# species_source

externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=86
description:
  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, engelmanii, garryana
  Leaf galls, integral
  Small lenticular thickening in leaf blade, two exit holes above. Fig 142.

  Fig 142. Q: dumosa, durata [sic], douglasii, garryana • Exit holes on upper side of leaf.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=86
description:
  Quercus douglasii, dumosa
  Leaf galls, integral
  Single elliptical cell in leaf blade, tip unturned, wall thin. Fig 143.

  Fig 143. Q dumosa, douglasii. On under side, pointed tip raised above surface.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=86
description:
  Unknown gall. 

  Fig 146. Q-dumosa. On under side of leaf. Larval cell basal. On last year's leaves and empty in April and May.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=87
description:
  Heteroecus flavens (McC. & Egb.). 

  Quercus chrysolepis, vacciniifolia
  Leaf galls, integral
  Fig 148. Half above, half below. Green, single or cluster, 2-5 mm.

  Fig 148. Q-vaccinifolia. Miss Egbert's figure. Projects on both.sides of leaf, green, 2 - 5 mm. in diameter. May.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=87
description:
  Quercus garryana
  Acorn galls
  "Pip" gall beside mature acorn, drops in August. Fig 149.

  Fig 149. Unknown "pip" gall beside acorn in August. Q-garryana. Drop in August. Seen at Victoria, B.C., Friday Harbor, Wash., Odell, Oregon, Ft. Jones, Calif.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=87
description:
  Trichoteras frondeum Weld. 

  Quercus chrysolepis
  Stem galls, detachable
  Fig 150. Single, hidden in dead bud scales.

  Fig 150. Q, chrysolepis. Single cell in mass of dead bud scales, ovoid, tuft of straight white hairs at apex. From galls collected at Idyllwild Nov. 6, 1948 adults were cut out Jan. 5, 1949.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=87
description:
  Callirhytis uvellae Weld. 

  Quercus agrifolia, kelloggii, wislizeni 
  Stem galls, bud galls or modified buds
  Fig 151. Cluster of 2-story red cells in May. Fleshy.

  Fig. 151. Q. agrifolia and wislizeni in the spring. Red. Adults emerged about the middle of May and were dead by May 26 (Ukiah).

  Dryocosmus attractans

  Quercus wislizeni
  Stem galls, bud galls
  Oval, 2 by 3 mm, ends flattened, protruding beyond bud scales, stick in Apr. Not yet recognized in field.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=87
description:
  Trichoteras tubifaciens (Weld). 

  Quercus garryana
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 154. Close together, 9 mm high, under.

  Fig 154.  Q-garryana. Galls 9.0 mm. long stand close together in a mass on under side of leaf. Adults were cut out Nov. 10 from galls collected in early Sept. (Sequoia National Park).


description:
  cirsiicola. Widespread Europe, Kazakhstan; introd. for biol. control: USA (western). Cirsium
        acaule; Cirsium spp. (Asteraceae). Compare with J. gibsoni.
  Jaapiella cirsiicola Rübsaamen 1915b: 503. Germany: Prignitz, Triglitz; LT, des. Sylvén 1998b:
  257; ♂; ZMHB


description:
  smooth fusiform lignified swellings of the stem, generally 2.5 cm long and 2 cm thick, with 1-30 gall chambers. The larvae hibernate in the gall, next pupate there.


description:
  The cones are somewhat malformed and discoloured. The seeds are distorted, because a cavity has been formed in which a larva lies. The young larva is pale yellow, later it turns orange. The larva hibernates in a coccon in the gall, and pupates there in spring.


description:
  trifida. Australia (Queensland); introd.: USA (Florida). Melaleuca quinquenervia; M. dealbata
  (Myrtaceae).
   Lophodiplosis trifida Gagné 1997d: 327. Australia: Queensland, Tully Heads Rd., 15.3 mi. ESE
  Tully; HT; ♂; ANIC. Refs: Purcell et al. 2007 (biol.), Gagné et al. 2009 (descr. larva)


description:
  This Australian gall midge has been introduced to Florida to control Melaleuca quinquenervia, an invasive species. It was originally thought to be an inquiline. However, it was later found to produce galls.

  Exc. photos about halfway down in [this informative U. Florida brochure](https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/BENEFICIAL/FLIES/melaleuca_gall_midge.htm).


description:
  Axillary buds and flower heads may turn into unilocular galls, but the apical meristem ma[y] form an aggregate of up to 80 cells, each with one red larva. Multivoltine, pupation in the gall.


description:
  tripleurospermi. Denmark, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Greece, Russia
  (Europe); introd.: Canada (Alberta). Tripleurospermum perforatum (Asteraceae)


description:
  2.11 Spurgia esulae Gagné (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
  Biology (Gagné 1990): This gall midge, native to Italy, forms galls in the terminal buds of E. Esula (Plate 12). Larvae feed gregariously in the gall, which is composed of expanded and overlapping leaves. They pupate in cocoons among the leaves of the gall.


description:
  euphorbiae. Widespread Europe; immigr. with introd. stock of S. esulae: Canada, USA (North
  Dakota). Euphorbia cyparissias (Euphorbiaceae).


description:
  Larvae in enlarged terminal buds. The galls may be relatively loose and slender, green en with cleary widened scales. Somewhat later in the year the galls are more compact and globular, pink, and with less strongly widened scales. Larvae yellow, gregarious, active. Multivoltine. Pupation in a cocoon in the gall or in the soil. Hibernation in the soil. Only the adult midges can be distinguished from those of S. esulae.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=87
description:
  Andricus chico Weld. 

  Quercus lobata
  Stem galls, bud galls
  Fig 156. Smooth, ovoid, lateral bud gall in Oct.

  Fig 156. Q.lobata. From galls collected at Chico Oct. 18, 1948 adults were cut out Nov. 10, 1949. One emerged Apr. 15, 1940 from a gall collected in Oct.1939 (Willits).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=87
description:
  Neuroterus sadlerensis Weld. 

  Quercus sadleriana
  Leaf galls
  Fig 157. Fleshy thickening of leaf base.

  Fig 157. The type galls were collected Aug.20 at an elevation of 6000 ft. on a ridge above Oregon Caves, Oreg. and the adults emerged August 28.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=87
description:
  Xanthoteras teres Weld. 

  Quercus garryana
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 159. Stalked pubescent ball, under side. Sept.

  Fig 159. Q-garryana. A globular knob on a cylindrical stalk hanging from a vein on under side of leaf in autumn, dropping with the leaf. Up to 5.5 mm. long. Full-grown in late July. Adults were cut out in mid-November (Sequoia National Park), on Dec. 21 (Willite).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=87
description:
  Paracraspis insolens (Weld).

  Quercus chrysolepis
  Leaf galls, separable from leaf intact
  Fig 160. Erect on leaf surface.

  Fig 160. Q. chrysolepis. Up to 10 mm. long, nearly the color of lead, flanges often reddish, hanging from under surface of leaf in the fall. From galls collected Nov. 6, 1948 adults were cut out Nov. 22 and one was alive in packet on Feb. 6, 1949.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=87
description:
  [This description may, in whole or in part, refer to [Grahamstoneia humboldti](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2707) rather than A projectus; see ID Notes]

  Andricus projectus Weld. 

  Quercus chrysolepis
  Stem galls, detachable
  Fig 161. Projecting beyond bud scales. Nov.

  Fig 161. Q. chrysolepis. On shoots from stumps. In the axil of leaves of current and previous year. Mature and drop in Nov. Adults emerged Apr. 15, 1941 and Apr. 20, 1942 from galls collected Nov. 1, 1939 (Mt. Wilson trail). One emerged Apr. 16, 1945 from a gall collected Oct. 18, 1939 (Canyonville, Oreg.).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=87
description:
  Quercus palmeri
  Stem galls
  Abrupt swelling at base of lateral branch, 30 mm in dia, covered with a dense layer 5 mm thick of crinkly hairs. Fig 163. Polythalamous.

  Unknown gall. On Q-palmeri. Diameter 28 mm., covered with a dense layer five mm. thick of tawny hairs. Polythalamous. San Jacinto Mts. (Dr.Munz).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=88
description:
  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, garryana
  Stem galls, bud galls
  Globular with a nipple, with pink stripes or smooth (parasitized?). Fig 165

  Fig 165. Unknown bud gall with pinkish stripes, pointed at apex, 2.8 mm. in dia. On Q-douglasii in spring. Occurs on Q. dumosa and garryana also. The smooth one is thought to have been attacked by guests or parasites. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=88
description:
  Quercus chrysolepis
  Leaf galls, separable from leaf intact
  Mushroom-shaped, with hairy rim, dia 7 mm by 3 mm high, upper side. Fig 167.

  Fig. 167. Unknown. Mushroom-shaped, on under side of leaf of Q. chrysolepis. Diameter 7.0 mm. Exit hole on upper side of leaf. Half-grown on June 15 on new leaves (Camp Baldy).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=88
description:
  Callirhytis perfoveata (Kinsey). 

  Quercus agrifolia, kelloggii, wislizeni
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 168. Globular, projecting on both sides of leaf, fleshy, green, succulent, dia about 6 mm. May. Mono.

  Fig 168. On Q-agrifolia, wislizeni, kelloggii. Green, succulent. Adults had just emerged on May 15 (Los Gatos). Adults in Stanford collection emerged May 15 (McC. & Egb.).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=88
description:
  Quercus engelmanni
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Truncated cone covered with spines, 6-7 mm high, erect on under side. Fig 173.

  Fig 173. Unknown. On under side of leaf of Q engelmanni [sic]. Spines mostly weathered away and gall contained a pupa on March 6 (Descanso).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=88
description:
  Quercus chrysolepis
  Leaf galls, separable from leaf intact
  Deeper [than [this gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2053)], cup-shaped, red, dia 2.4-3.5 mm, margin crenate. Fig 178 [sic]

  Fig 175. Unknown • On upper side of leaf of Q. chrysolepis. Red, margin slightly crenate, 5.5 mm. in diameter by 2.5 mm. high. Seen at Idyllwild, Calif.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=88
description:
  Quercus chrysolepis
  Leaf galls, integral [sic]
  Small cream-colored spangle in numbers, under side, crater-like top. Fig 176.

  Fig 176. Unknown. On under side of leaf of Q. chrysolepis, not on a vein. Brown, rugose, with a lighter smooth area in center. Seen at Camp Baldy.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=88
description:
  Quercus chrysolepis
  Leaf galls, separable from leaf intact
  Pill-box-shaped, rugose spangle with light smooth center, on under side. 177.

  Fig 177. Unknown. On under side of leaf of Q. chrysolepis. Cream-colored, always in a row. From Fawnskin, Calif. only, in August (N.W.C.).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=88
description:
  Quercus dumosa
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Bell-shaped, red, on under side, 2 mm high, 3 mm in dia. Fig 178.

  Fig 178. Unknown. On under side of leaf of Q. dumosa. Bell-shaped, 2.0 mm. high, reddish. Contained a larva on Dec. 21 (Banning).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=88
description:
  Quercus garryana
  Leaf galls, integral
  Groups of 2-4 oval cells in leaf blade, little thickening, Fig 179

  Fig 179. Unknown. Cells in parenchyma of leaf of Q-garryana, single or in groups of two to four, exit hole above. Seen at Caves Junction and Corvallis, Oreg.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=88
description:
  Quercus lobata
  Leaf galls, integral
  Erect, tubular, green, cell at very base. May. Fig 180.

  Fig 180. Unknown. On leaf of Q. lobata. Green, cylindrical, hollow with the larval cell at the very base. May and June.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=88
description:
  Quercus dumosa
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Swollen in middle, cell central with a distal cavity, 8-11 mm. Under. Fig 181.

  Fig 181. Unknown. On under side of leaf on a vein, 8–11 mm. long, swollen in center. Cell central with a distal cavity. On Q-garryana. Occurs on Q.dumosa also. Contained full-grown larvae Sept. 8 (Sequoia National Park).


description:
  Deformed galls of Andricus crystallinus. The affected galls were much wider, lumpier, and less pink in color than unaffected galls, and the swelling of the galls caused the tendrils of the gall to be much sparser than on unaffected galls. They are likely affected by an inquiline, which may or may not be Synergus filicornis, the only inquiline listed on this gall inducer by [Nastasi and Deans](https://www.gallformers.org/source/179). 

  Observed on an oak tentatively identified as Quercus douglasii in California in [September](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/59886066). 


description:
  Similar galls were observed on Quercus vacciniifolia in California in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/84145015). It is not clear how this gall can be distinguished from [Disholandricus lasius](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2101) galls occurring on the petiole of Q vacciniifolia. 


description:
  This gall is listed as an upper leaf gall in the literature and is nearly always found there, but at least a few iNaturalist observations seem to be D minusculus galls on the lower side of the leaf, eg [(1)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/70573411) and [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/35903623). 


description:
  This gall is listed by Joyce Gross, as [Heteroecus sp.](https://joycegross.com/images.php?search=2&taxon=Heteroecus+sp.&ordr=) "hair capsule gall wasp" in the described species section on Quercus vacciniifolia, and as [gall type #9](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall009.html) in the undescribed species section on Quercus chrysolepis, palmeri, and vacciniifolia. 

  Observed on Quercus vacciniifolia in California in [November](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/65870177).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=88
description:
  Andricus mendocinensis Weld. 

  Lithocarpus densiflora
  Fig 182. An abrupt, woody, stem swelling at the crown, 30 mm in dia. Polythalamous. Mendocino CA, only record.

  Fig 182. Supposed to be a "root" gall on tanbark oak. As it was collected by Dr. E. O. Essig there is no reason to doubt the host record. It is the only cynipid gall ever taken on this host and should be searched for. The type gall can not now be located. It was collected on May 29 and contained adults which never emerged.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=89
description:
  Quercus garryana
  Flower galls
  Fusiform, 2.3 mm long by 1 mm in dia. May. Ft Jones CA. Fig 183.

  Fig 183. Unknown flower gall on Q. garryana at Ft. Jones, Calif., on May 22. Surface pubescent, 2.5 mm. long by I.O mm. in diameter.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=89
description:
  Neuroterus floricola Kinsey. 

  Quercus douglasii
  Flower galls
  Fig 184. Hypertrophied filament. Late March.

  Fig 184. Projected outline of a cotype gall from Three Rivers, Calif. on Q. douglasii. Length 1.7 mm. Not truncate at base like florulentus Weld # Not distinguished in the field from Dryocosmus gigas (Kinsey) on the same host.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=89
description:
  Loxaulus trizonalis Weld, agamic. 

  Quercus chrysolepis 
  Acorn galls
  Fig 186. Separate cells inside acorn.

  Fig 186. Cells in large acorns in exposed situations on Q; chrysolepis, no visible deformation. Larvae full-grown Sept. 21, 1922. Adults emerged Mar. 12 and 21, 1925, one was cut out Jan. 21, 1926, more emerged Mar. 16, 1927 (Idyllwild).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=89
description:
  Quercus chrysolepis 
  Acorn galls
  Cells in cup of mature acorn with separate exit holes. Fig 187.

  Fig. 187. Unknown. Cells in the cup of large acorns of Q. chrysolepis. No sign of their presence until exit holes are seen in March, April, August and September. Seen at Idyllwild, Mt. Wilson, Kyburz, Santa Lucia Mts.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=89
description:
  Diplolepis ashmeadi (Beut.). 

