface of hornbeam (Carpinus) leaves produced by Cecidomyia pudibunda O. S., adult unknown


description:
  "I found E. desertanum only on the grass leaved goldenrod Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. [Euthamia graminifolia]"
  "...limited observations suggest similar [tip-mining] by E. desertana]."
  "...E. desertanum galls occasionally ruptured..."


description:
  “Hosts of scudderianum in order of decreasing observation frequency were the Canada goldenrod complex, Solidago altissima – canadensis; S. gigantea; S. juncea; S. ulmifolia; S. nemoralis. [He also reared moths from a Florida plant he tentatively identified as camphor-weed, Heterotheca subaxillaris]"

  "As far as known, Epiblema species feed on Compositae; the late instar larvae bore into the stems. The three species treated in this paper produce rudimentary galls."


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41135216#page/59/mode/1up
description:
  Epiblema discretivanum (Heinrich)

  Eucosma discretivana

  “mostly on groundsel-tree, Baccharis halimifolia L., but I reared adults also from narrow leaved groundsel, B. angustifolia Michx. and B. glomeruliflora Pers.” 

  "Epiblema feed on Compositae; the late instar larvae bore in the stems. The three species treated in this paper produce rudimentary galls."


description:
  According to [the Plant Parasites of Europe website](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/chytridiomyceta/chytridiomycota/chytridiomycotina/synchytriomycetes/synchytridiales/synchytriaceae/synchytrium/synchytrium-taraxaci/) [click for photos] the galls are "tiny warts, less than half a mm, golden yellow orange to blood-red, usually a large number together" and can occur on several species of Asteraceae, including [in Europe] Centaurea jacea and several members of the genus Crepis.  


description:
  See discussion [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98172102) and [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/264737186).


description:
  The existence of this gall has not been demonstrated by any published literature; it is inferred based on the presence of very similar sexgen galls in every other Disholcaspis species for which a complete life cycle has been described.


description:
  A thickly linear, widening slightly to a spindle-shaped club tip, gall at the edge of a leaf of Quercus douglasii. Observed in California in February. Likely an undescribed sexual generation gall of a detachable summer-fall leaf gall. 


description:
  Quercus phellos added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/129981647).


description:
  Strong circumstantial evidence suggests that N fugiens is the sexual generation of [Neuroterus saltarius](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/571). Experimental or genetic evidence is required to establish this life cycle. 


description:
  Strong circumstantial evidence suggests that [Neuroterus fugiens](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/932) is the sexual generation of Neuroterus saltarius. Experimental or genetic evidence is required to establish this life cycle. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7563112
description:
  Trigonaspis pumiliventris

  Dryophanta pumiliventris
  Diplolepis pumiliventris
  Belonocnema colorado
  Trigonaspis radicis

  D. pumiliventris was described from males only and ''from an unknown source'' although there is a specimen in the American Entomological Society collection marked '' co type'' bearing the label ''Ct.'' The galls are described as ''shrunken and distorted, probably soft and succulent when fresh, polythalamous, probably on oak.'' The writer has not seen the types but this description fits almost any preserved root gall of Trigonaspis very well. Bassett thought, however, that they were produced in the axils of leaves. Perhaps a branch had been inclosed in the sending to aid in the determination of the host plant and he thought they had fallen from the axils of this twig. Three flies from Bassett are in the United States National Museum from the Ashmead collection, and Ashmead had placed them in the genus Trigonaspis in the case. They can not be separated in size, coloration, or sculpture from the males of radicis Ashmead.

  T. radicis was described from one male and four female specimens from Utah, June 20, 1885, the gall being on the roots of an unknown oak. The types are in the United States National Museum together with ten others determined by Ashmead as radicis collected by E. A. Schwarz at four different localities in Utah in June, 1893. The
  writer has twenty males and two females which agree with these. They were taken at Colorado Springs, Colorado, on July 1, 1915, by sweeping on scrub oaks. As the males of these can not be separated from those of pumiliventris Bassett, radicis becomes a synonym of the older name.


description:
  Causing leaf curl, thickened, malformed twigs (not witches' brooms), and deformed fruits (pockets) on Prunus serotina


description:
  When Mix first described Taphrina populi-salicis in 1947, he listed Salix laevigata as a host. But in 1956 he concluded that the willow-like leaf that led to the "-salicis" part of the name was actually a Populus trichocarpa leaf -- possibly var. hastata--that was long and narrow and looked very much like willow.

  See pg 468 of Mix, Notes on Some Species of Taphrina. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science (1903-), Vol. 59, No. 4 (Winter, 1956), pp. 465-482
  https://www.jstor.org/stable/3626314. 

  "The specific epithet of the fungus becomes an unfortunate misnomer," he wrote.


description:
  Causing golden-yellow convex-concave spots on leaves of Populus fremontii  [and] P. trichocarpa ...


description:
  Causing leaf curl involving small spots, large areas, or the whole blade ... Affected areas at first yellowish, becoming white at maturity of asci.


description:
  [Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook](https://pnwhandbooks.org/node/2848/print) says this causes "leaf blister (and leaf curl)" 
  and [Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook (2008)](https://books.google.com/books?id=M6WLVNWDQ-QC&pg=PA296&lpg=PA296&dq=Taphrina+coryli&source=bl&ots=QeQGyXeClA&sig=ACfU3U1pPVhi3wRpXVPW1Q7V39OrH0iAzg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjY2MvHlbn5AhWelmoFHQqwDgcQ6AF6BAgSEAM#v=onepage&q=Taphrina%20coryli&f=false) calls this "Hazelnut Leaf Blister."


description:
  "Stem borer. The species produces a fusiform swelling at the stem terminal and are on almost every stem terminal."

  [note from same source: a related, but distinct *Epiblema*, probably the one [now clarified to be *E. minutana*](https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4729.3.3), "...forms part of a complex with *E. strenuata* ...The 2 species can be separated by their biology... [The non-*strenuata* species] bores in the main stem and sometimes into the lateral branches of the ragweed but does not infest the stem terminals to produce the fusiform swellings characteristic of *E. strenuata*. Ragweed stems are more commonly infested in the fall season by this species.]


description:
  "Forms bud-galls. Hosts: *A. artemisiifolia* ... [also mentions *A. monophylla* as a host, but Kew's POWO considers this a synonym of *A. artemisiifolia*.]"

  "A high percentage of parasitism exists... Four adults were reared from a total of 278 galls; 6 larvae may be found in one gall. If all the larvae grew to the adult form without being parasitized, the total amount of reared adults should number 1,668 instead of 4."


description:
  Another species, M. (L ) rufocristatella forms galls within the stem and the apical branch tips of species of Gaura (Onagraceae).


description:
  An irregular, oval bud deformation, fleshy, becoming hard and apparently composed of appressed, thickened bud scales, length 10 mm., diameter 6 mm. 


description:
  Conical, thick-walled, lateral bud gall, length 6 mm., diameter 3 mm. frequently confluent basally, sometimes twisting the stem and producing a marked deformation of the plant. The apex of individual galls may be evenly rounded or flattened with flaring lips, which latter are sometimes produced as small, leafy expansions. There is a more or less distinct orifice ...


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7294904
description:
  Andricus morrisoni, new species

  An irregular, globular gall, found at the base of a leaf, projecting about equally above and below; polythalamous. It is of a fleshy consistency and contains numerous larval cells; diameter from 4-7 mm.

  Described from 1 femal and 7 male specimens, reared June 28, 1883, from a gall occurring on an unknown oak in Arizona, received from H.K. Morrison.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885280#page/353/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus gillettei Bass

  Irregular, pustulelike, polythalamous petiole and midrib gall on Q minor [stellata]


description:
  Neuroterus gillettei Bassett

  Gall. On the petioles and mid ribs of the leaves of post oak (Quercus minor [stellata]). Polythalamous pustule-like and quite irregular in shape and size. When dry the galls are much shrunken and distorted.

  Habitat: CT, NJ


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7294907
description:
  Andricus wisliceni, new species

  A small, globular gall, with a slight projection at base where it is attached to the twig; it varies in color from a yellow brown to dark brown, and some are mottled with purple and brown. It is hard, and contains in the center a small larval cell; diameter, 3 to 4 mm.

  Nine female specimens, reared October 14, 1886, from galls sent to the National Museum by Mr. Albert Koebele, collected in Sacramento County, California, on Quercus wisliceni.


description:
  Melaphis asafitchi Foottit and Maw, new species

  Hosts: Primary hosts: Rhus glabra, Rhus typhina.

  [Life history and gall description of both M asafitchi and [M rhois](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/999); the species differ only by adult anatomy and genetics:]

  Migration from moss begins in mid-May in Ontario and west Québec, with sexuparae forming loose aggregations and depositing sexuals on previous year twigs of Rhus at the time that expansion of current year shoot buds begins. Small aggregations tend to occur within a few centimetres below the expanding leaf, but large aggregations may consist of >100 individuals scattered along 0.5 m of stem. There they deposit larvae of the sexual forms and die immediately thereafter. Although sexuals are initially found scattered along the stem, moulting individuals are more densely clustered close to the base of the expanding shoot (but usually still below the lowest of these shoots) suggesting a further active aggregation by first instar sexuals. The sexuals undergo four moults over a period of four or five days. 

  Deposition of larval fundatrices begins two to three weeks after copulation, i.e. in early to mid-June. The first instar fundatrix moves to the distal unexpanded leaves of the new shoot, where it may remain for several days, apparently initiating feeding only after the leaflets begin to unfold. Within one or two days of settling, feeding by the fundatrix on the upper (adaxial) surface of a leaflet results in the formation of an obvious pocket on the abaxial surface of the leaflet opening onto the adaxial surface. Subsequent instars of the fundatrix occur within the closed gall. As a consequence of aggregation by the sexuparae, galls tend to occur in clusters, so that a single compound leaf usually bears several galls (Fig. 6) and often many leaves of a single shoot are affected.

  At least three generations develop within the gall, namely the fundatrix, at least one generation of apterae, and the alate emigrants. We have found living fundatrices containing embryos as late as mid-August. Adult alatae begin to appear within the gall in mid to late August (in North Carolina, alates collected as early as 7 August (slides in USNM)) and continue to develop throughout September; some alatoid nymphs may still be present in galls as late as early October. The gall opens by formation of longitudinal slits in the neck of the gall after the majority of individuals have become adult. In Ontario, migration to moss occurs over an extended period from the mid-September to early October, as the host leaves begin to senesce and fall; in Virginia, United States of America they “may be found flying at the last of October” according to Baker (1917). During this period, infested leaves are often apparent from a distance because they tend to senesce and redden earlier than other leaves of the same plant. Open galls are subject to heavy predation by Syrphidae (Diptera) larvae. The number of alates produced in a single gall is usually in the hundreds, but we have observed up to 3750 developing within large galls.

  Gall. Initiated by feeding by the first instar fundatrix on upper surface of the lamina of a leaflet adjacent to major veins (not “am Mittelnerv”, i.e., “on midvein”, as stated by Mordvilko (1935)). A spherical pocket extending above and below the blade forms around the fundatrix and subsequently expands below the blade, usually also with a conical projection above the blade, the opening becoming closed by trichomes at adaxial opening and by tissue expansion within neck. Immature gall globular (Fig. 6A), pale green, about 2.0–2.5 mm in diameter at the time the fundatrix undergoes its final moult to adult. Veins adjacent to gall become more or less swollen and adaxial surface reddened. Mature gall (Fig. 6B–D) globular to pyriform, unilocular, largely red in colour in exposed locations, but usually with pale yellow to yellow-green areas on the side protected from the sun, pale areas more extensive in shaded locations; up to 50 mm in length and up to 45 mm at greatest diameter. The gall surface is often irregular to weakly lobed. Galls distinctly bilobed to near the base occasionally occur, and very rarely galls have several deep lobes. It is not clear if these are the product of a single fundatrix (with lobes possibly resulting from a leaflet vein interfering with gall expansion) or result from the settling of more than one fundatrix at the same site; we have found recently initiated galls with more than one fundatrix, but only one surviving beyond first instar. Vestiture of the gall surface reflects the general vestiture of the host plant: those on Rhus glabra are largely glabrous while those on R. typina are finely setose.

  Distribution [M asafitchi only]: Canada: southern Ontario, southern Québec, Nova Scotia (confirmed by COI-5P sequence); New Brunswick (based on morphology). United States of America: Pennsylvania, Washington (confirmed by COI-5P sequence); Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, New York (based on morphology).


description:
  Melaphis rhois (Fitch, 1866)

  Hosts: Primary hosts: Rhus glabra, Rhus typhina.

  [Life history and gall description of both M asafitchi and [M rhois](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/999); the species differ only by adult anatomy and genetics:]

  Migration from moss begins in mid-May in Ontario and west Québec, with sexuparae forming loose aggregations and depositing sexuals on previous year twigs of Rhus at the time that expansion of current year shoot buds begins. Small aggregations tend to occur within a few centimetres below the expanding leaf, but large aggregations may consist of >100 individuals scattered along 0.5 m of stem. There they deposit larvae of the sexual forms and die immediately thereafter. Although sexuals are initially found scattered along the stem, moulting individuals are more densely clustered close to the base of the expanding shoot (but usually still below the lowest of these shoots) suggesting a further active aggregation by first instar sexuals. The sexuals undergo four moults over a period of four or five days. 

  Deposition of larval fundatrices begins two to three weeks after copulation, i.e. in early to mid-June. The first instar fundatrix moves to the distal unexpanded leaves of the new shoot, where it may remain for several days, apparently initiating feeding only after the leaflets begin to unfold. Within one or two days of settling, feeding by the fundatrix on the upper (adaxial) surface of a leaflet results in the formation of an obvious pocket on the abaxial surface of the leaflet opening onto the adaxial surface. Subsequent instars of the fundatrix occur within the closed gall. As a consequence of aggregation by the sexuparae, galls tend to occur in clusters, so that a single compound leaf usually bears several galls (Fig. 6) and often many leaves of a single shoot are affected.

  At least three generations develop within the gall, namely the fundatrix, at least one generation of apterae, and the alate emigrants. We have found living fundatrices containing embryos as late as mid-August. Adult alatae begin to appear within the gall in mid to late August (in North Carolina, alates collected as early as 7 August (slides in USNM)) and continue to develop throughout September; some alatoid nymphs may still be present in galls as late as early October. The gall opens by formation of longitudinal slits in the neck of the gall after the majority of individuals have become adult. In Ontario, migration to moss occurs over an extended period from the mid-September to early October, as the host leaves begin to senesce and fall; in Virginia, United States of America they “may be found flying at the last of October” according to Baker (1917). During this period, infested leaves are often apparent from a distance because they tend to senesce and redden earlier than other leaves of the same plant. Open galls are subject to heavy predation by Syrphidae (Diptera) larvae. The number of alates produced in a single gall is usually in the hundreds, but we have observed up to 3750 developing within large galls.

  Gall. Initiated by feeding by the first instar fundatrix on upper surface of the lamina of a leaflet adjacent to major veins (not “am Mittelnerv”, i.e., “on midvein”, as stated by Mordvilko (1935)). A spherical pocket extending above and below the blade forms around the fundatrix and subsequently expands below the blade, usually also with a conical projection above the blade, the opening becoming closed by trichomes at adaxial opening and by tissue expansion within neck. Immature gall globular (Fig. 6A), pale green, about 2.0–2.5 mm in diameter at the time the fundatrix undergoes its final moult to adult. Veins adjacent to gall become more or less swollen and adaxial surface reddened. Mature gall (Fig. 6B–D) globular to pyriform, unilocular, largely red in colour in exposed locations, but usually with pale yellow to yellow-green areas on the side protected from the sun, pale areas more extensive in shaded locations; up to 50 mm in length and up to 45 mm at greatest diameter. The gall surface is often irregular to weakly lobed. Galls distinctly bilobed to near the base occasionally occur, and very rarely galls have several deep lobes. It is not clear if these are the product of a single fundatrix (with lobes possibly resulting from a leaflet vein interfering with gall expansion) or result from the settling of more than one fundatrix at the same site; we have found recently initiated galls with more than one fundatrix, but only one surviving beyond first instar. Vestiture of the gall surface reflects the general vestiture of the host plant: those on Rhus glabra are largely glabrous while those on R. typina are finely setose.

  Distribution [M rhois only]: Widespread in United States of America and in southeastern Canada. Canada: southern Ontario, southern Québec, Nova Scotia. United States of America: Arkansas, Arizona, Georgia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Washington (all confirmed by COI-5P sequence); Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, North Carolina (based on morphology only).


description:
  [Felt is describing the leaf gall; use arrows at right for flower gall description] 

  A somewhat flask-shaped or subconical, solitary or confluent white pubescent leaf gall, diameter at base 2 mm., height 3 mm. ... [T]he basal portion of the gall [is] thick-walled, with an oval cell having a length of about 1.5 mm. and a distal tubular, thin-walled portion separated from the larval cell only by a thin, matted layer of filaments, the top being light filled with a curled, woolly mass. 


description:
  The split between Calyptospora columnaris in Eastern North America and C. ornamentalis in Western N. America is based primarily on observations and sequencing of the fungus on Abies lasiocarpa. We do not know of any studies based on N. American infections on Vaccinium. 

  The witches' broom host lists here and on Gallformers' C. ornamentalis page are based on very tentative host lists in Faull (1939). On iNaturalist, the taxon split was handled geographically. 

  Aecial hosts of C. ornamentalis include Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies lasiocarpa, and Abies grandis


description:
  Evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum) develops a witches' broom of thickened stems with few or no leaves. Telia form in a reddish brown layer around stems each year. Branches are swollen, spongy, and distinctly yellowish to reddish brown in contrast to the greenish color of normal twigs ... Telia ...  start out white and progressively turn dark red from the bottom up. 


description:
  [On Fraxinus pennsylvanica] caused distinct inflorescence and fruit deformation in the shape of a mass of globular sponge-like galls ... panicles swelled and distorted ... 

  [On Fraxinus americana] caused distinct inflorescence and fruit deformation in the shape of
  globular sponge-like and rough-surface galls of 1 cm in diameter. The panicles swelled and distorted.


description:
  A large red gall consisting of multiple leaves at the apex of spring growth of Lonicera involucrata. Observed in March in California.


description:
  Dasineura sp.
  Roll-gall midge
  [Page 267]

  This midge induces monothalamous roll galls encompassing terminal leaves of twinberry. Galls are thick, dense, fleshy and ... [m]ost ... are rosy red ... The surface of the galls is covered with short, white, bristly hairs ...


description:
  Catkin Gall Midge
  Dasineura sp. B
  [Page 56]

  This midge induces globular, lumpy polythalamous galls on the male catkins of red alder and probably other alders.


description:
  An integral blister causing a wide, spreading spot of yellowing on a leaf of Arctostaphylos sp, likely A rainbowensis. Observed in California in August. Contained a wasp pupa, potentially an inquiline or parasitoid of the inducer.


description:
  Causing small to large (up to 1 cm. diam.) yellowish or yellow-brown thickened spots on leaves of Polystichum acrostichoides
  Distribution: eastern North America.


description:
  Causing golden yellow, convex-concave spots, often small (5-10 mm. diam.), but sometimes confluent and large, involving half or nearly all of leaf blade, on [various species of] Populus [Species relevant to North America are listed as "Hosts" above under modern names.]  . . . Distribution: [Eurasia,] locally throughout eastern North America, occasionally western North America


description:
  Causing leaf-curl and witches' brooms of Prunus emarginata
  Distribution: Pacific Coast region of North America.


description:
  Exobasidium japonicum (Exobasidiales, Basidiomycota) is a fungus that causes the development of galls in tender tissues of azalea (Rhododendron spp.) ... Depending on the organ that develops from the infected apical, axillary or adventitious buds, the galls are formed by tissue of leaf, stem, or flower organs. 


description:
  Exobasidium parvifolii Hotson on Vaccinium parvifolium Sm. and V. ovalifolium Sm. in North America forms perennial galls on the stems from which numerous cylindrical, clavarioid excrescences emerge. Nannfeldt (1981) interpreted these structures as highly disorganized shoots, which, however, cannot be [considered distinct] witches’ brooms ...


description:
  In this gall the entire shoot tip--and sometimes the entire shoot--is reddened, with the terminal leaves sometimes taking on a flower-like appearance. Blisters and/or hypertrophy may also occur on the reddened shoot. (If reddening, blisters, and/or hypertrophy affect individual leaves, but not the entire shoot tip, the gallformer should instead be identified as Exobasidium arctostaphyli.) 

  Further research is needed to determine whether this is indeed a separate species from Exobasidium arctostaphyli, and whether Exobasidium arctostaphyli itself is a single species or a species complex. 


description:
  Newly emerged fly larvae feed on glandular hairs causing the pinnules to curl around the midrib, and partially or completely loop around the feeding larvae ... 

  Eggs of Chirosia betuleti were laid in early May on the inside of leaffets, on the unfurling portion of the coiled vegetative leaf. They adhered to the sticky hairs ... on the midrib. Emerging larvae fed on .... trichomes in the upper quarter of the groove of the frond rachis. [Their] feeding [on] the expanding frond [caused] young leaflets in the immediate vicinity [to become] stunted, and curled over the midrib. 

  In most fronds...[a]long that portion of the midrib on which the larva(e) fed, there [formed a] partial or, less commonly, a complete loop of the rachis. Often, only a three-quarter twist was completed such that the resulting gall was a sack-like or U-shaped alteration of the normal course of the midrib. In all galls, the larvae were covered by the pinnules. The portion of the leaf anterior to the feeding larvae continued to develop normally. At maturity the leaf was normal in overall shape and size, except for the affected portion which appeared as a looped whorl of pinnules ...  

  Only one gall was formed per leaf and only rarely was the gall occupied by more than a single larva of Chirosia betiileti. Larvae that had eaten most of the trichomes of the rachis continued along the covering pinnules, as well as feeding on epidermal and ... hypodermal tissues along the adaxial side of the rachis. There was no expansion or other deformation of the midrib. ... [F]eeding ... was restricted to the adaxial surface of the rachis. With continued feeding these areas became black from the accumulation of frass and the ... breakdown of the epidermal and hypodermal tissues. 


description:
  Galls on Vaccinium ovatum and possibly other Vaccinium species that were previously identified as Exobasidium vaccinii. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7294908
description:
  Andricus congregatus n.sp.

  An irregular, rugose, yellowish brown woody swelling, containing numerous cells growing apparently from the extreme tips of very slender twigs of Quercus chrysolepis, the gall appearing to have a long peduncle, or it may be at the apex of the petiole of a leaf, the leaf in consequence being aborted. The gall is more or less contracted in the middle and varies in length from 2 to 4 cm., and in diameter from 1 to 2 cm.

  Seven female specimens, received from Prof. E. W. Hilgard, Oakland, California, and reared November 10, 1876. The gall also occurs on Quercus agrifolia, and Professor Riley says: "A woody deformation of staminate aments and quite abundant on some trees."


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7294909
description:
  Andricus excavatus, new species

  In the branches of the red oak, Quercus rubrum, toward the end of summer, appear long longitudinal slits or fissures, filled with irregularly shaped cells or kernels, which are usually smooth and polished, and generally of an oval, flattened form. These are the larval cells of a Cynipid, which fall to the ground in the fall, where the larvae within undergo their final transformation.

  After the larval cells have fallen to the ground from their matrices, the twigs present broad grooves, fissures, and excavations, the relative length, depth, and appearance depending entirely upon the number of cells they had contained. One twig in the collection of the National Museum from which these larval cells had fallen exhibits a broad excavation over 2 inches long.

  The flattened larval cell varies considerably in shape and size, but usually it is from 5 to 6 mm. long by 3 to 5 mm. in diameter.

  Three female speciemns, in poor condition, reared June 6, 1883. The gall was collected somewhere in the New England States. I have, however, collected the same gall in North Carolina.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7294910
description:
  Andricus perplexus, new species.

  A small globular gall, somewhat pointed at apex and covered externally with an exceeding fine, short, grayish pubescence or bloom. Internally the larval cell occupies most of the gall. Diameter, 5 mm.

  One specimen, reared November 21, 1877. The gall was found on the ground in O'Fallen Park, Missouri, in October, and the species of oak upon which it grows is unknown.


description:
  Tetramesa romana may sometimes cause no visible gall. However, galls are [sometimes] visible as swollen protuberances on side shoots ... 

  Gall tissue was found at the shoot apical meristem ... or within 3 cm below ... Young gall tissue was white, while older material ... was yellow. Gall tissue filled the stem cavity, causing exterior shoot distension within 2 weeks of oviposition. However, on main shoots greater than ca. 1 cm in diameter, gall formation often occurred with no visible shoot distension. 


description:
  Tetramesa romana is a non-native wasp that has been introduced in Texas and California (and possibly elsewhere in riparian environments in N. America, to control the non-native giant weed, Arundo donax. 

  Patrick Moran explains in [the UC Weed Science blog](https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=31321) that the emerging adult wasps "chew distinctive round exit holes which can be observed to track wasp populations in the field."  And, Valle Rogers, who assisted Moran on the biocontrol project, writes in [iNaturalist](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/12819705) that "Some of the largest galls are actually of young main shoots just above the ground."


description: buds transformed into a 1-1.5 cm coralloid mass of disfigured stems and scale-like leaves
externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/acari/actinotrichida/prostigmata/eleutherengona/eriophyoidea/eriophyidae/eriophyinae/acerini/aceria/aceria-chondrillae/


description:
  ... widespread in desert margin, inland foothill, and montane habitats, but [ ] not known in coastal habitats, where it is replaced by a sister species, G. ericameriae ... 

  [Gnorimoschema coquillettella causes] gall-like deformities of terminal foliage tips. These are small, ca. 1 cm, onion dome-shaped. hollow 'galls' that appear to consist of leaflets sealed together like the staves of a barrel ... The larva skeletonizes within this shelter, and drops to the ground for pupation, leaving thin, partially eaten leaflets, which wither and dry by midsummer. 

  [Fig. 100, pg. 45, is a black-and-white photo of the gall or pseudo-gall]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7294914
description:
  Holcaspis persimilis, new species

  A small, hard, globular gall, occurring on the twigs of the black oak and very similar in structure to other Holcaspid galls. It is, however, smaller, less than 7 mm. in diameter, and exteriorly it is very rough or rugose, with irregular raised lines and ridges.

  Described from a single specimen, labeled simply: "Black-jack oak, issued November 10, 1868."


description:
  Roll-gall midge
  "Dasineura" sp.
  [Page 319]

  This midge induces compact, linear, glossy, smooth, monothalamous roll galls along the leaf margins of common snowberry and creeping snowberry.

  Range: CA, OR, WA


description:
  Atrusca trimaculosa (McCracken and Egbert), comb. nov

  five species from the Sphaeroteras genus herein are transferred into Atrusca


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7294918
description:
  Callirhytis crassicornis, new species.

  A peculiar, irregular, somewhat triangulated, hard, finely rugose, blackish seed-like gall, issuing from the twig, most of them being covered with a whitish efflorescence.

  The gall, structurally, is similar to that produced by A. conifera, Ashmead, and the part embedded in the twig is triangularly shaved off to a sharp edge. The fly escapes from its larval cell through a hole perforated in the side.

  Four female specimens received through Mr. F.B. Hough, reared October 10, 1884.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7294919
description:
  Callirhytis fructicola, new species

  This gall consists simply of the white kernel or larval cell embedded in the interior or meaty portion of the acorn, or then on the outside near its base, generally hidden by the cup.

  Two or three acrorns in Dr. Riley's collection, affected by this species, when cut open, revealed more than a dozen larval cells, closely pressing upon one another, and filling the whole interior of the acorn.

  Six female specimens, reared April 5, 1873.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7294920
description:
  Callirhytis rhizoxenus, new species.

  A large, irregular, more or less globular, fleshy swelling, occurring on the roots of an oak in Arizona, and containing numerous larval cells; some galls measure about 4 cm. in length; others are much smaller.

  Specimens reared June 24 and 28 and July 6, 1882, from galls received from Mr. H.K. Morrison, collected on roots of a live oak at Fort Grant, Arizona.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7294920
description:
  Callirhytis lasius, new species.

  A hemispherical, hard gall, occurring on the upper or lower surface of the leaves of Q. chrysolepis, and covered with a pale, yellowish wool, more or less ringed with ferruginous, some being entirely rust-red; it is polythalamous and in general appeareance not unlike A. flocci, Walsh, but the larval cells are held closely together, embedded in the hard substance composing the gall. Diameter from 5 to 9 mm.

  Numerous specimens; reared by Mr. Albert Koebele, at Placer County, California, December 19, 1885, from galls on Quercus chrysolepis; others reared January 2, 1882, and December, 1885.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7294921
description:
  Aulax mulgediicola, new species.

  The galls of this species consists simply of a thin-shelled larval cell, embedded in the pith of a common plant, Mulgidium acuminatum; usually there are numerous cells crowded together side by side in the pith, and externally the stem or stalk shows no apparent gall, swelling, or deformation, although occasionally a slight swelling of the stalk occurs.

  Numerous specimens, most of them reared during January and February, 1886, from galls collected in the District of Columbia.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7294922
description:
  Aulax sonchicola, new species.

  Four specimens, reared during June, 1887, from a gall occurring on the stem of a species of wild lettuce, Sonchus oleraceus, found at Asheville, North Carolina, by the writer. In my own collection are specimens collected in Canada.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7294922
description:
  Aulax ambrosiaecola, new species.

  The insects from which the following description is drawn up were received from Miss Mary Murtfeldt, of Kirkwood, Missouri, with the statement that they were parasitic on a lepidopterous gallmaker, on Ambrosia.

  Now there is some mistake here; the flies are unquestionably true gallmakers and evidently form larval cells in the pith of this plant, not observed by Miss Murtfeldt; and, moreover, their structural characters prove conclusively that they are not parasitic. It is also quite probable that the Lepidopteron is inquilinous in the galls produced by this species.

  Four specimens, 1 female and 3 males, reared October 18, 1881, and June 13, 1882. It is unfortunate that none of the galls were sent with the flies.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7294923
description:
  Rhodites gracilis, new species.

  An irregular, inflated, rounded gall, with the top broadened and somewhat flattened, the edges surrounded with short, blunt tubercles, which are probably the apices of elevated ribs.

  Described from 4 specimens, 1 female, 3 males, reared May 7, 1870. The name of the rose on which it occurs is unknown. Dr. Riley in his Note Book says: "A small gall, bearing a general resemblance to a mangel-wurzel seed or large beet seed, occurring on rose trees, and especially on the single wild rose. The galls were first noticed in September."


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7294924
description:
  Rhodites similis, new species.

  An irregularly rounded, brown or brownish yellow, pithy gall on the smaller stems of an unknown wild rose. They vary greatly in size and shape, from a small pea-like form to a more or less globular or oblong shape, some of them being an inch or more in length. There is no consistency in their shape; some are perfectly round or oblong or of various irregular shapes.

  Twenty-seven specimens, reared July 27, 1883, from galls collected by Mr. Lawrence Bruner at Point of Rocks, Wyoming.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7735402
description:
  Andricus bracteatus, new species.

  A terminal bud gall, globular, up to 8.4 mm. in diameter, more or less covered with leafy bracts, which are green when young, becoming tan. Occurs in fall. Monothalamous, with a thick cavernous wall.

  The type is selected from a series from galls collected by Mrs. N.W. Capron on November 1, 1935, at Young, Ariz., on an undetermined oak, the adults emerging some time before April 1936. Two paratypes are from galls on Quercus oblongifolia, which see sent from Nogales on February 4, 1935, then containing live adults. Two others are from Wolf Creek Camp, 10 miles from Prescott, Ariz. One is from a gall the writer collected in the Santa Rita Mountains, Ariz., on December 7, 1921, on Q. diversicolor containing a living adult and one from a gall from the Huachuca Mountains on the same host. These galls were seen on Q. arizonica also at Oracle and on Q. toumeyi at Patagonia, Ariz.


description:
   After eggs hatch, newly emerged nymphs crawl to the undersides of leaves where they settle, become immobile and feed by sucking sap ... Feeding causes a pit to develop around each yellowish, scale-like nymph. Excessive pit formation creates severely distorted or blistered leaves and shoots which appear stunted. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7735395
description:
  Andricus stramineus, new species.

  A tan-colored, bare, smooth, ellipsoidal gall, bursting out of the bark along the internodes of small twigs, drawn out to a blunt point at apex, 2 by 3 mm. by 3mm. high, single or in small groups in fall. Contains a single larval cell with a wall 0.2 mm. thick.

  Host.-Quercus oblongifolia.

  Habitat.-Mrs. N.W. Capron collected galls containing pupae on February 4, 1935, at Nogales, Ariz. One adult was cut out of the gall on February 14 and three emerged on March 5. She collected galls also at Young, Ariz., on an undetermined oak. Galls have been seen at Patagonia, Ariz.


description:
  Zapatella davisae Buffington & Melika, n. sp. 

  Hosts: Quercus velutina

  The first record of what is here described as a new species (previously identified as Callirhytis ceropteroides (Bassett) was recorded on Martha’s Vineyard in 2007.

  Galled twigs can be slight to obvious. Pin-size exit holes made by emerging wasps are often present on galled twigs. Removing bark and outer wood from infested twigs exposes oval cells produced by the wasp, often containing adults, pupae, or larvae.

  Biology.—Only the asexual twig-galling stage on black oak (Quercus velutina) is known for Z. davisae. Wasps emerge in May, following leaf expansion and their respective parasitoids emerge in early June. ... Gall cavity development starts in late July to early August. Larval development begins August, with pupal and adult development following suit. Z. davisae overwinters in multiple life stages, including larval, pupal, pharate adult and adult stages. From October to April, multiple life stages are simultaneously present in twigs. Thus far, there is no evidence of a sexual generation ...

  Zapatella davisae was previously identified as Callirhytis ceropteroides and it has been implicated in damaging Quercus velutina in the past. ...

  Range: NY, MA


description:
  *Asphondylia imbricata* Plakidas is a multivoltine species. Summer galls occur in the apical meristems of *Symphyotrichum lateriflorum* ... These galls are green, conical and composed of imbricated leaflets. One larva develops per gall.


description:
  [summer] galls are green, conical and comprised of imbricated leaflets. One larva develops per gall. In late September, females from apical galls oviposit into meristematic tissue at the base of the plant where [the?] [sic] neonate larva overwinters. The spring crown gall is formed at this location the following May.


description:
  ...is a multivoltine species. Summer galls occur in the leaf axils of Symphyotrichum lanceolatum ... These galls are green, tightly compacted in the leaf axil with one larva per gall.


description:
  ...is a multivoltine species. Summer galls occur in the leaf axils of *Symphyotrichum lanceolatum* ... These galls are green, tightly compacted in the leaf axil with one larva per gall. Females which emerge from late summer galls oviposit into meristematic tissue at the base of the plant where the neonate larvae overwinter. The spring crown gall develops at this location the following May.


description:
  *Asphondylia recondita* is a multivoltine species, which produces a leafy apical gall in the stem apices of *Symphyotrichum patens* (Aiton), one larva develops per gall. The spring crown gall develops at the base of the host plant the following May.


description:
  *Asphondylia pruinosa* is a univoltine species, producing a spring crown gall on golden ragwort, *Packera aurea* (Linnaeus) (formerly known as *Senecio aureus*). Galls develop from meristematic tissue on the root stump. Galls are polythalamous, green and pruinose [glistening] in appearance... Galls occur from mid-April through May.


description:
  *Asphondylia ovata* is a bivoltine species which produces an egg-shaped stem swelling along the main stem and upper branchlets of *Bidens frondosa* (Linnaeus). One larva develops per gall. Females from these galls oviposit at the base of the plant and neonate larvae overwinter at that site, where the spring crown gall is formed.


description:
  *Asphondylia rudbeckiaeconspicua* is a bivoltine species that produces a summer apical flower gall on *Rudbeckia laciniata* Linnaeus and a spring crown gall at the base of the plant the following May.


description:
  *Asphondylia vernoniae* Felt is a bivoltine species that produces a summer apical gall flower gall on *Vernonia noveboracensis* (Linnaeus) and a spring crown gall at the base of the plant the following May.


description:
  *Asphondylia helianthiflorae* Felt produces a polythalamous summer apical gall on the flower disc [of] *Helianthus strumosus* Linnaeus. Adults emerge from these galls in mid to late August. The spring gall is unknown.


description:
  *Asphondylia eupatorii* Felt is a bivoltine species which produces a polythalamous, apical gall in the stem apex of *Ageratina altissima* (Linnaeus) in late July and August. The spring crown gall occurs on the same host in late May to early June.


description:
  One larva on slide taken from a polythalamous flower disc gall on *Verbesina alternifolia* (Linnaeus). One male and one female reared April 15 2012, from overwintering larvae. The gall is illustrated in Gagne on page 160 as *Cecidomyia verbesinae*. This species is clearly a *Schizomyia*, based on larvae and adults.


description:
  ...taken from a tubular leaf gall on *Vitis* sp. August 13, 2009.

  [note: Reported as "*Schizomyia viticola* (Osten Sacken 1862)"]


description:
  ...taken from a woody cluster gall on *Vitis* sp.

  [As "*Schizomyia vitiscoryloides*" (Packard 1869)]


description:
  This gall midge produces a succulent gall on the flower raceme of *Prunus serotina* Ehr. and incorporates some of the flower heads into the gall. The galls occur in April and the larvae drop to the soil where they overwinter.


description:
  From swollen buds on *Prunus serotina*. Larvae are active in galls in April and May and drop to the soil to overwinter, one generation a year.


description:
  The larvae of *Ametrodiplosis menthae* Plakidas are found actively feeding in the unopened flower buds of *Mentha arvensis* from late July to early September[.] All larvae drop to the soil to pupate and produce two or three generations per year. I have also collected *Contarinia* sp. larvae from these galls so it is possible that the *Contarinia* sp. is the gall maker.


description:
  *Blaesodiplosis crataegifolia* is a univoltine species which produces a cockscomb leaf vein gall on *Crataegus* sp. 


description:
  *Blaesodiplosis venae* is a univoltine species which produces a globular leaf vein gall on *Crataegus* sp.


description:
  ...from the oyster leaf gall on *Vaccinium stamineum* Linnaeus. *Vaccinidiplosis vaccinii is a univoltine species with gall formation occurring on the midvein on the underside of the leaf. Larvae exit the galls in September, drop to the leaf litter, and construct a cocoon in which they overwinter. 


description:
  *Asteromyia carbonifera* (Osten Sacken) is a multivoltine species which produces a blister leaf gall on *Solidago rugosa*.


description:
  *Asteromyia euthamiae* is a multivoltine species that produces a leaf blister gall on *Euthamia graminifolia* (Linnaeus).


description:
  This gall midge is responsible for a leaf blister gall on *Symphyotrichum laeve*. The galls are light yellow to gray in color.


description:
  *Asteromyia tumifica* (Beutenmüller) is a univoltine species which produces a stem canker on *Solidago canadensis* Linnaeus. The gall is located near the base of the stem, is polythalamous and the larvae overwinter in the gall. Adults emerge in May.


description:
  ...reared from stems of *Laportea canadensis*.

  [elsewhere emphasizes that all *Neolasioptera* species form galls]


description:
  [Doesn't give a direct gall description, but elsewhere emphasizes that all *Neolasioptera* species make galls.]


description:
  ...reared from flower heads of *Eupatorium perfoliatum*...

  [doesn't directly describe gall, but elsewhere states that all *Neolasioptera* species are gall makers]


description:
  Gagné (2004) synonymized *Neolasioptera fulva* with *Neolasioptera impatientifolia*, however these two species are clearly morphologically different as larvae. Two main differences occur. ... Gall formation in *Neolasioptera impatientifolia occurs on leaf veins, while galls of *Neolasioptera fulva* are found on the main stem and branchlets.

  [Gallformers.org follows the Gagné & Jaschhof (2021) checklist, which again synonymizes *Neolasioptera fulva* under *N. impatientifolia*.]


description:
  ...reared from achenes of *Helianthus strumosus*...

  [does not describe the galls, but earlier states that all *Neolasioptera* species in this paper form galls]


description:
  [as "*Neolasioptera incisa*"]:
  ...from apical branchlet galls on *Verbesina alternifolia* (L.)...

  [as "*Neolasioptera verbesinae*"]:
  ...from stem gall on *Verbesina alternifolia*.


description:
  [as "*Neolasioptera vernoniae*"]:
  ...from stem galls on *Vernonia noveboracensis* ...

  [as "*Neolasioptera vernoniflorae*"]:
  Gall: an enlarged flower receptacle on *Vernonia noveboracensis*.

  [gallformers.org follows the checklist of Gagné & Jaschhof (2021), which treats *N. vernoniflorae* as a synonym of *N. vernoniae*]


description:
  *Dasineura purpurea* is a multivoltine species whose larvae live and feed in the aborted flower buds of *Eupatoriadelphus purpureus* [now: *Eutrochium purpureum*]


description:
  *Dasineura tumidosae* is a univoltine species which produces a succulent leaf gall on *Fraxinus* spp. in May.


description:
  *Lasioptera cylindrigallae* is a univoltine species which produces an elongate stem swelling on *Euthamia graminifolia*


description:
  This is a univoltine species which produces a stem swelling at the base of the stem. Numerous larvae live in the gall chamber where they overwinter.


description:
  From vase shaped flower gall on *Solidago canadensis* [note: Plakidas does not appear to distinguish *S. canadensis* from its close relatives]


description:
  *Rhopalomyia clarkei* produces a conical leaf gall on *Solidago rugosa*...these galls, which are abundant in Allegheny County.


description:
  ...from an apical, leafy cluster gall on *Solidago canadensis* [note: Plakidas does not appear to distinguish *S. canadensis* from its close relatives]


description:
  This gall midge produces a reddish, leaf blister on the leaves of *Acer rubrum*. Galls are common in Allegheny County.


description:
  ...from a circular leaf blister formed on *Viburnum dentatum*...These galls form in early May and one larva develops per gall.


description:
  adults reared V-1909 ex purplish, fusiform, vein swellings on *Viburnum dentatum* L., Magnolia, Mass., C.H. Clark

  [also comments that *Sackenomyia acerifolia*, (named after where it was swept, not reared) is "very likely" a synonym.]


description:
  reared V-5-1909, ex blister leaf gall on *Viburnum ? lentago* L., Magnolia, Mass., C.H. Clarke...This species is renamed *commota* for the excited manner in which the mature larvae of *Sackenomyia* spp. move about when disturbed.


description:
  Larvae cause the growth of soft, variably shaped galls in newly developing stems [, compressing] the stem nodes ... [C]lump[ed] foliage just above [may] includ[e] leaves that form a sheath around the gall.  Later the stem extends beyond this rosette ... By mid- to late March many galls have reached full size (12-20mm long x 10-l2mm diameter) [and] are whitish or pale green with fleshy walls 2-5mm thick ... [L]arvae reach maturity in April, when each cuts a hole in the gall and drops to the ground ... By ... early to rnid-April, [the galls] are white tinged with purplish brown exteriorly. Later, the remaining gall tissue deteriorates [leaving a] clustering of nodes and twigs ... 

  [for monochrome photo of gall, see pg. 45]


description:
  [I]nduce[s] galls in different meristematic tissues of [Tripleurospermum inodorum], including the apical meristems of rosettes and bolting plants, leaf axils, buds, and flowers ...
   
  The 1st generation induced galls in the apical meristem of overwintered rosettes of scentless chamomile, whereas the following 2 generations formed galls in the apical meristems of main and side shoots, in leaf axils, and in or just below buds and flowers ... In contrast to galls induced in the apical meristem of rosettes during the growing period, gall chambers on overwintering rosettes are typically located at the root crown of plants ... The majority of galls that developed in axillary buds or in flowers consisted of 1-2 chambers, whereas galls formed in the apical meristems of rosettes and bolting plants usually contained >2 chambers ...  

  [in measuring the galls, which varied in size,] it was assumed that the shape of the galls is elliptical.


description:
  PHOTOS: Small photos of galled plants are provided in the brochure "Rhopalomyia tripleurospermi Skuhrava" at https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/forestry/agents/rhopalomyia_tripleurospermi.pdf  The galls look like witches' brooms

  That publication states "Attacked winter rosettes develop an increased number of floral stems, but have decreased plant height and number of seeds per floral head."


description:
   Nymphs insert their needle-like mouthparts into lower surfaces of the leaf and inject their saliva [which] causes a shallow depression [to form] on the lower leaf surface. Then a deep purple spot develops on both leaf surfaces. However, the top surface of the feeding site may have a green spot in the middle of the purple splotch. The veins may also turn purple over much of the lower leaf surface. 


description:
  A single persistent woody gall with several linear chambers, on the stem of Quercus nigra. Observed in Georgia in August, senescent. 

  This may be an [Andricus coronus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1151) gall modified by an inquiline. 


description:
  Leaf spots start out as pale green to yellow and are slightly swollen, convex-concave blisters that vary in size. As the leaf matures, the spots become necrotic. A layer of asci form on the lower leaf surface (concave side). When fresh, the layer of asci resembles a palisade-like layer that is translucent-white and granular on the leaf surface. The fungus also can deform the entire leaf ...

  Leaf blisters on an oak host, and the presence of naked asci characteristic of Taphrina sp. are good diagnostic characteristics for field and microscopic diagnosis. The fungus can be isolated on Potato dextrose agar or acidified PDA ...   [see webpage for information needed for microscopy and chemical testing] 


description:
  Rhizobium [Agrobacterium] radiobacter (previously known as A. tumefaciens) is an aerobic, gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped bacterium ... 

  Symptoms of plants infected with Rhizobium radiobacter are dependent on the type of host infected. 

  The first symptom plants commonly exhibit when infected by Rhizobium radiobacter is the presence of tumorous overgrowths (galls) on the roots, stem (trunk), and crown at or below the soil surface. Initially, these galls are round, white or flesh colored, and soft and spongy. In later stages, the emerging gall develops into a woody interior with an irregular, rough, corky surface. This outer tissue darkens. The gall color will range from light brown to black depending on age and host. Size also varies ranging from 5 to 16 cm diameter. In trees, galls can sometimes grow to be 30 cm diameter. As galls age, the outer surface may slough off and crack due to normal rotting, weathering, and secondary microorganism activity leading to further tissue breakdown. However, galls can reappear in the same places the following year along with the formation of new tissues. Some host plants develop secondary tumors at a few inches above or below the previous site of infection. Severely infected plants lack vigor, have stunted leaves, may turn yellow or red, and shoots often die back. Wilting and death are the primary symptoms of continued infection. Death is more common when galls occur at the plant's base and girdle the stem of the host, blocking the vascular system. Young plants are more susceptible to the disease and are also more likely to die from the disease ... 

  Rhizobium radiobacter is a soilborne pathogen that can survive in the soil or inside plants as a parasite. There are over 600 plant species and over 90 plant families that are susceptible to crown gall ... Infection of Rhizobium radiobacter is most likely to occur under the following conditions: 1) temperatures above 20°C; 2) during times of high humidity; and 3) when the host surfaces are moist due to rainfall. The pathogen can be spread through rain, irrigation water, wind, insects, tools, and use of contaminated soil during propagation or planting. Detached galls that rest on the ground or in the soil are primary inoculum sources ...


description:
  Swellings distorting the shape of unopened flower buds of Actaea podocarpa, containing gall midge larvae. Observed in August in Pennsylvania. 


description:
  Agrobacterium pseudotsugae has been reported to be the cause of woody galls on stems of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii).


description:
  Causing witches' brooms on Betula [occidentalis var.] fontinalis Sarg., B. lutea [alleghaniensis] Michx., and B. papyrifera Marsh.


description:
  Causing deformation of fruits ("bladder plums," "[plum pockets](https://www.gallformers.org/glossary)") and of twigs, sometimes with curling of leaves (not witches' brooms) of Prunus americana Marsh. P. [americana var.] lanata  (Sudw.)
  Mack, and Bush, P. hortulana Bailey ...  P. maritima Marsh., P. rnunsoniana Wight and Hedr., P. nigra Ait., P. salicina Lindl., P. tarda [umbellata], P. umbellata 


description:
  Causing deformed fruits (plum pockets) and thickened, malformed shoots on Prunus subcordata. [Mix 1956 specifies witches’ brooms and Mix 1954 adds “small osilated, puffed or swollen areas on leaf blades”]  


description:
  on Prunus andersonii A. Gray. 

  Induces a large, well developed witches' broom bearing leaves that are thickened, deformed, and reddened in quite the same manner as in leaf curl of peach by Taphrina deformans 

  [Note that the 1954 article lists the name of this new species as T. jenkinsoniana because of a printer's error; Mix corrected the the name to T. jenkinsiana in "Notes on Some Species of Taphrina" (1956), Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, Vol. 59, No. 4 (Winter, 1956) on p 481.]


description:
  [on page 56 Mix adds Corylus californica as an unreported host and reports that "large, reddened deformed areas" occur on this host.]


description:
  Causing smallish, elongated, pointed "plum pockets," and thickened deformed shoots on Prunus [pumila] besseyi, P. [pumila] depressa, P. pumila, P. pumila var. susquehanae


description:
  Causing small, pale yellowish thickened areas or leaf curl of the whole blade, on leaves of Ostrya virginiana


description:
  Non-native gall on [mostly?] non-native hosts. [A pest advisory issued in Hawaii in 2008](https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/ecosystems/files/2013/07/Erythrina-Gall-Wasp-Advisory-HDOA.pdf) describes the gall, noting that "leaves curl and appear deformed while petioles and shoots become swollen. After feeding is complete, larvae pupate within the leaf and stem tissue ..."  The wasp has harmed or killed both native and non-native trees in Hawaii and was found on ornamental coral trees in Florida in 2006.


description:
  Rose rosette virus is a member of the Emaraviridae, a group of eriophyid mite-transmitted viruses. It is a negative-strand, multipartite RNA virus consisting of four to eight separate RNA particles. Double membrane-bound particles are seen with electron microscopy in infected rose tissue ...

  Symptoms of rose rosette disease (RRD) are highly variable, depending on the species or cultivar of rose affected. This variability can complicate diagnosis. Symptoms can include rapid elongation of new shoots, followed by development of witches’ brooms or clustering of small branches. Leaves in the witches’ broom are small, distorted, and may have a conspicuous red pigmentation, although red pigmentation is not a consistent symptom. Canes on some species or cultivars develop excessive growth of unusually soft and pliable red or green thorns that may stiffen later. When this symptom is present, it is diagnostic for RRD. Symptomatic canes may also be noticeably thicker than the parent cane from which they emerged, or they may grow in a spiral pattern. Flowers may be distorted with fewer petals than normal, and flower color may be abnormal. For example, flowers that are normally a solid color may be mottled. Buds may abort, be deformed, or be converted to leaf-like tissue. Infected rose plants often die within one to two years.

  When all of the above symptoms are present, diagnosis is relatively straightforward. However, a diseased plant may exhibit few of these symptoms, especially in the early stages of the disease. Some symptoms, such as leaf coloration, may be subtle. Although some diseased plants develop very obvious red pigmentation, others exhibit a less striking reddish-pink color on leaf undersides or along the margins of otherwise green leaves. Because the new leaves of many rose cultivars normally have reddish pigments, it may be difficult to determine whether the reddish color is abnormal or not. Therefore, it is important to continue to monitor symptoms on suspect roses. On RRD-infected plants, the reddish color does not go away, whereas on healthy plants, the reddish color usually disappears as the leaf matures.

  Witches’ brooms on some diseased plants may be an unusual color of green that can be mistaken for symptoms of a nutrient deficiency. However, nutrient deficiency should affect the whole plant. If these symptoms appear only on parts of the plant, they are probably not due to nutrient deficiency and RRD is more likely. The witches’ broom symptom itself is not necessarily diagnostic for rose rosette disease. This symptom can also occur in response to certain types of herbicide injury. For example, if glyphosate, the active ingredient of the herbicide Roundup, contacts green tissue of rose plants in the fall, it is translocated to the buds, and symptoms do not become evident until those buds emerge the following spring. Witches’ brooms with yellow, narrow leaves on clusters of shoots are typical of glyphosate injury. The commonly used broadleaf herbicides 2,4-D, dicamba and several others, can also cause leaf distortion on roses. Unless plants are injured again, symptoms of herbicide injury should disappear by the following year. Also, herbicides do not induce the red coloration typical of many rose rosette infections.

  Other symptoms of rose rosette disease that may be expressed include blackening and death of the canes on some cultivars, short internodal distances, and blind shoots (shoots that do not produce a flower). Rose rosette-infected plants may also show increased susceptibility to powdery mildew. 

  The disease is transmitted by the eriophyid mite, Phyllocoptes fructiphilus, or by grafting. The wild multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) is very susceptible to the disease and is a common source of inoculum. Cultivated roses planted downwind of infected multiflora rose are especially at risk because the mite vector travels on wind currents from infected to healthy plants ...  

  Because symptoms of RRD can be confused with those of herbicide injury from glyphosate, it is important to obtain background information on the timing of disease development and the history of herbicide use near affected plants when trying to diagnose the disease by symptoms alone. One symptom that appears to be diagnostic for RRD, if present, is the presence of canes of large diameter emerging from canes of smaller diameter. 


description:
  See photo galleries at [Influential Points](https://influentialpoints.com/Gallery/Phylloxera_glabra_Oak_leaf_phylloxera.htm) and [Plant Parasites of Europe](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/hemiptera/sternorrhyncha/phylloxeroidea/phylloxeridae/phylloxera/phylloxera-glabra/). Second source shows the "ear galls" caused by twisting of the leaf blade at the leaf edge. 


description:
  Although Felt said these seeds (or achenes) "were unmodified externally" the galls being tentatively identified on iNaturalist as A. adenostoma galls very definitely modify the seeds. The larvae in the modified seeds have been confirmed as Asphondylia. Once pupae are found or raised and sent to Ray Gagne, the working assumption  that these are A. adenostoma galls can be confirmed--or possibly refuted. 

  See comments, particularly those of Joyce G[ross], who sent photos to Ray Gagne, [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/109513742) and [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/133998028).


description:
  Clumps of irregular swellings and distortions affecting all parts of a single branch of a stem, smooth and hairless in spring but apparently drying to a rough and irregular brown in the fall. Observed on Sisymbrium irio, Brassica nigra, and other Brassicaceae native to Eurasia. 

  Per the discussion [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/211585771), this galling is in most cases caused by Peronosporomycetes, mainly Hyaloperonospora and Albugo. At least some of the Sisymbrium galls have been tentatively idenitified by Senna Robeson as caused by Hyaloperonospora sisymbrii-loeselii, and Gallformers now has a [page for this gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/5645).

  Four of the 32 observations tagged with GF code "sisymbrium-broom-swelling" had insects or exit holes associated with the galls, and it was suggested that a beetle might be the inducer. More specifically, it was suggested that a weevil, Ceutorhynchus chalybaeus, which [sometimes causes stem swellings](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/coleoptera/polyphaga/cucujiformia/curculionoidea/curculionidae/conoderinae/ceutorhynchitae/ceutorhynchini/ceutorhynchus/ceutorhynchus-chalibaeus/), might account for at least part of the galling. However, the theory that the weevil was the gall inducer did not account for all of the distortions, and those who tentatively suggested the weevil ID seemed to recognize this.


description:
  T. mirabilis, a species parasitic on Prunus angustifolia, was considered synonymous with T. communis by Mix (1949), but the results of the molecular characterization suggest otherwise ... although a final decision would benefit from additional data

  [Gallformers is following Mix, pending further developments]


description:
  Quercus phellos added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/133544870). 


description:
  [A discussion on iNaturalist](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98674778) suggests that, until further research is published, it may be impossible to distinguish the sexgen galls of Andricus crystallinus, A. pattersonae, and A. gigas from each other. Joyce Gross wrote that "there are 3-4 species that may (or may not) make galls that look like the one above. The literature is confusing ... DNA work on the spring galls could help solve some of these decades-old mysteries."


description:
  Quercus turbinella added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/135338663). 


description:
  Several large yellow-red globular galls on the upper side of leaves of Amelanchier utahensis. Observed in Arizona in September. 


description:
  Hairy Fold Gall Wasp
  Unknown # 56

  Galls of this wasp are unmistakable in that they distort the leaves of Mexican blue oak by folding the edges inwardly. 


description:
  At this point it is not completely clear how to distinguish this gall from Russo's <a href="https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2609">Unknown #48</a>. Based on the photos and descriptions in Russo 2021, Unknown #56 is distinctive in the way that it folds the host leaf, which Unknown #48 apparently does not do. Also, based on the photos, it seems that the gall of Unknown #48 occurs mostly on the ventral surface of leaves without much (or any?) part of the gall showing on the dorsal side. Based on iNat photos and Russo's description Unknown #56 seems to show on both the dorsal and ventral surface of the leaves. Based on iNaturalist observations of galls on Quercus turbinella showing these characteristics, Quercus turbinella is added as a host for this gall. 


description:
  Causing large, light-green to yellow (later brown), irregular blisters on leaves of Pyrus. Blisters are larger and less numerous than mite-gall blisters. 
  Distribution: Wash.


description:
  Causing small (up to 5 mm. diam.) thickened areas, resembling small lesions of peach leaf curl, on leaves of Dryopteris marginalis


description:
  Causing small (up to 5 mm. in diam.) fleshy (convoluted when dry), yellowish galls on leaves of Dryopteris spinulosa 


description:
  Causing thickened areas of the leaf-curl type or small fleshy galls on leaves of Dryopteris spinulosa ... <NA-CA>


description:
  Causing small (0.5 to 2.0 mm. in diameter) galls on leaves of Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh.
  Distribution: Indiana, Kansas, Wisconsin.


description:
  Bud-gall Midge
  [Page 264]

  This midge induces globular, monothalamous bud galls on hazelnut (Corylus cornuta). 

  Host: Corylus cornuta

  Range: CA


description:
  According to Russo (2021), this species also causes witches' brooms on Amelanchier utahensis. See plate 550 in that book for a photo.


description:
  Causing small, whitish to yellowish thickened areas on leaves and stems 

  [P.. simplex added as host in Mix 1954]


description:
  Causing small to large, round to irregular, yellow-brown blighted areas on leaves of Aesculus californica. Affecting whole shoots and shoot-systems. Specimens seen have not been true witches' brooms.
  Distribution: California. 


description:
  Ronald Russo, in his Plant Galls of the Western United States (2021), lists T. aesculi as causing "witches' brooms" on "Aesculus spp."


description:
  Quercus oglethorpensis added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/136448617). 


description:
  Populations that are associated with *S. sempervirens* in Maine and Massachusetts... and with *S. bicolor* in Virginia... were studied in detail in the present work, and although we did not find morphological differences between them and *A. monacha*, our molecular analysis suggests that they belong to at least two undescribed species. These species are not described here because additional molecular data are needed in order to determine their boundaries and host associations. Their galls are locally common and appear similar in structure to those of *A. monacha*. 
  ...
  One individual from a rosette gall on *S. uliginosa* is also included in the *sempervirens/bicolor* clade, whereas another individual from this host grouped with *A. monacha*, suggesting that *S. uliginosa* is used by two different species.

  [Please refer to this paper for many more details of gall biology, insect life history, anatomy, and phylogeny. This gallformers entry is meant to represent the gall that sorted away from the *A. monacha* clade in their phylogenetic analysis.]


description:
  Created for the galls, maybe closest to those formed by *Rhopalomyia anthophila*, [observed by Lisa Appelbaum](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98280770).


description:
  Dorchin et al., 2009 imply that these earlier-season galls may represent an earlier generation of *Rhopalomyia racemicola* (sensu Gagné 1989), but provisionally assign them to an undescribed species in *Rhopalomyia*. See Gallformers Contributors notes on our *Rhopalomyia racemicola* page for more details.


description:
  *Rhopalomyia racemicola* and *Schizomyia racemicola* have a confusing nomenclatural history involving at least three distinct entities. Here is a summary:
  1. Osten Sacken (1862) - Describes *Cecidomyia racemicola*, based on its "bud-shaped gall among the racemes of Solidago." He does not base the description on insect material, but does note one reddish larva per gall.
  2. Felt (1907) - Describes *Rhopalomyia racemicola*, based on male and female adults reared from "subglobular turnip-shaped bud galls on *Solidago canadensis* taken at Asheville, N.C." These adults were reared the same season he collected the galls. There is no description of larvae or pupae. The gall and adult descriptions are not detailed. His *"S. canadensis"* is probably *S. altissima* as it was collected in North Carolina.
  3. Beutenmüller (1907) - Describes a bright orange larva in detail from galls that were "green, smooth, rounded, tapering to a point at the apex, giving it a bud-like appearance." Assigns these to *Cecidomyia racemicola*, following Osten Sacken. Like Osten Sacken, he notes that there is a single larva per gall. He notes further that the larvae exit the gall to pupate in the soil. He decides that the adults described by Felt as *Rhopalomyia racemicola* are "probably the gall makers of *Cecidomyia racemicola* O.S." and reduces *R. racemicola* to synonymy.
  4. (intervening decades - *Cecidomyia racemicola* apparently transferred to *Rhopalomyia racemicola* when the genus *Cecidomyia* is broken up. (?))
  5. Gagné (1971) - Examines "typical racemicolous galls from *Solidago stricta*" in Florida and determines that the larvae contained therein are not the generally whitish larvae of genus *Rhopalomyia*, but rather the red-orange larvae of the genus *Schizomyia*. Assignment to *Schizomyia* was based on details of larval anatomy and the fact that they exit the gall to pupate. He transfers *Cecidomyia racemicola* in the sense of Osten Sacken [the type material included identifiable larval remnants] to *Schizomyia racemicola* and notes that Felt's *Rhopalomyia racemicola*, contrary to Beutenmüller, must refer to some other species associated with apparently similar (or even the same) galls. Based on the location of Gagné's *Schizomyia* collection in Manatee Co., FL, *"Solidago stricta"* probably now refers to *Solidago virgata*. 
  6. Gagné (1989) - Reports the discovery of late-season galls on the stems and flowering branches of *Solidago fistulosa* that are broadly consistent with Felt's (1907) gall description, and rears adult females from them (pupating within the gall) that are consistent with Felt's insect description and type series, but difficult to match with certainty. He tentatively assigns *Rhopalomyia racemicola* to these new galls.
  7. Fontes et al. (1994) - Describe the discovery of early-season galls (and some insect material) on *Solidago fistulosa*.
  8. Dorchin et al. (2009) - Re-describe Felt's (1907) *Rhopalomyia racemicola* adults in much greater detail, and note that Felt's later works confused the galls of what is now known as *Schizomyia racemicola* with whatever galls he actually reared *R. racemicola* from. They note that Felt's adult specimens most closely resemble *R. anthophila*, *R. cruziana*, and *R. guttata*. They agree with Gagné's 1989 suggestion that *Rhopalomyia racemicola* in Felt's original sense is responsible for the late-season galls on *Solidago fistulosa*. They are hesitant to assign Fontes et al.'s early-season *S. fistulosa* galls to species (either to a new species or to an earlier generation of *R. racemicola*), but do assign these galls to the  *Rhopalomyia* genus, provisionally as an undescribed species, *"Rhopalomyia n.sp."*

  gallformers.org pages follow the treatment in Dorchin et al. (2009) in distinguishing three entities from this history:
   - **Schizomyia racemicola** - the onion-shaped galls with red-orange larvae
   - **Rhopalomyia racemicola** - Gagné's hairy, late-season "bud galls that may be situated among florets" on *S. fistulosa* (and *S. altissima*, assuming these are indeed conspecific with Felt's entity)
   - **Rhopalomyia s-fistulosa-bud-cluster-gall** - This page is meant for the early-season *S. fistulosa* galls described by Fontes et al. (1994) and Dorchin et al. (2009) as a new *Rhopalomyia* species.


description:
  Please see the Gallformers Contributors notes on *Rhopalomyia racemicola* for a summary of the confusing taxonomic history of these two midges. Some accounts of *R. racemicola* or *Cecidomyia racemicola* galls refer to *Schizomyia racemicola* galls, but some don't. 


description:
  ...Dr. Rodney Dodge showed me some typical *racemicolous* galls from *Solidago stricta* [now probably *S. virgata*] found near his residence in Bradenton, Florida. Orange-red larvae were crawling on the inside of the vial containing the galls, almost all of which had a tiny round hole in the side. This was uncommon behavior for a *Rhopalomyia*...upon closer inspection, the Florida larvae proved to belong to *Schizomyia*.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3073773#page/171/mode/1up
description:
  Diplosis punicei

  Cecidomyiid galls are found on leaves and stems of herbaceous plants, on leaves and twigs of shrubs, and trees, and deformed buds and flowers. The Cecidomyiid galls are morphologically as destructive as the producers; this may be said of galls generally, so that a description of the gall may be even more specific than a description of the producer as expressive of the biological relations between the "animal and the plant." 