  Rosa spp.
  Stem swellings
  Fig 189. Fusiform, 4-7 mm by 20-30 mm. On Rosa nutkana. Type from Corvallis OR

  Fig 189. From Beutenmueller's original figures. On Rosa nutkana. Types from Corvallis, Oreg. He reared adults from late February to early April. Galls were seen at Waitsburg, Wash.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=89
description:
  Quercus douglasii
  Acorn galls
  Large cell filling inside of acorn whose cup is 6 mm in dia. Fig 190. The only specimen was empty in October (Stanford CA).

  Fig 190. Unknown. A single large cell inside a small acorn of Q. douglasii in Oct. (Stanford). The adult had escaped. Diameter 5.0 mm.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=89
description:
  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, garryana, lobata
  Stem galls, bud galls
  Egg-shaped, in axil, straw-yellow, thin-walled, 2 mm. Early spring. Fig 191.

  Fig 191. Unknown. Early spring bud gall on Q- dumosa, douglasii, lobata, garryana. Straw-yellow, wall thin, bare. Have been empty when seen in April & May.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=89
description:
  Quercus agrifolia, kelloggii, wislizeni 
  Stem galls, bud galls or modified buds
  Thin-shelled, smooth, tan, hidden inside bud. Exit hole thru scales. Fig 192.

  Fig 192. Unknown. Bud gall entirely hidden inside bud of Q. agrifolia, wislizeni and kelloggii. No indication of its presence until exit hole thru the bud scales is seen. Maker emerged before May 20 (Baird).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=104
description:
  Quercus agrifolia, wislizeni 
  Stem galls, bud galls or modified buds
  Depressed sphere with nipple at apex and circle of white hairs at base when detached. Green while growing, not secreting honeydew. May. Fig 194.

  Fig 194. Unknown. On Q agrifolia and wislizeni. A green smooth bud gall with a nipple at apex, almost hidden by bud scales. Has a circle of white hairs at base when detached. Found in northern California in mid-May. It is not Dryocosmus attractans (Kinsey) which secretes copious honeydew.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=89
description:
  Fig 195. Unknown. Blisters on the inner face of the inner bud scales which persist after the outer bud scales have dropped off and left an annual ring of scars. Galle empty at base of new growth on Aug. 2 on Q, kelloggii. Seen only once at Milford, Calif. On same tree were hundreds of galls of Dryocosmus grumatus Weld.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=89
description:
  Andricus verensis Weld. 

  133. verensis Weld. N. name for vernus Weld 1944 US Natl Mus., Proc 95:13. Female O Preocc. Ft Jones, CA. Q garryana. Adults emerged Apr 27, 1923, Apr 21, 1924 and Apr 3 1925 from galls collected in May 1922.

  Quercus dumosa, garryana
  Stem galls, bud galls
  Fig 196. Globular, green, 4-5 mm, wall thick.

  Fig 196. A smooth green bud gall with only a slight nipple at apex and a sunken white scar at base when detached. Q. dumosa and Q garryana. After it drops the fleshy green layer on outside dries up and a cross-section of the thick hard inner wall shows about a dozen longitudinal passages.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=89
description:
  Antistrophus microseris (McC. & Egb.). 

  Microseris sp.
  Fig 197. Stem swelling, 10-20 mm by 20-30 mm long. Type locality, Stanford CA

  Fig 197. On Microseris sp. growing in the grass by the side of the road to foothills back of the campus (Stanford). Galls were collected in spring of 1916 and dead adults were found in the box in November.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=90
description:
  Diplolepis californica (Beut.). 

  Rosa spp.
  Stem swellings
  Fig 198. Covered with aborted leaflets, 20-30 mm in dia, terminal, on Rosa sp. at Berkeley CA

  Fig 198. "On a species of wild rose from the San Jacinto valley in S. Calif. planted in a Berkeley garden." The types emerged Jan. 20, Feb. 7, 15 and Mar. 7 from galls collected in November. Galls from Los Gatos on Rosa californica sent to Washington gave adults Mar .5, 5, 26 and Apr. 16. Adults were still alive in packet when galls from Truckee were examined on April 27.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=90
description:
  Diplolepis lens Weld. 

  Rosa sp.
  Leaf galls
  Fig 199. A lentil-shaped thickening in parenchyma of leaf in fall, dia up to 3.2 mm, on Rosa nutkana. Corvallis OR

  Fig 199. On Rosa nutkana. A lens-shaped thickening of the parenchyma of the leaf like the figure which is of rosaefolii (Ckll.), an eastern species. The type galls collected at Corvallis, Oreg. in October gave adults June 7-14.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=90
description:
  Diastrophus kincaidii Gill.

  Rubus nutkanus
  Stem gall
  Fig 200. Smooth, lumpy, pithy. Poly.

  Fig 200. On Rubus nutkanus. Galls half-grown May 18 (Los Gatos), full-grown but fleshy and larvae very small on June 29(Friday Harbor, Wash.), contain pupae Feb. 19 (Seattle, Wash.), adults out Mar. 50 (Placerville), June 5-15 (Siskiyou, Oreg.).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=90
description:
  Diplolepis weldi (Beut.). 

  Rosa sp.
  Leaf galls
  Fig 201. In clusters, covered with reflexed, plumose spines. Type from Quail Flat, Tulare Co CA

  Fig 201. On Rosa sp. Spines on the distal half flexed in middle and ending in a long plumose tip. In a cluster on leaf. Type galls were collected at Quail Flat, Tulare Co., Calif. at an elevation of 7000 ft. on July 28. Adults emerged the next March 17, 25, 50. All males.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=90
description:
  Diplolepis terrigena Weld. 

  Rosa spp.
  "Root" galls
  Fig 203. Up to 50 mm in dia, at crown.

  Fig 203. On Rosa sp. Galls of the previous season collected at Ojai on April 6 contained pupae. Adults emerged April 26 to May 20. Galls were seen at St.Helena and Los Gatos.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=90
description:
  Rosa spp.
  Stem swellings
  Abrupt stem swelling. Fig 204. Only guests have been reared from it.

  204. From this very common stem gall on rose no maker has been reared. The guest fly, Periclistus sp. emerged Mar. 17 to Apr. 17. At Santa Margarita on Dec. 15 galls like the photo were found and along with them was a slight twig swelling containing one larval cell and a full-grown larva. This may be the normal structure which guests have modified into the woody polythalamous galls of the photo.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  [Undescribed]

  Quercus arizonica, reticulata [rugosa]
  "Root" galls
  Cluster of elongated reddish bullets. Fig 2


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  Andricus prescotti

  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, reticulata [rugosa], gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Acorn galls
  Fig 15.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  Quercus arizonica, reticulata [rugosa], gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Acorn galls
  Separate cells inside acorn, exit hole above. 
  Fig 18.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi
  Bud galls
  Globular, covered with broad bracts. Fig. 27 and 150. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  Quercus arizonica, gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Bud galls
  Globular, bluish, 5 mm. in dia., fleshy, cavity large. July. Fig. 25.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  Andricus wheeleri

  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Stem galls 
  Stem swellings or cells under bark 
  Fig. 37. Thickened bark, often lobed. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  Andricus montezumus

  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, reticulata [rugosa]
  Stem galls 
  Stem swellings or cells under bark 
  Woody, rugose, fissured, very hard inside. 
  [no image]


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  Andricus bracteatus

  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, reticulata [rugosa]
  Stem galls 
  Stem swellings or cells under bark 
  Fig. 34 and 62.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  [Undescribed]

  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, reticulata [rugosa], subturbinella [turbinella]
  Stem galls 
  Stem swellings or cells under bark 
  Cells bursting out of cracks in bark in rows, smooth, tan. Fig. 39. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia
  Stem galls 
  Stem swellings or cells under bark 
  Terminal, 4 mm. in dia., hollow. Fig. 47 and 141. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  Neuroterus virgens

  Quercus arizonica, gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Stem galls 
  Stem swellings or cells under bark 
  Fig. 42. Cells hidden in wood under bark. Twig slightly swollen.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  Disholcaspis rubens

  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, reticulata [rugosa], gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Stem galls 
  Detachable 
  Fig 58. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  Disholcaspis edura

  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, reticulata [rugosa], subturbinella [turbinella]
  Stem galls 
  Detachable 
  Fig 55.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Stem galls 
  Detachable 
  Fig. 67. This may be [Disholcaspis insulana](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2363) Kinsey described from Mexico, 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  Atrusca aggregata

  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi
  Stem galls 
  Detachable 
  Fig 118. In fall.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia
  Stem galls 
  Detachable 
  Densely short hairy/woolly, solid with imbedded cells. Fig. 64. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  Atrusca simulatrix

  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, gambelii
  Leaf galls 
  Detachable 
  Similar to/Not distinguished from [Atrusca bella](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/759) above.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  Disholcaspis sulcata

  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, reticulata [rugosa], subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls 
  Detachable 
  Fig 85.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  Adleria arizonica

  Quercus arizonica
  Leaf galls 
  Detachable 
  Similar to above [[Disholcaspis sulcata](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/949)]


description:
  One  species,  [Adleria] arizonica  (Cockerell)  must  be  transferred  to  Disholcaspis: D. arizonicus (Cockerell), comb. nov


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  Xanthoteras pulchripenne

  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, reticulata [rugosa], subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls 
  Detachable 
  Fig 96.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, reticulata [rugosa]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Similar [to [S pulchripennis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/956)] with a free-rolling cell. Fig 97.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Phylloteras cupella

  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, reticulata [rugosa], subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Fig 88 and 173.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Dros amphora

  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Figs 98, 100, and 174

  Similar to Dros amphora

  Quercus gambelii
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Fig 98.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Callirhytis juvenca

  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, reticulata [rugosa], gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  leaf galls
  Detachable
  Fig 159. A midrib cluster in fall.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, reticulata [rugosa], gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Woolly midrib cluster in fall. Fig 92.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Woolly midrib cluster but cells elongated. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Antron nubila

  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, reticulata [rugosa], subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Fig 86. Wool crimson, in fall.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Andricus tecturnarum

  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Fig 91. Hairs red, crystalline.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Disk-shaped spangle, 3 mm in dia, Fig 74. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, reticulata [rugosa]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Small, black, pointed, at leaf edge. Fig 93.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Quercus arizonica
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Globular, short-pubescent, 4 mm., cell supported by fibers. Fig. 160.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Globular, red, covered with short blunt stout spines. Fig. 161. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Neuroterus saltatorius var. decrescens Kinsey

  Quercus arizonica
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Ellipsoid, twice as long as wide, with short hairs, similar to the jumping gall on the valley oak in California. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Andricus pilularis

  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, reticulata [rugosa], gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Integral
  Fig 103.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Andricus reticulatus

  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, reticulata [rugosa], gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Integral
  Fig 179.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi
  Leaf galls
  Integral
  Cluster of small cells in parenchyma near tip of leaf. Fig. 115. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Neuroterus howertoni

  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Integral
  Fig. 102.

  Like Neuroterus howertoni

  Quercus gambelii
  Leaf galls
  Integral
  Like Fig. 102.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Integral
  Dead spot with 2-5 exit holes above. Fig. 105. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, reticulata [rugosa], gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Integral
  Cell at end of a prolonged vein of leaf. Fig. 113.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, reticulata [rugosa]
  Leaf galls
  Integral
  Blister in parenchyma. Fig 110. Cynipid?


description:
  A gall that externally matched this description was observed in Arizona in [August](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/56528940). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885261#page/334/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus montezumus

  Irregularly rounded, polythalamous, as it ages becoming brown, rugose, fissured, length 55 mm, diameter 3.5 mm, on live oak. 


description:
  Catkin gall [on Juglans hindsii].  The mites infest almost every male flower in the drooping catkins. There is considerable malformation with excessive development of individual flowers, each resembling a miniature cauliflower head. Galled catkins on a tree are conspicuous from the ground as a green or dirty brown, blackish, lumpy mass. They begin to deteriorate in July, becoming heavily infested by the mildew fungus. Infested catkins often remain attached to the tree so that galls can be seen throughout the season. The mites seem to have the effect of prolonging the life of the catkin. Although female flowers are heavily infested with mites, they do not show signs of malformation. 

  The male, protogyne, and deutogyne were found inhabiting galled male catkins and female flowers during June-July. The life cycle of this mite has not been observed. Eriophyes spermaphaga was recently discovered on catkins of Hind's walnut from California. No collection has been made in other areas. This species should not be confused with Eriophyes neobeevori Keifer, which causes similar injury to catkins in California walnut {Juglans californica S. Wats.) in southern California.


description:
  This is a beautiful marginal roll gall of bracken. When seen under a microscope, it looks like a delicate, pale, lime-green lace border on the underside of the pinnule. The first indication of infestation is a characteristic discoloration and distortion of the pinna. The affected pinna is generally yellowish, later turning brown. The galled pinnules are abnormally small and distorted, with a thickening of reflexed margins. The indusium, which becomes enlarged, contains mites and lime-green erineum like hairs. The infestation occurs in June-July.


description:
  These are unique galls that develop on the underside of leaves. They are small, rounded, solitary, or clustered, and they are scattered haphazardly over the leaf blade and along the leaf margin. Their positions are marked on the upper surface by small, white spots, each with a tiny escape hole. The presence of white spots against the green background of the upper leaf blade makes the galls striking and easily recognizable. The galls are of the same whiteness as the underside of the leaf blade. Frequently the plant is heavily galled. These interesting and beautiful galls are caused by Eriophyes ceanothi.

  Eriophyes ceanothi occurs on redroot, an evergreen shrub found from British Columbia to Colorado and California. Specimens of mites were first collected in Oregon and subsequently in California.


description:
  This typical pouch gall, which is distinctive and attractive, occurs on a tiny, narrow, elongate leaf blade of a rosaceous plant. The galls are hemispherical with roughened, puckered domes; they are solitary and rarely coalescent. There are seldom more than two pouches on one leaf. Initially the galls are the same color as the rest of the leaf blade, becoming brown as they mature. Infested leaves tend to be those under shady areas or where they are less exposed to sunlight. Heavily infested plants have malformed leaves that are noticeable at a distance.

  The host plant is locally known as greasewood, an evergreen shrub of the Rosaceae family; it grows in the chaparral area in California. 


description:
  The galls induced by Phytoptus emarginatae are familiar and typically pouch type. They are scattered at random over the surface of the leaves. Each gall is elongate, clávate or fingerlike, of variable length, and erect or oblique. It protrudes through the upper surface of the blade; occasionally two galls are coalesced. Generally the galls are most conspicuous when yellowish and beginning to turn light brown. 

  Phytoptus emarginatae appears to be widespread on several species of Prunus. It was first collected in galls on bitter cherry in California and subsequently in galls with Phytoptus prunidemissae on chokecherry in many areas of the Western United States. Other hosts include wild, common or European, wild-goose, and Sierra plums.


description:
  This is a striking and impressive pouchtype gall that appears on the upper surface of the leaf. Each gall is elongate, spindle shaped, about 4-8 mm long, with a pointed or attenuate tip, and is attached to the leaf blade by a slender stalk. The galls are solitary and tend to crowd, often particularly on the basal part of the leaf, mostly near the midrib. They vary from yellowish green to brownish, to reddish. The interior of the gall, where the mites are found, is hollow, with fleshy, turgid tissue. When mature, the galls split open longitudinally, dispersing the mites. 

  Specimens have been found only on blackcherry in the Eastern United States. Phytoptus cerasicrumena is not likely to be confused with other species that infest Prunus. The galls induced by this mite are distinctive. 


description:
  The galls induced by this mite are easily distinguished by their position on the leaves. Either they occur on the lateral veins, or, when numerous, they are haphazardly scattered singly or in clusters on the upper surface of the leaf blade. The galls are small, variable in size, with hemispherical domes widely open on the underside. They range from yellow to yellowish tinged with red or pink, later becoming brown. The outer surface of the gall is covered with short, white hairs, and the interior is filled with erineum-like hairs, some of which project through the wide exit hole. A young leaf may have so many galls that its growth appears to be inhibited.

  The host is buttonbush, a shrub that grows along streams and swamps in the Eastern and Western United States. Specimens were collected in Washington, D.C., and Florida.


description:
  The mite induces circular, shallow galls, 5-15 mm in diameter, outpocketed from the upper surface of the leaf blade. The underside is open and filled with firm, yellowish, irregular epidermal growth (see pi. 5, A). The mites live within the recesses of the growth or partly exposed to the surface, and when disturbed they remain motionless. The infestation seems particularly to affect the lower shaded branches of the tree.

  The host is quaking aspen from California. Aculus dormitor (Keifer) is an inquiline in the gall.


description:
  Various willows are commonly infested by eriophyids. The situation is rather complex because the taxonomy of both the mites and the galls is uncertain. The galls on different willows are usually distinguished by form, color, position, density, and texture. Aculops tetanothrix belongs to a complex of gallforming eriophyid species that induce galls on different willows; consequently, the galls are varied. The galls caused by A. tetanothrix are 2-3 mm in diameter, beadlike, and irregularly rounded. They are often coalesced and scattered randomly or clustered alongside the midrib and in between lateral veins on the upper surface of the leaf blade. They vary from yellowish green to pinkish or reddish brown and purple. The exterior of the gall may appear roughened and shiny or covered with fuzzy fine hairs as on pussy willow leaves. Galls may be so numerous that they cover the entire leaf blade.


description:
  Spined-Turban-Gall Wasp
  Antron douglasii
  (Cynips douglasii)*
  [Page 120]

  In spring, much less conspicuous, bisexual-generation, monothalamous, round bud galls develop. The bisexual bud galls of this species are succulent and green, but with tubercles scattered over the surface.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54792#page/214/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus trizonalis Weld

  Distribution.--CA

  Biology.--Alternate unisexual and bisexual generations are known. The unisexual generation induces acorn galls while the bisexual generation stimulates stem galls on Quercus chrysolepis. The adults of the bisexual generation emerge from the stem galls in April and oviposit into young acorns; galls of the unisexual generation mature in September and the adults emerge the subsequent spring in March or remain in the galls for one year more and emerge in spring of the second year.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Quercus oblongifolia, toumeyi, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Flower galls
  SmaII, Tan, Thin-walled pointed cells among the stamens/anthers • Fig. 9 and 129. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Quercus oblongifolia, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Acorn galls
  Cell in cup causing acorn to be lop-sided. Fig 126.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=20
description:
  Quercus oblongifolia, reticulata [rugosa]
  Stem galls
  Stem swellings or cells in twig
  Woody swelling cracks open to disclose cells. Fig 70 and 142.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=20
description:
  Quercus oblongifolia
  Stem galls
  Stem swellings or cells in twig
  Swellings at base of lateral branches. Fig 143.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=20
description:
  Neuroterus argentatus

  Quercus oblongifolia, gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Fig 82.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=21
description:
  Disholcaspis acetabula

  Quercus toumeyi, reticulata [rugosa], gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  "Root" galls
  Fig 4.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=21
description:
  Quercus toumeyi
  Leaf galls
  Integral
  Similar [to cell on a prolonged vein](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2456) with a long stalk. Fig 114.


description:
  Tanoak-Pip-Gall Wasp
  Andricus notholithocarpi
  [page 209]

  Galls measure 3-5 mm long, are relatively smooth and glabrous, and are marked by longitudinal ridges on the gall surface terminating in a rounded point. When fresh in late spring, the galls are light green; they age to light brown by winter.


description:
  Trioza anceps Tuthill

  Host plant. Persea americana. The larvae feed initially on the lower surface of the leaf in pit galls, forming corresponding large conical growths on the upper surface of the leaf, into which the larvae migrate at an early stage (Hollis & Martin, field observations, see also Stahler, 1941: 217, fig).


description:
  The galls are quite conspicuous on the leaves, of a large size, greenish yellow in color with a bluish plume, and when fully matured open along the side in the form of a large curved lip. 


description:
  The Ilex Psylla
  During a recent short trip to the sea shore, my attention was called (by my friend, Mr. Curtiss) to a gall on Ilex cassine, a shrubby tree growing in the rich hammocks along our coasts. These were found on the terminal new leaves, measured from .2 to .3 of an inch in length, and frequently destroyed the whole shape of the  leaf. In the galls the young were covered with a mealy powder, very much resembling certain Coccides, and when disturbed do not app ear to secrete the watery globules noticed in the previously described species. 


description:
  Trioza godoyae sp. n.
  (figs 4, 6, 19-21, 24, 25)

  Host plant: Persea americana; the larvae cause leaf-edge rolls (Godoy & Hollis, field observation)


description:
  Trioza aguacate sp. n.
  (figs 3, 16-18)

  Host plant. Persea americana; insects cause shoot and leaf deformation (Mejia Navarro, field observation)


description:
  Andricus notholithocarpi, n. sp.

  Gall: Four different gall types induced by this species were found (Figs. 10–16). Three are very similar, differing only by the plant organ on which they occur. The fourth probably represents an early developmental stage of the typical gall induced on a leaf; perhaps with development stopped due to parasitism.

  1. Galls in buds (authors' field code spCAb4) (Figs. 10–12) — small (∼3–5 mm long) pip gall in an axillary bud, with longitudinal ridges along the gall surface. Pale green when developing, rusty-brown when mature. Collected in October, December, April and May.

  2. Galls on catkins (authors' field code spCAc?) (Fig. 13) — small conical gall on staminate catkins, with delicate longitudinal ridges along gall, several mm long, pale green when developing. Collected in August, September and December. The gall is very similar to spCAb4 and spCA115, just on a different plant organ.

  3. Galls on leaves (authors' field code spCA115) (Fig. 14) — small conical leaf gall, on edge of leaf, causing infolding of leaf edge and bending of midrib, small longitudinal ridges on outside of gall. Collected in June, August, October, December, January and March. The gall is very similar to spCAc? and spCAb4, just on a different plant organ.

  4. Galls in swollen leaf midribs (authors' field code spCA18) (Figs. 15–16) — swollen leaf midrib or petiole, green or yellowish-green; usually causes midrib of leaf to bend. Collected in June, September, October, January and April. No adult gall-inducers were reared from this gall type; only unidentified cynipid inquilines (Synergini) and parasitoids from the superfamily Chalcidoidea were reared. However, remains of larval gall inducers were dissected from this gall type.

  Biology : Galls start to develop in June–August at the same time as new leaf and flower development. Gall and larval development continues during September-December, larvae overwinter in galls and adults emerge in early spring of the following year. Currently known only from Notholithocarpus densiflorus.

  Distribution: Currently known only from California, USA.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=21
description:
  Xanthoteras fumosum

  Quercus reticulata [rugosa], gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  "Root" galls
  Gall like Fig 5 which is of [a related eastern species](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/831).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=21
description:
  Quercus reticulata [rugosa], subturbinella [turbinella]
  "Root" galls
  Abrupt, woody, many-celled cluster, diameter 13 mm. Fig 122.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=21
description:
  Quercus reticulata [rugosa], gambelii
  Acorn galls
  Globular, green, on side of acorn cup in July. Fig 11.


description:
  Bassettia tenuana

  Quercus gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  "Root" galls
  Gall resembles Fig 1 [labelled tenuis--presumably this is [Loxaulus tenuis?](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/890)]


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=21
description:
  Quercus gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  "Root" galls
  Cluster of fleshy galls in spring, 20-30 mm in dia. Fig 6. Colorado.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=25
description:
  Xanthoteras mediocre

  Quercus subturbinella [turbinella]
  "Root" galls
  Cluster of fig-shaped galls each 2-6 celled.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=29
description:
  Trichoteras frondeum

  Quercus wilcoxii [chrysolepis]
  Bud galls
  Single cell inside an enlarged and apparently dead bud.


description:
  Andricus barriosi, n. sp.

  Gall (Figs. 4 A–D). Galls present as dense, spherical masses covered with light brown hairs on the midrib of leaves (Fig 4A and B) [the figures show the galls on the lower side of the leaf]. The gall is first orange, becoming dark brown when mature (Fig. 4C). Diameter measures 2.09 to 2.16 cm. The majority of galls are solitary and develop indistinctly on the upper or lower surface of the leaf blade. The internal structure of the gall shows a highly lignified core enclosing several larval cells (Fig. 4D and E)

  Distribution. Andricus  barriosi  was  found  between  1,000–2,070  m  asl  at  Volcán  Barú  and  Alto  Quiel,  Chiriquí Province, Panama.

  Biology. Only  the  asexual  generation  of  A.  barriosi  is  known,  which  induces  galls  on  leaves  of  Quercus bumelioides Liebm. and Q. insignis M. Martens & Galeotti (Fagaceae, sect. Quercus). The galls are found between December and May, during the dry season, when new leaves of Q. bumelioides and Q. insignis begin to emerge. The adult insects emerge from mature galls from June to July.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=29
description:
  Quercus wilcoxii [chrysolepis]
  Stem galls
  Stem swellings
  Fusiform, 10 mm in diameter, lop-sided, cells nested. Fig 53.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=29
description:
  Heteroecus melanoderma

  Quercus wilcoxii [chrysolepis]
  Stem galls
  Detachable
  "Date seed" gall. Covered with short dense tawny wool.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=29
description:
  Quercus wilcoxii [chrysolepis]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Small sphere, brown, with hilum on top, in spring. Fig 76.


description:
  Andricus breviramuli, n. sp.

  [Photos of this gall appear on page 6 of the pdf]

  Gall  (Figs.  3-4).Galls  in  the  terminal  part  of  twigs.    Immature  galls  green,  with  a  smooth,  slightly  shiny  surface.    Mature  galls  club-shaped,  green  to  brown,  with wrinkled surface, polythalamous, 6 to 10 cm long, with an average length of 4.8 cm  (n  =  30).    Basal  part  narrow  (7.6  mm  diameter)  while  the  distal  part  is  broader  (9.2  mm  in  diameter),  the  final  third  of  the  twig  swelling  sometimes  to  14  mm  in  diameter.  Internal tissues of mature gall are hard and woody.  Larval chambers are oval (1 mm long x 2 mm wide) and 4 to 20 per gall aligned along the main axis of the twig.

  Host Quercus laeta Liebm. (section Quercus of Quercus). 

  Distribution.  México (Santa Fe, Delegación Cuajimalpa, DF, México City).  


  Biology.  Only the asexual females are known.  Adults emerge in late winter and early spring, when new shoots are starting to grow.  

  Etymology.  Related to damage to host branches. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=29
description:
  [Undescribed]

  Quercus wilcoxii [chrysolepis]
  Leaf galls
  Integral
  Fig 135.
  Conical, red, 2-10 mm high, surface above it depressed.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=29
description:
  Quercus wilcoxii [chrysolepis]
  Leaf galls
  Integral
  Oval parenchyma thickening, exit hole above. Fig 117.


description:
  Kinseyella quercusobtusata, new species
  Asexual female

  [Photos of the gall appear on page 10 of the pdf]

  Gall (Fig. 4). A leaf gall, almost always on the underside, usually attached to the midrib, more rarely on the lateral veins or leaf petiole. Usually one gall per leaf, sometimes two-three. Unilocular, approximately spherical, 20–40 mm in diameter, yellowish and tinged with pink and red when mature, the surface with dense rusty-brown felt-like pubescence. The gall is very fragile, with a very thin external wall. The hard larval chamber is 3–4 mm in diameter, with 2–3 mm thick hard wall, in rusty dense hairs and located in the centre of the gall, supported by numerous radiating brown fibres.

  Biology. Only the asexual generation of this species is known, inducing leaf galls on Q. obtusata (Section Quercus ‘sensu stricto’). The gall starts to develop in summer and mature in autumn; adults start to emerge in late autumn and probably prolong the winter. This is the first record of a cynipid gallwasp on this endemic Mexican oak species, characteristics of which are given in Romero-Rangel et al. (2002), Flores-Maya et al. (2006) and Rodriguez-Rivera & Romero-Rangel (2007).

  Distribution. Adults currently known only from Mexico: Estado de México. Galls were collected in the following counties: Tepotzotlan, Villa del Carbón, Chapa de Mota y Villa Nicolás Romero


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=21
description:
  Quercus toumeyi, reticulata [rugosa]
  Bud galls
  Bluish, 5 mm in dia, fleshy, cavity large. July. Fig 28. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=23
description:
  Neuroterus congregatus

  Quercus gambelii
  Bud galls
  Thin-walled, inside flower buds in a terminal cluster in spring. Manitou, CO. Probably on Q gambelii.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=23
description:
  Quercus gambelii
  Bud galls
  Depressed sphere with conical apex, in axil in fall, 2.7 mm high. Fig 147. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=25
description:
  Quercus subturbinella [turbinella]
  Bud galls
  Ellipsoid, with short dense pubescence. In fall. Fig 35.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=22
description:
  Andricus rhizoxenus

  Quercus reticulata [rugosa]
  Stem galls
  Stem swellings
  Hard and granular inside. Fig 38.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=22
description:
  Quercus reticulata [rugosa], gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Stem galls
  Stem swellings
  Terminal club, one-celled, Fig 50. Determination in literature as Disholcaspis sileri (Bass.) is probably erroneous.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=23
description:
  Neuroterus clavensis

  Quercus gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Stem galls
  Stem swellings
  Fig 40. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=23
description:
  Andricus ruginosus

  Quercus gambelii
  Stem galls
  Stem swellings
  Fig 46. Carbonaceous black, fissured.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=25
description:
  Quercus subturbinella [turbinella]
  Stem galls
  Stem swellings
  Small cells in shortened thickened new growth. Fig 149.


description:
  Burnettweldia conalis (Weld 1926), comb. nov.
  Asexual

  Hosts: Quercus garryana, berberidifolia [see ID Notes]

  [A photo of the gall appears on page 32 of the pdf]

  Gall. (Fig 92). Detachable monolocular stem galls, pointed, conical, glabrous, occur singly or in clusters of 2–5. The gall is 12–15 mm high and 8–9 mm wide at the base; sides of the gall are smooth; the base of the gall wraps over the stem; larval chamber centrally positioned in the gall base and perpendicular to the gall vertical axis. The parenchyma tissue is soft, not woody, epidermal layer thin; color of growing galls pale green with white pile which turns reddish; mature galls light brown, old galls dark brown to black, not deciduous (Burnett 1977, Russo 2006). 

  Biology. Galls develop in summer; adults emerge in early autumn. Galls on Q. berberidifolia, Q. garryana (Burks 1979)

  Range: CA, Sierra Nevada mountains


description:
  Burnettweldia corallina (Bassett 1890), comb. nov.

  Holcaspis corallinus
  Disholcaspis corallina
  Cynips corallina

  Hosts: Quercus douglasii

  [A picture of the gall is given on page 32 of the pdf]

  Gall. (Fig 93). Detachable, monolocular gall occurring singly or in clusters of 2–4 at the base of leaf petioles. The gall is orange, yellow, or reddish when mature, 10–11 mm wide, with club-like, 2 mm long projections; in some galls the surface projections are reduced to rounded bumps or tubercles. The surface of the gall is delicately pubescent. Parenchyma of the gall is thick, hard, crystalline, reddish pink; the larval chamber thick-walled, oval, located at the gall base, above point of attachment. Young galls are yellow-green, growing directly from young stems, coated with velvety, whitish stellate pile. Over time a black sooty mould grows on mature galls, and they become hard and lignified (Burnett 1977, Russo 2006). 