  From 1887 to 1902 I found these galls common on Aster puniceus, one of our fine vigorous flowers which is very common, growing in wet ravines everywhere around Toronto. From 1890 to 1898 I made annual collections of galls in the spring and in the fall. The galls are on branches of the flowering panicle; they are spindle-form swellings of the branches, and in size range from 5x10 mm., diameter of stem below gall 2.5 to 5 x 15 mm. The galls are one-celled, the larvae of a pale straw colour; the producers are of the Diplosis type, and very similar to the producers of a similar gall on branches of flowering panicle of Aster diplopappus. The following is one of the nine annual entries in my note book: "April 9, 1893, collected in Greenwood and Casci ravines, East of Toronto, a lot of over 50 galls from flowering branches of Aster puniceus. Galls spindle-form, 5 x15 mm, diameter below gall 3 mm; another smaller lot measured 4x8 mm., diameter of branch below gall 2.5, mm. From May 30 to June 5, 1893, Diplosis producers emerged. From June 1 to June 11, 1893, two species of parasites emerged. 

  "June 11, 1893, specimens of gall producers and parasites mailed to Dr. Riley. 

  "July 29, 1893, note from Dr. Riley: ' Unknown to me.' " 

  I have found this gall common in Whitchurch, Owen Sound, Fitzwilliam Island, North Bruce, Grimsby, and no doubt they ate more or less common wherever this stately host Aster is found. 


description:
  Host *Carya laciniosa* added based on this iNaturalist observation: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/137144526


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/376/mode/1up
description:
  Bassettia gemmae Ashmead 

  The species was described from flies taken ovipositing in buds April 27, at Cadet, Mo. Gall unknown. The writer captured flies agreeing with the types ovipositing in the buds of Q. alba at Clinton, IL., April 21, 1916, Evanston, IL., April 9, 1910, Washington D. C. March 27, 1920, April 24, 1921, April 15, 1924.


description:
  The nature of this gall is inferred based on the known agamic galls in the genus Bassettia, which are all hidden cell stem galls. It may be consistent with either [q-alba-pith-cell](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1064) or [q-macrocarpa-cells-under-bark](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1066).


description:
  The majority of Eucalyptus species have been confirmed to be susceptible to L. invasa (Jorge et al., 2016). Among these, E. camaldulensis (var. camaldulensis and obtusa), E. grandis, E. robusta and E. tereticornis showed remarkably high susceptibility ... To date, the only susceptible species not belonging to the Eucalyptus genus is Corymbia polycarpa ...

  [F]emales usually prefer newly developed leaves, where they lay their eggs in the midribs, petioles and parenchyma tissue of twigs. Usually eggs are laid in a lined group at a distance of 0.3-0.5 mm of each other ... Gall development consists of five stages, described in Mendel et al. (2004):

  - First stage: ... a little spot of dead cells ... similar to a cork tissue .,.. A change in colour from green to pink or reddish usually occurs to the cells of midribs ... and the spherical shape of the gall starts to be visible ... usually 1-2 weeks after deposition ...
  - Second [to fourth] stage[s]: ... galls ... attain the typical green bump-shape ... [then] lose their green colour, turning into a glossy reddish colour. [After this] galls lose their glossiness, turning into dull pink/dark red.
  - Fifth stage: [adults emerge and g]all colours turn to light brown on the leaf or red-brown on the stems ...

  First and second stages of L. invasa galls could be confused with early stages of Ophelimus maskelli galls, but while L. invasa makes bump-shaped galls on petioles, leaf midribs and young branches, O. maskelli induces blister-like galls on the leaf’s surface ... 


description:
  Following are species on which I have collected galls, presumably of *Asteromyia*, but from which no larvae, pupae, or adults were available for study....
  ...
  *Aster abatus* Blake—Calif.
  [syn: *Xylorhiza tortifolia* per POWO]


description:
  Following are species on which I have collected galls, presumably of *Asteromyia*, but from which no larvae, pupae, or adults were available for study....
  ...
  *Aster carolinianus* Walt.—Fla.

  [This could also represent an extension of a known *Asteromyia* species' host-range to the genus *Ampelaster*. This page is provided provisionally in case the gall-former on *Ampelaster* is an undescribed species.]


description:
  Following are species on which I have collected galls, presumably of *Asteromyia*, but from which no larvae, pupae, or adults were available for study....
  ...
  *Aster hirtifolius* Blake—N. Mex.

  [This could also represent an extension of a known *Asteromyia* species' host-range to the genus *Chaetopappa*. This page is provided provisionally in case the gall-former on *Chaetopappa* is an undescribed species.]


description:
  ...**modesta**. Widespread eastern Nearctic, Brazil (Minas Gerais), Argentina (Buenos Aires). *Conyza canadensis [Erigeron canadensis]*; *Erigeron strigosus* (Asteraceae).

  [They omit previous host records in *Solidago* and *Grindelia* in this catalog entry. The *Grindelia* omission aligns with their acceptance of *Asteromyia grindeliae* (presumably those galls belong to that species, which was previously held by Gagné to be a synonym of *A. modesta*), but the *Solidago* omission is less clear. The *Solidago* host records given in earlier resources are therefore provisionally retained here.]


description:
  ...**tumifica**. USA (eastern North America). *Solidago rugosa; S. altissima, S. canadensis* (Asteraceae).


description:
  Beutenmüller (1907) described *Lasioptera tumifica* from stem galls on *Solidago rugosa* Mill. He actually had a mixed series of 2 species, *L. solidaginis* (Osten Sacken) and what is here considered *A. tumifica*...The galls of both species are found near the base of the stems of *S. rugosa* and *S. canadensis* [probably incl. *S. altissima*], but are quite different in structure. The gall formed by *L. solidaginis* ... is fusiform-cylindrical and is hard and woody, and that formed by *A. tumifica* ... is an outgrowth of the stem, usually to 1 side of it, and is soft and pithy in texture...

  *A. tumifica* is closely related to *Asteromyia modesta* (Felt) and can be separated from that species by the larger adult size and shape of the larval spatula...The latter species is found in leaf blister galls...

  ...*A. tumifica* is the only one of the 8 species of *Asteromyia* to be found of woody stems; all the others are found in blister galls on the leaves or green stems of their various hosts.


description:
  *P. sarcobati* forms a biconvex swelling on the leaves of *S. vermiculatus* which somewhat resembles the galls formed on *Chrysothamnus* spp. and *Haplopappus* spp. by *Asteromyia chrysothamni* Felt. [these hosts are now mostly in the genus *Ericameria*, with some exceptions] 


description:
  The larva ... forms galls on *Muhlenbergia*. The gall, figured in Felt 1918: 225, is composed of imbricated leaves and the larvae lie singly or several together at the bases of the leaves forming the gall.


description:
  Gagné (1968) noted that the *Baccharis*-reared record, which included only one larva, could be distinguished morphologically from typical *A. gutierreziae* larvae in one detail: larger, toothed verrucae, but concluded that one difference was not enough to establish it as a distinct species. 

  However, *Baccharis* is now thought to be rather distantly-related to the other *A. gutierreziae* hosts. According to Guy Nesom's latest taxonomic summary (2020), *Baccharis* is in the subtribe Baccharidinae, while the rest of the hosts are in Gutierreziinae. A clade containing both subtribes would also have to include most of the rest of the North American Astereae genera (e.g. *Solidago*, *Symphyotrichum*, *Pentachaeta*, *Doellingeria*, *Erigeron*, etc.). Gall-formers' host ranges do not have to perfectly recapitulate host phylogenies, of course, but this does suggest that the *Baccharis* record may be truly distinct.

  For now, we've tentatively included all *Baccharis* records for *Asteromyia* galls under *A. gutierreziae*, but with the understanding that they may actually represent an undescribed species.


description:
  [In this article Gagné assigns *Asteromyia* galls on *Grindelia* to *A. modesta*, reducing Felt's *A. grindeliae* to synonymy. However, several decades later, his checklist with Mathias Jaschhof (2021) resurrects *A. grindeliae*. In 1968 he listed the following additional *Grindelia* species as possible *Asteromyia* hosts based on observations of galls only (no insect material available). These host records are assigned to this gallformers page tentatively, but could alternatively indicate host-range extensions of other species, or additional undescribed species:
  *Grindelia nana [G. hirsutula]*, *G. microcephala*, *G. lanceolata*]


description:
  Following are species on which I have collected galls, presumably of *Asteromyia*, but from which no larvae, pupae, or adults were available for study....
  ...
  *Heterotheca subaxillaris* (Lam.)Britt. & Rusby—Fla., N.C.

  [This could also represent an extension of a known *Asteromyia* species' host-range to the genus *Heterotheca*. This page is provided provisionally in case the gall-former on *Heterotheca* is an undescribed species.]


description:
  Small, hairy galls at or near the juncture of lateral leaf veins and midrib. A Cecidomyiid exuvia was found protruding from a gall in New Mexico, suggesting that the inducer is a midge. How much of the gall shows on the dorsal surface of the host leaves is variable, sometimes so little is visible as to be nearly parallel with the leaf surface and <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/126258172">other times</a> the gall protrudes equally on the dorsal and ventral leaf surfaces. 


description:
  Druon gregori Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov.

  Hosts: Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia

  [Photos of the galls appear on page 26]

  Gall (Fig. 56). White fluffy gall on the midrib on the underside of leaves, cluster of a few cells. 

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces woolly leaf galls on Q. arizonica, Q. oblongifolia and Q. rugosa (all Section Quercus, Series Leucomexicanae). Galls mature in October; adults emerged shortly 
  afterwards under laboratory conditions.

  Distribution. USA: Arizona, Santa Catalina Mtns. and Chiricahua Mtns.


description:
  Eggs are deposited on the surface of the buds situated on the tips of the main and side shoots of Russian knapweed. Larval feeding causes stunted growth of the shoot and a growing together and fusion of leaves, resulting in a so-called ‘rosette gall’ (Ananthakrishnan, 1984).
  Larvae develop in silky webs between the growing leaves of the rosette gall. Dissection of field-collected galls revealed up to 14 larvae feeding inside galls induced by J. ivannikovi. ... Pupation occurs inside the rosette gall. Four to five partially overlapping generations, each about one month long, have been observed. The gall midge hibernates in the pupal stage inside galls. 


description:
  An integral gall on the axis of the catkin of Quercus imbricaria and velutina, causing the catkin to bend slightly. Observed in Iowa in early May. A cynipid resembling genus Melikaiella emerged in late May.


description:
  Aceria granati ... is a  monophagous gall mite damaging the leaves of Punica granatum ... The  leaf margins are narrowly rolled in a downwards direction, sometimes so deeply that a branch may appear defoliated. Aceria granati occurs worldwide where Punica granatum is grown ... galls were present in the parts of the plants with intensive growth ...


description:
  Chris Mallory (psyllidhipster on iNaturalist), a BugGuide expert committed to expanding what we know of Psylloidea, has published an October 2022 iNaturalist journal entry identifying the inducer of these locally common detachable stem galls on Ambrosia monogyra as Craspedolepta lapsus. 

  Read the story [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/journal/psyllidhipster/71237-notes-and-identity-of-the-burrobrush-gall-psyllid).


description:
  Krissa Klein, who made the first iNaturalist observation of this species, explained how she identified a potentially galled bud: "The galled buds I found were stunted and bent sideways on their stems rather than growing straight up."  It is not yet clear whether this species induces a "gall" in the true sense or just damages the bud by feeding. 

  Whether it will be possible to ID this gallformer from a bud that does not contain visible midge larvae remains to be determined. Krissa was able to find midge larvae on September 30, 2022 when she found and dissected the bud. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8184682#page/222/mode/1up
description:
  from ... leaf galls from Salvia (Ramona) californica and S. nivea [Felt later refers to "S. nivea (or leucophylla)"]

  A very different leaf gall, apparently produced by the same midge, occurs on the margins of moderately well-developed leaves. It is a typical thin-walled, tubular gall with a length of about 6 mm., a diameter of 1.5 mm. The interior is occupied by an elongate larval chamber. Basally the gall is concolorous with the leaf, the distal third being purplish, the slightly curved apex a little lighter. 

  A modification of the first type of gall is seen on the aborted leaflets of S. nivea (or leucophylla). These galls are irregularly obconical, with a length of about 7 mm., a diameter of 3 mm. and are more or less confluent, otherwise nearly as described above. 


description:
  Noticeable galls may be seen on new needles starting in June (fig. 184). Galls of C. pseudotsugae are swollen on the lower surface and colored on both surfaces with yellow, pink, or purple. [photos on pg. 114]


description:
  Contarinia constricta galls first appear as a patch of yellow discoloration with a dark purplish spot visible on both surfaces of the needle. After about 6 weeks the gall becomes dilated and flattened.  [photos pg. 114]


externallink: https://archive.org/details/panpacificentom59vand/page/44/mode/2up
description:
  Loxaulus boharti Dailey and Sprenger, New Species

  Host: Quercus dunnii [palmeri]

  Integral stem gall, larval cells 2 mm in diameter, develop in wood under bark, stems slightly lumpy though lumps barely noticeable until insects emerge. Similar to gall of [Loxaulus brunneus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/887) ...  Insects emerge in late March and early April from 2-year-old twigs and only the basal half of prior year twigs.

  Galls similar to the above were collected on . . . Quercus cedrosensis. No insects were reared.

  Distribution: Baja California, CA


description:
  ... spermogonia in small groups on the upper side of the leaf. Aecia hypophyllous, cupulate with a well-developed peridium on strongly galled spots. [Excellent photos on webpage] 

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/dikarya/basidiomycota/pucciniomycotina/pucciniomycetes/pucciniales/uredineae/pucciniaceae/puccinia/puccinia-urticata/


description:
  One of these galls was [dissected](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/138420740) in October in New Mexico, and inside many Eriophyid mites were found and photographed, suggesting that they are the gall inducers. The genus ID of Aceria is based on the identity of the inducers of similar galls on other species of Lycium, though it has not yet been definitively confirmed that these mites are Aceria. 


description:
  A polythalamous swelling of new growth as it emerges from the bud scales in spring, resembling the sexgen gall of N niger on similar growth. Observed with exit holes in May in Utah.


description:
  The [tree had] heavy, hanging branches and twigs covered with galls. Galls consisted of multiple chambers containing larvae and pupae, and could occur almost continually along branches; there were up to as many as 20 specimens per 5 mm of branch. At the same time some leaves had isolated galls on them. Several smaller branches and twigs [had] cracks ... that could [lead to] infection and decay ...  
  [See photos in original.]


description:
  A fusiform swelling on the lower side of the midrib of Bidens connata. Observed in August in Illinois.


description:
  The topmost leaf pair of a sterile stem is strongly thickened, broadened and shortened, often also coloured red, and forms a spherical gall. 

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/cecidomyiidi/cecidomyiini/zeuxidiplosis/zeuxidiplosis-giardi/


externallink: https://wiki.bugwood.org/Zeuxidiplosis_giardi
description:
  Zeuxidiplosis giardi
  Hosts
  St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum)

  Description
  Larvae are orange and can reach up to 2mm in length, completing three instars. Adults are very small (3 mm long) and have dark red bodies and gray heads, wings, and legs.

  Life Cycle
  Larvae emerge in early spring and feed on leaf buds, causing leaves to grow into a spherical gall that is green with reddish markings. Larvae feed at the base of the gall; pupation occurs inside. Adults are sexually mature upon emergence and live for only 5 days. There may be up to 7 generations per year, though there are usually fewer than 5. Larvae and pupae overwinter.

  Impact
  Larval feeding and galling lead to stunted plant growth and occasional death, though it is not as effective in the western U.S. as other agents.

  Availability
  Limited availability from California and Hawaii.

  ... Author: Rachel Winston, Mark Schwarzlander. University of Idaho Extension.


description:
  Galls are irregularly shaped and about 4 mm in diameter.  When larvae exit the galls for pupation, galls collapse and become dark brown, sunken spots that could be mistaken for leaf spots ... Circular exit holes of 1-2 mm diameter ...  
  [See source for photos.]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/259461#page/500/mode/1up
description:
  Seminator Harris (autumnal). 

  White oak

  Well described and figured by Dr. Fitch, N. Y. Rep. II, § 315, except that, as noticed by Osten Sacken, {Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. I, p. 69) the figure does not show the numerous “angular projections” which exist in nature. Rather rare near Bock Island, IL. 

  Gall-fly, Cynips seminator Harris and O. S. I have not reared this but have received numerous specimens male and female from Mr. Bassett.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/101492#page/87/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis seminator

  The three "Willow galls produced by Sawflies, that we have already treated of in this Article, are all " monothalamous." The two Oak-galls that we are now about to describe are both of them " polythalamous " or many-celled; that is, each gall contains an indefinite number of distinct cells, each of which is inhabited by a single gall-making larva. In the "Wool-sower gall (Fig. 45 a, sectional view), these cells may be seen in the middle of the gall, and are little pip-like bodies having much the appearance of a canary-seed, one of which we represent enlarged at b, so as to show the hole through which the perfect fly has made its exit. The reader can form a tolerably good idea of the shape and make of this fly, by referring to the drawing given in our first "Volume (page 104, fig. 81) of an allied gall-fly, which however is thrice as large and which differs further from the Wool-sower Gall-fly by the wings being much marked with brown-black. 

  The Wool-sower gall is met with exclusively on the "White Oak, and like the Oak-fig Gall to which we formerly referred (Vol. I. p. 101) is, not a bud-gall, but a true twig-gall, growing early in the spring out of the bark of the twig itself. Mr. Bassett (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 11, p. 331) broaches the theory that the Wool-sower gall and Osten Sacken's Q. operator gall are not twig-galls, but true bud-galls, and that "their cells are modified leaves, the silky fibres covering them being only a monstrous development of the pubescence always observable on young leaves." But 1st: As to the Oak-fig gall, we have already recorded the fact that "this mass of subglobular galls about the size of peas is clustered densely around the infested twig, without in any wise interfering with the normal development of the buds." {Ibid. VI. p. 275.) We may remark by the way that we have recently found the Oak-fig gall upon un- doubted Bur Oak {Q. macrocarpa), although it had been previously supposed that it never occurred except on White Oak (Q. alba). 2d: As to the Q. operator gall, we ascertained long ago that it is a deformation, not of the twig, nor of the leaf-buds, but of the male flower of the species of Oak, upon which alone we have hitherto met with it, namely the Black Oak (Q. tinctoria); for the Black-jack Oak (Q. nigra), upon which Osten Sacken first discovered it, does not grow in North Illinois. Even on this last oak Osten Sacken records the fact that his gall occurred exclusively ''on young flowering branches. (Ibid. I. p. 266). 3d: As to our "Wool-sower gall, if the cells were a deformation of the buds, we should surely find them gathered into two distinct groups around the bud on each side of the oak- twig that gave origin to them, as in the gall which is next to be noticed; whereas they are always evenly distributed around the axis of the twig. Besides the pip-like cells to which we have already referred, it is composed of little else but a mass of whitish, spongy wooly matter, the external surface of which is of a pretty rose-color early in the season, but towards the middle of the summer assumes a rusty brown shade. At every period of the year the outside of the gall is invariably studded with numerous conical projections or teeth, which are very characteristic, though our engraving scarcely shows them as pointed as they arc in nature, and Dr. Fitch's figure omits them entirely. The perfect Gall-fly comes forth about the end of July, and the female must then, after coupling with the males, puncture such White-oak twigs as she judges to be suitable for her purpose in a very great number of adjoining points, dropping an egg along with a minute drop of poison into each puncture. Until the following spring these eggs always lie dormant, as in many other such cases; for Dr. Fitch is altogether wrong in asserting that there are two distinct broods of Wool-sower Gall-flies every year, generating two distinct sets of galls.* We have examined hundreds of these galls at all seasons of the year; and never yet did we find one at a later period than the end of July, that was not bored up, empty and untenanted. In fact, it is not often that they remain on the twigs through the winter; for when ripe they are attached so very slightly to the twig upon which they grow, that they can readily be slipped up and down like the beads of a rosary, and the least lateral jerk displaces them entirely. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23927#page/371/mode/1up
description:
  C seminator Harris

  Harris. Insects etc. p. 548; Fitch. Rep. 11, No. 315; O. Sack.. Proc. etc. 1, 69, No. 21 ; Walsh. Proc. etc. II. p. 465 (at the top); (male female; Q. alba). 

  I had expressed some doubts about the identity of the specimens obtained by me from these galls, with those described by Fitch, as he says that the thorax of the female is cinnamon-red. Mr. Walsh confirmed my doubts, venturing even the supposition that the gall-fly described by Fitch was a guest-gall-fly. I believe now to have found the solution of the difficulty. Having examined my specimens recently, after a lapse of several years, I find that the thorax of all the female specimens has become reddish, whereas that of the male specimens has remained black. It seems probable, therefore, that Dr. Fitch had rather old specimens before him when drawing his description. C. seminator belongs to the genus Andricus Hartig.


description:
  An enlarged bud of Quercus falcata or phellos, containing many orange midge larvae. Observed in Alabama and North Carolina in late October. 


description:
  causes irregular, wartlike, rough-looking galls on the upper surface of the leaves of seep willow [Baccharis glutinosa Pers.] and mule-fat [Baccharis salicifolia]


description:
  ... leaf tends to fold along the midrib, which then swells ... [some] leaves become twisted and distorted ... 


description:
  Gently tapered stem swellings occuring near the tips of twigs on Corethrogyne filaginifolia. The galls are covered with cottony white hairs when young and appear to lose the tomentum as the galls age. Likely induced by a Lepidopteran or Cecidomyiid. 


description:
  Mottled red and yellow gall occuring on Quercus pungens stems. The base of the gall tapers to a narrow point where it attaches to the stem. The surface appears to be finely hairy. One photographed gall had a nipplelike protuberance growing from near the gall apex. The galls are fresh in early October in Texas. 


description:
  Dark red galls occuring at the base of Quercus pungens twigs. The area near the gall apex is somewhat rugose, perhaps due to age. These galls are somewhat similar in appearance to the galls of several Disholcaspis species also occuring on southwestern oaks (ie. D. rubens and D. lacuna). 


description:
  Holotype female; TEXAS. EL PASO CO.: Franklin Mountains, El Paso, 15 Feb 1969, R. J. Lyon, from galls on Quercus pungens...

  Monothalamous, tiny (2.5 mm diameter), spherical, on upper leaf surface; larval cell occupying lower portion of gall; appears in late summer, maturing in late December through January and February.


description:
  "...bred from ovate stem gall on *Diplopappus* [elsewhere specified to be *D. cornifolius* [syn. *Doellingeria infirma*]]"


description:
  Gagné (1989) lists *Symphyotrichum cordifolium* (as *Aster cordifolius*) as the host for this stem-swelling gall, but Felt reported it from *Doellingeria infirma* (as *Aster infirmus* and earlier as *Diplopappus cornifolius*). I cannot find the rationale for this change. *"cordifolius"* ("heart-leaved") is only one letter away from *"cornifolius"* ("dogwood-leaved") - it's possible that it was misread.


description:
  Trisetacus alborum at times causes the formation of clusters of stunted needles on ... pines ... Similar injury is caused on Douglas fir by T. pseudotsugae. The mites were found in Oregon infesting nursery seedlings, in which the growing tips form clusters of aborted needles. The infested seedlings are stunted and deformed.


externallink: http://www.invasives.wsu.edu/biological/cystiphoraschmidti.htm
description:
  Cystiphora schmidti

  ... Leaf galls are spherical and only marginally raised from the leaf surface compared to stem galls which are stretched and generally more elevated ... plant tissue is typically swollen and yellowish or maroon-colored.


description:
  GALL 
  the midrib is thickened and curved, the leaf becomes a rough surface and is disfigured, the growth of the plant stops.

  HOST PLANTS
  Convolvulaceae, narrowly oligophagous

  Calystegia sepium; Convolvulus arvensis.

  NOTES
  applied in the United States in the biological control of “bindweed”.

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/acari/actinotrichida/prostigmata/eleutherengona/eriophyoidea/eriophyidae/eriophyinae/acerini/aceria/aceria-malherbae/


description:
  This gall--or a look-alike--has also been found in [California on C. cornuta](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/80945024)


description:
  Feeding by nymphs causes leaves (especially of giant knotweed) to twist and curl, providing further protection from predators and the elements (Figure 3-7c). Psyllid feeding also causes Japanese knotweed to produce more, but smaller leaves, with an overall reduction in total leaf area ... While feeding, nymphs excrete lerp, crystallized honeydew that is conspicuous as white strings and
  flakes on the plant surfaces. 


description:
  as the plant bolts in the spring, mites move into the vegetative and flower buds to induce galls, erineum (an abnormal growth of hairs from the leaf surface), and other tissue deformities. Bud galls may be  inconspicuous since they are located in the lower part of the crown, but may be common locally. Such damage results in the stunting of the plant. Gall induction within the flowers reduces or completely eliminates seed production. 


description:
  This wasp is added because [an iNaturalist observation made in Parsadena, Calif. in May 2018](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/12258297) shows what appears to be this gall on Acacia longifolia. Questions were subsequently raised about whether the observation was made in the U.S. Another [photo showing what might be a Trich gall on what might be Acacia in Alabama](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/312465443) was posted in 2025 but has not been reviewed. Although this wasp has successfully been used a biocontrol for this invasive Acacia in South Africa and Portugal, we have found no records of it being imported to the US and no other records of it being found here. So the inclusion of this species is tentative. 


description:
  Roll-Gall Midge  
  Contarinia sp.

  ...  induces narrow polythalamous roll galls on the underside of leaves of both canyon live and huckleberry oaks ... 

  [See pg. 148, Plate 211]. 


description:
  Enlarged terminal bud galls on Notholithocarpus densiflorus. The galls are thick, hairy and integral to the stem. A cross-sectioned gall revealed a chamber-like opening at the base. Observed in Marin and Sonoma Counties of California from September to January.


description:
  Galls on the tips of Juniperus scopulorum leaves, comprised of deformed and expanded bud scales overlapping each other. Galls are a light tan shade, not green like normal leaves, which could possibly be due to the age of the galls photographed. 


description:
  ... galls can be evenly tapered and elliptical on a straight stem, or they can bend the stem ...  Leaves and stems may emerge from their sides ... 


description:
  Larvae develop within cones in distinctive galls at the bases of cone scales adjacent to seeds. One cone may harbour hundreds of gall midge larvae. Affected cone scales turn reddish brown toward the end of summer. 

  [See [leaflet](https://forestgeneticsbc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/2-Douglas-Fir-Cone-Gall-Midge-Contarinia-oregonensis.pdf) for photos.[


description:
  "swellings ... form under bud scales and less frequently along shoots or near the terminal bud ... Field symptoms include bent twigs or shoots, swellings in nodes and needle drop. 


description:
  "small swelling under the bud scales of a current year’s shoot, mostly several together. In each gall a larva with the colour of red lead. Univoltine." 

  [photos] 

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/lasiopteridi/lasiopteridi-unplaced/piceacecis/piceacecis-abietiperda/


externallink: https://wiki.bugwood.org/Cecidomyia_piniinopis
description:
  Cecidomyia piniinopis

  Hosts
  Ponderosa pine; occasionally lodgepole pine.

  Distribution
  Throughout host range.

  Damage
  Attacks occur near branch tips in early summer. New shoots fade, droop, turn yellow, and die. Repeated attacks which do not kill the shoots may twist and stunt branches. Beneath the bark, small resinous pockets are formed by developing larvae. Trees 4-16 feet in height are most heavily infested. Small trees may be killed.

  Identification
  Needles on infested shoots die in tufts which soon droop and turn yellow. Later they become red-brown (fig. 86). These flags are scattered over part or all of the crown and appear by summer. Extensive twig killing, stunted or distorted growth, and sparse, off-colored foliage are symptoms of persistent heavy infestations. Infested shoots will have slight swellings on their surface which enclose bright orange to red maggots about one-eighth of an inch long (fig. 87) from July to the following June. The resin infiltrates the wood around pits and sometimes exudes over the twig. Larvae overwinter in pits under bark. Adults emerge in early spring after larvae migrate to surface of branch to pupate.

  Similar damages
  Damage is similar to Diplodia blight. Pitchy "gouts' on twigs and larvae, when present, distinguish this pest.


description:
  A hairy orange oak apple on the lower midrib of Quercus vaseyana. Observed in October in western Texas. 


description:
  Galls are 10-20 mm long and occur at the tips of branches. The single larval cell is at the center of the gall. Adults emerge from the gall in summer. Hosts: *A. novaeangliae*, *A. patens*, *A. paternus*


description:
  Synchytrium papillatum
  Farlow, 1878
  on Erodium
  GALL
  less than a mm wide, purplish red, semiglobular warts, mainly on the lower leaves, often in large numbers.

  HOSTPLANTS
  Geraniaceae, monophagous

  Erodium cicutarium, malacoides, moschatum.


description:
  The galls are small, numerous, on both surfaces of the leaves and on petioles and stems, and usually surrounded by a well-defined halo. When ... the galls rupture [they] release ... a powder on the surfaces of the leaves. The galls are extremely variable in size and shape ...  


description:
  Spots dark purple, galls glandular, formed of papillate, pyriformly swollen epidermal cells ... which swell into large pyriform sacks, whose surface is raised in large, conical, scattered papillae. To the naked eye the swollen cells look like purple glands, which are often so abundant as to nearly cover the surface of the leaves, and remind one of the so-called species of Erineum. Each cell contains from
  one to three resting spores which are small in comparison with the host-cell ...


description:
  Synchytrium myosotidis
  Kühn, 1868
  on Boraginaceae
  GALL
  leaves, sometimes even the petals, with numerous, up to a quarter of a mm large vesicles, with colours running form yellow over crimson to almost black. Each gall consists of a single enlarged cell.

  HOSTPLANTS
  Boraginaceae, oligophagous

  Buglossoides arvensis; Lappula squarrosa; Lithospermum officinale; Myosotis scorpioides, stricta, sylvatica; Rochelia disperma subsp. retorta.

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/chytridiomyceta/chytridiomycota/chytridiomycotina/synchytriomycetes/synchytridiales/synchytriaceae/synchytrium/synchytrium-myosotidis/


description:
  Host list for North America is based on the U.S. National Fungus Collections Fungus-Host Database, accessed at https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/fungushost/FungusHost.cfm on. November 05, 2022. Myosotis is included based on the Plant Parasites of Europe listing.. All hosts listed are Boraginaceae. 


description:
  "several females of *[Lasioptera clarkei [A. clarkei]]* were reared 1/18/1909 from a whitish, circular, blister gall on the leaves of *Aster macrophyllus* collected by Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, Mass., October 12, 1908. Evidently this form winters in the gall, and from the character of its nidus we would be inclined to refer it to the genus *Asteromyia*.... The galls formed by this species occur on the under side of the leaf, scarcely showing above. They are nearly circular, 2 to 3 mm in diameter, yellowish white and with an irregular, central, dark puncture..."
  ...
  "yellowish or brownish blister leaf galls of *[Asteromyia sylvestris [A. clarkei]]* were very abundant October 22, 1914 on *Aster cordifolius* *[Symphyotrichum cordifolium]* at Mount Kisco NY…"


description:
  "gall greenish yellow or papery white, diameter 1.75 cm.; on *Aster laevis [Symphyotrichum laeve]*]…."

  [as *Asteromyia pustulata*, on "aster"]: "gall a small, pustulate swelling on aster stems, diameter 3mm…"

  [as *Asteromyia dumosae*, on "aster"]: "gall yellowish brown, narrowly oval, length 4 mm., diameter 2 mm…."