  Biology. Galls develop in summer, mature in November; adults emerge aftersoon. Galls on Q. douglasii (Burks 1979, authors). 

  Distribution. USA: California (Burks 1979); San Joaquin Valley, CA (Burnett 1977)


description:
  Burnettweldia plumbella (Kinsey 1920), comb. nov.

  Disholcaspis plumbella
  Adleria plumbella

  Hosts: Quercus berberidifolia, douglasii, dumosa

  [Two photos of the gall appear on page 32 of the pdf]

  Gall. (Figs 94–95). Detachable monolocular bud or stem gall, occuring singly or in clusters on young stems, with a long curved pointed beak at the apex. Two colour forms: (i) greenish with round yellow spots, and (ii) deep wine red with bright yellow spots. The main body of the gall 10–15 mm in diameter, apical projection around 2 mm. The larval chamber is spherical, located centrally (Burnett 1977, Russo 2006). 

  Biology. Galls appear in May, fully grown in August, mature in September and early October; adults emerge in November-December. Overwinters in the egg stage. Galls on Q. berberidifolia, Q. douglasii, Q. dumosa (Burks 1979)

  Range: CA, Baja California


description:
  Burnettweldia washingtonensis (Gillette 1894), comb. nov.

  Cynips washingtonensis
  Disholcaspis washingtonensis

  Hosts: Quercus douglasii, dumosa, garryana, lobata

  [A photo of the gall appears on page 32 of the pdf]

  Gall. (Fig 96). Detachable monolocular stem gall, occuring singly or in groups on young stems, beige to dirty gray, solid, round, fuzzy, 8–10 mm wide, with mealy-granular surface texture and bumps, often with a short stalk at the base. The larval chamber in the center, oval, thick-walled. Old galls can remain on the trees for a year or more (Burnett 1977, Russo 2006). 

  Biology. Galls mature in September-October; adults emerge in November. Galls on Q. douglasii, Q. dumosa, Q. garryana, Q. lobata (Burks 1979).

  Range: CA, OR, WA, Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains


description:
  Burnettweldia californicordazi, sp. nov.
  Agamic generation

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella [Cf ID Notes for discussion of hosts]

  [Photos provided on page 32 of the pdf; quickest link is through [Zenodo](https://zenodo.org/record/5043064#.Y1dPHXbMLtR)]

  Gall. (Figs 89–91). Detachable monolocular stem galls, globular, with glabrous surface, smooth, occur singly or in clusters of 2–5. Spherical gall of 12–15 mm in diameter, sometimes with a very small apical tip; the base of the gall wraps over the stem; larval chamber is spherical, positioned centrally, around 3 mm in diameter. The parenchyma tissue is woody, epidermal layer thin; color of growing galls pale green with white pile which turns reddish; mature galls light brown, not deciduous. 

  Biology. Galls develop in summer, mature in August; adults emerge in October. Galls on Q. turbinella.

  Range: Baja California [Burnett 1977 lists in California as well]

  Remarks. Burnettweldia californicordazi sp. nov. morphologically corresponds the description of W. californica, ms. name given by Burnett (1977). According to Burnett, this species was collected in different localities in California (USA), from San Diego to Lake County, inducing galls on Q. douglasii, Q. dumosa, Q. turbinella californica [john-tuckeri], and hybrids of Q. t. californica [john-tuckeri] with Q. lobata, Q. dumosa, and Q. engelmanni. Burnett (1977) mentioned he collected one male amongst more than 400 females but we suspect the only male he reared was actually a cynipid inquiline. Given the morphology of the females, the species described herein is definitely an asexual form. Burnett (1977) also mentioned that galls of his W. californica, now B. californicordazi sp. nov., are similar to those of Disholcaspis canescens (Bassett, 1890), and galls of W. californica and B. corallina comb. nov. were erroneously assigned as cotype galls of D. canescens. 


description:
  Nichollsiella arizonica (Cockerell, 1902), comb. nov.

  Hocaspis arizonica
  Disholcaspis arizonica
  Adleria arizonica
  Disholcaspis arizonicus

  Hosts: Quercus arizonica, turbinella

  [A photo of the gall appears on page 38 of the pdf]

  Gall. (Fig 109). Detachable leaf galls. Similar to the gall of N. sulcata (Cockerell 1902, Weld 1960). Galls are globular, 9 mm in diameter, pale ochreous to green, not shiny, attached to the base of the petiole of a leaf with a projecting point next to the place of insertion. The gall is brown inside, spongy, moderately dense, with at least two larval cells (Cockerell 1902). 

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known. Galls on Q. arizonica and Q. turbinella; adults emerge in April (Cockerell 1902; authors).

  Range: AZ


description:
  Nichollsiella puigi, sp. nov.

  Hosts: Quercus chihuahensis, grisea, magnoliifolia, resinosa

  [A photo of the gall appears on page 43 of the pdf]

  Gall. (Fig 125). Detachable, multilocular, globular to ovoid, 12–15 mm in diameter. Galls develop on axillary buds, petioles or at the base of the midrib, on the upper side of leaves. Surface smooth, internal parenchyma hard. Larval chambers are in the middle of the gall; with 2–4 larval chambers/gall. 

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known which induces galls on Q. chihuahensis, Q. grisea, Q. magnoliifolia and Q. resinosa; adults emerge in winter, rarely at the end of spring.

  Range: Aguascalientes, Jalisco, Zacatecas


description:
  Nichollsiella sulcata, comb. nov.

  Cynips sulcatus
  Cynips sulcata
  Disholcaspis sulcata

  Hosts: Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, pungens, rugosa, toumeyi, turbinella, undulata

  [A photo of the gall appears on page 47 of the pdf]

  Gall. (Figs 140–141). Detachable, monolocular, spherical or subglobular, base of the gall with a petiole, greater than 12 mm diameter, singly on leaf petiole, surface of the mature gall smooth. Parenchyma of the gall is granular, the larval chamber spherical, usually in the center of the gall, occassionally eccentric; soft and pubescent, up to 7.0–7.8 mm in diameter. The growing gall is light green or yellowish-red; mature galls are faded green to light brown (Burnett 1977). 

  Biology. Galls develop in spring, mature in summer; adults emerge in autumn. Galls on Q. arizonica, Q. oblongifolia, Q. pungens, Q. rugosa, Q. toumeyi, Q. turbinella, Q. undulata (Burnett 1977, Burks 1979, authors).

  Range: AZ, NM


description:
  Disholandricus chrysolepidis (Ashmead 1896), comb. nov.

  Andricus chrysolepidis 
  Disholcaspis chrysolepidis 

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  [A photo of the gall appears on page 60 of the pdf]

  Gall. (Fig 182). Hard detachable, multilocular galls that burst out of the twigs and are usually clustered in rows. When young, galls are greenish, later they turn rusty brown on the top with light brown sides. A single gall up to 15 mm wide and 20 mm long; the gall cluster can exceed 60 mm in length. (Ashmead 1896, Russo 2006). Galls produce honeydew (Nicholls et al. 2017). 

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, inducing galls on Q. chrysolepis. Galls develop in autumn, mature in October-November; adults emerge in mid-winter.

  Range: CA


description:
  Disholandricus lasius (Ashmead 1869) comb nov.

  Callirhytis lasius
  Andricus lasius
  Disholcaspis lasius
  Andricus lasius var. areolatus syn. nov.
  Andricus lasius var. sublasius syn. nov.

  Hosts: Quercus vacciniifolia, chrysolepis

  Round, hairy, multilocular, detachable galls on midrib, underside of leaves. Sometimes galls develop on large lateral veins and sometimes the leaf disappears. 

  [Photos of the gall appear on page 60 of the pdf]

  Gall. (Figs 179–181). Round, hairy, multilocular, detachable galls on midrib, underside of leaves. Sometimes galls develop on large lateral veins and sometimes the leaf disappears. Mature galls are dirty beige colored, golden yellow (occasionally with a reddish tinge) with brown hairs when young. Hairs are 3 to 4 mm long; the gall mass up to 10 mm in diameter. Up to six larval chambers are radially located around the point of attachment (Russo 2006). 

  Biology. The asexual generation is only known, inducing galls on Q. vacciniifolia and Q. chrysolepis. Galls develop in summer-autumn, mature in late autumn; adults emerge from January to March

  Range: AZ, CA


description:
  Disholandricus reniformis (McCracken & Egbert, 1922) comb. nov.

  Andricus reniformis
  Disholcaspis reniformis

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis, vacciniifolia

  [A photo of the gall appears on page 64 of the pdf]

  Gall. (Fig 193). The detachable, multilocular, kidney-shaped stem galls are mottled-red, yellow and green when young, turning to a tan color when mature. Galls are up to 30 mm long and 15 mm in diameter. Larval chambers are located radially around the central core. Galls produce honeydew (Russo 2006; Nicholls et al. 2017). 

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, inducing galls on Q. chrysolepis and Q. vacciniifolia. Galls develop in summer; adults emerge only 2–3 years after the galls are formed

  Range: CA


description:
  Disholandricus truckeensis (Ashmead, 1896), comb. nov.

  Holcaspis truckeensis
  Disholcaspis truckeensis
  Andricus truckeensis

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  [A photo of the gall appears on page 64 of the pdf]

  Gall. (Figs 194–195). Hard, multilocular, smooth, potato-shaped stem galls, usually on terminal twigs. The gall is tan-colored when mature, slightly glossy, round- to oval-shaped, up to 60 mm long, 30 mm in diameter. 

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is only known, inducing galls on Q. chrysolepis (Burks 1979). Galls mature in autumn; adults emerge in January-February.

  Range: CA


description:
  Paracraspis guadaloupensis (Fullaway, 1911) comb. rev.

  Callirhytis guadaloupensis
  Acraspis guadaloupensis

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  [A photo of the gall appears on page 69 of the pdf]

  Gall. (Fig 208). Convex-flat, disc-shaped, monolocular, detachable galls on the underside of Q. chrysolepis leaves, usually on lateral veins. The gall is up to 5.0–6.0 mm in diameter; occurs singly or up to 2–3 galls on one leaf (Fullaway 1911). Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, inducing galls on Q. chrysolepis. Galls start to develop in May on the previous year’s leaves; adults emerge from late winter to early spring with emergence holes usually off center.

  Range: CA


description:
  Paracraspis insolens (Weld, 1926) comb. rev.

  Acraspis insolens

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  [A photo of the gall appears on page 69 of the pdf]

  Gall. (Fig 209). Monolocular, wedge-shaped galls on the underside of leaves. The galls are up to 10 mm long, 5 mm wide and 3 mm thick, concave on the two broad sides, deeply grooved around the edge, nearly the color of the leaf, the flanges often reddish. The larval chamber is located transversely at the apex of the gall and a long cavity runs through the center of the gall from the chamber towards the pedicel (Weld 1926). 

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, inducing galls on Q. chrysolepis. Mature galls are present in September, adults totally formed in November, overwintering in the galls, emerge next spring

  Range: CA


description:
  Paracraspis patelloides (Trotter, 1910), comb. rev.

  Andricus? patelloides 
  Acraspis patelloides 

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  [Photos of the gall appear on page 73 of the pdf]

  Gall. (Fig 223). Detachable, monolocular concave leaf galls with flared rims on the underside of leaves on midrib or lateral veins; solitary or in clusters of 2–3 galls. The young fleshy galls are flat to slightly concave; as they mature the sides of the gall grow higher, creating a deep central depression and forming a bowl shape. The mature galls are 12 mm in diameter and 5 mm high. When fresh, the galls are a faint pea green to ivory color with pink red margins. By fall, the galls turn beige with hints of pink or red along the margins of the top, with small dark spots on some specimens. The sides of the galls are ridged and nonglossy. The larval chamber lies transversely under the central depression and the exit hole is made through the thin roof into the bottom of this depression. Under the larval chamber a central cavity reaches to the point of attachment (Weld 1926, Russo 2006). 

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, inducing galls on Q. chrysolepis. Galls start to develop in April on the previous year’s leaves; adults can be found in galls in November-December; emerge in early spring; adults continue to emerge until late May.

  Range: CA, AZ


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=22
description:
  Xanthoteras eburneum

  Quercus reticulata [rugosa], gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Stem galls
  Detachable
  Fig 52 and 133.

  Quercus subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Fig 52 and 133.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=22
description:
  Quercus reticulata [rugosa]
  Stem galls
  Detachable
  Similar [to [Disholcaspis rubens](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/946)] with a free-rolling cell in a large cavity.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=25
description:
  Quercus subturbinella [turbinella]
  Stem galls
  Detachable
  Small bullet with a ribbed or reticulate surface


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=25
description:
  Quercus subturbinella [turbinella]
  Stem galls
  Detachable
  Conical, small, solitary, lop-sided, in fall. New Mexico.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=25
description:
  Andricus tubularius

  Quercus subturbinella [turbinella]
  Stem galls
  Bursting out of cracks in bark or cells hidden under bark
  Fig 48. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=23
description:
  Atrusca brevipennata

  Quercus gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Oak apple like Fig 87 [[Atrusca bella](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/759)]. Colo.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=23
description:
  Quercus gambelii
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Globular, 8 mm in dia, covered with gray felt. Similar to Fig 166.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=23
description:
  Acraspis alaria

  Quercus gambelii
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Globular, solitary, spiny, 9-11 mm, in fall. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=23
description:
  Quercus gambelii
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Disk-shaped spangle with a bluish bloom, 3.9 mm in dia. Fig 162.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=23
description:
  Andricus scutella

  Quercus gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Fig 176. Not black, edge not inrolled.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=23
description:
  Neuroterus cockerelli

  Quercus gambelii
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  4 mm wide by 2.5 mm high, crackled, brown. Manitou CO, probably on Quercus gambelii


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=26
description:
  Quercus subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Small red hairy sphere, 1.5 mm in diameter. Fig 83 and 137. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=26
description:
  Antron magdalenae 

  Quercus subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Globular, thin-shelled, surface wrinkled, solitary, on under side leaf.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=26
description:
  Quercus subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Bell-shaped, bursting out of midrib below. Sept. Fig 175.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=22
description:
  Quercus reticulata [rugosa], gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Integral
  Small group of cells in spring causing leaf to become lop-sided. Fig 138.


description:
  Quercus reticulata [rugosa], gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Integral
  Many-celled midrib thickening, 19 by 10 mm, South Utah on same oak as [sileri above](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2518). 


description:
  Quercus gambelii
  Leaf galls
  Integral
  Gall like Fig 103 [[Andricus pilularis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2451)]


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=24
description:
  Neuroterus lamellae

  Quercus gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Integral
  Fig 158. Thick fleshy area in parenchyma.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=27
description:
  Callirhytis sonorae

  Quercus emoryi
  Acorn galls
  Like Fig 12. 3-10 cells inside "bellotas" from Mexico and liable to be found in the US. 

  Callirhytis sp. 