  [as *A. waldorfi*, on "aster"]: "gall yellowish, shining, oval, diameter 6 to 7 mm…"
  "

  [as *A. nitida*, on "aster"]: "gall yellowish, shining, oval, diameter 6 to 7 mm…"

  [as *A. divaricata* on *Aster divaricatus [Eurybia divaricata]*]: "gall pinkish, large, oval blotches on *Aster divaricata*, diameter 10 to 12 mm…" [Gagné (1968) assigned this to *Asteromyia laeviana*, not *A. clarkei*, presumably based on adult insect morphology, but is the host correctly identified?]

  [as *A. marginata*, on "aster"]: "gall yellowish or brownish, irregularly oval, diameter 3 mm…." [Gagné (1968) noted that the host in the type material is "probably *A. simplex [S. lanceolatum]*]

  [as *A. flavomaculata*, on "aster"]: "gall sooty yellow beneath, dirty white above, length 2 cm., diameter 1.2 cm…"

  [as *A. asterifolia*, on "aster"]: "gall yellowish white, dark margined, diameter 3 mm…."


description:
  [as *Choristoneura laeviana*]: "bred September 1, 1906, from a whitish blister gall on *Aster laevis [Symphyotrichum laeve]*…"

  [as *Choristoneura paniculata*]: "bred August 10, 1906, from a yellowish or brownish oval blister gall on *Aster paniculata [S. lanceolatum]*..."


description:
  [as *Choristoneura helena*]: "bred July 1907 from round blister galls on *Aster lateriflorus [Symphyotrichum lateriflorum]* taken at Highland, NY…"

  [as *Baldratia paniculata*]: "blister galls [on] *[Aster] paniculata [Symphyotrichum lanceolatum]* [that are] oval, yellowish, or brownish"

  [as *Baldratia laeviana*]: "blister galls [on] *[Aster] laevis [S. laeve]* [that are] oval, whitish"

  [as *Baldratia flavomaculata*]: "blister galls [on] *[Aster] laevis [S. laeve]* [that are] small, yellowish"

  [as *Baldratia fuscoanulata*]: "blister galls [on] *[Aster] laevis [S. laeve]* [that are] yellowish white, dark margined"

  [as *Baldratia asterifoliae*]: "blister galls [on] *[Aster] laevis [S. laeve]* [that are] purplish white"

  [as *Baldratia pustulata*]: "pustulate gall on stem"


description:
  Eriophyes abalis , 
  Type locality: Sacramento
  Type host: Artemisia heterophytla [Artemisia douglasiana] Nutt., wormwood
  Relation to host: The mites cause erineum pockets on the undersides of the leaves. These pockets bulge out on the upper surface. The extra growth of hair mikes the pockets white below. 


description:
  The following species must be transferred to Cynips: as well as the following Antron species: comb. rev., quercusechinus Osten Sacken


description:
  Amphibolips michoacaensis Nieves-Aldrey & Maldonado

  viable collections: April-May

  Host: Quercus castanea

  Amphibolips michoacaensis induced galls in the buds of Quercus castanea. The spherical galls measured up to 60 mm of diameter; they are soft to human feel and spongy and green during early stages and turns brown on maturation (Figure 1A, B). The gall induced by A. michoacaensis includes a centrally located single larval chamber occupied by one larva (Figure 1C). Three layers of tissue occur in the galls induced by A. michoacaensis: the nutritive, the spongy and the epidermal cells


description:
  Pinus cembroides added as a host based on <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/141848283">this unconfirmed observation</a>.


description:
  Leafy rosette gall occuring on both terminal and axillary buds on Artemisia filifiolia. The leaves forming the rosette are linear in shape and expand abruptly at the base of the gall, where the leaves merge together. The genus ID of Rhopalomyia has not been confirmed but is likely based on other rosette gall-forming insects on closely related Artemisia species. Observed in Utah and New Mexico. 


description:
  Until the description of [Grahamstoneia humboldti](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2707) in 2021, galls now known to belong to that species were typically identified as [Andricus projectus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1612). The species can be distinguished by the following traits.

  A projectus galls first appear in the spring on overwintered flower and leaf buds and are tan-pink even early in their development. They have a plump, rounded shape and are hairless with the exception of a typical but not universal tuft of hairs at the tip resembling those found on bud scales. They are slightly narrowed and lighter in color at the tip but lack a distinct pointed tip. The galls persist on the tree into the summer and overlap with the beginning of the season of G humboldti, but are typically [visibly weathered](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/59403299) and never green. According to Weld, the galls drop in November. Adults emerge in the following spring or in the spring up to 6 years later. 

  G humboldti galls have been seen as early as [July 31](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/128896840) but are typically not seen until later in the fall. They are slender, pointed, and green or brown, sometimes with a [uniform coat of loose hairs](https://joycegross.com/images.php?img=2222_3298). They always have a distinct "torpedo" tip, with distinct coloration (lighter green than the base or light brown). The wasps apparently emerge in November in the same season the galls developed. 

  Given the fact that Weld named A projectus the "torpedo" gall after a trait obvious in G humboldti and absent in A projectus, it seems possible that he mistook the galls for a single species. Traits given in his description of A projectus may plausibly refer to either species, so caution should be used in relying on them. 

  No good cross section of G humboldti is available, but the two species likely differ in internal structure as well. The [internal structure of A projectus](https://joycegross.com/images.php?img=2222_2385) doesn't match the [drawing provided by Weld (Figure 161)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=103), suggesting that Weld's drawing may represent G humboldti instead.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=2up&seq=299&q1=vitis
description:
  Contarinia johnsoni Sling.
  Grape blossom midge

  Vitis
  Fruit and Bud Galls
  Enlarged blossom buds, diameter 1/8 inch, early summer


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=2up&seq=299&q1=vitis
description:
  Schizomyia pomum Walsh & Riley

  Vitis
  Fruit and Bud Galls
  Nut-like bud gall, diameter 3/4 inch, midge, early summer


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=2up&seq=301&q1=vitis
description:
  Schizomyia coryloides Walsh & Riley
  Grape filbert gall

  Vitis
  Fruit and Bud Galls
  Clustered woolly bud galls, diameter 1/2 to 3/4 inch, midge, early summer


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=2up&seq=301&q1=vitis
description:
  Neolasioptera vitinea Felt
  Lasioptera riparia Felt
  Asteromyia petiolicola Felt
  Schizomyia petiolicola Felt
  [Felt lists these as 4 distinct species inducing an identical gall but they are now considered likely either synonyms or inquilines of N vitinea]

  Vitis
  Leaf or Tendril Galls
  Oval petiole or tendril gall, length 3/8 inch, midge, summer

  Cecidomyia sp. 

  Vitis
  Leaf or Tendril Galls
  Cylindrical petiole gall, length 3/4 to 2 inches, midge, summer


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=2up&seq=301&q1=vitis
description:
  Janetiella brevicauda Felt
  Lasioptera vitis OS
  Dasyneura vitis Felt
  Rhizomyia vitis Felt
  Brachyneura vitis Felt
  [Felt lists these as 5 distinct species inducing an identical gall but they are now considered likely either synonyms or inquilines of V brevicauda]

  Vitis
  Leaf or Tendril Galls
  Irregular, green or reddish leaf or tendril gall, diameter 1/4 to 3/4 inches, midge, summer


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=2up&seq=301&size=125&q1=vitis
description:
  Cecidomyia sp.
  Grape blister gall

  Vitis
  Leaf or Tendril Galls
  Circular, pinkish or greenish leaf blisters, diameter 1/8 inch, midge, summer


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=2up&seq=301&size=125&q1=vitis
description:
  Cecidomyia viticola OS
  Grape tube gall

  Vitis
  Leaf or Tendril Galls
  Conical, reddish or greenish leaf gall, length 1/4 inch, midge, summer


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=2up&seq=301&size=125&q1=vitis
description:
  ? Coleophora sp.

  Vitis
  Leaf or Tendril Galls
  Subglobular leaf swelling on lower surface, caterpillar, summer


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=2up&seq=301&size=125&q1=vitis
description:
  Phylloxera vitifoliae Fitch
  [Lasiopteryx arizonensis Felt is listed as emerging from this gall as well; it is presumably an inquiline]

  Vitis
  Leaf or Tendril Galls
  Wart-like leaf galls, diameter 1/8 inch, aphid, summer


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=2up&seq=303&size=125&q1=vitis
description:
  Eriophyes vitis Land.

  Vitis
  Leaf or Tendril Galls
  Leaf pile on under surface of V vinifera, mite, summer

  Eriophyes sp.

  Vitis
  Leaf or Tendril Galls
  Warty or pouch leaf galls or brownish or whitish leaf pile, mite, summer


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=2up&seq=303&size=125&q1=vitis
description:
  Ampeloglypter sesostris Lec.
  Grape cane weevil

  Vitis
  Leaf or Tendril Galls
  Oval cane galls, length 1 inch, beetle, summer


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30599511#page/141/mode/1up
description:
  Madarus vitis, new species
  The Grape-cane gall-curculio

  The canes of the Concord vine are frequently found to have galls on the last year's growth, in the shape of an elongated knot or swelling which is generally situated immediately above or below a joint. This gall was formed the previous fall while the tender cane was growing and has almost invariably a longitudinal slit or depression on one side, dividing that side into two cheeks, which generally have a rosy tint. The gall is caused by a little footless, white cylindrical larva which measures 0,28 of an inch, and has a yellowish head, and some- what darker tawny jaws. It is minutely wrinkled transversely, and sparsely covered with minute white bristles; the three segments next to the head being prominently swollen underneath and the bristles attached to them look very much like legs, and doubtless to some extent perform the functions of legs. This larva indeed bears a very close general resemblance to that of the Potato Stalk-weevil, illustrated at page 93, Figure 37 «, and when taken out of its gall immediately curls up as in that figure. During the latter part of June this larva transforms within the cane to a pupa, also greatly resembling that figured at 5, on page 93, with the exception that it is much smaller, and that the wings and legs reach down three-fourths the length of the body instead of but one-half as in that species. Two weeks after it has thus transformed it becomes a beetle belonging to the great Curculio family. This little Curculio was considered a new species by Dr. LeConte in 1861, and as it has not, so far as I am aware, been described since that time, I subjoin a more complete description of it. [. . . ]

  I think it highly probable that the gall of the Grape-cane Curculio is caused more by the punctures which the female beetle makes in depositing her egg, than by the irritations of the larva; I have found the larva where it had burrowed two and three inches up the cane away from the gall, without its having caused a corresponding swelling; though this has always been in the one-year-old cane.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/17843626#page/460/mode/1up
description:
  Ampeloglypter sesostris Lec.

  The Grapecane Gall-maker is a small reddish-brown snout- beetle about one-eighth inch long, which lays its eggs in the canes, giving rise to galls about twice the diameter of the cane and 1 or 1.5 inches long, with a deep scar in one side. It has been noted as injurious in Ohio and West Virginia, and from the records seems to be generally distributed over the Eastern States, but is by no means a serious pest. 

  Life History. The adult beetles appear in May and are gone by early July. They feed sparingly on the vine, making little pits in the tendrils, in the buds or bark of new canes or in the midribs on the underside of the leaves. The females soon lay their eggs and make the egg scars. These cause the galls and constitute practically the only injury to the vine. The eggs are laid just above a joint and beyond the outermost fruit, so that the injury does not interfere with the crop. A female eats out a small hole with her snout, in it lays a small yellowish-white egg, and fills up the hole with fibers scraped off from the surface of the cane. She then makes another hole immediately above this, but merely places a, drop of liquid in it and then fills it up with fibers in the same manner. Eight to a dozen holes are thus made in a row and filled. Very soon this wound causes a swelling of the vine, but the gall does not reach full size for six or eight weeks. On vines producing dark-colored fruit, the wood about the wound takes on a purplish color. The galls seem to have but little effect on the growth and vigor of the vine, except that the canes are more readily broken by the wind or in pruning. The larva is a little yellowish-white, footless grub about two-fifths inch long, which feeds about the egg-chamber and then burrows in the pith. It becomes full grown in eight to ten weeks, when it pupates within the burrow; the beetle emerges in late August, and hibernates over winter. 

  As the scar in the side of the gall where the eggs were deposited remains open, a very large proportion of the larvae are subsequently parasitized by various chalcis, and tachina-flies, which will probably prevent the insect ever becoming much of a pest.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/17843626#page/461/mode/1up
description:
  Ampeloglypter ater Lec.

  This beetle is very similar to [the last](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3111) except that it is black in color. Its native food-plant is the Virginia creeper, which it has deserted in West Virginia, and occasionally elsewhere, to attack grape. The species seems to occur generally through the Central and Eastern States. 

  Life History. The life history is almost identical with that of the preceding species, the habit of the species differing only in the manner of oviposition. The eggs are laid in late May and early June. In laying the egg, the female deposits it in the same manner as does the previous species, and then instead of placing a series of holes in a row she makes them in a ring around the cane, only the first one containing an egg. She then goes to the next joint above and makes a series of holes around it, completely severing it, so that it hangs by a shred and soon drops. The little larva feeds in the pith of the joints on either side of the egg puncture, and these two joints die and drop to the ground. The larva becomes full grown in about a month and changes to a pupa in its burrows soon after the dead section drops, first filling the burrow with little pellets of fibres. Two weeks later the adult beetle emerges, appearing during late summer. The whole life cycle thus requires sixty-five to seventy days. The beetles hibernate over winter.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/17843626#page/446/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera vastatrix

  This insect is native east of the Rocky Mountains, where it has always lived upon wild vines and did not attract attention until it was imported into France about 1859, as it does practically no damage to the native American grapes. [ . . . ] 

  This aphid exists in several forms, which injure both foliage and roots. On the leaves irregular spherical galls are produced, and the root-inhabiting form produces galls on the roots. The leaf-galls are very common on American grapes, but are no indication of the presence of the root form, as the roots are rarely injured where the foliage is covered with leaf -galls. On the other hand the European varieties rarely exhibit any leaf-galls, but are very susceptible to the root phylloxera, which multiplies without any external indication of its presence until the vine is seriously injured. The injury to the vine is not due so much to the sap taken from the vine by the myriads of aphids which may inhabit the roots, as to their poisonous effect on the root tissue and its subsequent decay. Wherever the phylloxera attack the roots, small swellings are produced, composed of soft tissue which soon decays. When such a gall is formed at the end of a young root, its growth is stopped, and on larger roots a decay sets in which finally girdles the root and all below the injured point dies. As all the roots become affected the vine stops growing, the leaves be- come sickly and yellowish, and the vine dies, and the phylloxera disappears from the rotting roots, so that the cause of the injury would be obscure were the nature of the injury not known. 

  Life History. The life history of the phylloxera is a complicated one, involving four different forms of aphids; the leaf- gall form, the root or destructive form, the winged or colonizing form, and the sexual form. The winter eggs are deposited on the rough bark of the old wood in the fall and hatch the following spring. The young aphids settle on the leaves, where the irritation caused by their mouth-parts soon causes a depression around each which forms a gall projecting on the lower side of the leaf. "In about fifteen days the louse becomes a plump orange-yellow, full-grown, wingless female, and fills its gall with small yellow eggs, dying soon after. The eggs hatch in about eight days into young females again, like the parent, and migrate to all parts of the vine to form new galls. Six or seven generations of these wingless females follow one another throughout the summer, frequently completely studding the leaves with galls." In California the young hatching from the winter eggs go directly to the roots where they give rise to new colonies, there being no gall forms, according to Quayle. Where the leaf-gall females occur many of them probably migrate to the roots during the summer, and all do so with the approach of cold weather. In the spring the roots are attacked and a series of generations of wingless females multiply on them. As there are five to seven generations in a season and each female lays from 30 (Quayle) to 100 (Marlatt) eggs, it is evident that they will soon be numerous enough to destroy the vine. The root-inhabiting females are very similar to those in the leaf-galls, and are about one-twenty-fifth inch long when mature and half as long when young and active. They are light greenish-yellow in summer and darker in winter, and when numerous the infested roots look as if dusted in spots with powdered mustard, according to Quayle. He states that "the newly hatched insect is fairly active, and at first moves from place to place on the roots, but finally, when it reaches the egg-laying stage, inserts its sucking-tube into the root and remains fixed." During the late summer and early fall some of the root-lice develop into winged females which escape through cracks in the soil and fly to neighboring vines. They lay from two to four eggs beneath the loose bark on the old wood and soon die.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12655473#page/521/mode/1up
description:
  Lasioptera vitis OS

  The grapevine tomato gall with its associate (Dasyneura vitis Felt) is probably more complained of than any other attacking the grape. The general appearance of these galls is shown in figures 32 and 33. The irregular, succulent galls occur on wild and cultivated grapes, often in a mass, suggesting at times a group of small tomatoes, and hence the common name. The galls may be on the leaves, leaf stalk, tendrils, or stalks of the fruit clusters. They vary in color from greenish yellow to reddish, the latter color being often the predominant one. When cut open several cells will be found and in each, at the proper time, an orange-yellow larva, the grub or maggot of the parent midge. When mature the grubs escape the galls through holes cut to the exterior, and fall to the ground where they change to pupae and remain until the following spring, the flies developing in time to start other galls on the tender growth. 

  No practical control for this insect is known. The cutting off and destroying of galls before the grubs have escaped should serve to reduce the attack another season. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12655473#page/521/mode/1up
description:
  Schizomyia pomum W & R

  The hazelnut-like grape apple gall occurs on the shoots of the vine. It is somewhat less than an inch in diameter, greenish in color, becoming reddish as the season advances, more or less pear-shaped, and marked on the outside with depressions extending lengthwise (fig. 34). When cut open it is found to be divided into cells or segments with a cross partition, each cell being occupied by bright yellow larvae. The gall, succulent when small, later becomes quite hard and woody. Removing the galls by hand and destroying them when found are advised. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12655473#page/522/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia viticola OS

  The upper surface of grape leaves is frequently found to be more or less covered with nail-like galls about one-third of an inch long. The galls are reddish or crimson in color, shading to green. The parent insect is a small midge, or gnat, resembling the preceding species, and the larva or grub within the gall is pale orange in color. This species is not sufficiently abundant to require treatment. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12655473#page/529/mode/1up
description:
  Ampeloglypter sesostris Lec.

  A small, reddish brown weevil, the grape cane gall- maker, sometimes punctures with her snout the shoots of the grape, usually just above one of the lower joints; in this puncture an egg is placed and several additional punctures may be made above the first, but in these no eggs are deposited. The larva upon hatching feeds in the pith, burrowing up and down the shoot. When full grown the pupa stage is entered in the burrow, the beetle emerging in midsummer. As the shoot grows it becomes enlarged at the punctured place, resulting in a gall-like swelling about twice the diameter of the cane in thickness and one or two inches in length. The injured canes continue to grow and, unless broken by winds, little harm results. No practical methods of preventing injury by this insect have been developed and ordinarily its attack is of very little importance. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12655473#page/529/mode/1up
description:
  Ampeloglypter ater Lec.

  The grape cane-girdler is a very near relative of [the preceding species](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3111) and has about the same life history. The egg-laying activities of the female practically girdle the shoots, which soon drop (fig. 41). The egg is deposited mostly at the joint next below where the shoot has been cut off. Cutting off and destroying the shoot a few inches below this joint will result in the destruction of the grub feeding on the pith within the shoot. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12655473#page/535/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera vitifoliae Fitch

  The life history of the phylloxera is quite complicated and. varies considerably, according to type of grape infested and the climate of the country inhabited by it. The phylloxera may be disseminated from nurseries on vines, or on vines from infested vineyards, and new centers of infestation come about principally in this way. In California spread from these centers is due to migration from infested vines over the soil, or through cracks in the soil of the small root-inhabiting nymphs or larvae (fig. 53). These small larvae may also be born6 by wind and by picking boxes, and in hilly or irrigated vineyards perhaps some are carried by water. The winged form in that State appears not to be a factor of importance in the dissemination of the species.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30873865#page/447/mode/1up
description:
  Ampeloglypter sesostris Leconte

  From Missouri to Ohio and West Virginia grape-canes are sometimes injured to a slight extent by the attacks of a reddish- brown weevil, the larva of which feeding in the cane just above one of the joints produces a swelling or gall from one to one and one half inches in length and about twice the diameter of the cane in thickness. The insect hibernates in the adult state under leaves or other suitable shelter. The weevils emerge from winter quarters in May and the female begins egg-laying as soon as the vines have made sufficient growth. 

  For oviposition she usually selects a place directly above the lowest joint which does not bear a fruit cluster. She first bores a hole with her snout in the heart of the cane, deposits an egg in it and then fills the cavity with bits of bark fiber scraped from the surface of the cane. She then makes a row of eight to fourteen similar punctures directly above the first and fills them with fiber, but does not deposit an egg in any except the first. As the gall increases in size this row of punctures produces an ugly wound which does not heal as long as the gall is inhabited. 

  The egg hatches in a week or ten days. The larva feeds principally on the pith, working its way up or down the cane for a considerable distance. When full-grown the larva is about two fifths inch in length, yellowish-white in color, with a brownish head and dark brown jaws. It becomes full-grown in eight or ten weeks, pupates within the gall and the beetles emerge in August. 

  The injuries caused by this insect are never serious; affected canes, unless broken by the wind, continue to grow and are able to ripen their fruit as well as those not infested. The insect may be killed by cutting out and burning the infested canes during July and early August, but ordinarily it would not be worth the trouble involved. In vineyards sprayed with an arsenical in Bordeaux mixture in late May and June many of the beetles are doubtless poisoned.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30873865#page/448/mode/1up
description:
  Ampeloglypter ater Leconte

  This small black weevil is generally distributed throughout the Eastern and Western states, where it usually feeds on Virginia creeper. In West Virginia, however, it has recently attracted attention as a minor enemy of the grape. 

  The beetle emerges from hibernation in May and after inserting its egg in a puncture in a growing grape-cane girdles the branch below the egg and then usually eats off the tip of the branch and one or more of the leaves. These withered tips and leaves sometimes give the vine a decidedly ragged appearance, although the actual injury is not great. 

  The eggs hatch in about ten days and the white footless grub feeds on the pith, becoming full-grown in July. About this time the infested cane usually breaks off at the first joint below the egg puncture and drops to the ground. Pupation takes place in the cane and the beetles emerge in August. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30873865#page/443/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes vitis Landois

  In central Europe, Italy and in California the leaves of the vine are often deformed by attacks of a minute mite. In in- fested leaves the portions between the larger veins puff up, leaving a cavity on the under side which is clothed with a dense felt-like covering. As a rule, thin-leaved varieties of grape are more subject to attack, or at least show greater evidence of the presence of the mite. In California erinose rarely causes serious injury to the vine or to the crop; it has often been confused with a fungous disease, the powdery mildew.

  The mite, as usually found on the leaf, is a minute, nearly colorless, elongate, four-legged creature, about .13 mm. in length. The mites hibernate under loose strips of bark on the larger branches of the vine and in the spring migrate to the under side of the opening leaves where they puncture the epidermal cells with their sharp mandibles, thus producing abnormal thread-like outgrowths from the underlying layers of cells, known as erinea. These erinea when abundant have the appearance of dense felt, and it is in the shelter thus afforded that the mites live, lay their eggs and the young find suitable food. From time to time individuals leave the older leaves and start new colonies on the young leaves at the ends of the branches. In the fall some of the mites desert the leaves and go into hibernation on the bark of the older canes.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30873865#page/459/mode/1up
description:
  Contarinia johnsoni Slingerland

  This grape pest was first discovered in the Chautauqua grape region of western New York in 1904, and as far as known is still confined to that locality. A closely related species causes a similar injury to grapes in Europe. Its presence in a vineyard is first indicated by abnormally enlarged, yellowish or dark reddish blossom buds (Fig. 378) which fail to open and drop off about the normal time for blossoming. Opening one of these enlarged buds, it will be found to contain a number of small whitish or yellowish maggots from 1/16 to 1/12 inch in length (Fig. 379). From 10 to 60 per cent of the buds are sometimes destroyed, giving the clusters a very thin and ragged appearance, and thus decreasing considerably the market value of the crop. 

  The parent insect is a delicate two-winged midge with a yellowish body and straw colored legs (Fig. 380). The inch in length and the male a little smaller. The flies emerge from the ground in the latter part of May just as some of the blossom buds of such early varieties as Moore, Early and Worden begin to show a small opening at the tip caused by a spreading of the petals. The female deposits her minute, grayish, elongate, slightly curved eggs in the interior of the bud by means of an extensile fleshy ovipositor inserted through this opening in the apex of the bud. From a few to seventy maggots may be found in a single bud, but twenty-five is about the average in a year of heavy infestation. The infested buds contain a watery fluid in which the maggots live. Such buds become greatly swollen, often three times as large as normal, and turn yellowish, becoming dark reddish, particularly toward the tip. When full-grown the maggot is about 1/12 inch in length and of a yellowish or orange color. They usually escape by the opening at the apex, fall to the ground, where at a depth of about 6 inches they pass the winter as larvae, curled up in small, ovoid, silken lined, earthen cocoons about 1/25 inch in length. Pupation takes place the last of April and the adults emerge about a month later.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30873865#page/464/mode/1up
description:
  Evoxysoma vitis Saunders

  The seeds of the wild grape in the eastern United States and Canada are commonly infested by a milk-white larva about 1/8 of an inch in length which eats out the kernel. The insect passes the winter as a larva within the seed. Pupation takes place in June, and in early July the adult gnaws its way out of the seed, leaving a small, round hole. The adult is a small four-winged fly about 1/8 inch in length and black in color. The female is provided with a sharp needle-like ovipositor which she inserts through the skin and pulp of the grape and deposits her minute whitish egg in the kernel of the seed. Most of the egg-laying takes place in July. Cultivated varieties are rarely infested, but we have occasionally seen Delawares badly injured by the punctures made by the female in ovipositing. The injured berries color prematurely and sometimes shrivel and drop. Infestation by the grape-seed chalcis may be prevented by destroying all wild grape-vines in the vicinity of the vine- yard, and by not allowing any of the infested fruit to remain in the vineyard after picking time. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30873865#page/477/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera vastatrix Planchon

  This destructive plant-louse is a native of the eastern United States, where it originally infested the leaves and roots of the various species of wild grapes. Sometime before 1863 it was introduced into the great wine-producing regions of France, and there proved a deadly enemy of the European grape (Vitis vinifera). By 1884 a third of the vineyards of France had been destroyed, and a much larger area had been seriously affected. It was introduced into California some time before 1874 and is now present in most of the grape-producing regions of the state except in the southern part. As most of the grapes grown commercially in California are of the vinifera or European type, the phylloxera has there been one of the most important insect pests with which the vineyardists of the Pacific slope have had to contend. The phylloxera has also been introduced into New Zealand and South Africa, and also occurs in southern Russia and in Algeria. 

  The life history of the grape phylloxera is a complicated one. In its destructive form it is a small, yellowish, wingless root- louse about ^ of an inch in length found clustering on the roots of the vine. In feeding, the louse inserts the sharp and slender stylets of the beak and sucks out the sap, thus causing an irritation which produces an abnormal enlargement of the roots known as nodules. These sweUings are yellow in color, soft and watery, and after a time break down and decay, causing the death of the root. The underground forms molt three times before becoming mature ; they are all females and re- produce without being fertilized. The number of eggs laid by a single individual varies considerably with the climate and the season, but rarely exceeds a hundred. The eggs are oval in form, yellow in color and about ^ of an inch in length ; they are laid singly or in clusters on the roots of the vine. 

  There may be six generations of the root-inhabiting form annually, and experimental rearing has shown that reproduction may continue in this way for several years without appreciable loss of vigor or of prolificness. Normally, however, during the latter half of the season some of the Uce infesting the roots become more elongate than the others and have longer legs and antennae. These forms do not become mature at the third molt and begin to lay eggs, but continue their development; at the fourth molt, wdng pads become visible on the thorax ; and at the fifth and last molt, which takes place after the nymph has crawled to the surface, functional wings are acquired. After waiting a few hours for the wings to dry and the body to harden, they take flight and, if a wdnd is blowing, may be trans- ported a considerable distance. After feeding about a day on the under side of one of the tender leaves at the end of the shoots they are ready to deposit their yellowish-white eggs of two distinct sizes ; from the larger eggs are developed the true females and from the smaller ones the true males. Both sexes are wingless, and the female after fertilization deposits a single so-called winter egg on the bark of the older canes. These sexual forms are much smaller than the others, and functional mouth parts are lacking. The insect does not pass the A\anter exclusively in the egg state, but many of the younger indi\aduals of the root-inhabiting form, as well as many of the later migrants from the leaves, hibernate in small groups on the larger roots. 

  The winter eggs hatch in the spring soon after the first grape leaves have become well expanded, and the young Uce normally crawl up the canes to the leaves, where they settle on the upper surface and begin sucking out the juices of the leaf. The puncture made in feecUng stimulates the growth of the leaf cells so that a hollow gall is formed, projecting from the mider side of the leaf and opening by a narrow slit on the upper surface (Fig. 390). The opening is guarded by a dense growth of do^\^l. Within this cavity the insect continues its develop-ment and becomes mature after the third molt, which occurs in about fifteen days. The forms producing the galls are all wingless females, and each individual of the earUer generation may lay from 500 to 600 eggs during the three weeks of her life as an adult. Towards the end of the season the later broods are not so prolific, 100-200 eggs being the maximum. The eggs hatch in about eight days, and the young escape from the gall by the opening on the upper surface of the leaf and migrate to the tender leaves at the end of the branches, where new galls are formed. From five to seven generations of the gall- inhabiting form occurs annually. Nearly all the young of the earlier generations migrate to the leaves, but after the third generation an increasing number migrate to the roots, where they join their underground sisters in their insidious attack on the vine. 

  The complete life history, as outlined above, occurs only when the phylloxera is living on the species of grapes more closely related to its native food-plant. In Europe and in California the leaf galls are rarely seen. Under these circumstances it is supposed that the lice hatching from the so-called winter eggs may migrate at once to the roots. That such is the case, however, does not seem to have been proved by direct observation. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/20210#page/73/mode/1up
description:
  Ampeloglypter sesostris

  In his First Report as State Entomologist of Missouri, p. 131, Dr. C. V Riley describes this species under the name Madarus vitis, stating that the larva formed its gall in the Fall, pupating in June and developing to the adult about two weeks later. He therefor gave as a remedial and preventive measure the collecting and burning of infested canes during Winter. In the " American Entomologist," Vol. II, p. 10"). the same writer states that the galls first become visible towards the latter end of July, the larva- producing them wintering over within these galls, but not becoming full grown until the Spring of the following year, pupating during the latter part of June and in a couple of weeks developing to adults. On May 6, 1898, a lot of dried leaves were brought from a vineyard near the lake shore about Gypsum, O., where they had fallen the Autumn before and been blown by the winds into bunches along an Osage orange hedge, remaining there throughout the Winter and placed in a breeding cage in 1 lie insectary. From among these leaves adults of A sesostris began to appear May 23, and continued t do so in consider- able numbers for several days. On June 24 my assistant visited the vineyard Jfrom which the leaves had been taken, and found a large number of galls on the new growth of cane, and within these galls were larv;e of considerable size. The same vineyard was again visited by myself on August 11, when all stages of development ex- cept the egg were found within the galls, the larvae now being- all of them nearly or quite full grown, while some of the adults were observed in the act of making their way out from the galls. I visited this vineyard again on September 15, and could then find only a single pupa (), after long and patient searching, this being in a gall in the latter growth of cane, all other galls, except for parasites, being entirely empty. A later examination, made early in November, revealed not a single adult in the galls, but a solitary one (a, ft) was discov- ered among the fallen leaves, where it was probably in hiber- nation. In this series of observations it seems to me that we have conclusive proof that in Northern Ohio at least the species is single brooded, the adult wintering over among fallen leaves and other similar rubbish, coming forth in Spring in time to begin ovipositiou in the earliest growth of cane. The greater abundance of galls in the earlier growth of cane points to the fact that the adults are abroad in numbers, and ready to begin ovipositiou, as soon as there is sufficient growth of young cane to afford them the necessary nidus, and while the period of ovipositiou for the species in any one locality may be, and probably is, considerably protracted, though, as previously shown, the season of development is over by the first of October. 