  Quercus emoryi
  Acorn galls
  Never reared. Fig 12.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=28
description:
  Callirhytis petrina

  Quercus hypoleuca [hypoleucoides]
  Acorn galls
  Gall like [Fig 12](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/754). 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=27
description:
  Quercus emoryi, hypoleuca [hypoleucoides]
  Bud galls
  Fusiform, 18-26 mm long by 9-13 mm in dia, in leaf axil. Fig 132.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=28
description:
  Quercus hypoleuca [hypoleucoides]
  Bud galls
  Conical, micropuberulent, no bud scales visible. June. Fig 36.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=28
description:
  Quercus emoryi, hypoleuca [hypoleucoides]
  Stem galls
  Stem swellings
  Cells bursting out thru cracks in bark. Fig 69. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=27
description:
  Quercus emoryi, hypoleuca [hypoleucoides]
  Stem galls
  Stem swellings
  Cells in wood under bark. Fig 51.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=28
description:
  Quercus hypoleuca [hypoleucoides]
  Stem galls
  Stem swellings
  Terminal club, 8-12 mm in dia, many-celled. Fig 63 and 131.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=27
description:
  Amphibolips gumia

  Quercus emoryi, hypoleuca [hypoleucoides]
  Stem galls
  detachable
  Doubtfully distinct from [above](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/828).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=27
description:
  Quercus emoryi, hypoleuca [hypoleucoides]
  Leaf galls
  Integral
  Globular, 8-10 mm with a free-rolling cell in spring. Fig 134.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=28
description:
  Quercus hypoleuca [hypoleucoides]
  Leaf galls
  Integral
  Patches of thickened parenchyma. Fig 104. Cynipid?


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=27
description:
  Quercus emoryi, hypoleuca [hypoleucoides]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Single solid sphere with fleshy knob on top, on midrib below. June. Fig 167.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=27
description:
  Xanthoteras emoryi

  Quercus emoryi
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Small, brown, thin-walled, single, on upper or lower side, central cell supported by fibers, wing of adult not spotted. Was described from this host.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=28
description:
  Quercus hypoleuca [hypoleucoides]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Cylindrical, sessile, 4 mm high, single, on under side. Fig 109. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=28
description:
  Quercus hypoleuca [hypoleucoides]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Ellipsoid, 3-4 mm, single, on under side in spring. Fig 108.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=28
description:
  Quercus hypoleuca [hypoleucoides]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Woolly white midrib cluster of 2-4 on under side. Fig 156.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=30
description:
  Diastrophus fusiformans Ashm. 

  Potentilla sp.
  Slight fusiform stem swellings, often curved, 35–100 mm. long, cells in the pith. West Cliff, Colorado.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=30
description:
  Diplolepis arefacta (Gill.). 

  Rosa sp.
  Dense corky enlargements of small shoots, the shoot usually dead beyond gall. Irregular, 12–22 mm. in dia. and many-celled. Surface rusty, finely wrinkled, free from spines. From Ft. Collins, Colorado.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=30
description:
  Diplolepis fusiformans (Ashm.). 

  Rosa sp.
  Puffy stem swellings on branches, 4–12 mm. long by 3 mm. in dia. , fissured, spongy inside, single or confluent. West Cliff, Colorado.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=30
description:
  Diplolepis neglecta (Gill.). 

  Rosa sp.
  "Abrupt corky enlargements of small stems, 15–18 mm., very smooth, many-celled." Manitou, Colo. No gall was found in collection at Colorádo Agricultural College.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=30
description:
  Diplolepis tuberculator (Ckll.). 

  Rosa sp.
  Abrupt, somewhat spherical reddish-yellow stem swellings, 25–58 mm. in dia., many-celled. Original description makes no mention of spines but specimens so labeled in U. S. N. M. bear scattered spines. West Cliff, Colorado.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=30
description:
  Diplolepis tumida (Bass.).

  Rosa sp.
  Abrupt terminal stem swelling, 18–51 mm. in dia. and many-celled. Gall in Amer. Ent. Soc. is without spines. S. Utah 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=30
description:
  Diplolepis utahensis (Bass.). 

  Rosa sp
  At surface of ground, up to three inches in diameter, deeply cleft above . S. Utah.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=30
description:
  Diplolepis variabilis (Bass.). 

  Rosa sp.
  A leaf gall. Irregularly rounded, 6–20 mm. in diameter, russet, smooth. S. Utah.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=30
description:
  Mimosa biuncifera [aculeaticarpa]
  Abrupt woody stem swelling, kidney-shaped, 15 by 22 mm. From this gall the guest cynipid, Myrtopsen mimosae Weld. 2, was cut out of the very hard galls on Aug. 10 ( galls collected July 10 ). Huachuca Mts. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=30
description:
  Tanaostigmodes albiclavus Gir. 

  Mimosa biuncifera [aculeaticarpa]
  A chalcid gall. Probably same as [above](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2577)


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=30
description:
  Tanaoatigmodes howardi Abhm. 

  Mimosa biuncifera [aculeaticarpa]
  A chalcid gall. Globular rugose bullets, 6 m. in dia. Myrtopsen minosae has been reared from this gall also.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=30
description:
  Mimosa biuncifera [aculeaticarpa]
  Globular, spiny, 5 mm. in dia., scattered along stem. Probably chalcid gall.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=30
description:
  Antistrophus chrysothamni

  On Chrysothamnus sp.
  Stem swellings up to 20 mm. in dia. by 40 mm. long, covered with white felt-like pubescence. 


description:
  Neuroterus floricomus
  Woolly-flower-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, rugosa


description:
  Antron pileus
  Ringed-cap-bud-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella

  The distinctive feature of these galls is the smooth, mostly glabrous main gall body ringed with short gray-brown hairs along the bottom edge.

  Range: Payson AZ


description:
  Andricus frequens
  (Callirhytis frequens)*
  Elliptical-stem-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus havardii, gambelii

  The exterior is marked by what appear to be forthcoming splits in the bark.

  Agamic


description:
  Andricus wheeleri
  (Amphibolips wheeleri)*
  Knobby-stem-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia, arizonica, toumeyi, turbinella

  While there are many other species that induce integral stem galls, the lobes of this one are distinctive.


description:
  A similar gall was observed on Quercus vacciniifolia in California in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/84918861). 


description:
  Andricus sp. B [this may or may not be the gall listed in Weld--Weld's size, host, and position match but no other information is available to confirm]
  Crested-stem-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus emoryi

  Galls measure 20-30 mm in diameter and may remain on trees long after insects emerge.


description:
  Disholcaspis edura
  Clustered-gall wasp
  [Page 171]

  Hosts: Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia

  These monothalamous-polythalamous galls are generally rounded and occur in tight compact clusters that can exceed 40 mm in length. 

  Range: northern Coconino forest south to the Sky Islands of southern AZ


description:
  Disholcaspis lacuna
  Clustered-gall wasp
  [Page 171]

  Hosts: Quercus gambelii

  Fresh galls measure 12-20 mm in diameter and appear fleshy, yellow at the base, and red-flushed near the top.

  Range: Near Strawberry Point near Dear Creek Village, UT, and Coconino Forest, AZ.


description:
  Disholcaspis perniciosa
  Round-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus gambelii

  Initially, galls appear ovoid but ultimately become round and dark brown. 

  Range: northern AZ, southern UT


description:
  Gall (Plate XLIII, Figs. 5, 6). -- Polythalamous. Composed of an agglomeration of hard cells around a branch, and it is densely covered with long, green filaments forming a moss-like mass. It measures from 25 to about 50 mm. in diameter. Occurs on the twigs of sweet briar (Rosa rubiginosa and Rosa blanda).
  Habitat: Europe; Western Asia; Canada; Massachusetts; Rhode Island; (New England States); New York; New Jersey; Pennsylvania; Washington, D.C.; (Middle States); Kansas; Colorado.


description:
  Disholcaspis rubens
  Bullet-gall wasp
  [Page 172]

  Hosts: Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, turbinella

  Galls measure 10-15 mm in diameter and have either a smooth or slightly rough surface covered with sparse, crusty, tiny patches of three-forked hairs.


description:
  Rhodites bicolor (Harr.)

  Gall (Plate XLIII, Figs. 1-4) -Monothalamous. Spherical, covered with many prickly spines as long or longer, or shorter, than the diameter of the gall. Internally it is hollow with the wall about 1 to 2 mm. thick, but in specimens infested by guest-flies, it is almost entirely pithy inside. Yellowish green, sometimes tinged with red. Soft and fleshy in summer, woody and brown in winter. It is found singly or in clusters of from two to ten or more upon twigs of different kinds of wild roses (Rosa carolina, R. blanda, R. humilis, R. pisocarpa? and probably other species. It measures from 5 to 12 mm. in diameter.


description:
  Disholcaspis spissa
  Honeydew-gall wasp
  [Page 173]

  Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia, arizonica, turbinella

  Galls of this wasp are quite like those of [D eldoradensis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1355) in California.


description:
  Rhodites ignotus O. S.

  Gall (Plate XLIII, Figs. 7-10). -Monothalamous. Very variable in shape and size. Spherical, irregularly rounded, reniform, single or more less confluent or two or three entirely coalesce thus forming an elongated mass of irregular shape. Clay brown, covered with a white farinaceous powder. Hard, woody, containing a rather large larval cell in the single gall and two or more cells in the coalescent ones. They are formed on the terminal twigs, leaves, or leaf-stalks, and as a rule are found in a cluster of from two to twenty. Measures from 4 to 15 mm. in diameter. On wild rose (Rosa blanda, R. nitida and R carolina).


description:
  Rhodites variabilis Bass.

  Gall (Plate XLVI, Figs. 5-9). --Monothalamous. Variable in size and shape. Spherical, irregularly rounded, somewhat ovate or reniform, though coalescence of two or more galls. Russet brown sometime tinged with red. Internally they are pith-like with a large larval cell in the center. In the larger galls where two are more are confluent there are several larval cells. The galls occur usually in a cluster of from two to ten on the small terminal twigs, or are attached to the leaf stems while others grow on fully developed leaves of a wild rose (Rosa sp.).


description:
  Rhodites vernus O. S.

  Gall (Plate XLIV, Fig. 1). -Polythalamous. Oblong or rounded swellings on small branches. Sometimes there is a series of three or more swellings attached to each other. Reddish, hard and woody, with several cells inside. Length about 1/2 inch. On the stem of wild rose (Rosa blanda).


description:
  Disholcaspis sp. A
  Round-top-gall wasp
  [Page 173]

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella

  The base of the gall looks somewhat like that of D pedunculoides.

  Range: Southwest NV


description:
  Disholcaspis sp. B
  Thorn-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella

  Initially, in October, galls are light yellow-green and smooth, with an undulated, clasping and expanding base.

  Range: Payson, AZ


description:
  Disholcaspis sp. C
  Thorn-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella

  The top is thin and long, an the broad base is fan-shaped, with short, pointed tips--and, by comparison, not broken up into long fingerlike projections as on [D pedunculoides](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/947), which it superficially resembles.


description:
  Amphibolips fusus
  Spindle-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus emoryi, hypoleucoides

  The long, monothalamous stem galls of this wasp are spindle-shaped, glabrous, and quite large, with some exceeding 35 mm in length and 10 mm in width.


description:
  Amphibolips nassa
  Nipped-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus emoryi, hypoleucoides

  Galls of this wasp are as long as those of [the preceding species](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2559), although much broader, and they have a prominent nipple at the apex but retain a slight spindle shape, narrowing toward the attachment point.


description:
  Amphibolips trizonata
  Ball-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus emoryi, hypoleucoides

  The large, golf-ball size, monothalamous bisexual-generation bud galls of this wasp will certainly grab your attention.


description:
  Dryocosmus coxii
  Stem-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus emoryi, hypoleucoides

  Galls are bark-gray, woody, and hard.

  Range: Payson AZ


description:
  "Heteroecus" pygmaeus [Russo doubts Kinsey's determination that this wasp belongs to the genus Heteroecus because it is on a white rather than intermediate oak]
  Hairy-thorn-gall wasp
  [Page 176]

  Heteroecus dasydactyli var. pygmaeus

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella

  These monothalamous galls are densely covered with appressed short white hairs and usually occur in tight clusters of four to six per branch.

  Range: southwestern NV


description:
  Xanthoteras eburneum
  (Biorhiza eburnea)*
  Brown-melon-gall wasp
  [Page 177]

  Hosts: Quercus gambelii, rugosa, turbinella

  These glossy, glabrous, monothalamous galls occur in rows all around the stems of the host tree.


description:
  Ball-Gall Wasp
  Unknown #36

  Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia

  This cynipid wasp induces round, green, fuzzy monothalamous galls on buds of Mexican blue oak. Galls occur in leaf axils, posses a mealy-granular coating of white hairs, and measure 10 mm. in diameter.


description:
  This gall was observed on Quercus vacciniifolia in California in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/84918870) and [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/86953737). 


description:
  Aulacidea abdita, new species
  Plate XXI, Figures 6 and 7

  Galls -- None. The insect lives in cavities in the pith of the stems of Lactuca elongata and most likely other species of Lactuca. There is no proliferation of the pith-tissue and scarcely any differentiation of the lining of the cells. These cells average 2.0 mm. by 1.2 mm. Externally, the stem shows no trace of a gall.

  Range: Canada: Quebec


description:
  Aulacidea annulata, new species

  Galls --Terminal swelling of a stem, more or less club-shaped and somewhat bent and twisted, the enlargements gradual from the stem, of greatest diameter at the summit. Averaging about 70 mm. long by 18 mm. in greatest diameter. Under the bark the plant tissue is twisted, resembling the trunk of a wind-beaten tree. Many leaf petioles or stems of flower clusters are grouped at the summit of the gall, their bases involved in the swelling. Internally the galls are filled with pith, scattered through which are many larval cells, each oval, averaging 3.5 X 2.5 mm.
  Range. -- Massachusetts: Sharon.


description:
  Asphondylia chrysothamni new species. 

  Gall. — Swollen or enlarged leaf buds with a length of 5 to 6 mm. and a diameter of 3 mm., the walls being composed of short, ovate, aborted, glume-like leaflets without any specialized central cell.


description:
  Asteromyia gutierreziae new species

  The midges described below were reared by Mr. P. H. Timber- lake in May and June, 1914, from a black, blister-like gall on the slender flower stems of Gutierrezia sarothrae, collected near Salt Lake City, Utah. 
  Gall. — Irregular, dull black thickenings of the slender flower stems, ranging in length from 6 to 8 mm. and approximately doubling the thickness of stems, with a diameter of .5 mm. Except for its location the deformation is very similar to that of C. carbonifera.


description:
  Asteromyia gutierreziae
  Black-Stem-Gall Midge
  [Page 248]

  This midge initiates monothalamous, slightly swollen stem galls on desert broom [Baccharis sarothroides], match-weed [Gutierrezia microcephala], and broom snakeweed [Gutierrezia sarothrae].

  [Range: Mojave Desert, CA; Escalante Desert, UT; NM]


description:
  Diplolepis bassetti

  This wasp induces large round, detachable, polythalamous stem galls on Nootka rose, pine rose, and interior rose, among other species and hybrids. The galls look like balls of moss or hair.

  Hosts:
  Rosa nutkana ssp nutkana
  Rosa pinetorum
  Rosa woodsii ssp ultramontana


description:
  Lasioptera impatientifolia 
  (Cecidomyia impatientis)

  On petiole or midrib, on both sides. 1 cm. long, 4 mm. wide. Green, smooth, monothalamous, containing several larvae. On Impatiens biflora.

  Common.


description:
  Unknown #39
  Necked-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia

  These monothalamous galls can be reddish pink, pale yellow with red spots, or dark purple-black.


description:
  Unknown #40
  Stem-gall wasp

  Quercus grisea

  Galls of this wasp occur on branches of gray oak and are round to ovoid, with a slight clasping base where connected to the host branch.


description:
  Unknown #41 [Russo speculates that this may prove to be the same as the species he lists as Unknown #39, [Atrusca aggregata](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/829), affected by inquilines causing it to appear polythalamous]
  Necked-puzzle-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia

  The surface of this species' galls appears to be broken into distinct plates.


description:
  Unknown #42
  Hairy-stem-gall
  [Page 180]

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella

  These monothalamous galls are densely covered in appressed hairs, measure 7-8 mm in diameter, occur singly, and do not detach easily.

  Range: southwestern NV


description:
  Unknown #43
  Petiole-gall wasp
  [Page 180]

  Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia

  The pear-shaped, monothalamous galls of this wasp consume the entire petioles of Mexican blue oak leaves.

  Range: Payson AZ


description:
  Unknown #44
  Budding-stem-gall wasp
  [Page 180]

  Hosts: Quercus gambelii, turbinella

  The integral, polythalamous stem galls of this wasp species, found on Gambel and shrub live oaks, usually have several active buds developing on the gall surface in October, when they are fresh.

  Range: Santa Catalina Mountains, AZ


description:
  Unknown #45
  Bullet-gall wasp
  [Page 181]

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella

  Galls are dark reddish brown, generally mottled with dark blotches, and glossy, with a short, broad nipple at the apex. 

  Range: southwest NV


description:
  Unknown #46
  Erupted-gall wasp
  [Page 181]

  Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia, turbinella

  These galls generally appear as if they had erupted from the stem, expanding into various ill-defined shapes, which change based on the angle of view.


description:
  Unknown #47
  Lopsided-stem-gall wasp
  [page 182]

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella

  The polythalamous galls of this wasp species do not uniformly encircle the stem but develop on only one side, creating a lopsided appearance.


description:
  Olliffiella cristicola
  Thorn-gall coccid

  Hosts: Quercus emoryi and possibly pungens

  Range: Santa Catalina mountains, AZ


description:
  Andricus amphorus
  Rusty-urn-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella, oblongifolia, arizonica

  Galls measure 4-5 mm high by 3-4 mm in diameter and are distinguished from other urn-like galls in that the outer walls form an amphora shape, widest in the middle and narrowed at the base and apex, which has a small opening.


description:
  Andricus caepula
  Bristle-vase-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella, oblongifolia

  The stiff, crystalline, erect hairs distinguish this species' galls from most other galls, which have crumbled hairs that look like sugar crystals.


description:
  Andricus discalis
  Little-disc-gall wasp

  Quercus oblongifolia

  These monothalamous galls are flat discs with a slight point in the center and are often tightly appressed to the leaf.


description:
  Andricus pilularis
  Pinched-edge-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, gambelii, rugosa, turbinella

  Galls measure 4 mm in diameter and occur at the end of a lateral vein, which causes the leaf edge to indent noticeably.


description:
  Andricus reticulatus
  Olive-leaf-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, gambelii, rugosa, turbinella

  Galls are generally round and protrude about equally on both surfaces of the leaf.


description:
  [Russo's photo and description of Andricus scutella do not entirely match those of Weld. NOTE: Russo acknowledges this in a draft Errata he has circulated, The draft Errata includes a new photo. See [this entry](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3128) for more information on the gall Russo lists as A scutella]


description:
  Andricus sessilus [sic]
  Cup-gall wasp
  [Page 186]

  Hosts Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia

  Galls look like cups sitting on top of broad stalks that usually have flared bases at the point of attachment, which can be lacking in some specimens.


description:
  Andricus splendens
  Spiked-tube-gall wasp

  Quercus turbinella

  These striking monothalamous galls are tubular, with scattered, stiff projections or spikes protruding from their sides, including the top edge.


description:
  Diplolepis inconspicuis

  These teardrop-shaped axillary, polythalamous bud galls are fleshy, smooth, and terminate in a long point. This species occurs on interior rose and likely other related species. 

  Host:
  Rosa woodsii ssp ultramontana


description:
  Andricus sulfureus
  Crystal-tube-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia

  Sulfur-yellow and red bristles stand erect from the galls' sides.


description:
  Andricus viscidus
  Fuzzy-disc-gall wasp
  [Page 187]

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella

  the disc galls of A viscidus differ in that they edges are rounded up, with stiff, light yellow bristles below the edge, and are not tightly appressed to the leaf surface.


description:
  Andricus sp. A [Russo lists this species as "related to [Andricus tecturnarum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2445)" but doesn't specify how it differs.]
  Woolly-russet-gall wasp
  [Page 187]

  Hosts: Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia

  Individual larval cells occur beneath the long, light brown, pinkish hairs, which appear scraggly and disarrayed.


description:
  Andricus sp. B [Russo links this to Kinsey's [Andricus incomptus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2909)]
  Woolly-leaf-gall wasp
  [Page 188]

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella, toumeyi, arizonica

  These galls have occasionally been misidentified as galls of [A tecturnarum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2445), which has tightly pressed hairs, not scraggly and in disarray.


description:
  Andricus sp. C
  Masked-woolly-tube-gall wasp
  [Page 188]

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella, oblongifolia

  As the small monothalamous galls develop and possibly harden, their brown columns rise above the basal hair to show their round, often glabrous heads, leaving most of the fibers behind.

  Range: Santa Catalina mountains, Payson, AZ


description:
  Andricus sp F
  Succulent-gall wasp
  [Page 191]

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella

  The green, hairy, fleshy-succulent galls of this wasp are found only on new leaf growth of shrub live oak.

  Range: Santa Catalina mountains, AZ


description:
  Antron acraspiformis
  (Cynips acraspiformis)*
  Porcupine-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus toumeyi, turbinella

  Galls occur one per leaf on the midrib and measure 5-10 mm in diameter.


description:
  Antron madera
  (Cynips madera)*
  Bumpy-apple-gall wasp
  [Page 192]

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella, arizonica

  Galls are distinguished by having sparse hairs along with white or pale yellow micro-bumps across the surface.


description:
  Antron magdalenae
  (Cynips magdalenae)*
  [Page 192]

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella

  The surface is usually heavily wrinkled, with pronounced ridges as on a prune, and has a mealy-granular coating.

  Range: Payson AZ


description:
  Antron quercusnubila
  (Cynips quercusnubila)*

  Hosts: Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, turbinella

  Unlike those of other woolly galls, the hairs on the galls of this species are appressed or matted.


description:
  Atrusca bella
  Oak-apple-gall wasp
  [Page 193]

  Hosts: Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, rugosa, turbinella

  Galls can be beige, pink, or yellow-green in the shade, but always have a smooth skin with a dusty bloom across the otherwise glabrous surface.


description:
  Atrusca sp.
  Rusty-oak-apple-gall wasp
  [Page 194]

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella

  Galls of this wasp species tend to get your attention, as they are large, bright rusty red, and uniformly covered with fine, short, white hairs.

  Range: Southwest NV


description:
  Cynips arida
  Chestnut-ball-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia

  The crater-like, nearly polygonal depressions across the surface, separated by rounded ridges, are the key feature distinguishing this species' gall from all other round leaf galls.

  Range: Santa Catalina mountains, AZ


description:
  Cynips plumbeum
  Peach-gall wasp
  [Page 195]

  Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia

  The dense but thin covering of short hairs does not rub off easily.


description:
  Melikaiella lupana
  (Callirhytis lupana)*
  Midrib gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus emoryi, hypoleucoides

  As the galls occupy half or more of the midrib, they often cause the leaf to bend.


description:
  Neuroterus argentatus
  Starburst-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia, turbinella, gambelii

  They are distinguished by stiff, mostly lateral spines or bristles that radiate from the larval chamber, which is also covered with micro-hairs.


description:
  Neuroterus lamellae
  Bulging-leaf-gall wasp
  [Page 196]

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella

  Galls usually occur one per leaf and are uniformly covered with short yellow hairs, which are slightly longer on top.


description:
  Xanthoteras pulchripenne
  (Atrusca pulchripenne)*
  Ball-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, turbinella, toumeyi, rugosa

  Galls measure 3-4 mm in diameter, occur singly--not in clusters--but may be in distinct rows on either side of the midrib, with space between each gall and the next.


description:
  A hairless, red, globular gall alone or in scattered groups of 2-4 on the upper midrib of leaves of Physocarpus opulifolius. 

  Observed in Michigan in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/85395471).


description:
  Unknown #48
  Fuzzy-leaf-gall wasp
  [Page 198]

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella

  These polythalamous galls are covered with short, appressed, off-white woolly hairs.

  Range: southwestern NV, AZ


description:
  Unknown #49
  Small-urn-gall wasp
  [Page 198]

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella

  The larval chamber is at the base, beneath the open cup above.

  Range: western NV


description:
  Unknown #50
  Clustered-tube-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus gambelii, oblongifolia, turbinella

  Each glabrous, monothalamous, light yellow gall has a brown or rosy, concave apex along with little bumps on the sides.

  Range: Santa Catalina mountains, AZ

  Unknown #51
  Rosy-tube-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia

  Unlike #50, this gall occurs not in large clusters but in mostly small groups of two to four specimens.


description:
  Unknown #55
  Red-apple-gall wasp [sic]

  Hosts: Quercus hypoleucoides

  These round to ovoid, monothalamous, galls measure up to 5 mm in diameter, with some coalescing to form larger, odd shapes.

  Range: Payson, AZ


description:
  Russo asserts this species is formed by a gall wasp, but it appears nearly identical to galls of the eastern species [Polystepha symmetrica](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1054) and is likely formed by related midges. 

  All observations ID'd in the genus [Polystepha in Arizona](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/identify?reviewed=any&quality_grade=needs_id%2Cresearch&ident_taxon_id=470018&place_id=40) apparently belong to this species. 


description:
  Dasineura sp.
  Fold-gall midge

  Hosts: Rubus parviflorus

  The affected leaf's midrib and lateral veins are swollen and distorted with folds tightly bound together.

  Range: OR, WA


description:
  This gall was observed on Rubus parviflorus in northern California in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/85492114).


description:
  "Masonaphis" sp. [assignment to genus tentative pending DNA confirmation]
  Pouch-gall aphid

  Hosts: Rubus parviflorus

  The tissues are distinctly swollen and have a convoluted, brain-like appearance on the dorsal surface of the galls.

  Range: WA, British Columbia


description:
  A substantial swelling of the leaf bud of Prunus virginiana occupied by (but which may or may not have been induced by) cecidomyiid larvae. This gall superficially resembles that of [Contarinia cerasiserotinae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1275) but differs in being found on the bud itself, rather than the apex of the stem. 

  Observed in Montana in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/85428949). 


description:
  Swollen midrib pocket galls deforming most or all of leaves of Rhus aromatica. The galls contained larvae and pupae that appear to be hymenopteran but it isn't clear if these are inquilines or inducers. 

  Galls observed in New York in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/85151079) were blackened and dry suggesting they were not fresh, but still contained live larvae and pupae.


description:
  Large tan spots on leaves of a plant tentatively identified as Actaea pachypoda. The spots don't appear to cause more than slight deformation, blistering, or thickening of the leaf. They have rings of orange spots above suggestive of a rust fungus. 

  Observed in Wisconsin in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/84697629).


description:
  Diastrophus kincaidii
  Stem-gall wasp

  Hosts: Rubus parviflorus

  They often have short bristles or spiny hairs that are pliable when fresh but brittle by fall.

  Range: CA, OR, WA, AK


description:
  Unknown #57
  Burr-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia

  Galls are covered with short, swollen, maroon-tipped spines.

  Range: Santa Catalina mts AZ


description:
  Unknown #60
   Round-midrib-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus grisea

  They are easily separated from all other round, ball-type galls by the white powerlike substance that covers them and easily rubs off, showing the green body marked with random red or maroon splotches.

  Range: Santa Catalina mts AZ


description:
  Unknown #61
  Columnar-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus grisea

  These tubular or column-like galls stand alone, with one to four galls per leaf, and measure 6 mm high by 2 mm in diameter.


description:
  Unknown #62
  Green-urchin-gall wasp
  [Page 203]

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella

  The lime-green main body of the gall is covered with soft, long, brown-tipped bristles that swell toward the base, making it look like a sea urchin.

  Range: Santa Catalina Mountains, AZ


description:
  Unknown #63
  Hairy-cup-gall wasp
  [Page 204]

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella

  The interior edge of the cup turns inward and is markedly uneven and ragged.

  Range: southwest NV


description:
  Gall.- 8 to 10 mm. in diameter, elongate, oval, white or slightly brownish and thickly tomentose. This gall is an arrested, imbricated bud containing several larvae.


description:
  A witches broom gall occurring on Cercocarpus betuloides is often identified as Dasineura cercocarpi on iNaturalist. However, this witches broom is likely not D. cerocarpi as Felt's original description makes no mention of a witches broom.


description:
  A stiff, woody witches' broom involving the alteration of many shoots, buds and branches of Cercocarpus betuloides and C. ledifolius. This gall is often identified as Dasineura cercocarpi Felt on iNaturalist, however this is unlikely as that gall was originally described as producing bud galls. It has been posited that this gall may be D. cercocarpi in an early form. 

  Anyone finding this witches' broom could help by separating out one or two of the components that look like [this](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2627), that is, like small bud galls with lots of white hairs and photographing them whole and also cut open, noting any signs of exit holes, gall chambers, or midge larvae. Quite a few photos of this broom gall look like they may contain multiple Dasineura cercocarpi galls, which would explain why an Internet source Nancy came across years ago mentioned a theory that the witches' brooms were induced by D. cercocarpi.  

  Observed in [California](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/85044328#activity_comment_4500f19d-f8ac-48c8-a94b-8593872640ed) [1](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/72342678), [2](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/74368465) in various months.


description:
  Cembrotia coloradensis (Felt 1912), new combination, causes a needle-shortening gall on Pinus edulis Engelm. (Pinaceae) in Colorado (Gillet and Brewer 1983) and California (Russo 2006). 


description:
  Dasyneura parthenocissi Stebb. 
  1906. Jarvis, T. W., Ent. Soc. Ont., 32d Rept., pp. 68-69, PI. D, fig. 7 (without name). 910o. Stebbins, F. A., Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 2, p. 44 (Cecidomyia).

  Gall. -Length about 1.5 cm., diameter about i cm. The upper surface of the leaf, usually along the midrib, is slightly contracted, while on the lower side there is a turgid lateral swelling usually originating from the midvein and generally (in specimens collected in I912) showing distinct ridges or carinae. In some instances series of galls attain a length of 6 or 7 cm. and in a number of cases all of the leaflets of one leaf were infested. In a few instances the attack developed so early as to practically prevent the formation of foliage, though in most cases the leaves attained nearly full size. 


description:
  Cecidomyia brachynteroides O. S.
  1862 Osten Sacken, C. R. Mon. Dipt. N. A., 1:198

  This species produces a swelling at the base of scrub pine needles, Pinus inops [Pinus virginiana]. It is probably a species of Itonida and may be identical with I. pinirigidae Pack.


description:
  Unknown #15
  Cherry-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  These monothalamous, bright pink, round galls are glabrous, smooth, and measure 2-3 mm in diameter. Galls are fleshy and succulent.


description:
   Zapatella grahami Pujade-Villar & Melika, sp. n.

  Gall (Figs 17–18). Acorn galls. Individual chambers located in the acorn cup, often between the cup and the seed. Usually there is one gall per acorn, but sometime two or three. 

  Biology. Only the sexual generation is known and it induces galls on Quercus costaricensis. Galls were collected in February and later in October in forests located above 3000 m altitude, adults emerged immediately after the galls were collected, in February and October.

  Distribution. Currently known only from Costa Rica (Cerro de la Muerte).