  From within the galls I have taken pup?e from which a par- asite, Catolaccus tylodermae, known to also attack the larva of Tylodermae foccolatum, was also reared. and also pupa; (g) of a small fly, Myiophasia aenea. Of three of these latter pupae, two gave me adult flies, while the third developed a secondary, hymenopterous parasite (i), Calyptus tibiator.

  As the locality where these observations were made is fully three degrees of latitude north of St. Louis, Mo., it is quite possible that there may be a considerable difference in the habits of this species, and this seems all the more likely from the fact that while the climate along the lake shore is really milder in Winter than it is a few miles farther inland, vet the ice in the lake, in Spring, usually remains long- enough to delay the putting forth of the early growth of cane, and also tends to keep the insect longer in hibernation. It is also interesting to note that although the hibernating adults were placed under a comparatively high temperature, probably from 65 to 80 Fah., yet they did not bestir themselves until about the time when proper facilities for oviposition would be offered them in their native haunts. 


description:
  Ampeloglypter sesostris Lec

  About ten years ago this insect was made the subject of an investigation in Ohio, conducted by F. M. Webster, and the results were published as Bulletin ii6 of the Ohio Experiment Station. The bulletin gives the more essential facts in regard to the gall-maker and its habits, but since the publication of that paper a few additional points relative to the species have been observed in West Virginia. These observations, together with those already published, give us a fairly complete knowledge of the insect as it occurs in this section of the United States. Webster collected galls from grapecanes in June and kept them until the larvae which inhabited them transformed to beetles in August and September, thus showing that the adult stage is reached in late summer instead of in the spring;, as had been supposed previously. I was unable to duplicate this breeding work satisfactorily on account of the extent to which my specimens were parasitized. On the other hand, I watched the female on several occasions while she was engaged in egg-laying, an operation which I believe has not been described heretofore. Most of my observations on this species were made at French creek, W. Va., in the summer of 1905. where, at that time, the beetles were very abundant. Since 1905 but few specimens have been seen in that locality and examples of their work have been correspondingly scarce. 

  The species was described by LeConte in 1876, from specimens collected in Missouri. Since that time it has been reported from Minnesota, Ohio, Pennsylvania and other eastern, south-eastern and mid-western states.

  The injury done to the vines by this insect is in the shape of gall-like growths that begin to develop on the new canes early in the summer. These galls are abrupt swellings of cane to something like twice its normal diameter, the enlargements being an inch or an inch and a half in length. The swelling is about uniform around the cane except that on one side there is a deep longitudinal scar from a half to three-fourths of an inch in length. This scar comes from a wound made by the female beetle in preparing a place to lay her egg. The gall is almost invariably located just above a joint of the cane. I examined several hundred of the galls and found only one in which the lower end was as much as an inch above a joint. The one exception was that of a gall located three- fourths of an inch below a joint. The cane on which this gall was found w^as being trained in a horizontal position and the gall occurred just below instead of just above the joint, evidently through an error on the part of the beetle that made the wound which caused the gall to form. Occasionally a single cane will bear four or five galls, and on one cane I found nine. Strange to say, the female nearly always selects the joints of the young cane beyond the last or outer bunch of fruit for her points of attack. Consequently, if an infested cane is bearing a bunch of fruit at each of the three joints nearest its base the galls will not appear at these joints, but the first one will be found not nearer to the base of the cane than just above the fourth joint. In several cases where canes were bearing but two bunches of fruit, galls were found at the third joint. This peculiarity was noticed so often that there seems little doubt that the female rejects the fruiting joints as being unsuitable places for her eggs to be deposited. Just why she should discriminate against the fruiting joints is not very clear.

  The swelling of the cane at the point of injury begins soon after the wound is made, but the gall does not reach full size until six or eight weeks later. On vines of varieties that produce dark-colored fruit the bark and wood about the wound soon takes on a reddish-purple color. This discoloration does not occur on varieties that bear white or green fruit.

  The presence of the galls appear to have but little effect on the growth and vigor of the cane. Occasionallv a cane that has no support will be broken by the wind or by its weight of leaves at the point of injury. In tying up the canes after pruning in the spring they will sometimes break more readily at the galls than elsewhere. In pruning vines affected with the galls this should be borne in mind and the canes on which no galls are found should, when possible, be preserved for fruiting.


description:
  Ampeloglypter ater LeConte

  This insect is not often mentioned in entomological literature, probably for the reason that in the past it seems to have confined its attacks chiefly to the plant known as Virginia Creeper or Five-leaved Ivy, Ampelopsis quinquefolia, and has seemed, therefore, of but little economic importance. In this state it appears now to have developed a preference for the grape. In several localities I have seen grapevines presenting a ragged appearance on account of the dead tips resulting from the insect's attacks, but I have never been able to find either the beetle or evidences of its work on Ampelopsis.

  The species cannot now be regarded as a pest of very serious consequence, except in rare instances, but, as it has several times attracted attention as an enemy of the grape in this state during recent years, and as heretofore but little has been known / in regard to its habits, it seems worth while to publish the following notes.

  The distribution of the species seems to be quite general throughout the eastern and mid-western sections of the U. S. In 1862 Mr. C. V. Riley, in his First Report on the Noxious Insects of Missouri, mentioned it as forming galls on the common creeper. At about the same time Mr. Benj. D. Walsh had specimens of the insect in his collection in Illinois, marked "Madarus ampelopsis." It was not until the year 1876 that a description of the beetle was published. In that year Dr. John h. LeConte described it in his work on the Rhynchophora of America, and gave to it the name which it still bears. LeConte gives its geographical distribution as "Southern and Western States." Since the description was published the species has received but infrequent and brief notice, but has been recorded as occurring in several states from Missouri to Pennsylvania. 

  It seems a little strange that in nearly every case where it has been mentioned it has been referred to as a gall-maker on Ampelopsis. As already stated, I have not found it on Ampelopsis in West Virginia, although this plant grows profusely in the localities where the insect has ben observed in greatest abundance. Ampelopsis is nearly related to the grape, however, and if this insect has now given up a once favorite iood for another which it finds more to its liking the case is by no means unique in the history of insect behavior. In 1895 Dr. F. H. Chittenden remarked (Insect Life, Vol. VII, p. 387:) "Species which are known to aflfect Ampelopsis and other genera of the vine family will be found in time on the grape. Of such is Ampeloglypter ater." It now seems that this prediction has come true, even to the extent of the old food plant being abandoned, temporarily at least. The appellation "gall-maker" does not apply to the species as I have found it affecting the grape. The term "girdler," however, is entirely applicable. When the female lays her egg she carries out an elaborate program, one act of which is to girdle the cane below the point where the egg is inserted. The proceeding is an interesting one and is described in detail further along in this publication.

  The larva is a footless grub about one-fourth of an inch in length. Like the larva of the gall-maker, it is white with a light-brown head. It feeds in the heart of the cane, eating out a burrow that extends only between the two joints on either side of the place where the egg is laid. The larval stage covers a period of something over a month. In one case I got an exact record of its duration which was thirty-four days. 

  The cane in which the larva feeds dies back to the first joint below the egg-chamber and drops from the vine in about six or eight weeks after the eggs are deposited. The larva changes to a pupa soon after the dead section of the cane drops


description:
  Ampeloglypter sesostris (Leconte)

  The grape cane gallmaker, Ampeloglypter sesostris (Leconte), is a native weevil that infests new shoots of wild and cultivated grapes (Vitisspp.). Females oviposit on the tender portions of new shoots, producing a reddish gall that can expand the shoot to twice its normal diameter. These galls can be quite numerous in eastern vineyards, and their effects are unknown. We studied the spatial distribution of grape cane gallmaker and its impact on berry size, sugar content, and nutrient and mineral uptake. We observed spatial trends in grape cane gallmaker distribution in vineyards adjacent to woodland margins, with the trend emanating from the woodline. In vineyards without woodland margins, there was little spatial dependency in grape cane gallmaker distribution in individual years. However, grape cane gallmaker density on a single vine was spatially cross-correlated between 2 yr. The presence of galls did not significantly affect berry quality, or the uptake of nutrients and minerals, and we conclude that grape cane gallmaker does not negatively impact berry quality or mature vine vigor.

  THE GRAPE CANE gallmaker, Ampeloglypter sesostris (Leconte), is a native weevil that infests new shoots of wild and commercially grown grapes (Vitis spp.) (Webster 1900, Brooks 1909). Adult grape cane gallmaker emerge in spring from the litter in which they overwinter and mate. Females proceed to oviposit on the tender portions of new grape shoots by excavating a deep puncture just distal to a node. In Concord variety grapes, this puncture nearly always occurs on a node distal to the last cluster-bearing node (Brooks 1909). A female deposits a single egg, '0.64 mm long, in the puncture, and using her mouthparts, scrapes a longitudinal groove above the ovipositional puncture and packs some of the removed plant material over the egg (Brooks 1909). Proceeding distally along the groove, the female excavates a series of punctures 1Ð2.5 cm long. After the completion of each puncture, a clear liquid droplet is deposited in the hole by means of a mock oviposition. 

  The newly eclosed larva burrows directly to the pith of the shoot, where it completes larval and pupal development over a period of 6-8 wk. Damaged shoots respond by forming a reddish gall around the series of punctures, which can expand the shoot to twice its normal diameter (Brooks 1909). Galls retain an opening to permit adult emergence, and adults generally exit the grape shoot by burrowing out through the ovipositional furrow (Webster 1900). These galls can be quite numerous in eastern vineyards, and Brooks (1909) reported up to nine galls on one cane.


description:
  Colomerus vitis

  Only two of the three strains of this mite caused symptoms on Spanish wild vines, the erineum and the leaf curl strains (OCETE et al. 2000), but all of them chose buds for hibernation. The presence of felty galls (erinea) on the lower leaf surface and blisterlike swellings on the upper one, caused by the first cited strain, are much more frequent than downward curling or rolling leaves, caused by the other cited strain. 


description:
  Colomerus vitis 

  Colomerus vitis (Acari: Trombidiformes: Eriophyidae) includes bud, leaf curl, and leaf blister eriophyoid mites that cause significant economic damage to grapevines worldwide. It has been hypothesised that different genetic or morphological strains of C. vitis cause the three different plant symptoms. [. . . ] Bud and blister mites were significantly associated with different genetic groups. [. . . ] In conclusion, these results indicate that “C. vitis” includes several genetic groups of sufficient diversity to justify the proposal of separate species, rather than strains of a single species each associated with different plant symptoms. These putative species occur in mixed populations within the different plant symptoms, and do not appear to be morphologically unique enough to allow morphological separation of all five species detected here.

  The leaf blister (erineum) mite strain (Figure 1.2 B, C) feeds on the underside of the leaves leading to gall formation on the top surface of the leaves (Smith Meyer, 1981). Damaged leaf cells multiply and form fine white or yellow hairs, causing felt-like patches called trichomogenic erinea on the under surface of infested leaves (Slepyan, 1969). Patches form in 10 to 30 days from when the mites first start feeding, depending on the leaf development rate. The patches initially appear white, then turn yellow and finally reddishbrown. Patches arise mainly on the apical leaf part, above the upper parts of the incisions. Leaf erinea decrease the photosynthesis ability of the leaf, but usually not to a physiologically damaging point. Thus, the leaf blister strain of C. vitis is usually not considered a serious economic pest. 

  Females of the leaf blister strain overwinters under outer scales of dormant buds (Duso and DeLillo, 1996; Smith Meyer, 1981) and sometimes under bark crevices (Duso and De Lillo, 1996). The females start moving to unfolding leaves as the bud swells in spring, where they start inducing erinea and reproducing (Duso and DeLillo, 1996; Smith Meyer, 1981). Development mostly occurs in the erinea. The first generation requires approximately 25 days, but the subsequent six generations in the season can develop much faster (Mathez, 1965). In late spring and early summer, the mites migrate to apical leaves and induce new erinea. In late summer and the beginning of autumn, the females start migrating to their overwintering sites in the buds. Since these mites are very sensitive to desiccation, they only migrate in the evening to survive (Smith Meyer, 1981).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39873466#page/329/mode/1up
description:
  Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch)

  An investigation was undertaken to determine the correct name of the grape phylloxeran. This action was desirable because more than one spelling of the specific name and more than one name combination are in current use for the species. The inquiry revealed that Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch) is the oldest available name for the species. 

  The grape phylloxeran, a native of North America, has been of economic importance since its accidental introduction into Europe and other viticultural centers of the world in the last century. At that time it virtually destroyed the grape industry in severely infested areas. Although the insect is no longer seriously destructive in some areas, it is injurious in others, and its symbionts, its biology, and its control are being studied. Federov (1959) discussed the injuriousness of the phylloxeran and stressed the need for its adequate control. Shaposhnikov (1967) stated, "This is the most serious pest of grapevine." Maillet (1957) gave an ex- tensive discussion, review, and bibliography of the species. Literature on the biology, morphology, ravages, and con- trol of vitifoliae is voluminous. 

  The names, spellings, accreditation of author names and the earliest noted publication of names of the grape phylloxeran are as follows:
  [many synonyms are listed; see link or list above]

  Although vastatrix was used extensively for several years after publication, it as well as the other specific names listed above have long been recognized as synonyms of vitifoliae .

  Fitch (1855: 862, 1855: 158, 1857: 397) invariably called the insect whose galls he observed on grape leaves in New York State "the grape leaf louse (Pemphigus Vitifoliae)." Signoret (1869: 556, 565) spelled the name vitifolii. Planchon and Lichtenstein (1871: 5) stated that vitifoliae was incorrect and should be rectified to vitis folii. Riley (1871: 95) rejected their opinion, stating "... though "folii" would of course be more grammatically correct, one would suppose the Doctor [Fitch] had some reason for his conduct." Thomas (1879: 158) also indicated that the spelling should be vitis-folii or vitifolii, but he approved vitifoliae, and wrote "... names with the termination have been too long received for this to be a valid objection in this case." Grassi (1912: 10) suggested vitisfoliae as well as vitisfolii and vitifolii. All spellings except vitisfoliae have been used, with Europeans tending to use vitifolii and Americans usually using vitifoliae.

  Article 32(a)(ii) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature states "... incorrect transliteration, improper latinization, and use of an inappropriate connecting vowel are not to be considered inadvertent errors. . ." Thus according to the Code, vitifoliae is the legal spelling of the name. 

  The generic name with which vitifoliae has been combined has varied. Fitch (1855, 1857) always, and Walsh (1863) originally, placed vitifoliae in aphid genera. Later Walsh (1866: 111, 1867: 284) indicated that Fitch erred in considering the insect an aphid, did not mention his own 1863 assignment, and stated (1867: 284) that the insect was "... a true bark-louse belonging to the Coccus family" and that it ". . . must become the type of a new and very aberrant genus." 

  Shimer (1866: 290) studied "Pemphigus vitifolia" stating, "The result of these investigations developes a new genus, of a new family, in the third division Monomera of the Homoptera, for this and another insect (also one of Mr. Walsh's coccus) found in a small subglobular gall on the leaf of the Pignut Hickory; and probably, some two or three other insects that I have seen. These may possibly comprehend more than one genus when more thoroughly studied."

  Shimer (1866: 290) then described but did not name the genus, indicated that vitifoliae and possibly another species belonged in it, and stated, "The insect inhabiting the small gall on the Pignut Hickory (Caoja[!] glabra) and which doubtless is identical with that referred to by Mr. Walsh, P.E., 111, although the galls are mostly all larger than a "cabbage seed," I believed after careful examination of the female and larva to belong to the same genus as the "grape leaf louse," and suggested for it the species name of globosum."

  The reference to Walsh and the size of the gall were the only statements that could be construed as a description of globosum. Walsh (1866: 111-112) de- scribed the gall referred to by Shimer as ". . . an undescribed gall the size of a cabbage-seed on the leaves of the Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra)." This presumably meets the requirements of Article 16(a) (viii) of the Code as an indication of a specific name, but it does not meet the requirements of Article 1 1(g) (ii) because globosum was not combined with a generic name. 

  Shimer (1866: 365) referred to his earlier (1866: 290) article, named and briefly described the new genus Dak- tulosphaira and placed a single species, Pemphigus vitifoliae Fitch, in it but (p. 365) did not mention globosum. And he did not give the derivation of his new generic name which is, according to Steyskal (1974), a literal translation of the Greek.

  The following year Shimer (1867: 2) described "Dactylosphaera. New genus" and gave the Greek from which the name was derived. This spelling, also according to Steyskal (1974), is a classical Latin transcription of the name. Shimer (1867: 2-11) also described "Dactylosphaera globosum, n. sp." placing that species before vitifoliae which he assigned to Dactylosphaera with a question. His only mention of his former articles was to state that in 1866 he had called vitifoliae the "Grape leaf louse." He (1867: 5-8) redescribed vitifoliae and stated "In case, however, the characters given above should be sufficient to separate, generically, vitifoliae from D. globosum, I would propose the generic name of Viteus for the former." 

  Walsh (1867: 24-28) immediately ac- cepted Dactylosphaera vitifoliae as the correct name for the grape leaf louse, while Riley (1871: 84) used Phylloxera vitifoliae, the name that was used much more frequently than Daktulosphaira vitifoliae or Dactylosphaera vitifoliae for many years.

  Because Shimer' s original descriptions of globosum and Daktulosphaira were published in a farm journal of uncertain distribution, and because the articles were not cited in his 1867 publication where he described globosum and Dactylosphaera as new, the 1866 articles presumably were overlooked or ignored by some workers while others apparently assumed that Dactylosphaera was a correction of Daktulosphaira and that the name should date from 1867. Later Shimer (1869: 386-398) described or redescribed several phylloxeran species that lived in galls on hickories, placing them in Dactylosphaera. He (p. 392- 393) again mentioned D. globosum as a species living on hickories but did not use the name vitifoliae.

  Pergande (1904: 236b-238) treated globosum as Phylloxera globosum , citing Shimer' s 1867 publication. Although Pergande did not discuss the status of Dactylosphaera, he presumably con- sidered the name a synonym of Phyl- loxera, because he placed in the latter genus the various species included in Dactylosphaera by Shimer in 1869. Pergande (p. 213) mentioned vitifoliae only in a quotation from Shimer 1867 and did not refer to Shimer' s 1866 articles. 

  Wilson (1910: 150, 155) listed Dactylosphaera Shimer 1867 with globosum the type, Daktulosphaira Shimer 1866 with vitifoliae the type, and Viteus Shimer 1867 also with vitifoliae the type. Borner (1930: 159, 162, 193) synonymized Viteus with Daktulosphaira, but later (1952: 212, 227) recognized as valid genera, Dactylosphaera with globosum as its type-species and Viteus with vitifoliae as its type-species, stating that Daktulosphaira (1866) with vitifoliae as its type was an error for Dactylosphaera (1867). 

  Prior to 1952, both while and after synonymous names were in use, Phylloxera vitifoliae was the most commonly used name for the species. Dactylosphaera vitifoliae appeared occasionally, and Daktulosphaira vitifoliae and Viteus vitifoliae were rarely cited. Since 1952 non- Americans have tended to use Dactylosphaera vitifoliae (or vitifolii) or Viteus vitifoliae (or vitifolii) while Americans, without critical consideration of the insect's name or relationships, have continued the use of Phylloxera vitifoliae. 

  Daktulosphaira falls under Article 32(a)(ii) of the Code because, in the original publication, there is no "clear evidence of an inadvertent error, such as a lapsus calami, or a copyist's or printer's error" and "(incorrect trans- literation, improper latinization. . . . are not to be considered inadvertent errors)." Since vitifoliae was the only species included in the genus, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch) is the correct name for the grape phylloxeran, and Viteus is a synonym of the older generic name. Because there has not been unanimous use of one name in recent years, common usage would not be seri- ously disrupted by using Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, the name that merits general acceptance. 

  The identity of globosa is uncertain. Types of the species are not known to exist, and morphological characteristics of the insects have not been adequately diagnosed. Recognition of the species has depended primarily on the appearance of its galls which Shimer (1869: 392-393) indicated he believed he had confused with galls of Dactylosphaera caryae semen Walsh in his 1867 description of globosum. Pergande (1904: 213, 237) affirmed this opinion and redescribed and illustrated the galls of the two species. Shimer (1869: 393) also indicated that the trees on which he observed globosum and caryaesemen in 1867 were Carya amara instead of Carya glabra as he had previously reported. Pergande (1904: 213) noted galls of caryaesemen on Carya glabra in the Mississippi River Valley but did not state whether galls of glob- osum were present. I believe there may be some uncertainty concerning the true host(s) of globosa. 

  Perhaps it would be possible to collect galls and specimens of globosa and, after critical field and laboratory studies, determine the identity of the species. But until such studies are made, the status of globosa and Dactylosphaera will remain unclear. 

  Daktulosphaira vitifoliae differs morphologically and biologically from Phylloxera quercus Boyer de Fonscolombe (1834: 223-224), the type-species of Phylloxera Boyer de Fonscolombe (1834: 222), and the two are not con- generic. D. vitifoliae lacks prominent, tuberculate dorsal and marginal processes and lives in galls on the leaves and in cavities of swellings on the roots of Vitis. P. quercus has strongly developed, elongate processes on the dorsum and margin of the body in apterae and on the head and thorax in alatae. This species lives on the lower surface of the leaves of oak and does not cause galls. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/47/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera vitifoliae Fitch

  Pemphigus vitifoliae
  Byrsocrypta vitifoliae
  Phylloxera vastatrix
  Phylloxera vitifoliae

  A small rough gall on either side of the leaf, usually, when present, in vast numbers. Another generation forms galls on the roots, causing considerable damage, especially in Europe. Common on wild and some cultivated grapes.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/48/mode/1up
description:
  Lasioptera vitis Osten Sacken

  This gall consists of a bunch of swellings, very irregular as to size and shape, on new growth. Soft and juicy. Surface smooth, green with red tinge or all red. Polythalamous. May and early June. Common on wild grapes. Larvae enter ground to pupate. Fly late in June.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/48/mode/1up
description:
  Schizomyia pomum Walsh and Riley

  Cecidomyia vitis-pomum

  Vitis labrusca

  An irregular gall, apparently the deformation of a bud. Somewhat pointed at apex, flattened at base where attached. Ribbed slightly. Wooly pubescent. Polythalamous with larval cells arranged lengthwise in two "stories," pithy. About 2 cm. in diameter. Green, turning brown when mature. On northern fox-grape, Vitis labrusca. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/48/mode/1up
description:
  Schizomyia coryloides Walsh and Riley

  Cecidomyia vitis-coryloides

  Vitis cordifolia [vulpina]

  Irregular, fusiform, monothalamous galls, occurring in clusters of from 10 to 50, apparently deformation of a bud. Within they are pithy, the larval cell long, with woody shell, lying lengthwise in gall. Green when young, brown when mature, covered, especially towards the tip, with wooly pubescence. 15-20 mm. long, 6-10 mm. wide. On stem of frost grape, Vitis cordifolia. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/102833#page/301/mode/1up
description:
  Lasioptera vitis

  Large compound Gall on Grape-vine

  The mass of irregular succulent swellings on the stem and leaf stalks of the grapevine (you do not mention the variety), each swelling about the size of a large pea and often having a rosy cheek, is produced by a pale reddish Gall-gnat, the Lasioptera vitis of Osten Sicken, At Figure 183, we represent the gall you sent, and at a section of one of the swellings, showing the cavities which contain the orange-yellow larva, which are the authors of the work. These larvae leave the galls and enter the earth to transform. 


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_H.htm#Hayhurstia
description:
  On Amaranthaceae, usually Atriplex and Chenopodium spp, living inside pod-like yellowish pseudogalls formed by rolling leaves upwards. 


description:
  An abrupt stem swelling emerging from a young stem of Arctostaphylos viscida, with several leaves emerging on shortened, partially galled petioles. Thick-walled and containing what appear to be Cecidomyiine larvae. Observed in CA in November.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/118989#page/231/mode/1up
description:
  Lasioptera vitis OS

  Swelling of the stem and leafstalks of the wild grape. This irregular succulent swelling, which becomes red on its stouter and riper portions, extends not only along the stem and leafstalks, but also invades the leaf-ribs. It contains round hollows of about 0.1 in diameter with an orange-yellow larva in each. Some of the hollows are often abandoned by their inmates and invaded by numerous Thrips. Having brought this gall home, I noticed that the larvae went under ground and obtained the fly on the 29th of June. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/118989#page/232/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia viticola, n. sp.

  Elongated, conical, red galls, 0.25 to 0.3 long; on the upper side of the leaves of the grape. On the 16th of July, when I found them, they contained pale orange larvae, the breast bone of which had two points anteriorly, with several small indentations between them. The tip of the body ended in two curved, horny points, directed upwards. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/102833#page/138/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia Vitis pomum, new species

  For the satisfaction of the scientific reader, we annex descriptions of the above gall and of its Iarva, drawn up from the Alton specimen. 

  Gall Vitis pomum.— A smooth, globular, fleshy, grass-green gall, 0.9 inch in diameter, attached by a rough base of about 0.4 inch in diameter, like the base of a hazelnut, to the cane of the grapevine. Its external surface with about eight or nine longitudinal striae, dividing it into eight or nine segments, like those of a watermelon. Internally fleshy and of the consistence of the hull of a walnut for one-eighth of its diameter; then a series of elongated cells, divided each into two cells by a regular series of transverse partitions, the lower tier about 0.2 inch, the upper tier about 0.3 inch long. From center of one cell to that of the adjoining cell is nearly 0.1 inch, and there are seven or eight cells side by side.

  In No. 2, page 28, and No. 3, page 54, of the American Entomologist, we referred to a "vegetable phenom- enon" said to be found in Virginia, in the form of an apple-like growth from a grape-vine. The prevailing opinion in that State seemed to be, that it was a kind of hybrid fruit formed by the union of a grape blossom with an apple blossom. But we intimated our opinion at the time, that it was no fruit at ail, but simply a gall produced by some unknown species of gall gnat. We have since received specimens of what is uudoubtedly the same tiling, from two different sources, first from Mr. B. L. Kingsbury of Alton, Illinois, and second through the kindness of Mr. Stauffer, of Pennsylvania, from Thos. Moehan, the well known editor of the Gardeners' Monthly. Mr. Stauffer has also favored us with a good colored figure of one that he cut from the wild Frost Grape (Vitis cordifolia), August 9th, 1850, which agrees perfectly well with the two specimens in our pos- session. Hence, after carefully examining these specimens, we can now announce with certainty that this ''vegetable phenomenon"' is really what wo originally inferred it to be — namely, a gall- niadc by a gall gnat. Fig. 85 a, will give the reader a very good idea of this gall, and Fig. 85, b, of its internal structure, showing the larvae that inhabit its numerous cells, a single larva in a single cell. All the galls that we have hitherto been treating of, have been what are technically termed "monothalamous" or "one-celled" galls, inhabited by a single gall-making larva. But this, as will be seen at once, is a "polythalamous" or many-celled gall, inhabited by a great number of gall-making larvae. 

  As the fly that generates this gall will, in all probability, not make its appearance until next spring or summer, and as we have consequently had, as yet, no opportunity to breed it; it may be very reasonably asked, how we know for certain that it will turn out to be some kind of Gall- gnat ( Cecidomyia)? We answer that the larvae of all Gall-gnats are distinguishable at once from other larva? by a peculiar process known as the "breast-bone," and located on the lower surface of the first joint of the breast. (See Fig. 86, c.) Usually this "breast-bone" is of so dark a color that it can be readily seen, even in a very small larva, and its use apparently is to abrade the surface upon which the larva lives and there- by cause an abnormal flow of sap, which forms the food of the little insect that is thus working for its living. In Figure 8G, c, the head of the lar- va is shown protruded ; but all this group of larvae have the power of retracting the head within the body, so as to bring the "breast-bone" well into play. In shape, this organ differs greatly, being sometimes what we have called "clove-shaped," as in Fig. 86, c, sometimes Y-shaped, as with the larvae of the two Willow-galls figured above, and sometimes of other allied shapes. But in every case there are several sharp prongs in front. of it, adapted for wounding and piercing. As a general rule, allied gall-gnats inhabiting the same genus of plants have larvae with "breast- bones" of the same, or a very similar shape. For example, that of the larva to be next described is absolutely undistinguishable from that of our larva; and so is that of Ihe larva of the Pine-cone gall from that of the larva of the Cabbage-sprout gall.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/102833#page/138/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia Vitis coryloides, new species

  Gall Vitis coryloides, n. sp. On the vine of Vitis cordifolia [vulpina] — A roundish mass, 1.25 to 2.5 inches in diameter, of from 10 to 50 opaque, woolv-pubescent, fusiform, or sometimes flattish-oval, green galls, each from 0.59 to 0.75 inch long, the whole springing from the point where normally a bud would be located. Generally it is only the terminal half of each gall that is pubescent, the basal half being smooth. The interior of each gall is fleshy, juicy and subacid, with a single longitudinally central cell 0.25 inch long and 0.06 inch in diameter.

  We have met with one or two small specimens of this gall growing upon the cane of the wild Frost Grape in Illinois; and we were presented with two very large specimens by Mr. Mills of Hock Island, IL., which had grown upon a Frost Grape planted in his dooryard, from one of which the annexed drawing is copied (Fig. 80). The whole mass of galls springs from a common centre at the point where a bud would normally be, and is evidently a mere deformation of a bud. Occasionally an undeformed leaf with its peduncle still entire puts forth from the common centre, sometimes bearing a couple of galls at the junction of the peduncle with the leaf. each gall is one-celled, the cell being about a quarter of an inch long and one-fourth as wide as long, and containing a single larva. (See Fig. 86,b). The larva closely resembles that of the Grape-vine Apple-gall, and is therefore no doubt that of some Gall-gnat. Large sized specimens of this gall bear a general resemblance to a bunch of filbert or hazel nuts, as they grow on the bush: hence the name that we have given it. Fuller details will be found in the foot-note.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/108038#page/125/mode/1up
description:
  Lasioptera vitinea, n. sp.

  Bred June 15, 1907 from a leaf petiole gall on grape, taken on Staten Island, NY


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35488032#page/332/mode/1up
description:
  Neolasioptera vitinea Felt

  The midge was reared June 15, 1907 from a conical petiole gall on grape, collected on Staten Island, N. Y. The gall is quite common in the vicinity of New York City, also at West Nyack, N. Y. It was found on Isabella grape by Mrs M. Archer Shee, Highland Falls, N. Y., and taken on grape at Albany, N. Y. The species was reared by the late Dr M. T. Thompson, Worcester, Mass., and presumably at Washington, D. C, as specimens dated April 28, 1888 are in the collections of the National Museum. Trichasis virginiensis Ashm. was reared from this gall. 

  Gall (pl. 3, fig. 2). This is an obpyriform or slightly curved conical petiole gall on grape. The enlargement is about 1.5 cm long and .5 cm in diameter. Each gall contains 2-4 larvae in along central chamber. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22110#page/140/mode/1up
description:
  Heliozela. ? aesella N. sp.?

  Described from a single specimen taken April 24th, resting on the body of an apple tree (on the edge of a forest, however), near Covington, KY. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2589047#page/23/mode/1up
description:
  Heliozela aesella Chambers.

  The larvae produce flattened galls on leaves of grape. The gall consists of an irregularly shaped thickening of the leaf, situated on a vein and extending to either side of it, the area involved rarely being more than one centimeter in diameter, with a thickness perhaps three or four times that of the leaf itself. The galls are paler in color than the rest of the leaf and about equally distinct on the upper and lower surface. The larva consumes most of the leaf substance in the gall, especially in a large oval area, where only the epidermis is left. At maturity it cuts from this area, an oval case, in outline similar to that of Antispila. This case, however, does not remain flat, but is rolled up into a spindle, which falls to the ground. The spindle is flattened at each end, where a semi-circular fissure is left, guarded by the closely appressed, flattened, projecting ends. The spindle is then covered with fine panicles of earth, and lined throughout with close whitish silk. Within this cocoon an inner pupal chamber is partitioned off; this tapers to a point at the posterior end, but at the anterior end is closed by a flat transverse sheet of papery silk. In emergence, the pupa pushes up this sheet of silk and protrudes from the cocoon to the side of the median line between the flat projecting ends.

  The moths appear in the latter part of April and in early May; the galls develop on the expanding leaves and are fully formed by the beginning of June. The larvae reach maiurity about the middle of June. There is but one generation a year. 

  In the vicinity of Cincinnati I have found the galls only on Vitis cordifolia [vulpina]. In other localities it occurs on other species of grape; specimens of the work on a cultivated variety from Boston were submitted to me for identification some years ago by Mr. J. L. King, at that time on the staff of the Ohio Agri- cultural Experiment Station. In a letter accompanying the specimens he wrote that it has also been observed in the grape belt in northern Ohio. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5890552#page/169/mode/1up
description:
  Heliozela

  The tulip-tree blister-gall maker, Thecodiplosis liriodendri, for example, at first makes a thick-walled discoid gall within the leaf, and later eats most of it away before completing its growth. The little caterpillar, Heliozela aesella, does likewise, in the leaves of grape. By the time it has finished its tenancy the walls of the gall are almost wholly consumed. 

  In the introductory chapter (p. 24 [quoted above]) we have spoken of the habits of Heliozela aesella, interesting because they involve both gall-making and gall-consuming, along with case bearing. Of the larvae of the genus Heliozela known in Europe, H. stanella first mines in the thickened petioles of oak leaves and afterwards passes up into the leaf blade where it makes a mine and cuts out a case. H. hammoniella mines in the twigs of oak at first and then passes through the petiole and into the leaf-blade. Two species, H. sericiella and H. resplendella first mine down the midrib of a leaf and then turn up the edge of the leaf and make a blotch mine. In these instances the blotch is hardly more than big enough to make the case. They pupate in their cases on the ground.


description:
  The taxonomy of California oaks, which hybridize readily within groups (subgenera), has varied over time. In particular, a 1980 paper by John Tucker, which is included as a source here, makes clear that Quercus berberidifolia was considered a junior synonym of Q. dumosa in 1979-1980. Therefore, older publications referring to "Quercus dumosa" as a source may be referring to either Q. dumosa or Q. berberidifolia, or both. 


description:
  In the broadest sense, the Q. dumosa complex includes at least 6 of California's shrubby white oaks, including California scrub oak, coastal sage scrub oak, leather oak (Q. durata), MacDonald oak (Q. macdonaldii), Tucker oak (Q. john-tuckeri), and Sonora scrub oak (Q. turbinella). Hybridization and introgression have led to genetic "blurring" of these species, and the Q. dumosa complex was realigned several times over the 20th century. As defined by systematists in the early 21st century, the name Q. dumosa refers only to coastal sage scrub oak: a species that lies within a very narrow geographical range in southern California and is primarily restricted to coastal sage scrub communities. Under this narrow taxonomic designation, the name Quercus dumosa is misapplied to many of California's shrubby oaks; most commonly, it has been misapplied to California scrub oak.

  This taxonomic dilemma creates confusion as to which taxon is actually being discussed in literature written before the 21st century. Most 20th-century literature that refers to "Q. dumosa" actually applies to California scrub oak [52,79], but entities on the Mojave Desert ecotone that are identified in older literature as "Q. dumosa" may actually be Muller oak (Q. cornelius-mulleri) or Sonora scrub oak. Unlike these strictly southern California species, California scrub oak has a broader geographic distribution that extends into northern California, so except for desert ecotones and other areas of geographic overlap in the southern part of the state, the burden of reassigning species designations to entities discussed in older literature as "Q. dumosa" is somewhat lessened. ...

  "Quercus dumosa (sensu lato, sl)" refers to reports in which the distinction between California scrub oak and coastal sage scrub oak was unclear. This includes reports of "Q. dumosa" from older literature in areas where the distributions of California scrub oak and coastal sage scrub oak overlap, since the species described may have been reclassified since the literature was published.

  The ecology and reproductive habits of California's shrubby oaks are similar [despite the] confusion over taxonomy ...

  Hybridization, hybrid swarms, and introgression are rampant among the scrubby oaks within the Q. dumosa complex. Additionally, these species may hybridize and intergrade with white oaks that grow primarily as trees. California scrub oak hybridizes with many other white oaks in California [52], including coastal sage scrub oak, leather oak, Tucker oak (Q. john-tuckeri), Sonora scrub oak, Engelmann oak (Q. engelmannii), valley oak (Q. lobata), and Oregon white oak (Q. garryana).


description:
  [As of summer 2021, mites' presence in N. America was limited to California's greater San Francisco Bay Area and to Western Oregon. A 2020 study of the mites present in N. America concluded that only Mariposa plum trees formed galls--although almonds, peaches, and even cotoneaster have been effected in Europe and the Middle East.]

  [F]eeding activity causes cells to grow and envelop the mites, leading to the formation of galls, which range in diameter from 1.3 to 1.8 mm, around buds on almond, apricot, plum, and peach trees. Mites may also lead to the deformation of fruit spurs .. susceptibility ... is highly variety dependent. 

  Adult females ... emerge in the spring, when galls crack open. Mites then migrate toward new buds ... [where t]he presence of feeding mites leads to the formation of new galls ... These galls enclose the recently-arrived mites and will expand to accommodate all of their descendants. 


description: on Chamaedaphne ... leaves somewhat swollen and disfigured; sometimes also red leaf spots.
externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/dikarya/basidiomycota/ustilaginomycotina/exobasidiomycetes/exobasidiales/exobasidiaceae/exobasidium/exobasidium-cassandrae/


description:
  The common azalea or Pinxter flower (Rhododendron nudiflorum [R. periclymenoides]) is  known in many places as the "Swamp apple," because so generally producing upon the tips of the branches swollen masses, large as, and superficially somewhat resembles, green apples, the work of E. Azaleae.


description:
  Hymenium consisting of a thin white layer on hypertrophied flowers having all parts proportionally enlarged, infected flowers up to approx. 6 cm long, or less commonly on leaves that may also be hypertrophied. 


description:
  [Here's a very rough English translation: Leaflet; infected leaves hypertrophied, thickened, twisted, and often bulbous, violet-red or pink, becoming white and floury.]

  Foliicolum; folia infecta hypertrophica, crassiora, tortuosa,  atque saepius bulbosa, violaceo-rubra vel rosea, demum albo-farinulosa. Basidia cylindracea, apic e obtuse rotundata, 3-4  sterigmatophora, 55-60 x 7-8 p. Sporae fusoideae vel sigmoideae,  hyalinae, continuae, 15-16 x 4-4-5 p.  

  WEST INDIES. Jamaica; on living leaves of Lyonia jamaicensis


description:
  [S]imilar to E. ferrugineae as it infects both flowers and leaves, but ... distinguished by ... a lesser amount of hypertrophy on flowers ... [which are] up to approx. 2 × longer [than uninfected flowers]


description:
  [L]eaves discoloured yellowish or reddish, shorter or longer than normal, internodia abnormally long; leaves, mainly at their underside, with a fungal flush (basidia).

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/dikarya/basidiomycota/ustilaginomycotina/exobasidiomycetes/exobasidiales/exobasidiaceae/exobasidium/exobasidium-cassiopes/


description:
  [T]erminal shoots grow erect; they are somewhat swollen and coloured pink; leaves are disfigured. The spores are up to 15 µm, banana-shaped, 1-3 septate.


description: [S]hoots densely clustered, upright, swollen, bright red
externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/dikarya/basidiomycota/ustilaginomycotina/exobasidiomycetes/exobasidiales/exobasidiaceae/exobasidium/exobasidium-uvae-ursi/


description:
  Systemic in vegetative shoots, causing infected leaves to become large, flat (maximum 8.0 x 2.8 mm) and deep red.


description:
  Heliozela sp. near aesella Chambers

  Heliozela sp. near aesella Chambers is a gall-forming moth. In the spring, irregular swellings are produced along the sides of young shoots, leaf petioles, and flower stems of muscadine grapes. The tiny Heliozela caterpillars feed within the galls, producing channels which weaken plant structures and contribute to breakage. Mature larvae drop form the vine in tubes constructed about themselves and pupate in soil or debris. No leaf galls of H aesella Chambers, a close relative, were found on muscadine grapes. 


description:
  Abrupt stem swellings found on Malacothamnus densiflorus in California. A <a href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/1771634">very similar gall</a> was found on Malacothamnus fasciculatus, also in California, and is presumed to be induced by the same species. The galls are covered externally by very small, stellate hair clusters, the same as are found on normal stems of the host plant. The gall on M. fasciculatus was cross-sectioned, and inside at least six Cecidomyiid larvae were visible. The walls of the gall were green and appear succulent. The elongate larval chamber was filled with white material, possibly a fungus. 


description:
  The leaves of the systemically infected shoots are longer and slightly wider than normal and are very pale.


description:
  [Nannfeldt, working from observations in Richards 1896, wrote of E. andromedae having two, or even three, seasonal generations on different organs of L. ligustrina in N. America. The spring generation produces "giant bag-galls," which are followed by leaf-concavity galls. Finally, leaf-spot galls may appear near the end of the season. p.7] 


description:
  A terminal bud on an inflorescence of Gutierrezia californica, altered by an unknown gall inducer to form a dense cluster of swollen purplish leaflets/bracts surrounding flower buds. Observed in California in November.


description:
  At least one, but potentially 2 or more, beetle species associated with linear galleries in older branches of Arctostaphylos manzanita, apparently causing bark splitting and profusion of tissue along the outside of the branches, especially dense at joints. Observed in California with larvae present in November.


description:
  Gall appears to change from hairy exterior to hairless exterior as it matures, or depending on the host plant's natural texture. A hairless gall found on Ceanothus cuneatus in Santa Barbara County, California in May contained a gall midge larva. 


description:
  Several woody galls textured with fresh bark, at the base of a shoot of Acer rubrum, possibly developed from buds. These galls strongly resemble eg the woody developed form of [Synergus lignicola](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1148) on oaks, but are definitely associated with a maple twig. No gall of this type is known from maple. Observed in Massachusetts in September.


description:
  Quercus havardii added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/140804520). 


description:
  Quercus havardii added tentatively as a host based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/140804507). 


description:
  A bead gall similar to many induced by Neuroterus spp on white group oaks, found on the lower side of the leaf between veins. Observed in Texas in October, apparently already dropped or emerged.


description:
  One or several hairless, orange-red, globular, berry-like galls at the end of a stalk equal in length to their diameter. The galls are not clustered but spread along the length of the midrib on the upper side of the leaf. The galls were observed in Guatemala in January. The host is a white-group oak given the presence of Striatoandricus galls on the leaves, tentatively identified as Quercus peduncularis. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/588209#page/80/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips guatemalensis

  Hab: Guatemala, San Geronimo (Champion)

  The gall is found on the lower side of the leaves of an Ilex oak [unclear what this means; later biology places galls from this genus on a white-group oak but no host has been definitively associated with it]. It is placed on the mid-rib, usually towards the centre of leaf; it is flat on the lower side, but dome-shaped above, and is wider than high. The centre is hard and woody, and the fibres radiate from the centre towards the edge; the larval chambers are situated along the edge, there being none in the centre. Outside the woody central gall is a covering of woolly hairs, white internally, but reddish brown on the outer side. An average-sized gall measures for the gall proper 7 lines in breadth and 5 lines in height, while the woolly outer covering is nearly 3 lines. The galls are usually in pairs; but single specimens are also found, and in one instance there were four specimens on a single leaf; these were much smaller than usual. 

  Dr. Karsch describes three galls on oak (Quercus benthami, Dec.) [Q benthami is a red-group oak, and thus these galls have nothing to do with S guatemalensis] from Mexico which are in all probability formed by species of Cynipidae, but no names are given to them, namely: — 

  1. A round gall on the leaf-stalk close to leaf, dark red externally and velvet-like in texture. The thin-walled shell encloses an inner gall in the centre, and from this inner gall fibres radiate to the circumference, thus keeping it in position. It has a diameter of 26 cm. 
  2. A small, smooth, shining, yellowish, roundish gall of 14 millim. diameter on the leaf. 
  3. A gall like the first, but larger, being 4 cm. in diameter and outwardly smooth, yellowish and warty in texture 

  [Synergus dorsalis](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/588210#page/81/mode/1up) 

  Hab. Hab: Guatemala, San Geronimo (Champion)

  All my specimens were cut out of the galls of Cynips guatemalensis.


description:
  Andricus partali n. sp.

  [The phenology, gall morphology, and adult morphology of this species seem to closely match North American members of the genus Dryocosmus; it isn't clear why the species was placed in Andricus]

  [A photo of these galls appears on the last page of the pdf]

  Gall (Fig. 6a). Globular swelling of the leaf blade projecting on both the upper and lower surface of the leaf, located adjacent to the main vein or a secondary vein. Usually there are only one or two galls on a single leaf, rarely more. The gall is up to 10 mm in diameter, green in color, sometimes with a slightly reddish tinge on the surface. The external wall is coriaceous, quite hard, and with a shiny surface. Mature galls are hollow inside and within the internal air space is a single 2-3 mm diameter, brown sphere containing the larval chamber, which can become detached and capable of rolling around inside the hollow interior of the gall.

  Biology. This new species was found inducing galls on Quercus costaricensis Liebm. (Section Lobatae of Quercus, red oaks), which occurs from 2300 m to 3600 m elevation in Costa Rica and western Panama (Morales 2010). The gall appears to belong to the sexual generation. Mature galls were collected in March-April, and adults emerged soon after the galls were collected. Other hymenopterans that emerged from these galls include parasitoids, Quercastichus sp. (Eulophidae) and Torymus sp. (Torymidae). 

  Distribution. Only known from high elevations in Costa Rica (Cordillera de Talamanca).


description:
  Andricus guatemalensis (Cameron), New Combination

  Cynips guatemalensis Cameron, 1883: 71, gall. 
  Andricus? mexicana Bassett, 1890: 78 (gall). 
  Andricus mexicanus Bassett, Dalla Torre, 1893:91. 
  Andricus mexicanus Kinsey, 1920: 308, figs. 25-27 (female, male, gall). New Synonymy. 
  Synergus dorsalis Cameron, 1883: 72 (not Provancher, 1888: 398). (female, male). New Synonymy.

  Remarks.— Cameron (1883) described the galls of C. guatemalensis which were sent to him from Guatemala. Bassett (1890) described the galls of Andricus? mexicana from galls collected in Mexico. Neither Cameron nor Bassett described what they thought was the gall inducer, although Cameron (1883) described Synergus dorsalis, which he thought was an inquiline in galls of C guatemalensis (see below). Kinsey (1920) was the first to describe the adult gall former, which he obtained by cutting from galls that had been sent to the American Museum of Natural History. Kinsey recognized that the galls he had were the same as those of C. guatemalensis Cameron and also those of Andricus mexicanus Bassett. However, Kinsey did not believe that names based on only the galls were valid as he described Andricus mexicanus as a new species while listing C. guatemalensis Cameron 1883 and Andricus mexicanus Bassett 1890 as synonyms. Thus, A. mexicanus Kinsey is a junior synonym of both C guatemalensis Cameron and A. mexicanus Bassett, and a junior homonym of A. mexicanus Bassett. A new name for Andricus mexicanus Kinsey 1920 would needlessly burden the already confused nomenclature. Both Bassett and Kinsey were correct to assign the species to Andricus and C. guatemalensis is hereby transferred to this genus. 

  The holotype of S. dorsalis (in the British Museum (Natural History)) belongs to the genus Andricus and is a synonym of Cynips guatemalensis Cameron. Although the type of guatemalensis is a gall while the type of dorsalis Cameron is an insect and it is desirable to base species of Cynipidae on the insect rather than the gall, we retain guatemalensis as the valid name in the interest of stability. There are two reasons for doing this. First, the name guatemalensis has been associated with a gall-inducing species while dorsalis Cameron has been associated with an inquiline species. Second, retention of guatemalensis simplifies a problem of secondary homonymy between S. dorsalis Cameron 1883 and S. dorsalis (Provancher) 1888.

  When Weld (1951) transferred Ceroptres dorsalis Provancher to Synergus, this species became a secondary homonym of S. dorsalis Cameron. However, Weld did not rename S. dorsalis (Provancher) either because he did not know that it was a homonym, or because he knew that S. dorsalis Cameron should not have been placed in Synergus. Weld visited the British Museum (Natural History), after which he synonymized S. filicornis Cameron and S. furnessana Weld (Weld, 1930). It is quite likely that he also examined the type of S. dorsalis Cameron as well. A new name for S. dorsalis (Provancher) is unnecessary as S. dorsalis Cameron is now considered a junior synonym of Andricus guatemalensis Cameron and therefore the two species are no longer congeneric.


description:
  Andricus guatemalensis

  [Striatoandricus guatemalensis and Andricus partali occur on different groups of oaks (white and red, respectively) so it is almost certainly that they are not closely related. It is not clear why Pujade-Villar et al compare them.]

  Cameron (1883: 71) described Cynips guatemalensis based exclusively on gall samples, however the drawings of the galls in the same study (Cameron 1883: Table 4, Figs 7 & 7a) were morphologically discordant from his description in the text. Furthermore, Synergus dorsalis Cameron was described in the same study (Cameron, 1883: 72); the type material of which (adult) was examined by Richie & Shorthouse (1987: 240) who concluded that it corresponds to an Andricus. Cameron mentions that S. dorsalis was obtained from the gall of Cynips guatemalensis, therefore S. dorsalis, currently Andricus dorsalis (Cameron), would be the inducer of the gall of C. guatemalensis (currently Andricus guatemalensis). The gall of Andricus partali n. sp. may be similar to the description of Andricus guatemalensis (Cameron). Ritchie & Shorthouse (1987: 240) also studied the type material of A. guatemalensis (gall), labelled by Cameron, and the authors compared it with “Andricus? mexicana Bassett”, a velvety leaf gall; then, they confirmed that A. guatemalensis (gall) corresponds to Cameron’s drawing (Fig. 6b), a velvety leaf gall. Thus, the description of A. guatemalensis (gall)is erroneous. According to the ZNC, a drawing cannot be a type (nor a description); a ‘Type’ should be a sample, or a synthetic series of samples (Brothers pers. com.). Thus, the type series of A. guatemalensis (gall) and of Andricus dorsalis (adult) deposited in the British Museum are the true syntypes of both species, and not the description by Cameron. Pujade-Villar et al. (2011) considered Andricus mexicanus Bassett and Cynips guatemalensis Cameron as incertae sedis, since they were described based only on the velvety leaf galls, which are impossible to differentiate from other velvety leaf galls on leaves that are known. Based on the conclusions of Ritchie & Shorthouse (1987) we know the inducer of the gall Andricus dorsalis (Cameron) and after having the opportunity to examine the type of this species we conclude that it belongs to the tecturnarum group (JP-V unpublished data). Therefore, A. guatemnalensis is a species morphologically distinct (both the gall and the adult) from the new species described here, and Andricus partali n.sp. is a valid species distinct from A. guatemalensis (= S. dorsalis). As was mentioned, neither a description nor a drawing are “valid” for anything beyond providing information about which the author considered relevant, and either (or both) could be erroneous in several aspects. In summary, even though the description of the gall by Cameron is similar to that described here and given that the verbal descriptions do not correspond to the drawings, the only way to determine the correct application of names is to examine the type specimens. By this means it can be decided whether the descriptions or the drawings are more precise. For these reasons, Cynips guatemalensis, considered in this study as dubida species, corresponds to a multilocular velvety gall on the leaves (Fig. 6b-c) very distinct from the leaf gall described here (A. parlati, Fig. 6a). 


description:
  Andricus mexicanus, new species

  [This is a partial synonymy; Kinsey took galls now thought to be induced by Striatoandricus guatemalensis in Guatemala and [nievesaldreyi](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2674) in Mexico to be a single species. This record only includes information now referable to guatemalensis.]

  Range: Guatemala: San Geronimo (Cameron). 

  Gall: A large mass of wool, about hemispherical, 2.0-3.5 mm. in diameter, lemon-yellow to bright orange-brown; the hairs crystalline, brittle, forming a coating on the central core about 10 mm. thick; the core polythalamous, of a dense, crystalline material, without separable larval cells.

  The gall is a splendid thing and must be very attractive if at all abundant in its range. The recorded stations are over one thousand miles apart, for apparently this is the same species of which Cameron and Bassett have described the gall, though neither obtained the adult. Bassett said that the host of his galls was probably Q crassifolia [a red-group oak, not plausible for this wasp].


description:
  Given the minimal gall description and lack of host association available for S guatemalensis, it is not clear whether it can be definitively separated from other Striatoandricus species from galls. As a globular woolly leaf gall on the lower midrib, it matches the description given for S barriosi, and S georgei, both of which are known from oaks found in Guatemala (insignis and bumelioides; rugosa, respectively). Adult descriptions confirm that the species are distinct, but these are based on museum specimens of S guatemalensis and no additional gall or host observations have been made since Cameron's original collection. 

  There are two taxonomic confusions relevant to Striatoandricus guatemalensis. The first is the assertion by Ritchie and Shorthouse that Cameron mistook an inquiline, a new species he named Synergus dorsalis, for the inducer of the gall. The other is the distinction between guatemalensis and Striatoandricus nievesaldreyi. 

  The Ritchie and Shorthouse synonymy is questionable because they assert that the synonymy is based on male and female specimens of Synergus dorsalis. Striatoandricus guatemalensis, like the rest of the genus, is currently known only from female specimens from agamic generation galls. There are no male specimens the male Synergus specimens could have been matched to. The synonymy is repeated without comment in the most recent redescription by Cuesta-Porta et al. 

  S guatemalensis was originally described from galls observed by Cameron on an unknown oak species in Guatemala, and possibly (see above) from wasps cut from those galls. Bassett later described Andricus ? mexicana from galls sent to him from Guadalajara, Mexico, without adult wasps. Kinsey received adult wasps cut from galls collected in Jalisco, Mexico. On the basis of those adults and galls, he formally described Andricus mexicanus and made Cynips guatemalensis a junior synonym, assuming it was the same species responsible for Bassett's galls in Mexico and Cameron's galls in Guatemala. Ritchie and Shorthouse repeat this synonymy but assert A guatemalensis as the valid name. 

  In 2011, Pujade-Villar et al created a new name, Andricus nievesaldreyi, to resolve the homonymy of Bassett's Andricus mexicana and Kinsey's Andricus mexicanus. They applied this name exclusively to Kinsey's A mexicanus and specifically excluded Bassett's gall from synonymy, effectively reversing Kinsey's original synonymy of those species. In more recent work, the Pujade-Villar group maintained Ritchie and Shorthouse's synonymy of Synergus dorsalis with guatemalensis, but did not list Bassett or Kinsey's mexicana/us as synonyms. Because of the lack of an adult specimen and the minimal gall description, Bassett's A mexicana may or may not match Kinsey's A mexicanus, now S nievesaldreyi. Bassett's galls are consistent in range (Mexico) and location (upper side of the leaf) with S nievesaldreyi and differ from S guatemalensis (Guatemala, lower side of the leaf). 


description:
  [Striatoandricus guatemalensis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4220) was originally described from galls observed by Cameron on an unknown oak species in Guatemala, and possibly (see above) from wasps cut from those galls. Bassett later described Andricus ? mexicana from galls sent to him from Guadalajara, Mexico, without adult wasps. Kinsey received adult wasps cut from galls collected in Jalisco, Mexico. On the basis of those adults and galls, he formally described Andricus mexicanus and made Cynips guatemalensis a junior synonym, assuming it was the same species responsible for Bassett's galls in Mexico and Cameron's galls in Guatemala. Ritchie and Shorthouse repeat this synonymy but assert A guatemalensis as the valid name. 

  In 2011, Pujade-Villar et al created a new name, Andricus nievesaldreyi, to resolve the homonymy of Bassett's Andricus mexicana and Kinsey's Andricus mexicanus. They applied this name exclusively to Kinsey's A mexicanus and specifically excluded Bassett's gall from synonymy, effectively reversing Kinsey's original synonymy of those species. In more recent work, the Pujade-Villar group maintained Ritchie and Shorthouse's synonymy of Synergus dorsalis with guatemalensis, but did not list Bassett or Kinsey's mexicana/us as synonyms. Because of the lack of an adult specimen and the minimal gall description, Bassett's A mexicana may or may not match Kinsey's A mexicanus, now S nievesaldreyi. Bassett's galls are consistent in range (Mexico) and location (upper side of the leaf) with S nievesaldreyi and differ from S guatemalensis (Guatemala, lower side of the leaf). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32322#page/86/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus ? mexicana n. sp. (galls only)

  "Mountain near Guadalajara, Mexico; on the only large leaved oak that grows there." This is all I know of this species, except what I learn from the gall itself. I do not know who collected it, nor to whom I am indebted for the fine specimens that came to me in a chip-box a year or two ago. I suspect that my friend, B. Fickman Mann, sent them, and that they came from Dr. Palmer's collection. 

  I have no insects reared from these galls, but they are probably produced by an Andricus. They are the largest woolly leaf gall known to me, measuring more than an inch and a half by an inch in length and breadth, and more than three-fourths of an inch in thickness. The color is a rusty yellowish brown. On removing the long and exceedingly thick, woolly covering from the nucleus, I found several openings, through which the insects had escaped. The nucleus is rather hard, and has, internally, a vitrified or crystalline appearance. 

  The larvae are imbedded in this and have no larval cell separable from it. The galls are sessile on the midvein, on the upper surface of the leaf, and the point of attachment extends along the vein one- fourth of an inch. The leaves of the oak are very large, measuring more than six inches in width, and the species is probably Q. crassifolia, at least the leaves agree with the description and illustration of this species as given in Humboldt and Bonpland's " Plantes Equinoctiales." [Based on modern information, this assumption was apparently incorrect, and Q magnoliifolia is a more likely host.]


description:
  Andricus georgei Pujade-Villar n. sp.
  [original translation by Adam Kranz]

  The material has been collected in the Bosque del Pedregal National Park (Bosque de Tlalpan, Mexico D.F.; 19°17'27", 72’’N, 99°11'59", 31"W; 2.440 m) on Quercus mexicana [a mistake; should be deserticola].

  Gall. (Fig 3). Found adhered to the midrib on the lower side of the leaf. It appears as a mass of lemon yellow wool, or sometimes dirty yellow, never brown), with hair that is brittle without being fragile, from 1 to 1.6 cm in diameter, circular or rarely oval in shape. The pubescence is located above the central nucleus forming a 3-4 mm thick layer. The polythalamous core, yellow in color, is dense and hard, without separating the larval chambers, which are slightly ovoid (1 x 1.1 mm).

  Diagnosis: A mexicanus [[nievesaldreyi](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2674)] differs in the size of the galls (larger in A. mexicanus), the appearance of the galls (never brown in the new species), and the location of the galls (on the top of the leaves in A. mexicanus).

  Host. Q. mexicana Humb. & Bonpl. (subgen. Quercus, section Lobatae) [a mistake; should be deserticola].

  Distribution: Collected in the Forest of Tlalpan in the DF, Mexico


description:
  Andricus nievesaldreyi Pujade-Villar nom. nov.

  Andricus nievesaldreyi Pujade-Villar is proposed as a new name for Andricus mexicanus Kinsey, 1920. Andricus mexicanus Bassett, 1890 and Cynips guatemalensis Cameron, 1883 are considered as incertae sedis.

  Diagnosis: A mexicanus [nievesaldreyi] differs [from [S georgei](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3860)] in the size of the galls (larger in A. mexicanus), the appearance of the galls (never brown in S georgei), and the location of the galls (on the top of the leaves in A. mexicanus).

  Kinsey (1920: 309) described A. mexicanus in 1919 from four adults extracted from galls located on the upper side of the leaves, collected by Diquet in 1900 in the Sierra de Nayarit (Jalisco, Mexico), presumably in Q. magnoliifola Née (= Q. macrophylla Née). On the other hand, Kinsey added to this new species the collections of Bassett (1890) made in the mountains of Guadalajara and those of Cameron from San Jeronimo (Guadalajara) [a mistake, corrected in later work; this should read San Jeronimo (Guatemala)], corresponding to Andricus mexicana Bassett, 1890, and Cynips guatemalensis Cameron, 1883. Kinsey's species is a homonym of Bassett's, so we propose a new name, Andricus nievesaldreyi Pujade-Villar nom. nov., for Andricus mexicanus Kinsey, 1920. 

  Because A mexicana Bassett and Cynips guatemalensis Cameron were described only from their velvety leaf galls, we must consider both species as incertae sedis until adults are reared from similar gills, since we cannot know if they correspond to A. nievesaldreyi or A. georgei or a different species.


description:
  Andricus maesi n. sp.

  Gall (Fig. 4a-d). Attached to the branches of the oak. It appears as a mass of white wool pinkish (sometimes off-white, never yellow or brown), with brittle hair without being fragile. The appearance is oval. The size ranges from 2-2.5 cm in diameter, and can reach 4 cm in length. The pubescence covers the central nucleus, forming a layer 1 cm thick. The polythalamous core forms a rosette of individual galls, dense and hard, inserted directly into the branch. Each gall presents a triangular aspect in longitudinal section; the basal part is narrower and is where it is attached to the branch; the apex is wider, the pubescent tuft protrudes and that's where the adult comes out. The larval chamber (2x1 mm) is surrounded by a thick wall that presents a pubescence that is long in the apical area and much shorter on the sides.

  Host. Q. segoviensis Liebm. (subgen. Quercus, section Quercus), called 'acorn oak', is a white oak distributed in Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala and Mexico (Chiapas), between 650 and 2000 m altitude. 

  DISTRIBUTION. Collected only in Tisey hill (Nicaragua).


description:
  Given that S maesi apparently occurs on many hosts from Nicaragua through central Mexico, it is not clear how it can be separated from S furnessae, which induces very similar galls on an unknown through an undetermined part of Mexico. 


description:
  Quercus microphylla added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/27580833). 


description:
  Amphibolips nigra Beutenmüller, 1911a: 198, agam. Primer registro: San José de Gracia, 10/08/2019, Q. eduardii, I. 
  Montoya leg. (MEX601).


description:
  Andricus fusiformis Pujade-Villar n. sp. 

  Gall (Figs 3a-c) galls are developing on thin branches of Q. obtusata. It is a plurilocular gall, woody, more or less fusiform (35-45 mm in length and 12-18 mm in diameter), composed by different subunits more or less fused. Coloration gray with green tones; adults emerge before the gall becomes hard and take a woody brown color. The surface is glabrous with some longitudinal grooves on the mature gall. The inner larval chambers are located in the internal tissues; when the gall is cracked we can observe the larval chambers inside the crack. The single larval chamber is globular (2.6 mm. of diameter), dirty yellow, with a hard woody wall (0.3 mm think), which is connected with the tissue of the gall by a basal peduncle; at the top there is a small umbilicus. 

  Host plant Quercus obtusata Humb. & Bonpl. (section Quercus of Quercus, white oaks), distributed in many states of Mexico at 620–2580 m a.s.l. (Valencia, 2004). Galls collected in branches of Q. crassifolia Humb and Q. rugosa Née in the same area of type material are similar but no adults have emerged; we cannot assure these galls are the same of collected in Q. obtusata, although all of them belong to the Quercus section. 

  Distribution Currently known only from Mexico State. Galls were collected in San Juan Coajomulco (Jocotitlan). 

  Biology Only the asexual (parthenogenetic) females are known. Galls develop in dry season and adults emerge in July. No parasitoids emerged, only Synergus on 24.vii.2014.


description:
  Andricus fusiformis Pujade-Villar en Pujade-Villar, García-Martiñón et al., 2014: 94, agam. Primer registro: San José de Gracia, 28/07/2011, Q. resinosa, A. Equihua-Martínez y E. Estrada-Venegas leg. (S314).


description:
  Andricus rochai Pujade-Villar n. sp. 

  Gall (Figs. 4a-d) Globular (8-12 mm, n = 25), pedunculate (3-10 mm), gregarious (forming groups of more than 10 galls) and deciduous. Located in the main leaf vein (Fig. 4b) or at the end of the shoots (Fig. 4a), which thicken, in which depressed and circular insertion points are observed (Figs 4a-b). First green, then reddish, and finally brown. Centrally located larval chamber (2mm diameter), separated from the outside by a spongy colored tissue chestnut at maturity (Figs. 4c-d).