  Etymology. In recognition of the continuing contribution of our friend, prof. Graham N. Stone (Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland) to research on oak gallwasps.


description:
  Loxaulus championi Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2 & 5A–D)
      
  Etymology. Named after George Champion (1851–1926) English entomologist, collector of the first cynipid galls from Panama.

  Gall (Fig. 5C–D). Elongated slight swellings of twigs (Fig. 5C). The gall surface rough, of the same colour as the bark. The swellings have at least two times the diameter of a normal stem. Larval chambers are arranged longitudinally in rows under the surface of the bark (Fig. 5D). The galled stems are barely recognizable before the emergence of the adults. 

  Distribution. Loxaulus championi was found between 2400 and 2700 m a.s.l. at Volcan Baru, Chiriqui, Panama.

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, inducing galls on Quercus bumelioides Liebm. (section Quercus). The galls are found between July and December during the rain season in Panama.


description:
  Loxaulus panamensis Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey sp. nov.

  Etymology. Named after the country where the new species was collected.

  Gall (Fig. 5G). Cryptic, polythalamous in twigs. There is a only a slight stem hyperthrophy and the galls arebarely detected before adults emergence. The gall consist of small ellipsoidal larval cells inside of twigs.

  Distribution. Loxaulus panamensis was found to 3079 m a.s.l. at Volcan Baru, Chiriqui, Panama.

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, inducing galls on Quercus bumelioides Liebm. (section Quer-cus). The galls are found between May and July during the rain season in Panama


description:
  Callirhytis cameroni Medianero and Nieves-Aldrey Sp. Nov.

  Gall (Fig. 3 D-E)

  Large, irregular swellings of the leaves, with smooth and bare surface. Polythalamous, developing in petiole and midrib and engulfing leaf lamina. When fresh, the galls are light green, but galls are dark green with violet tones when mature (Fig. 3D) and are brown when old (Fig 3E). Diameter 14 to 25 mm. Galls are relatively common Quercus salicifolia at the Volcan Baru site.


description:
  Neuroterus elvisi Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey sp. n. (Figs. 1, 2 & 7C-F)
   
  Gall (Figs. 8F-H). Small, irregular swellings of the leaves, with  smooth  and  bare  surface.  Polythalamous, developing  in petiole  and  midrib  and  engulfing leaf lamina. The galls are light green when fresh but dark green when mature  and  brown  when  old.  Diameter  10  to  18  mm.  Galls are relatively common on Quercus bumelioides at the Volcán Barú site. The gall most closely resembles that of Neuroterus junctor from Mexico.

  Distribution. N. elvisi was found at 1,800 m above sea level at Volcán Barú, Chiriquí Province, Panama.

  Etymology. Named after Elvis Segundo for his help in  field  work  and  oak  gall  wasps  samplings  in  the  mountains of Panama.

  Biology. Sexual generation. Galls formed in the leaves of Q. bumelioides mature in May and insects emerge soon thereafter in the same month.


description:
  Neuroterus pulchrigalla Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey sp. n.(Figs. 3, 4 & 7A-B)

  Gall (Figs. 8A-E). Galls have a cylindrical shape, measuring 5 x 2 mm. the gall surface is covered with long dense yellowish hairs. Internally, two parts are visible; an ovoid larval cell at the attachment of the gall on the leaf and an apical empty part (Fig. 8D). The galls grow isolated or more frequently grow in close clusters formed by 2-10 galls on the midrib of Quercus bumelioides leaves (Figs. 8A-C). The galls are yellow when fresh, orange when mature and brown when old. Galls are relatively abundant on Quercus bumelioides at the Volcán Barú site in Panama.

  Distribution. Neuroterus pulchrigalla was found between 1,431-1,800 m above sea level at Volcán Barú and El Salto, Chiriquí Province, Panama. We have found galls of this species in the same type locality type as the other new species described in this paper from Panama.

  Etymology. Named after the pretty, brilliantly colored leaf galls induced by this species.

  Biology. Only the asexual generation of Neuroterus pulchrigalla is known, inducing galls on Q. bumelioides leaves. The galls are found between January and March, during the dry season, when new Q. bumelioides leaves begin to mature. The adult insects emerge from mature galls in February or May.


description:
  Neuroterus glandiphilus Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero sp. n. 
  (Figs. 5, 6, 7G-H & 9)

  Distribution: Costa Rica

  Gall (Figs. 9C-F). The galls develop inside acorns. They form a cluster of aggregated and joined chambers within the cotyledons and wall of the acorn. Individual galls consist of an oval larval cell surrounded by tissue that is pointed at the apex. Individual galls are grouped radially, appearing as orange segments. Affected acorns do not develop normally and remain stunted inside the acorn cup. Mature galls have woody, hard walls. The galled acorns measure 7 to 14 mm.

  Etymology. Named after the acorn gall induced by this species


description:
  Andricus tumefaciens n. sp.

  Gall (Figs 3a-c). Large red-chestnut gall, irregular, woody mass completely surrounding small twigs. Polythalamous, 6x4 cm, too hard to cut. The entire gall is formed of very many distinct but thoroughly fused masses, resulting in a rather irregular gall. The surface is very rough, completely cracked similar to burnt leather, and with raised polygonal portions that are 1-2 mm in diameter, dark or blackish brown, lines separating them much lighter. Galls remain several years in the oak branch, but after months or years become fragile.

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known which induces galls on Quercus chihuahuensis. Distribution. Currently known only from Mexico (Zacatecas). 

  Etymology. The shape and form of the gall resembles stem tubers caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens Smith & Townsend (Proteobacteria: Rhizobiales), thus we have given the same specific name to this new species of gallwasp.


description:
  Bassettia caulicola Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey sp. nov.(Figs. 1, 2 & 3)

  GALL (Figs. 3C & D). Stem galls develop under the bark of twigs of Q. bumelioides in the form of elongated larval cells that usually do not cause swellings (Fig. 3D). The only evidence of galling is the presence of typical adult emergence holes (Fig.3C). The galls containing fully developed adults are found in December, at the beginning of the dry sea-son in Panama. The studied insects emerged in January. 

  ETYMOLOGY. Named after the stem cryptic gall of this species.

  DISTRIBUTION. Based on our data, B. caulicolais found between 2870-3100 m at Chiriqui, Panama, around the upper limit of growth of Quercus species in Panama. 

  BIOLOGY. Only the asexual generation is known, inducing galls on Quercus bumelioides Liebm. (=Q. copeyensis)


description:
  Disholcaspis costaricensis Melika & Pujade-Villar, new species

  Host: Quercus bumelioides

  Gall (Fig. 14). Globular, monothalamic, with a more or less distinct nipple at the apex; hard, with a felt-like covering, growing in clusters of two to five galls. Green when young and growing, turning brown to dark brown when old. Diameter 8 to 12 mm. Internally with a compact, rather hard, corky texture and containing a free oval yellowish larval cell.

  Etymology. The species is named after the country in which it was collected, Costa Rica.

  Distribution. Currently known only from Costa Rica.


description:
  Odontocynips championi (Cameron, 1883)n. comb. (Figs. 1, 2 & 5A-D)

  GALL (Figs. 5B & D). The galls arc tuberous and are the largest oak galls of Panama, reaching in diameter 45 to 100 mm. They are strongly woody, irregular, often with large aggregates of clusters of smaller galls visible, polythalamous, with rugose surface, light grayish with light green tones similar to the color of the bark when fresh (Fig. 5B) and light brown when mature (Fig. 5D). When fresh, the galls are moderately hard, but they become very hard when mature, making them very difficult to dissect. The larval cells are rounded and are in the center of the hard parenchyma (Fig. 5D). The galls are formed in stems and twigs of Quercus bumelioides Liebm.

  DISTRIBUTION. O. championi is a common gall found between 1500-3000 m a.s.l. at Volcan Baru, Chiriqui, Panama. 

  BIOLOGY. Only the asexual generation is known, inducing galls on Quercus bumelioides (section Quercus). The galls are common and can be found throughout the year in different grades of maturation on the oak branches. The old galls remain on the trees for years. The wasps emerged from November to January. 


description:
  Odontocynips hansoni Pujade-Villar, 2008 (Figs. 3 & 5E-H)

  Galls of O. hansoni are irregular, large swellings of oak stems (Fig. 50); internally there are a few scat-tered larval cells (Fig. 5H). They differ from the galls of a championi in being more regular and much less cluster-like. Furthermore, according to our sampling data in Panama, while the galls of a championi are very common the galls of O. hansoni are rare. 


description:
  This gall may be common on Pinus virgininia (the author frequently sees what looks to be appropriate branch swellings on P virginiana) but is rarely reported and requires cutting open to make an identification. It is likely that there are other gallformers on these Pines that create similar stem swellings but at this time they are unknown to us.

  A possible P gallicola was observed in [Virginia](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/86001913) but it had 4 very small holes in it. The weevil is far too large to have been responsible for these holes and there is only a single larva per gall. So this one was either created by a different gallformer or it was attacked by a parasitiod.

  The weevil may occur over a much larger range than most of the literature suggests (Eastern half of US & Canada). A [paper from 2008](http://dx.doi.org/10.3956/2007-37.1) found 9 adults on Pinus ponderosa in Idaho. 


description:
  This gall was observed on Quercus chrysolepis in California in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/51955175) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/84976449) and [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/86465734). 


description:
  This gall has been observed on Quercus chrysolepis in California in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/51947266). A similar gall was observed in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/76704128) and in [October](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/17734659). 


description:
  These circular, integral blister galls project slightly above and below the lamina of Quercus virginiana leaves. The galls contain a single [midge larva](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/85610839) tentatively associated with the genus Polystepha based on affinity with other Polystepha galls on oaks. The inducer apparently exits the gall through a relatively large hole opened on the upper side of the leaf. The galls sometimes but not always occur in large numbers, nearly covering a host leaf. Galls that appear fresh but have exit holes or live larvae have been observed from February to July, on both initial and second-flush growth, indicating the species has multiple generations each year. 

  This gall was initially mistaken for [Neuroterus christi](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/762), which forms more irregularly shaped galls without prominent exit holes above. 

  Observations of this gall are collected in [this Similar Observation Set](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?verifiable=any&place_id=any&field:Similar%20observation%20set=q-virginiana-wart-gall) on iNaturalist. 

  A similar gall was observed on Quercus fusiformis in Texas in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88476708). 

  A similar gall was observed on Quercus minima in Florida in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88476708). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56113562#page/45/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis cedros, new species

  Host: — Quercus cedrosensis Muller.
  Gall. — Detachable, monothalamous, stem or aborted bud gall. Spherical, dark brown, 6mm in diameter (Fig. 1).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56113562#page/46/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis cedrosensis, new species

  Host. — Quercus cedrosensis Mueller.
  Gall. — Detachable, monothalamous, stem galls. Flat-topped, with small elevated central disk, ovoid, green and succulent when fresh, brown to purple when dry, 0.8 to 1.5cm tall, 1.2 cm average, 1.0cm diameter. Galls collected from Cedros Island are rounded apically and without sharply ridged flattened top (Fig. 2).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56113562#page/47/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis protobalanus, new species

  Host. — Quercus cedrosensis Muller.
  Gall. — Integral polythalamous acorn gall formed in cotyledon of the acorn 1.0 to 2.0cm wide, 1.2cm average. Emergence occurs through hull and sometimes through cap (Fig. 3). 


description:
  CYPRESS GALL MIDGE 
  Walshomyia cupressi Pl. 40

  This midge induces large, monothalamous, four-sided galls insummer on at least two cypress species in California. They appear as massive replicas of the terminal buds and often occur in clusters of three or four individual galls. 


description:
  2. Cynips championi

  The gall is broader than long, having a breadth of about 2 1/2 inches and a length of 2 inches, the surface largely indented, of a leathery texture, and so hard that it can only be cut with difficulty; the inside is also hard and is of a close compact spongy nature. Its color closely resembles that of the twigs. Intersected through it at irregular intervals are oval cells about 1 1/2 millim. in length. The outer margin of the cells is hard, woody, and white. The gall is situated at the end of a twig.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56199180#page/49/mode/1up
description:
  Trichoteras burnetti Dailey and Sprenger, NEW SPECIES
  (Fig. 2)

  Host. —Quercus dunnii
  Gall. —Yellow, highly pubescent aborted axillary bud or leaf petiole gall; polythalamous with angular basal larval cells; diameter 1.0-3.0 cm.


description:
  Host species is a rough guess based on range, as the host is only listed as "Quercus" in the original description


description:
  Andricus furnaceus, new species

  Gall. —A light grayish brown, rather regular swelling around small twigs, resembling a baked potato. Polythalamous, a single gall containing fifty or more larval cells. Matted, light brownish gray in color, resembling the skin of a baked potato, with scattered flakes or patches of loosened, dark brown, "burnt" skin. The whole interior is hard, compact-granular with very little solid woody fibre; the larval cells average 2.5 X 4.0 mm., formed of a layer distinct from but closely embedded in the surrounding tissue, the cells scattered irregularly throughout the gall, but more abundantly near the center. Surrounding and surmounting the young twigs (preventing their further growth) of Quercus sp.

  Range: San Luis, Potosi


description:
  Aculops euphorbicolus

  Aculus euphorbicolus

  Hosts: Euphorbia corollata, curtisii

  Relationship: Flower deformation, galls

  Range: GA, FL, VA


description:
  A similar gall was observed on Quercus parvula shrevei in California in [October](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/61625893).


description:
  Host association with Quercus chrysolepis inferred from iNaturalist observations like [this one](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/65730652). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/377/mode/1up
description:
  Eumayria herberti, new species

  Hosts: Quercus kelloggii; the same sort of cells were noted in Quercus agrifolia and wislizenii

  Gall: Cells in the peripheral layer of wood just under the normal bark of vigorous shoots 2 cm or less in diameter. Single cells measure 3 mm by 1 mm, the long axis parallel with long axis of twig, the exit holes .7 mm in diameter. If several cells lie close together their shape is somewhat distorted and a slight swelling may be visible on surface.

  Range: CA


description:
  Similar galls were observed on Quercus agrifolia in [December](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66580611) and [January](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68660219) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68660216) [(3)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68660221) [(4)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68466958).


description:
  An apparently inquiline-modified gall of this species was observed on Quercus lobata in California in [December](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66503384). Another gall that may also be an inquiline-modified gall of this species was observed on Quercus lobata in CA in [September](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96723959). 


description:
  Eriophyes paramackiei

  Hosts: Quercus agrifolia

  A closely related species of E mackiei, Eriophyes paramackiei Keifer, also infests California live oak and causes a broom effect of densely clustered, stunted twigs on one side of the stem. The twiggy branches are stubby, with short, somewhat thickened branchlets, each crowded with numerous buds that contain mites. The tree infested with E. paramackiei shows the broom growths at the lower level of the tree, whereas the upper section does not look thrifty. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=61
description:
  Quercus chrysolepis 
  "Root" galls
  Single, globular, dia 5 mm, in cluster of 2-8, fresh May 20 at Baird CA


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=61
description:
  Loxaulus brunneus

  Quercus chrysolepis 
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings or cells under the bark
  "Scrub oak" Type gall an abrupt swelling on twig, 8 mm in dia. Mono. Not recognized in the field.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=61
description:
  Quercus chrysolepis 
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings or cells under the bark
  Abrupt blister in thickened bark, usually single, 6 mm long. Mono.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=61
description:
  Loxaulus trizonalis sex gen

  Quercus chrysolepis 
  Stem galls, detachable
  Gall similar to [the above](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/950). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/150/mode/1up
description:
  Heteroecus chrysolepidis (Ashmead)

  Andricus chrysolepidis

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  Gall: A small, irregularly globular or ovate bud gall. Monothalamous. A slight nipple at the apex; the surface covered with a fine, scurfy pubescence, light brown in color; 7 mm in diameter by 10 mm long.