  Host: Quercus laeta Liebm. (Section Quercus, white oaks), endemic to Mexico distributed in multiple states (Aguas Calientes, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosí and Zacatecas) as indicated by Valencia-A (2004)

  Biology. Only agamic females are known. At the end of June 2016 hundreds of galls were detected in the soil. In 2017, these were observed in the buds of the trees at the end of May-early June. Adults emerged in January of the following year. In February 2018, in sheets formed the previous year, gills adhered to the venation were observed main leaves, inside the galls there were mature larvae and pupae; so this agamic form is capable to attack two different organs in oaks. The galls are easily dropped upon contact or vibration from the wind. The sexual form is unknown, but it must have rapid development between January-April. Parasitoids (Pteromalidae and Eurytomidae) were obtained in two phases, the first from July to December (before the emergence of the cynipids) and the second from second after said emergency. 

  Distribution Mexico (Mexico City).


description:
  Andricus rochai Pujade-Villar, 2018

  Gall (Figs. 4a-d). Gregarious galls (forming groups of more than 10 galls) and deciduous, located in the vein main leaf or buds, which thicken, showing depressed insertion points and circular. Each gall is globular (8-12 mm) and stalked (3-10 mm). First green, then reddish, and finally chestnuts. Centrally located larval chamber (2mm in diameter), separated from the outside by spongy tissue brown when ripe. 

  Hosts. Quercus laeta (section Quercus). 

  Biology. Species known only from asexual generation. The galls appear at the end of March; early June, they are easily dropped on contact or vibration by the wind. Almost all of the gills remain in the soil, subject to weathering conditions; nevertheless, the larvae remain alive for several months. The adults emerge in January of the following year.

  Distribution: Known only from Santa Fe (Mexico City)


description:
  The gall midge lays eggs in the ovaries of flowers. The galls that result from larval feeding prevent the normal development of the ovaries or seeds ...  

  [on Parkinsonia aculeata, which is an invasive weed in Australia] Inside the flower the fully developed stamens and pistil remain encapsulated and appear healthy but in a state of suspended animation during the life of the larva, which grows in a cavity lined with a fungus on which the larva apparently feeds. Pupation occurs in the cavity. The flower or pod dies after the pupa cuts its way to the exterior and the adult escapes. Usually one larva develops in a flower, but occasionally there are two or three larvae, each in a separate cavity. Only one larva develops in a pod gall. 


description:
  Disholcaspis crystalae Pujade-Villar, 2018

  Gall (Figs. 4h-j). Globular, spherical (8 to 14 mm in diameter) and lignified, located in the young branches at from the deformation of the bud. Solitary or gregarious (forming groups of two to five galls). green when the gall is young and during its growth, becoming brown when ripe. surface provided with a large number of short protuberances resembling the fruit of Arbutus unedo Linnaeus, 1753, or the gall of the form asexual of Cynips quercusfolii Linnaeus, 1758; rarely the bumps are few or almost non-existent. External wall is not hard (2 mm), the texture is like cork, easy to cut. Internally with a large air chamber in the one that houses the yellow, oval and fragile larval chamber, loosely attached at bottom; separates easily, remaining free in the internal chamber. 

  Hosts. Quercus laeta (section Quercus). 

  Biology. Only the asexual form is known. The galls develop in May-June. The adults emerge from December to January. 

  Distribution. Only known from Santa Fe (City of Mexico).


description:
  There is such minimal information on this species that it is not clear whether it is a Disholcaspis gall with an erroneous host record or perhaps an Amphibolips gall assigned to the wrong genus. Ashmead says the collection note has it on "black-jack oak" but he places it on "black oak," while Thompson has it on Quercus nigra (apparently three distinct red-group oak species). The collection locality is Hattiesburg, MS. The description of the adult seems more consistent with Disholcaspis than Amphibolips. Ashmead's gall description is similar to that of [this undescribed Disholcaspis on Quercus sinuata breviloba](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1056) but that host is not known from MS or any neighboring state. 


description:
  Asphondylia enceliae, new species.
  Gall--Length 10 mm., diameter 4 mm., a leaf bud deformity with walls only about 1 mm. thick, each containing one large, light yellowish larva ... 

  Several specimens were reared February 23 and 25, 1911, from leaf bud galls on Encelia californica collected ... in ... Whittier, California


description:
  A typical Kinseyella leaf gall, large oak apples on the lower side of the leaf midrib, covered in orange hairs that rub off to reveal a tan surface when dry, with relatively thick, spongy walls and radiating fibers holding a central larval cell. Observed dry in Guatemala in April. Apparently on Quercus segoviensis.


description:
  An elongated conical bud gall in a leaf axil of Encelia californica, covered in long white hairs nearly but not entirely obscuring the dark surface of the gall. Thick-walled and green inside, containing a single larva apparently of a cecidomyiine fly. Observed in California in December.


description:
  Tapered, linear-shaped galls on Gutierrezia sarothrae and microcephala flowers. The galls have a thin base and taper into a wider, spindle-like shape that narrows at the gall apex. Galls are ridged longitudinally and covered with what appear to be small crystalline structures. They are pink when fresh and sometimes the apex is paler yellow. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=2up&seq=339&size=125&q1=baccharis
description:
  Rhopalomyia californica Felt

  Baccharis pilularis

  Flower bud or leaf gall, single or clustered, lobulate, greenish or reddish-brown, diameter 1/4 to 3/4 inch, midge, summer

  Rhopalomyia sp. [Unclear how this differs from R californica]

  Lobulate bud gall, midge, summer 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=2up&seq=341&size=125&q1=baccharis
description:
  Eriophyes sp.

  Baccharis pilularis

  Irregular, pustulate leaf swelling, diameter 1/10 inch, mite, summer


description:
  Neolasioptera sp.

  Baccharis glomeruliflora, halimifolia, neglecta

  Larvae live in individual, spherical cells in the receptacles, where they pupate. Two generations occur per year. Overwintering larvae diapause until late the following summer when the hosts come into bloom. 

  Distr: MD, FL, TX, Dominican Republic


description:
  Rhopalomyia californica

  bud gall, usually Terminal, lobed and succulent

  This species is multivoltine. Eggs are laid in terminal growth, and the hatching larvae crawl between bud scales where the buds begin to form. 

  Similar galls occur on B glutinosa in Oklahoma, but it is not known whether R californica is responsible for that gall also.


description:
  Asteromyia sp. near gutierreziae Felt

  Host: Baccharis angustifolia

  Black, circular leaf blister

  Galls become hard with age. Only the larva of this species is known. It is probably multivoltine. 

  Distr: TX


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54981#page/132/mode/1up
description:
  Neolasioptera lathami Gagne

  No eggs were laid on a plant other than a Baccharis species. These results and the absence of any field host records to the contrary demonstrated that this fly was specific to Baccharis.

  The experimental work supported the previous host records from the field by indicating that N. lathami is host specific to those species of Baccharis on which it is found in the field (i.e. B. halimifolia and B. neglecta). [No other species of Baccharis were tested in the study so this finding should not be taken as evidence that this species is only found on these two Baccharis spp.]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16152993#page/789/mode/1up
description:
  Gagne (1968) considered a larval specimen from Baccharis in Texas to be Asteromyia gutierreziae because it was similar to larvae of that species. Two other kinds of larvae based on differences in the spatulae (Figs. 14-16) have since been found. With- out pupae and adults, nothing more can be done to identify these. Because the spatulae are so different, the larvae are placed here as Asteromyia sp. 1, sp. 2, and sp. 3.

  Asteromyia sp. 1, near gutiereziae Felt

  This segregate is known from a single larva with a three toothed spatula (Fig. 14) similar to that found in A. gutierreziae. It was placed under A. gutierreziae in Gagne (1968). The specimen was taken from a blister leaf gall on Baccharis angustifolia (probably =salicina) collected in Kenedy Co., Texas, 20-XII-1940 by R. Runyon and found in the botanical collections of the USNM. 

  Asteromyia sp. 2 

  The larval spatula (Fig. 15) of this seg- regate has many fine serrations along the anterior edge. It is known from two speci- mens from Texas, each from a different spe- cies of Baccharis: B. pteronioides, Frijole Ranch, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Culberson Co., Texas, X- 16- 1990, P. E. Boldt; and B. higelovii. Point of Rocks, 12 mi. W Ft. Davis, Jeff Davis Co., Texas, VI- 12- 1990, P E. Boldt. 

  Asteromyia sp. 3

  The larval spatula of this segregate has a smooth anterior edge (Fig. 16). The single known larva was taken from a blister gall of B. salicina, Greenbelt Reservoir, 4 mi. N Clarendon, Donley Co., Texas, X-5-1988, P E. Boldt and T O. Robbins.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16152993#page/790/mode/1up
description:
  Neolasioptera rostrata Gagne

  This species forms galls in receptacles of both male and female flowers (Gagne and Boldt 1989). It is widespread in the United States, from Maryland, Florida, Texas, and New Mexico where it occurs on B. glomeruliflora, B. halimifolia, B. salicina, and B. neglecta. It also occurs in the Dominican Republic on B. myrsinities (Gagne and Boldt 1989), and R E. Boldt has found it also in Argentina on B. pingraea and B. spartioides (Gagne 1994). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16152993#page/791/mode/1up
description:
  Rhopalomyia californica Felt

  This species forms lobed, succulent, usually leafy bud galls (Fig. 3) on B. pilularis in California. It was imported into Australia as a potential biocontrol agent of B. halimifolia in 1969 and 1982. The gall midge took hold only after the 1982 introduction and since then has effectively established itself in Queensland and New South Wales (McFadyen 1985, Julien 1992, Palmer et al. 1993). It was also introduced into Texas in 1985 to control B. halimifolia and B. neglecta. Typical galls were observed on B. neglecta at Belton, Texas in 1986, but none was subsequently found (Boldt, unpub. data). The ecology of this species and its parasites has been investigated by Ehler (1982, 1987, 1992) and Ehler and Kinsey (1990, 1991, 1993). This species is very similar to Rhopalomyia sulcata Gagne. Differentiation between the two species is made under R. sulcata.

  [Gagne here considers [Rhopalomyia baccharis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2705) a junior synonym of R californica but this synonymy was later reversed]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16152993#page/791/mode/1up
description:
  Rhopalomyia baccharis (Felt 1908) is here considered a junior synonym of californica. Rhopalomyia baccharis was reportedly reared from unspecified stem galls collected in December, 1885 on B. pilularis, presumably in California but unstated (Felt 1908, 1915). The two syntypes, one of each sex, that Felt studied are labelled "#3849, Dec. 19, 85" and "Type No. 29333 U.S.N.M." They differ from most specimens of R. californica in having two in- stead of one segmented palpi. The gonostylus of the male syntype of R. baccharis appears more bulbous than in R. californica because it is laterally compressed on the slide mount. In the USNM collection are pinned specimens with the same first label as the types and an additional one that reads, "C.V. Riley Collection." Four males were slide-mounted to compare them properly with the syntype. Their gonostyli do not appear bulbous as in the syntype but are similar to that shown for R. californica (Fig. 20). In addition, two of the specimens have two-segmented palpi like the syntypes, but two have one-segmented palpi. 

  Specimens reared from R. californica galls usually have one-segmented palpi, but occasional specimens are found with two-segmented palpi. L. E. Ehler (in litt.) writes that in outbreak conditions, galls commonly occur all along the shoots, especially when the terminals of the shoots are already galled. The unspecified "stem gall" made by this R. baccharis could have come from such a gall. It appears, then, that there is no reason to maintain R. baccharis as a distinct species. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16152993#page/791/mode/1up
description:
  Rhopalomyia sulcata Gagne New Species

  Holotype. — From columnar gall on B. salicina, Pecos R., Loving, Eddy Co., New Mexico

  Distribution. — United States: Arizona, New Mexico, western and southern Texas; Mexico: Durango, Nuevo Leon. 

  Hosts: This species is reported from B. halimifolia, B. heterophylla, B. neglecta, B. pteronioides, B. salicina, and B. sarothroides. The record on B. heterophylla is based only on similarity of the galls, but the other host records are based on adults and/or pupae. A generation of R. sulcata was reared from B. halimifolia and B. sarothroides in a greenhouse from a generation that came from field-collected galls on B. salicina.


description:
  Quercus parvula added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/144791104). 


description:
  [T]he aster yellows (AY) phytoplasma group ... contains hundreds of known strains around the globe. The current taxonomic system assigns all the AY strains as ‘Ca. Phytoplasma asteris’-related strains, which grossly masks the differences among the strains ... 

  Plants infected by phytoplasmas often exhibit remarkable symptoms. These symptoms include virescence (flower petals turning green), phyllody (leafy flowers), cauliflower-like inflorescence (repetitive initiation of inflorescence meristems), and witches’-broom (excessive shoot proliferation). In addition to these characteristic symptoms, phytoplasma infection can also induce some general symptoms seen in diseases caused by various other plant pathogens. Such general symptoms include leaf discoloration (such as purple leaves and leaf yellowing), little leaf, stem fasciation, and stunting. Furthermore, asymptomatic phytoplasma infections were reported as well.


description:
  Host
  Pines (Pinus species)

  Affected tree species include a number of native pines, including ponderosa, pinyon, lodgepole, as well as the introduced Scots and mugo pines.

  Symptoms

  The disease causes the appearance of spherical galls on the branches and limbs of pines of all ages. These galls persist but are most visible in the spring when the surface ruptures to release bright orange spores. Galls are most commonly found on branches, but can be found on the main stem; this is more common in certain species, most notably jack and lodgepole pines. As galls enlarge, they cause branch dieback and often cause the host to develop witches' brooms. Trunk or 'hip' cankers are common on lodgepole pine where they do not look like a typical gall but a diamond-shaped canker.

  Life Cycle ...

  E. harkenessii is spread to non-infected trees by means of spores produced in the galls of infected trees. These spores, produced in the spring, are released when the gall surface ruptures. This dispersal occurs in May and June and allows the spores to infect the current year's shoots. Galls form the year after infection occurs, usually in the summer; the time of infection is thus 2 years in most cases. Whereas many rust fungi require an alternate host to carry out their life cycles, E. harkenessii does not; for this reason, it is sometimes called pine-pine gall rust. Existing galls continue to produce spores every year, making this disease increasingly capable of causing future infection as time goes on. It is this ability, coupled with the ability to directly infect other pines, that makes this disease capable of causing tremendous loss to commercial growers ...


description:
  Globular, often tooth shaped galls located on the ventral midrib of Salix irrorata leaves. The majority of the gall shows on the ventral surface but a small portion is often visible on the dorsal side of the leaf. Galls are either red or green, and the interior is completely hollow with very thin walls. Sometimes galls are strongly lobed, which may suggest that galls can grow close enough together to coalesce. In dissected galls frass was found inside, which shows that the inducer is likely a sawfly rather than a Cecidomyiid. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3154528#page/46/mode/1up
description:
  Puccinia evadens

  On living leaves of Baccharis pilularis. San Francisco. November. 

  This Puccinia has been overlooked heretofore on account of its minute size and pale color. It is without doubt the final stage of Coleosporium baccharidis, being always found together with it on the same plant — Coleosporiurn upon the branches, and Puccinia upon the leaves.


description:
  Eriosporangium evadens (Harkn) [pt 3 1913](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/750972#page/55/mode/1up)

  Coleosporium baccharidis
  Puccinia evadens
  Caeoma negerianum

  0. Pycnia amphigenous and caulicolous, scattered among the aecia on the leaves and younger branches, inconspicuous, honey-yellow, globoid or ovate, 150-175 um in diameter. 

  1. Aecia amphigenous, or more commonly caulicolous, causing fusiform or irregular swellings of the branches, sometimes forming witches' brooms, scattered, oblong or oblong- linear, 0.5-1 mm. wide by 1-4 mm. long, early dehiscent, at first orange-colored, drying to a dirty-white, pulverulent, ruptured epidermis or cortex overarching, when the spores fall away showing pits or fissures; aeciospores irregularly oblong, or oblong-fusiform, 22-26 by 35-60 um, often narrowed and acute at both ends, but especially above; wall pale- yellow or quite colorless, moderately thick, 2-3 um, somewhat thicker above, 3-9 um , noticeably but finely verrucose, with thickly set and irregular warts. 

  II. Uredinia chiefly hypophyllous, scattered, usually few, round or oblong, 0.1-0.3 mm. long, soon naked, orange-colored, becoming pale, somewhat pulverulent, ruptured epidermis often overarching, otherwise inconspicuous; urediniospores broadly ellipsoid, obovate-ellipsoid, or nearly globoid, 23-27 by 27-35 um; wall thin, 1.5-2 um nearly colorless, finely and rather sparsely verrucose-echinulate, with points about 3 um apart, the pores small, very indistinct, apparently more than 4 and scattered. 

  III, Telia chiefly hypophyllous, and to some extent on the young branches, scattered, round, 0.3-1 mm. across, soon naked, pulvinate, pale cinnamon-brown, or cinereous by germination, ruptured epidermis inconspicuous ; teliospores oblong or obovate-oblong, 27-32 by 48-63 m, rounded at both ends, or somewhat narrowed below, somewhat constricted at the septum; wall pale-brownish, or almost colorless, smooth, thin, 1.5-2 um, usually thicker at the apex, 3-6 um; pedicel colorless, or slightly tinted, terete, 6-10 um in diameter, thin-walled, once to twice length of spore. 

  On Carduaceae : 
  Baccharis consanguinea Greene, California. 
  Baccharis emoryi A. Gray, Arizona. 
  Baccharis pilularis DC, California. 
  Baccharis pteronioides DC, Michoacan. 
  Baccharis sp., Cuba.

  Type locality: San Francisco, California, on Baccharis pilularis. 

  Distribution : Central California and Arizona southeastward through Mexico, and the West Indies; also in South America.

  Dicaeoma evadens (Hark) Arthur & Jackson [pt 6 1921](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/751498#page/21/mode/1up)

  Coleosporium baccharidis
  Puccinia evadens
  Caeoma negerianum
  Eriosporangium evadens

  0. Pycnia amphigenous and caulicolous, scattered among the aecia on leaves and younger branches, inconspicuous, honey-yellow, globoid or ovoid, 150-175 um in diameter. 

  1. Aecia amphigenous, or more commonly caulicolous, causing fusiform or irregular swell- ings of the branches, sometimes forming witches' brooms, scattered, oblong or oblong-linear, 0.5-1 mm. wide by 1-4 mm. long, early dehiscent, at first orange-colored, drying to a dirty- white, pulverulent, ruptured epidermis or cortex overarching, when the spores fall away showing pits or fissures; aeciospores irregularly oblong or oblong-fusiform, 22-26 by 35-60 um, often narrowed and acute at both ends, but especially above; wall pale-yellow or quite colorless, moderately thick, 2-3 um., somewhat thicker above, 3-9 um., noticeably but finely verrucose, with thickly set and irregular warts. 

  II. Uredinia chiefly hypophyllous, scattered, usually few, round or oblong, 0.1-0.3 mm. long, soon naked, orange-colored, becoming pale, somewhat pulverulent, ruptured epidermis often overarching, otherwise inconspicuous; urediniospores broadly ellipsoid, obovoid-ellipsoid, or nearly globoid, 23-27 by 27-35 um; wall thin, 1.5-2 um, nearly colorless, finely and rather Sparsely verrucose-echinulate with points about 3 um apart, the pores small, very indistinct, apparently more than 4 and scattered. 

  III. Telia chiefly hypophyllous, and to some extent on the young branches, scattered, round, 0.3-1 mm. across, soon naked, pulvinate, pale cinnamon-brown, or cinereous by germination, ruptured epidermis inconspicuous; teliospores oblong or obovoid-oblong, 27-32 by 48-63 um, rounded at both ends, or somewhat narrowed below, somewhat constricted at septum; wall pale-brownish, or almost colorless, smooth, thin, 1.5-2 um, usually thicker at apex, 3-6 um; pedicel colorless, or slightly tinted, terete, 6-10 um in diameter, thin-walled, once to twice length of spore. 

  On Carduaceae: Baccharis consanguinea Greene, California. Baccharis Emoryi A. Gray, Arizona. Baccharis halimifolia, North Carolina; Cuba. Baccharis pilularis DC, California. Baccharis pteronioides DC, Michoacan. Baccharis salicina T. & G., New Mexico. Baccharis sarothroides A. Gray, Arizona. Baccharis thesioides H. B. K., Arizona. 

  Type locality: San Francisco, California, on Baccharis pilularis. 

  Distribution: Central California to New Mexico, and southeastward through Mexico and the West Indies: also in South America. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46361071#page/169/mode/1up
description:
  Puccinia evadens Harkness

  Eriosporangium evadens

  On Carduaceae: Baccharis sp., Santa Clara (Prov. Santa Clara), March 22, 1903, II, III, Holway. 

  The species is autoecious, pycnia, aecia, uredinia, and telia all being known, and is found in southern California and Arizona to Central Mexico. The collection here listed is the only one known from the West Indies.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/751498#page/21/mode/1up
description:
  Dicaeoma baccharidis (Dietel & Holway)

  Puccinia baccharidis
  Caeoma punctato-striatum
  Eriosporangium punctato-striatum

  0. Pycnia amphigenous, numerous, crowded in small orbicular groups, comparatively large, punctiform, globoid-flask-shaped, 125-175 um in diameter; pycniospores globoid, 2-3 um in diameter. 

  1. Aecia hypophyllous and caulicolous, when on leaves in orbicular groups surrounding the pycnia, at first bullate, irregular in form, 0.3-1 mm. in longest diameter, soon dehiscent, orange-colored, fading to pale-fuscous when dry, ruptured epidermis overarching, on stems form- mg long fissures, 5-15 mm., without producing hypertrophy, pulverulent, distinctly fuscous when dry, old fissures more or less closed; peridium wanting; aeciospores fusiform or globoid, mostly ovoid-ellipsoid, rounded below, usually somewhat pointed above or even acute, variable in size, 20-29 by 27-60 um, usually 22-25 by 30-45 m; wall slightly tinted or colorless, moderately thick, 2-2.5 um, slightly if at all thicker above, verrucose with rather thickly set punctate beads, arranged in more or less evident longitudinal lines, especially toward apex . 

  II. Uredinia amphigenous, scattered, abundant, roundish, 0.1-0.7 mm. across, at first bullate, soon naked, pulverulent, cinnamon-brown, ruptured epidermis usually overarching; urediniospores broadly ellipsoid or obovoid, 20-27 by 29-45 um; wall thin, 1.5-2.5 um, pale cinnamon-brown, finely and closely echinulate, with points 1 /x or less apart, the pores evident, usually large, scattered, about 6.

  III. Telia chiefly hypophyllous, thickly scattered, round, 0.3-0.8 mm. across, soon naked, pulvinate, pale cinnamon-brown, or cinerous by germination, ruptured epidermis inconspicuous; teliospores oblong, 24-29 by 45-70 um, rounded or obtuse at both ends, some- what constricted at septum; wall pale cinnamon-brown, smooth, thin, about 1.5 m. s. little thicker above, 2-6 um; pedicel colorless, usually inflated up to 25 ju in diameter near the spore, tapering downward, once to twice length of spore, the wall thin, collapsing upon germination of the spore. 

  On Carduaceae: 
  Baccharis coerulescens A. Gray, Hidalgo. 
  Bacckaris Emoryi A. Gray, California. 
  Baccharis glutinosa Pars., Arizona, New Mexico, Texas; Chihuahua, Michoacan, Oaxaca; Guatemala. 
  Baccharis viminea DC, California. 
  Baccharis sp., Jalisco, Mexico (state). 

  Type locality: Pasadena, California, on Baccharis viminea. 

  Distribution: From central California to Texas, and southward through Mexico and Central America; also in South America. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45397898#page/24/mode/1up
description:
  Puccinia evadens Hark.

  On Baccharis emoryi, Zion National Park near Springdale. Oct 29, and in 2 localities at La Verkin, Washington Co. Nov 1. Causing fusiform swellings and witches broom on stems, the systemic, caulicolous habit of the uredinial stage being unusual. When in this county again on Apr 14 old brooms and fusiform swellings were observed occurring abundantly at one locality east of Rockdale and at Zion Lodge in Zion Natl Park, the latter about a mile from the place where the rust was collected earlier. New to the Utah Flora. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15257248#page/253/mode/1up
description:
  Puccinia baccharidis D & H

  On Baccharis viminea. Pasadena, Cal., Aug., 1893, leg. McClatchie (No. 359). — This fungus has most resemblance to another Californian species on Baccharis pilularis, viz.: Puccinia evadens, Hark. In the " Provisional Host-Index of the Fungi of the United States" of Farlow and Seymour Puccinia evadens is also noted as occurring on Baccharis viminea. But there can be no doubt as regards the specific difference of the forms.


description:
  Aceria baccharies Keifer

  Host: Baccharis salicifolia. Host originally listed as B viminea. Also on B glutinosa

  Relationship: Irregular, lower surface, leaf bead galls

  Range: CA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2734708
description:
  This species is of some economic importance because the larvae bore within and kill the affected buds of paper birch, Betula papyrifera. In the fall the larva makes an exit hole and drops to the duff where it forms a cocoon in which it apparently overwinters before pupating in spring.


description:
  Distribution
  North America: Canada (Quebec) and USA (Washington, Oregon and Michigan) (Gagné and Jaschhof 2017).

  Gall and life history
  Massalongia papyriferae forms bud galls on the paper birch, B. papyrifera. The mature larva drops to the leaf litter to overwinter in a bottle-shaped cocoon. Adults emerge in spring (Gagné 1967).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54938#page/174/mode/1up
description:
  Neolasioptera baccharicola, n. sp.

  Material examined. Holotype, male, reared from hard, cylindrical stem gall on Baccharis halimifolia, Virginia Beach, Va., V-1960, F. D. Bennett, U.S. National Museum Type No. 70950. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54938#page/172/mode/1up
description:
  Neolasioptera lathami, n. sp.

  Material examined. Holotype, male, reared from globular stem gall on Baccharis halimifolia, Yemassee, S.C., V-1960, F. D. Bennett.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31671986#page/161/mode/1up
description:
  Epiblema discretivana (Heinrich)

  Eucosma discretivana 

  Type locality: Sheldon, TX

  Food plant: "Wild myrtle" [Baccharis halimifolia]


description:
  In the lower left corner of the photo, note that the gall that is pointing away has a pale circle in the upper third of the gall. According to http://www.microleps.org/Guide/Momphidae/ "When the larva finishes feeding, it gnaws almost entirely through the wall of the gall in a small circular area that will serve as an 'emergence window.' The white silk cocoon the larva spins inside the gall attaches to the emergence window.  


description:
  Gnorimoschema baccharisella Busck

  This species is widespread in coastal California, where the larvae cause hard stem galls on Baccharis pilularis (Asteraceae).

  Biology.- Gnorimoschema baccharisella is not limited to the immediate coast where the typical, prostrate form of the hostplant occurs. The moth occurs inland, probably throughout the range of the plant, which is widespread in coastal foothill areas, often as an invader in disturbed fields. The original description was based on specimens reared by Koebele probably from Berkeley and Alameda (type locality erroneously cited by Busck as Berkeley County), who found the galls abundant in June. The moth's biology and the parasitoid complex have been studied in detail by Tilden (1951). We have reared the species and/or its parasitoids at several sites and have observed the galls at many others. 

  There is a single annual generation. Tilden (1951) reported that eggs are deposited on peripheral branches of the perennial shrubs, and overwintering takes place as eggs. He observed that the newly hatched larva burrows into the tip of the growing terminal. The gall begins to develop at the point of the larval entry, and the hollow gall develops around the larva. Galls develop in the newly elongating stems and are evident by February. They are green, spindle-shaped and reach full size (ca. 18-36mm in length, Fig. 103) by late February or March, but larvae are still quite small and do not survive if galls are removed from the plant before June or July. By this time often are most of them are parasitized. 

  At maturity, the larva cuts a hole to the exterior and drops to the ground for pupation, which evidently occurs without diapause. Emergence takes place primarily in August and September. We have collection records of the nocturnal adults from mid-July (Goleta. Sta. Barbara Co.) to late November (Big Creek, Monterey Co.).


description:
  Eriophyes baccharices
  [Page 244]

  Causes wart-like, irregularly shaped galls on leaves of seep willow or mule fat (Baccharis salicifolia).


description:
  Rhopalomyia sp. A
  Teardrop-gall midge
  [Plate 419; Page 248]

  This midge induces round, pointed, monothalamous leaf galls in spring on desert broom [Baccharis sarothroides].


description:
  Rhopalomyia sp. B
  Bud-gall midge
  [Plate 420; Page 248]

  This gall midge species induces clustered, monothalamous terminal bud galls on desert broom [Baccharis sarothroides].


description:
  Rosette-gall midge
  [Page 249]

  This midge induces dark green, monothalamous bud galls on desert broom [Baccharis sarothroides]. Galls similar to these were described as [Asphondylia bacchariola](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2313) on Baccharis pteronioides in Texas and Arizona.

  [Range: CA]


description:
  Ball-gall wasp
  [Page 249]

  This interesting cynipid wasp induces glossy, round, polythalamous galls just below the flowers of desert broom [Baccharis sarothroides] in October.


description:
  Maple Leaf Blister: Black Leaves on Maple Explained
  By Fanny Iriarte, Tom Harrington and Mark Gleason, Department of Plant Pathology
  A foliar disease called leaf blister has been common on silver and red maples and their hybrids during the past few weeks. The causal agent is the fungus Taphrina carveri. The disease may go unnoticed until a large number of leaves are severely infected and begin to fall from the tree. Symptoms include grayish brown-to-black irregularly-shaped, slightly-raised but not always obvious blisters on the leaves. The leaf blisters turn black, often lighter-colored in the center. (Fig. 1) Multiple infections will cause the leaf to become distorted. (Fig. 2) The rounded shape of the spots and blistering distinguish this disease from maple anthracnose, which produces irregularly shaped brown spots or blotches that follow the veins of leaves and is caused by a different fungus. Leaf blister and anthracnose can occur on the same tree and even on the same leaf.

  Taprhina spp. overwinters on bud scales. Infection occurs on developing leaves early in the spring when buds open if environmental conditions are favorable for the disease. Optimal conditions for this pathogen are over 12.5 hours of leaf wetness and temperatures below 61 degrees F. Severe infection, along with defoliation, may occur if these weather patterns persist. Less severely affected leaves may remain on the tree all season. If defoliation does occur, the lost leaves will almost always be replaced by new ones within several weeks to a month. The high-risk period for infection is when leaves are very young; later in the season, leaves become resistant to the fungi, so there are no repeat cycles of infection in the same season.

  Leaf blister is an occasional problem in Iowa and elsewhere in the Upper Midwest 


description:
  Numerous small integral blister galls protruding primarily toward the upper side of the leaf lamina of Quercus sadleriana. Emergence holes were visible on the upper and lower sides of the leaf when the galls were observed in November. This may be the agamic generation of [Neuroterus sadlerensis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2400).


description:
  Quercus arizonica added as a host based on <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/72134545">this unconfirmed</a> observation. 


description:
  If "a species of Chrysothamnus (Bigelovia)" refers to the plant formerly named Chrysothamnus bigelovii, the current name is Ericameria nauseosa var. bigelovii 


description:
  Bassettia ligni

  On May 20, 1966, an undescribed leaf gall (Fig. 1 a), from which both male and female Cynipidae were emerging, was found on Q. lobata at Locke, Sacramento County. The females readily oviposited in twig growth of the previous year when confined on Q. lobata seedlings in the laboratory. The galls which appeared in the fall of 1966 were those of B. ligni (Fig. 1 b). This species is also known to occur on Q. douglasii Hooker & Arnott and on Q. dumosa Nuttall (Weld 1957a).


description:
  Bassettia ligni

  On May 20, 1966, an undescribed leaf gall (Fig. 1 a), from which both male and female Cynipidae were emerging, was found on Q. lobata at Locke, Sacramento County. The females readily oviposited in twig growth of the previous year when confined on Q. lobata seedlings in the laboratory. The galls which appeared in the fall of 1966 were those of B. ligni (Fig. 1 b). This species is also known to occur on Q. douglasii Hooker & Arnott and on Q. dumosa Nuttall (Weld 1957a). The galls of the bisexual generation appear as very slight oval swellings protruding from both leaf surfaces. They remain green even when mature. The adult emergence hole is found at either end of the oval gall, but always on the upper leaf surface. These monothalamous galls sometimes occur singly but are usually found in pairs. The average dimensions are 1.53±0.14 mm long by 0.90±0.03 mm wide. We believe them to be the same as the galls Weld (1957a) described as "like those of Neuroterus engelmanni Kinsey."


description:
  Quercus douglasii, lobata
  Leaf galls, integral
  Small parenchyma thickenings in numbers like [Fig 139.](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2360)


description:
  Andricus kingi

  Galls of L. dumosae (Fig. 1 e) [a misidentification; these were then-undescribed wasps] were collected at Thornton, San Joaquin County, May 11, 1967. Males and females emerging from them at the time were placed on 3 caged seedlings of Q. lobata. By September, galls of A. kingi had developed on the leaves of one of these trees (Fig. 1 f). L. dumosae also is known to occur on Q. douglasii and Q. garryana Douglas (Weld 1957b). A. kingi has been found on Q. douglasii and one would expect that it will eventually be found also on Q. garryana.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56113330#page/15/mode/1up
description:
  Status of Liodora dumosae Weld, 1957, and Andricus kingi Bassett, 1900 

  After some rearing experiments which yielded bisexual adults from galls identified as Liodora dumosae, Rosenthal and Koehler (1971) reached the conclusion that dumosae and Andricus kingi Bassett, 1900, were the alternate generations of a single species. Dailey has examined the material of Rosenthal and Koehler’s study (CIS) and found that they misidentified their wasp. The specimens are not dumosae, but are the previously unknown bisexual generation of kingi. The complete scutal notauli and short, straight tip of the galls distinguish the sexual form of kingi from that of dumosae. Evans’ (1972) rearing studies indicated that Liodora dumosae and Andricus pattersonae Fullaway, 1911, were the alternate generations of one species. He transferred pattersonae to the genus Liodora. Some of Evans’ paratypes (CAS) have been compared with Weld’s paratypes (USNM), and they are the same species.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885261#page/334/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus howertoni Bass

  Irregular, monothalamous, green twig galls, length 18 mm, diameter 12 mm, when green covered with leaves, on Quercus species


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610735#page/345/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus howertoni Bassett

  This species was described from a gall on an unknown oak in New Mexico. The writer has collected galls, which agree with a Bassett type gall, on Q. undulata and grisea at Las Vegas, Tijeras, Magdalena and Kingston, N. Mex. and at Williams, Ashfork, and Prescott, Ariz. Galls collected at Williams on April 11 gave adults by May 11 and some held over and emerged the next spring.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32322#page/90/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus howertoni, n. sp.

  Galls. — Woody, club-like enlargements of the tips of the twigs one of the New Mexican oaks, species uncertain. They bear some resemblance to the galls of A. clavula Bass, and A. similis Bass. When green they are covered with leaves even more completely than the first named well-known species, and these and their large stipules still adhere to the dried galls. They are monothalamous, the enclosed larval chamber is not free, and is placed near the base of the gall and immediately above it is a much larger, irregular open space, through which the insect passes in leaving the gall. The galls are rather irregular in shape, but when green are probably about three- fourths by one-half inch in diameter. In some specimens the gall does not wholly retard the axis of growth, and short, leafy stems project out of it. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32802#page/16/mode/1up
description:
  Trichoteras frondeum, new species

  Host.--Quercus chrysolepis

  Gall (pl. 1, fig. 6). — A transformed lateral bud, the outer brown bud scales surrounding a mass of thinner, narrower bracts. At the base in the center is a single, ovoid, thin-walled cell, 3.0 by 1.7 mm. at whose base and apex is a circle and tuft of straight, single-celled, slender white hairs 1.5 mm. long. 

  Habitat. — The types (dead) were cut out of galls collected at Idyllwild, Calif., on September 21, 1922. The characteristic galls have been seen on Mount Wilson, in the San Bernardino Mountains, in Sequoia National Park, at Kyburz, Los Gatos, and Shasta in California, and at Canyonville, Oreg. A similar gall on Quercus wilcoxii was noted in the Santa Catalina, Chiricahua, and Huachuca Mountains in Arizona.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32802#page/17/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloteras sigma, new species

  Host.--Quercus alba

  Gall (pl. 2, fig. 22). — Sessile on underside of leaf near edge in the fall. Fusiform, flattened, the ends slightly curved in reverse directions, up to 4 mm. long by 2 mm. wide, with the larval cell in a depression in the center. It starts to develop late in June. Kare. 

  Habitat.—East Falls Church, Va., is the type locality. From galls collected October 22, 1940, a living adult was found in out-of-door breeding cage on March 7, 1942. Galls have been seen at Vienna, Va., and Cabin John, Md.; at Ithaca, Manorville (Crosby), and Nyack (Zabriskie), N. Y., and at Washington, D. C. (Pergande). Bassett collected galls in Connecticut.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32802#page/17/mode/1up
description:
  Liodora viscida, new species

  Host.--Quercus oblongifolia

  Gall (pl. 1, fig. 3). — A spangle-gall sessile on veins on underside of leaf late in fall, 2-4 mm. in diameter, fleshy, pinkish, covered with stellate hairs on its sticky surface, the edge inrolled, the larval cell basal and eccentric. One to four on a leaf. 

  Habitat. — Mrs. N. W. Capron collected galls containing white pupae on January 21, 1935, at Nogales, Ariz. Adults emerged on February 21, 22, and 27.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32802#page/21/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus costatus, new species

  Host. — An undetermined oak. 

  Gall (pl. 2, fig. 17). — A depressed ribbed sphere produced in July on the side of acorn cup of several species of white oaks in the Southwest. The gall measures 3.0 mm. in diameter, the ribbed structure showing best on underside when detached. 

  Habitat. — The single adult emerged on April 5, 1942, from a gall collected on an undetermined oak by Mrs. N. W. Capron in July 1940 at Indian Creek, near Prescott, Ariz. Similar galls have been seen by the writer on Q. fendleri at Trinidad, Colo., and Shoemaker, N. . ; on Q. subturbinella at Tijeras, N. Mex., and on Q. gambelii at Flag- staff, Ariz.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32802#page/23/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus nigridius, new name

  Callirhytis nigra
  Diplolepis operta
  NOT Andricus luteicornis var niger
  NOT Andricus niger

  C. nigra was described as from a twig swelling on Quercus lobata and being thought to have simple claws was placed in Callirhytis. The unique type at Stanford University examined in 1935 has the claws toothed and was found to agree with paratypes of Diplolepis operta Weld, which came from galls inside the buds of Q. lobata. The type gall at Stanford is a twig swelling, which also bears a large bud with an exit hole in the side, and the type fly evidently came from a gall inside the bud rather than from the twig swelling. As the name niger was preoccupied in Andricus by Tavares in 1902, the new name nigridius is here proposed for nigra Fullaway, 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32802#page/31/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis bipapillata, new species

  Host.-- Quercus ilicifolia

  Gall (pl. 1, fig. 8 ; pi. 2, fig. 20) . — Leaf parenchyma galls, not detachable, not confluent, on several leaves derived from the same leaf bud and as many as 200 or 300 on a leaf. Individual galls are ellipsoidal, 1.2 mm. high, projecting equally on upper and lower surfaces of the leaf, 0.8-0.9 mm. in diameter, bare above, pubescent below. Exit hole on upper surface. 

  Habitat. — Type material was collected on July 5, 1930, and June 27, 1933, at elevation of 2,000 feet on the trail to Signal Knob at north end of Three Top Mountain southeast of Strasburg, Va. Adults issued June 30-July 8. Galls were seen also 3 miles northwest of Vienna, Va. Prof. C. E. Crosby collected old galls at Kiverhead, N. Y., in September 1913.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32802#page/32/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis electrea, new species

  Host.--Quercus montana

  Gall. — A group of a few hard, stony, cells inside full-grown acorns in the fall, lying close to the wall in depressions in normal cotyledons, usually at or above the center of the acorn. 

  Habitat — The type is from a series bred from acorns collected in October 1934 on the Blue Ridge, 5 miles north of Bluemont, Va., adults emerging on May 8, 1937. Two paratypes are from galls collected on Marshall Peak near Washington, Va. Others are from galls collected at East Falls Church. Va., in October 1930, the adults emerging on April 20, 30, 1934. From two of these lots of collected acorns the emergence of an undescribed black species in small numbers suggests that there are two species infesting the acorns of this oak,


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32802#page/33/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis florensis, new species

  Host. — Quercus marilandica 

  Gall (pl. 1, fig. 1). — Scattered about among the stamens in a shortened catkin ; conical, slightly curved, blunt at apex, 2.2 mm. long by 1.0 mm. in diameter, of same color as the anthers but with longitudinal purple streaks, the surface sparsely covered with tangled hairs. Exit hole 0.6 mm. in diameter near apex. 

  Habitat. — The type material was collected at East Falls Church, Va., from a Q. marilandlca on May 10, 1931. Adults of both sexes emerged May 18 to 25, the largest number coming out on May 20. In the fall of 1932 nearly every acorn on this tree had a gall of Callirhytis balanaspis Weld, and the galls gathered on the ground in October produced adults that emerged on April 9, 1934. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32802#page/35/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis lupana, new species

  Host.--Quercus emoryi

  Gall (pl. 2, fig. 19). — A rather abrupt fusiform polythalamous enlargement on the underside of the midrib, stunting the development of the leaf. June. 

  Habitat. — The type material was collected on June 28, 1935, at Wolf Creek Camp, 10 miles from Prescott, Ariz., by Mrs. N. W. Capron. Adults were then emerging. She later sent empty galls from Cherry, Young, and Nogales, Ariz. A similar gall occurs on Q. hypoleuca at Patagonia, Ariz.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32802#page/36/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis perrugosa, new species

  Host.--Quercus alba

  Habitat. — The type is selected from a series of over 50 specimens collected at East Falls Church, Va., in seven different years at dates from April 13 to May 3. They were taken while ovipositing in the topmost buds of 3-6-foot saplings or strong sprouts from stumps of white oak, but attempts to determine the resulting gall have so far failed and so have attempts to find the gall from which these flies must have just emerged. Paratypes are from Washington, D. C, Great Falls, Md., Malaga, N. J., and Castle Rock and State College (May 7), Pa. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32802#page/36/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis sonorae, new species

  Host. — Quercus emoryi. 

  Gall (pl. 1, fig. 7). — A flattened brown mass of 3-10 cells inside the acorn beside the much-reduced cotyledons, the number of cells evident on the surface. Masses measure up to 10 mm. long. 

  Habitat. — The type is selected from a series bred from acorns from Santa Ana, Sonora, Mexico, taken from baggage at quarantine at Nogales, Ariz., on September 28, 1935 (No. 10348). Adults issued on April 10, 1937, April 2, 1938, April 3, 10, 15, 1939, April 7, 17, 1940, April 7, 12, 1941, April 12, 15, 1942, and April 16, 1943. Paratypes are from Hermosillo, Magdalena, and other points in the state of Sonora. Earliest emergence was March 10. Galls from Cusion, Cuchuta, Esqueda, Guaymas, Fronteras, and Nogales (all in Sonora) have been found in "bellotas" in the personal baggage of Mexicans crossing the border. Over 60 lots have been intercepted, mostly at Nogales, Ariz., a few at Naco and Douglas, Ariz., and a few at El Paso find Ysleta, Tex,


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32802#page/37/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis uvellae, new species

  Gall (pl. 1, fig. 4). — Two-chambered, fleshy, reddish, 2.0 mm. in diameter, from bud on side of twigs in spring, single or usually in small clusters. The larva occupies the basal cavity. After the adults emerge the walls of the upper shrivel. 

  Host. — Quercus wislizenii. 

  Habitat. — The type series was reared from galls collected at Lakeport and Ukiah, Calif., on May 10 and 12, 1922, when the galls contained pupae. Adults issued a few days later and were found dead in the box on May 26. Galls were seen at Upper Lake and at Santa Rosa, Calif. Similar galls were seen on Q. agrifolia at Santa Anita, Santa Barbara, Newhall, Fillmore, and Ojai, Calif.


description:
  Andricus coronus sp. nov.

  Gall.---Monothalamous. Pale green; soft when fresh, hard and pithy when dry. Rounded, somewhat crown-shaped, with prominent ridges at the side from the base, meeting at the apex; base pointed. Thick walled, with a large round larval cell in the center.

  Length 8-12 mm; width 6-12 mm

  Habitat.--Bronx Park, NYC, May 18 1905; Atlanta GA; Mississippi

  The gall may be found in New York, in clusters on the small terminal twigs of Quercus palustris during the middle of May, and in GA on water oak [Quercus nigra] during March. When mature, they drop to the ground or will readily break off when touched. The imago becomes fully developed in the gall by October, but does not emerge until the following spring. 


description:
  Integral leaf blisters scattered around the lamina of leaves of Quercus john-tuckeri, protruding above and flat below, with many emergence holes on the lower side and a few on the upper side by July 2 near LA. [Neuroterus saltatorius sexgen](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1722) galls are broadly similar but the agamic gall is not known from this host and the galls differ enough to be uncertain. They more closely resemble [Neuroterus bussae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1111), another sexgen gall known from live oaks rather than a white oak. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114064#page/139/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus floricomus, new species

  Host: Quercus reticulata Humb. & Bonpl. [rugosa]

  Gall (pi. 1, fig. 5): On staminate flowers in late June. A densely woolly enlargement of the axis up to 25 mm. long by 10 mm. in diameter with only the anthers protruding. Habitat: The type material (Hopkins No. 15618 d ) was collected June 28, 1918, in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Ariz., and adults emerged up to July 9. Galls were seen in the Santa Catalina Moun- tains on Quercus oblongifolia Torr. and Q. arizonica Sarg., in the Huachuca Mountains on Q. reticulata, Q. oblongifolia, and Q. arizonica, in the Mule Mountains on Q. arizonica, and in the Chiricahua Mountains on Q. arizonica and Q. toumeyi Sarg.


description:
  Many small indistinct blisters between lateral veins of Quercus muehlenbergii, green when fresh in June, causing slight curling of the leaf, discoloring to yellow-brown above and purple below by late summer. 


description:
  A circular blister in the lamina of Quercus alba, similar to [Neuroterus niger](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/870) but raised distinctively above the surface of the leaf with a cup on the lower side. As the gall matures, tissue on the upper side of the gall forms a gray-brown ring. Unlike N niger, which overwinters in the leaf, this is likely a sexual generation gall. It develops in June and emerges in July of the same year.


description:
  Numerous lenticular blister galls on the lamina of Quercus stellata, often clustered in one part of the leaf. So far observed only in Texas, from Austin to Dallas, they are fresh in May and emerge in June. Kinsey took this for a sexual generation variety of [Neuroterus niger](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/870), but recent research has shown that the sexual generation of that species on Quercus stellata is likely more similar to [Neuroterus evanescens](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/970), suggesting N pattersoni is a distinct species. 

  Neuroterus pattersoni was demoted to junior synonym of [Neuroterus niger](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/870) by Nicholls et al 2022. However, the basis of this synonymy is unclear, and obvious contradictions between the morphology of pattersoni and the sexgen gall of N niger were not addressed. Therefore, we persist in treating N pattersoni as a distinct species pending further information.

  Tentatively presumed to be found on Q margaretiae on the basis of [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/97077686)


description:
  The validity of this species is unclear. It was synonymized with [Neuroterus niger](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/870) by Nicholls et al 2022, and while the other synonymies given for N niger in that paper were dubious based on clear contradictions in gall morphology of the agamic generation, it does seem likely that purported agamic galls of N perminimus were in fact misidentifications of N niger. 


description:
  Neuroterus papillosus was demoted to junior synonym of [Neuroterus niger](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/870) by Nicholls et al 2022. However, the basis of this synonymy is unclear, and obvious contradictions between the morphology of papillosus and the sexgen gall of N niger were not addressed. Therefore, we persist in treating N papillosus as a distinct species pending further information.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus niger pattersoni

  On Q stellata in Texas. Galls first appeared on Mar 10. Adults began to emerge on May 7. A single leaf usually yields adults of one sex only.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/303/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus niger variety pattersoni, new variety
  bisexual form pattersoni, new form

  GALL. — Circular, not elongate, very slightly smaller than nigripes, with more well-defined boundaries and without a trace of a central point on the upper surface. On Quercus stellata (fig. 43).

  RANGE. — Texas: Austin (Patterson coll.).

  Dr. Patterson, for whom this variety is named, collected and bred the type material. He states that in 1921 the gall first appeared March 10, the adults beginning to emerge on May 7. Dr. Patterson sent me records (a year ago) of breeding 453 females and 450 males, making the important observation that a single leaf of galls usually yields only a single sex of the wasp. The detailed record of these observations I should leave for Dr. Patterson to publish. It would appear that the agamic females are of two sorts, either female- or male-egg-producing. What is evidently the agamic form of pattersoni is described in the following paragraph.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/359/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus dubia, n. sp.

  This species was found in a box of galls of A. prionosus, but no galls appear from which they seem to have come. Both sexes.


description:
  Antistrophus chrysothamni
  Rabbitbrush gall wasp

  Host: An as-of-yet unidentified species of rabbitbrush. 

  Gall location: Found on the branches, sometimes with several galls on the same branch. 

  Description: Rounded, medium-sized galls that are 1-3 centimeters in length and containing many chambers. Externally, they are covered in dense, white, felt-like hairs. Internally, they are white and pithy. 

  Range: Only known from two places in Arizona: Tucson and Cave Creek. 

  This species has not been seen in nearly a century! It was originally described by William Beutenmüller in 1908, and since then it has been seen only once, by Lewis H. Weld in the 1920s. The exact rabbitbrush species was not known when this gall wasp was first described. Many rabbitbrush species that are found in Arizona have a large range and can be found in many nearby states, so it is possible that this gall wasp may be encountered elsewhere in the southwestern United States


description:
  Aulacidea hieracii
  Canada hawkweed stem gall wasp

  Host: Canada hawkweed (Hieracium umbellatum). 

  Gall location: On the stem, often near the apex but sometimes developing further down. 

  Description: Rounded, fleshy, medium-sized galls, usually 1-3 centimeters in length. Sometimes with abundant soft, pale hairs, but sometimes entirely without hairs. Green when fresh to brown when old and dry. 

  Range: In North America, this species may be found in several North Central US states including Minnesota and Wisconsin as well as adjacent parts of Canada including Manitoba and Ontario. 

  This species has apparently been introduced, but its only known host plant in North America, Canada hawkweed, is indeed native to both Europe and North America. As a result, it is unclear whether this species was truly introduced or is native in its current range. Complicating this question further is the unclear taxonomy of this species; it is possibly a complex of multiple closely-related species that each prefer a different species of hawkweed. In Europe, where this species is native, it induces galls on several hawkweed species. Overall, further research is necessary to substantiate the identity of the North American population. 

  Similarly, the subterminal hawkweed gall wasp (Aulacidea subterminalis) may also have been introduced to North America. Its galls apparently occur on the stolons rather than on the main stem. However, like the Canada hawkweed stem gall wasp, its status in North America is unclear.


description:
  Similarly, the subterminal hawkweed gall wasp (Aulacidea subterminalis) may also have been introduced to North America. Its galls apparently occur on the stolons rather than on the main stem. However, like the Canada hawkweed stem gall wasp, its status in North America is unclear.


description:
  Phanacis hypochoeridis
  Catsear stem gall wasp

  Host: Catsear (Hypochaeris radicata). 

  Gall location: On the stem, typically midway down the length of the stem. 

  Description: Elongate, spindle-shaped swellings containing many chambers, often 1-5 centimeters in length. Green and fleshy when fresh to brown and dry when old. 

  Range: This species is primarily known in North America from the West Coast, particularly California, Oregon, and British Columbia. A small population has apparently been identified in North Carolina. 

  This species was introduced to North America from Europe along with its host plant. Catsear occurs throughout most of the United States and some parts of Canada, so the gall may occur in additional states not listed above. The catsear gall wasp and the dandelion gall wasp (Phanacis taraxaci), both of which are introduced species, are the only representatives of the gall wasp tribe Phanacidini to be found in North America.


description:
  Aulacidea abdita
  Cryptic lettuce stem gall wasp [same entry applied to [A harringtoni](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1431)]

  Hosts: Biennial lettuce (Lactuca biennis), Canada lettuce (L. canadensis), Florida lettuce (L. floridana), and possibly prairie lettuce (L. ludoviciana).

  Gall location and description: Galls of these species are cryptic, meaning they are not outwardly visible and can only be located upon dissection of a galled stem. When dissected, the stem will have numerous brown, rounded chambers along the inside of the pith, each with a single insect. 

  Range: These galls are primarily known from the Northeastern United States and adjacent areas of Canada, from Ontario south to North Carolina and west to Oklahoma, but they are likely under-reported and may probably be found throughout the United States and Canada within the range of their host plants. 

  These species have unclear taxonomy and may be synonymous or may instead be composed of multiple true species, but each of the hosts listed above is believed to host cryptic galls induced by gall wasps of the genus Aulacidea. Museum specimens identified by Alfred C. Kinsey indicate that these galls may also occur in stems of prairie lettuce (L. ludoviciana), but the authors of this guide have yet to substantiate this claim.


description:
  Aulacidea harringtoni
  Cryptic lettuce stem gall wasp [same entry applied to [A abdita](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1432)]

  Hosts: Biennial lettuce (Lactuca biennis), Canada lettuce (L. canadensis), Florida lettuce (L. floridana), and possibly prairie lettuce (L. ludoviciana).

  Gall location and description: Galls of these species are cryptic, meaning they are not outwardly visible and can only be located upon dissection of a galled stem. When dissected, the stem will have numerous brown, rounded chambers along the inside of the pith, each with a single insect. 

  Range: These galls are primarily known from the Northeastern United States and adjacent areas of Canada, from Ontario south to North Carolina and west to Oklahoma, but they are likely under-reported and may probably be found throughout the United States and Canada within the range of their host plants. 

  These species have unclear taxonomy and may be synonymous or may instead be composed of multiple true species, but each of the hosts listed above is believed to host cryptic galls induced by gall wasps of the genus Aulacidea. Museum specimens identified by Alfred C. Kinsey indicate that these galls may also occur in stems of prairie lettuce (L. ludoviciana), but the authors of this guide have yet to substantiate this claim.


description:
  According to Louis Nastasi (personal communication), A abdita refers to a single species of wasps reared from Lactuca canadensis, while "harringtoni" refers to a complex of wasps from other Lactuca spp. which will require further research to disentangle. 


description:
  Aulacidea podagrae
  Lettuce node gall wasp

  Hosts: Biennial lettuce (Lactuca biennis) and Florida lettuce (L. floridana). 

  Gall location: These galls occur throughout the stem, occasionally in multiple disjunct areas. 

  Description: Highly variable. Generally present as lumpy, amorphous galls jutting outwardly from the stem. Sometimes, they appear as smaller, more-isolated galls rather than larger, more-confluent swellings. They may be single-chambered or have many chambers depending on the individual gall’s shape, size, and structure. Usually brown and rough outwardly with fleshy green areas between apparent nodes. 

  Range: This gall is known throughout the Eastern United States, from Pennsylvania south to Virginia and west to Kansas. It is likely underreported and probably occurs in additional areas. 

  This species was originally described in association with Canada lettuce (Lactuca canadensis), but despite substantial recent sampling, it has only been successfully found on biennial lettuce (L. biennis) and Florida lettuce (L. floridana). The original description does mention that the host plant may have been misidentified, further enabling this possibility. The wasps inducing galls on Florida lettuce may prove to be a species distinct from those on biennial lettuce as there are some differences in gall appearance between the two host plants.


description:
  Aulacidea tumida
  Lettuce tumor gall wasp

  Hosts: Canada lettuce (Lactuca canadensis) and possibly prairie lettuce (L. ludoviciana). 

  Gall location: On the stem, often toward the apex but occasionally further down on the stem. 

  Description: Extremely variable. The most common appearance for these galls is as large, 3-5 centimeters in diameter, round, and many-chambered, sometimes baring leaves and branches. Occasionally, they are more spindle-shaped, or instead appear as smaller galls, barely-swollen and gnarled. Green and fleshy when fresh to brown and rough when old and dry. 

  Range: The known range for this species is from southern Quebec south to Virginia and west to Minnesota and Arkansas. 

  Due to the tremendous variability of this gall, its taxonomy is rather uncertain. Another described species, Aulacidea annulata, is almost certainly a synonym of A. tumida; Aulacidea annulata is currently associated with the spindle-shaped, irregular galls, but ongoing taxonomic studies will likely validate this synonymy in the near future. Similarly to the cryptic lettuce stem gall wasps, museum specimens indicate that the Canada lettuce stem gall wasp may also occur on prairie lettuce (L. ludoviciana), but this claim remains unsubstantiated


description:
  Another described species, Aulacidea annulata, is almost certainly a synonym of A. tumida; Aulacidea annulata is currently associated with the spindle-shaped, irregular galls, but ongoing taxonomic studies will likely validate this synonymy in the near future. 


description:
  Antistrophus sp.
  Skeletonplant collar gall wasp

  Host: Rush skeletonplant (Lygodesmia juncea). 

  Gall location: On the collar of the stem, often just above or just below where the stem meets the soil. You may need to clear the soil around the base of the stem to find this gall, as its location often puts it below the soil line. 

  Description: Typically present as a cluster of several round, single-chambered galls, each less than a centimeter in width, around the collar. Rarely, only one or two galls are present. Green or yellowish and fleshy when fresh to brown and rough when old and dry. 

  Range: This gall has only been reported from Manitoba and Nebraska thus far, but its range probably matches that of the skeletonplant pea gall wasp (see next species). 

  This gall is induced by an undescribed species of the genus Antistrophus. This species was originally assumed to be a variant of the skeletonplant pea gall wasp, but preliminary results from an ongoing taxonomic study indicate that they are indeed different species. Galls of this species occur only on the main stem, unlike the other two species of gall wasps known from skeletonplant which occur only on the branches


description:
  Antistrophus pisum
  Skeletonplant pea gall wasp

  Host: Rush skeletonplant (Lygodesmia juncea). 

  Gall location: On the branches, often in large numbers on the same plant. 

  Description: These galls are small, ranging greatly in size from roughly 0.3-1.5 centimeters in diameter, and distinctly pea-shaped. Fresh galls are green and fleshy, and older galls are brown, dry, and rough. The galls develop on the outside of the branch rather than being directly integrated into the branch tissue. 

  Range: The established range for this species includes much of the Central United States and adjacent areas of Canada, from Manitoba south to Texas and west to Alberta. 

  The skeletonplant pea gall wasp is likely even more widespread within the range of its host plant, which is known from British Columbia south to southern California and east to Minnesota and Texas. This species has often been referred to as Antistrophus lygodesmiaepisum, but Antistrophus pisum is the most correct scientific name for the skeletonplant pea gall wasp. Specimens of this species have been mistakenly reported from several other host plants, including baccharis (Baccharis spp.) and wirelettuce (Stephanomeria spp.), but galls of this species only occur on rush skeletonplant.


description:
  Antistrophus sp.
  Skeletonplant spindle gall wasp

  Host: Rush skeletonplant (Lygodesmia juncea). 

  Gall location: On the branches. 

  Description: Similar in appearance to galls of the skeletonplant pea gall wasp, but unlike that species, galls of the skeletonplant spindle gall wasp are directly integrated into the branch tissue. Overall, these galls are spindle-shaped swellings of the branches, often around 1 centimeter in length. Green and fleshy when fresh to brown and rough when dry and old. 

  Range: Thus far, this gall has only been located in several Midwestern states as well as southern Manitoba. However, as with the skeletonplant pea gall wasp, its range is probably far greater than currently known. 

  This gall is induced by an undescribed species of the genus Antistrophus. As with the skeletonplant collar gall wasp, this species was originally assumed to be a variant of the skeletonplant pea gall wasp, but preliminary results from an ongoing taxonomic study indicate that they are indeed different species.


description:
  Antistrophus microseris
  Silverpuff stem gall wasp

  Host: Douglas’ silverpuff (Microseris douglasii). 

  Gall location: On the stem, typically at or above the middle. 

  Description: These galls are medium-sized, spindle-shaped, rounded swellings of the stems, typically 1-3 centimeters in diameter. Fresh galls are green and fleshy, and older galls are brownish, and rough. Internally, mature galls contain several brown “dividers” that are believed to be constructed by the gall wasp larvae during development; the exact process leading to the development of these dividers is unknown. 

  Range: This species has only been reported from California. However, this gall has been poorly studied, and likely occurs on other silverpuff species, which could increase the possible range of this gall throughout the Western United States. Similarly, the range of the known host plant, Douglas’ silverpuff, includes Baja California; if this gall were to be discovered in Baja California, the silverpuff stem gall wasp would be the only species of herb or bramble gall wasp known from Mexico. 

  As mentioned above, this gall is particularly poorly studied, even for herb gall wasps. Some as-of-yet unverified observations suggest that similar galls may occur on other silverpuff species, including other genera such as Uropappus. Whether galls on these hosts prove to be those of the silverpuff stem gall wasp remains uncertain. Galls on Uropappus are addressed at the end of this guide. Thus far, all verifiable observations of this species have occured in April; this must be taken into account if one wants to find these galls. This limited window is likely due to the ephemeral nature of silverpuffs, which have relatively short-lived stems.


description:
  Aulacidea nabali
  Rattlesnake-root stem gall wasp

  Host: Tall rattlesnake-root (Nabalus altissimus). 

  Gall location: On the lower stem or roots, often partly or entirely below where the stem meets the soil. 

  Description: Typically present as a large, irregular, cylindrical to amorphous cluster of smaller, round, single-chambered galls. Clusters are normally around 1 centimeter in diameter. Internally, the galls are dense and corky, and apparently have the consistency of raw potato. 

  Range: This gall has been reported from Ontario and throughout the Northeastern and Midwestern United States, although this species almost certainly occurs throughout more of the host plant’s range.

  This gall was originally described from tall rattlesnake-root (Nabalus altissimus), but a subsequent study (Bonnie, 2010) examining organisms associated with nodding rattlesnake-root (N. crepideneus) located galls on that species as well. Lewis H. Weld also reported this gall from white rattlesnake-root (N. albus). It is unknown whether galls on the three host plants are induced by the same species, as this gall has rarely been seen in the recent past and has yet to be closely studied by this guide’s authors.


description:
  Antistrophus sp.
  Desert-chicory stem gall wasp

  Host: Tuberous desert-chicory (Pyrrhopappus grandiflorus). 

  Gall location: On the stem, apparently often in the top half. Multiple gall clusters may be found along the same stem. 

  Description: These galls are somewhat variable, but they typically appear as clusters of single-chambered, rounded galls around 0.5 centimeters in diameter. Green and fleshy when fresh to rough and brown when dried and old. Sometimes solitary rather than clustered. 

  Range: This species has been reported only from Oklahoma and Texas. 

  The host plant is also known from Kansas and Nebraska; further sampling may locate this gall in these states. This gall is induced by an undescribed species that may prove to constitute an entirely-new genus of herb gall wasp. Little is known about this species, as it was first found in the late 2010s and was first identified as an undescribed species in 2022.


description:
  Aulacidea acroptilonica
  Russian knapweed stem gall wasp

  Host: Russian knapweed (Rhaponticum repens). 

  Gall location: On the stems and branches, often with many galls on the same plant. They seem to most commonly form along leaf nodes. 

  Description: Irregular swellings, typically 1-3 centimeter in length. Sometimes short and oval-shaped to greatly elongate and spindle-shaped. Occasionally solitary but more often clustered, often with multiple galls or clusters in rows along the entire length of a stem and its branches. Green and fleshy when fresh to brown and rough when old. 

  Range: The exact range of this species in North America is unknown, but it has thus far been found in several Western and Northwestern states (see below). 

  The Russian knapweed stem gall wasp was introduced to North America as part of a biological control effort for its host plant, which is considered noxious and a highly-detrimental weed with regard to its impacts on native ecosystems. The extent of this wasp’s release and its current distribution are largely unknown, but it has thus far been encountered in Colorado, Montana, Washington, and Wyoming. Additional populations of Russian knapweed will likely be found to host galls of this species. Biological control documents indicate that at least eight states have established populations, but additional information is unknown at this time.