  Range: CA

  The insect is very close to [dasydactyli](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1903). The gall is the most distinctive thing of the species. Galls from Diablo appear to match the type galls, but I do not have insects to check the determination. Unlike the type galls, some of the Diablo specimens are clustered, suggesting [H. malus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1731), and inasmuch as the insects of the two are rather similar perhaps malus should be considered a variety of chrysolepidis. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=61
description:
  Heteroecus chrysolepidis

  Quercus chrysolepis 
  Stem galls, detachable
  "Hard, ovate or globular, with a nipple, larval cell central; covered with a dense, fine, short pubescence as on a peach altho this is sometimes rubbed off." Diameter 5-8 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635466#page/72/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus chrysolepidis

  Ovate or globular, nippled, presumably twig gall containing a larval cell and covered with a dense, fine, short, pubescence, diameter 5 to 8 mm, on Q chrysolepis.


description:
  Host is a rough guess based on range, as the host is known only as "Quercus" in the original description.

  This species likely belongs to genus Nichollsiella. 


description:
  Andricus marmoreus, new species

  Gall. — A solid, marble-like gall, mottled in color, about globular, and smooth, with a blunt tip. Monothalamous. The gall is 9 mm. or less in diameter, subspherical, somewhat flattened vertically, with usually a broad-linear tip at the apex 2-3 mm. long; the surface is light brown, not entirely smooth in dried specimens, the deeper portions colored darker, forming a speckled or even mottled design. The gall is solid, although the tissue is not compact, and contains a distinct but not separable larval cell which is about 3 mm. in diameter. Often in numbers, though not densely clustered, on the new shoots of Quercus sp.; the wedge-shaped base of the gall is inserted in deep slits in the twig, causing thin layers of the bark to flare slightly around the base of the gall.

  Range: San Luis, Potosi

  The gall is like a typical "bullet-gall" of the genus Disholcaspis, except that it does not have a separable larval cell. 


description:
  Andricus mexicanus, new species

  [This is a partial synonymy; Kinsey took galls now thought to be induced by [Striatoandricus guatemalensis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4220) in Guatemala and nievesaldreyi in Mexico to be a single species. This record only includes information now referable to nievesaldreyi.]

  Hosts: Quercus macrophylla

  Range: Mexico: "Mountains near Guadalajara" (Bassett); Sierra de Nayarit, Jalisco.

  Gall: A large mass of wool, about hemispherical, 2.0-3.5 mm. in diameter, lemon-yellow to bright orange-brown; the hairs crystalline, brittle, forming a coating on the central core about 10 mm. thick; the core polythalamous, of a dense, crystalline material, without separable larval cells. On the midvein, on the upper sides of leaves of an oak, Quercus macrophylla Nee? (Prof. Jack det.).

  The gall is a splendid thing and must be very attractive if at all abundant in its range. The recorded stations are over one thousand miles apart, for apparently this is the same species of which Cameron and Bassett have described the gall, though neither obtained the adult. Bassett said that the host of his galls was probably Q crassifolia [a red-group oak, not plausible for this wasp].


description:
  Andricus pellucidus, new species

  Osten-Sacken, 1873

  Galls: Globular, smooth, dull or somewhat shining, thin-shelled, yellowish to pinkish, translucent galls, monothalamous, 8-15 mm. in diameter, empty except for a few, very fine radiating fibers which hold the larval cell central in the gall.

  Range: Colorado Springs, Colorado.

  The gall is very pretty, being even thinner than the galls of Dryophanta bella, D dugesi, and D rubrae, which it resembles. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=242&q1=185
description:
  Janetiella ulmii Beutm ["Dasyneura ulmea" is listed causing the same symptom]

  Hosts: Ulmus

  Blasted buds, immature leaf clusters, or swollen seeds or slippery elm midge, spring. PI. 11 (6)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15672471#page/364/mode/1up
description:
  Trichoteras perfulvum, new species

  Host: Quercus chrysolepis

  Gall: Tan colored, circular, 6-8 mm. in diameter by 1 mm. high, single or in two's or three's, attached to midrib on upper or lower side of leaf in the fall. Sparingly hairy, thin walled, with an eccentric ellipsoidal cell inside held in place by radiating fibers. 

  Range: Idyllwild CA Both living and dead adults were found in the galls when they were cut open, February 9, 1949. Fresh galls are fully grown by mid-June.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57428941#page/563/mode/1up
description:
  Dasyneura meibomiae

  This gall is an elongate, fusiform, clustered bud growth occurring on several species of tick-trefoil, Desmodium species.


description:
  A green, hairy, ovate gall on the midrib of Strychnos panamensis. The gall is noticeably wrinkly and has a distinct sheen to it. Observed in Jalisco in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/6986485).


description:
  Phytoptus adenostomae

  Hosts: Adenostoma fasciculatum

  This mite induces globular pouch galls on the tiny leaves of chamise.


description:
  Asphondylia adenostoma

  Hosts: Adenostoma fasciculatum

  galls the host's seeds without substantively altering their form.


description:
  This gall was observed on Adenostoma fasciculatum in California in [March](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/85863688). 


description:
  This gall was observed on Helianthus grosseserratus in Illinois in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/85548304). 


description:
  This rust was observed on leaves of Hypericum fraseri in Illinois in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/85730554). 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=306&q1=viola
description:
  Dasyneura semenivora

  Hosts: Viola sp. 

  "Plum-like" deformed fruit, length 0.5 inch, summer and fall. 


description:
  Irregularly round light-green bead galls in the lamina and veins of leaves of Ribes viscosissimum, projecting equally above and below the leaf. The galls have no exposed erineum but are hairy to the extent that the surrounding leaf tissue is. 

  Observed in Montana in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/85428429). 


description:
  Small globular integral swellings in numbers in the lamina of Vitis leaves. The galls are distinguished from [Vitisiella brevicauda](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1407) by their smaller size, greater numbers, and lack of agglomeration, and especially by the presence of a distinct tuft of white to red hairs emerging from the upper or lower side of the gall. On the opposite side, the galls are hairless and glossy, a lighter green than the unaffected lamina shading to yellow, orange, and red. 

  Dr Gagne has identified larvae from this gall as Vitisiella, as reported in [this paper by Buhl and Eiseman](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207233.2016.1201322?journalCode=genv20)


externallink: https://wiki.bugwood.org/HPIPM:Eriosoma_lanigerum
description:
  Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann)

  Hosts: Apple, crabapple, mountain-ash, elm 

  The more severe injury is caused by the insect feeding on the roots of apple, crabapple, and mountain-ash, resulting in large knots (galls) on the roots. Heavily infested trees often have short, fibrous roots, and are stunted and sometimes killed. Callous tissue around aboveground wounds are also commonly infested, which inhibits healing and can produce cankers.


description:
  Red erineum on the underside of leaves of Quercus engelmannii. Observed in California in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/85044426).


description:
  Small, needle-like galls with pointed tips on the midrib and vein of Collinsonia canadensis. The galls are succulent, with vertical dark stripes.

  Seen in Ohio in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/86469889).


description:
  Neolasioptera brevis Gagne, New Species

  Irregular twig swellings of about twice the normal diameter were first noticed by one of us (KV) on 2-VIII-1982 in Dauphin Co., Pa. Galls then contained second instars of cecidomyiid larvae assumed to belong to Neolasioptera.

  Host: Gleditsia triacanthos


description:
  Meunieriella aquilonia Gagne, New Species

  Females of M. aquilonia deposit eggs on either the upper or lower epidermis, the latter apparently preferred. Of 34 mines examined where empty eggs were found, 25 had been deposited on the lower epidermis. The spot galls are circular to oval, usually measuring 2-3 mm in greatest diameter. Initially the spot is whitish, but gradually turns brown after the larva abandons the leaflet. Only on gall was found per leaflet in all but two of 51 leaflets examined and only one larva was found in every gall, except in one that contained two. The pupal period for two flies reared from field-collected larvae lasted 10 days for one, 11 for the other.

  This gall midge appears to be widespread in central Pennsylvania. It was collected on wild honeylocust in Dauphin Co.; at a garden center in Lancaster Co.; in nurseries in Centre, Columbia, and York counties; and in a cemetery in Dauphin Co. where thornless cultivars of honeylocust were infested. The collection of larvae from late June through mid-September suggests the midge has several generations per year.

  Host: Gleditsia triacanthos


description:
  Cabbage-Bud-Gall Midge
  Lonicerae russoi

  Host: Lonicera hispidula

  This midge induces conical, leafy, monothalamous bud galls on L. hispidula. The bracts of these galls are oval and tongue-shaped with rounded tips.


description:
  Quercus hemisphaerica added as a host based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/86782824)--see discussion in comments. 


description:
  Carya laciniosa added as a host based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/87041809#). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387590#page/161/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus cupulae, new species

  On Quercus lobata. 

  GALL. — Only a larval cell buried in the wood of the acorn cup. The cell oval, averaging 1.5 mm. wide by 2.2 mm. long; the walls hard but not thick; entirely hollow. Buried wholly or in part in the wood of the acorn cup, oftenest at the base; part of the cell sometimes visible within the cup, only rarely producing a slight swelling on the outside of the cup.

  Adults were emerging at Paso Robles on March 7, after most of the cupules had fallen to the ground. This is clearly an agamic generation, and very probably has an alternate, bisexual generation, probably not occurring on acorn cups. A similar gall occurs on Q. garryana on the north Pacific Coast; the insects will probably prove to belong to a distinct variety. 

  Range: CA, Paso Robles, Gilroy


description:
  Neuroterus quercicola var pacificus

  We know of only one species of Neuroterus in the American continent galling acorns, Neuroterus cupulae Kinsey, 1922, later considered an asexual generation synonym of Neuroterus quercicola var. pacificus Kinsey (Kinsey, 1923; Weld, 1952), a species distributed in California.  


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/226481#page/368/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus quercicola variety pacificus 
  agamic form varians Kinsey

  Neuroterus quercus-batatus (woody gall only)
  Neuroterus pacificus (woody gall only)
  Neuroterus varians
  Neuroterus cupulae

  GALL. — A slight swelling of the affected part, the larval cells with a distinct but inseparable lining; galls of two types as follows: 

  Acorn Galls: Single larval cells buried in the wood of the acorn cup. The cell oval, averaging 1.5 by 2.2 mm.; with moderately thin walls. Buried wholly or in part in the wood of the acorn cup, oftenest at the base; part of the cell sometimes visible within the cup, only rarely producing a slight swelling on the outside (fig. 57). 

  There can be no question of the identity of varians and cupulae. I described these as distinct species primarily because the galls of the two are so very different that the possibility of their identity never was entertained. I never compared the two descriptions, and only a revision of the whole genus, analyses of subgenera, and the writing of comparative descriptions, Anally showed me the mistake. This is an indictment of the publication of miscellaneous new species, and justification of the revision of whole groups at a time. Varians and cupulae are synonyms, not because the insects largely resemble each other, but because detailed examination of large series of the types of the two fails to disclose a single point of constant, group difference. Insects were emerging from both kinds of galls at the same date from the same trees at Paso Robles in 1920. 

  Here is one of the most remarkable cases known of one cynipid producing two or more distinct kinds of galls on different parts of the host. Several other cases are pointed out in this paper for the genus, but otherwise few cases of gall polymorphism are known in the Cynipidae. Varians lives either in twigs or acorn cups. In the first instance the galls are polythalamous swellings packed with larval cells, while in the second instance they are single, scattered larval cells which produce almost no swelling. So does the plant tissue determine the character of the gall! It might be suggested that the two insects, altho alike morphologically, are different physiologically as evidenced by their different points of oviposition, but such matters cannot be investigated with our present means. Meanwhile it appears probable that insects from either type of agamic gall lay eggs for either type of bisexual gall, apparently due to the lack of a peculiar physiology which might restrict oviposition to a single point on the plant. 

  Range: CA, thruout central CA and possibly wherever Quercus douglasii and lobata occur.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=80
description:
  Quercus dumosa
  Acorn galls
  Star-shaped "pip" gall on young acorns. Fig 41.

  41. A "pip" gall beside young acorns of Quercus dumosa. Taken in summer on ridge road to Bakersfield; also on Mt. Wilson trail above Sierra Madre.

  Quercus lobata
  Acorn galls
  Globular "pip" gall with a crater at apex, 3.8 mm in dia, green, covered with short dense pubescence. Fig 188. Seen once Oct 27 & empty.

  Fig 188. Unknown. Cell occupies whole interior of acorn of Q. lobata at Chico, Calif. on Oct. 18 when the nutritive layer was not yet used up. Diameter 5.7 mm.


description:
  This gall was observed on Quercus chrysolepis in California in [December](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/36513056). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15672479#page/365/mode/1up
description:
  Trichoteras rotundula, new species

  Host. — Quercus chrysolepis. 

  Gall (pl. 16, fig. 2). — A midrib cluster of a few globular galls, usually on the under side of a leaf in the fall. Covered with short straight hairs when young and green, later bare, smooth, tan, up to 2.7 mm. in diameter with a central cell 1.5 by 1.2 mm. supported by stout radiating fibers. 

  Habitat. — The type emerged in November from a gall collected at Camp Baldy, Calif., on November 7, 1939. One paratype was cut out September 5, 1918, from a gall collected at Los Gatos. Another was cut out November 10, 1949, from a gall collected at Idyllwild on November 6, 1948. One (not in the type series and all amber) was cut out dead in 1946 from a gall collected on Mount St. Helena in August 1922. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44238#page/88/mode/1up
description:
  Trichoteras coquilletti sp. n. 

  Galls. — Small, brown, subopaque, globular galls, averaging from 6 to 8 mm. in diameter, and internally with a central kernel or larval cell held in place by radiating filaments. These galls were collected by Mr. D. W. Coquillett, at Los Angeles, Cal., from the upper surface of the leaves of an unknown oak, who forwarded them to the Department of Agriculture, where three specimens of the gall wasp were reared. Structurally and in general appearance the galls very closely resemble Dryophanta polita Bass., but the subapterous wasp is quite different from that species. 

  Range: CA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610712#page/322/mode/1up
description:
  Trichoteras coquilletti Ashmead

  The writer collected galls on Quercus chrysolepis at Camp Baldy, June IG, 1918, when they seemed too immature to rear but flies, agreeing with the types, emerged January 15, 1919. In September, 1922, galls were collected in the Santa Ana Mountains (a living fly cut out November 14) and at Idyllwild and adults were cut out on January 23.


description:
  Quercus cornelius-mulleri added tentatively as a host based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/69398960). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/277/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus sadlerensis, new species

  Hosts: Quercus sadleriana

  Gall (fig. 28). — Greenish-yellow succulent enlargement of the midrib and adjacent parenchyma of the basal portions of the outermost leaves in a terminal cluster and causing a more or less complete reduction of the blade of the inner leaves in the cluster producing a conspicuous rosette at the end of the twig. In July. 

  This is the first cynipid to be reported from Sadler's oak. The species would go in the subgenus Dolichostrophus and is related to Neuroterus washingtonensis Beutenmueller. 

  Habitat. — The type material was collected July 20, 1922, on the ridge above the Oregon Caves National Monument in the Siskiyou mountains near Holland, Oreg., at an elevation of 6,000 feet. Adults of both sexes emerged by July 28.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=60&skin=2021
description:
  Dryocosmus castanopsidis

  Castanopsis chrysophylla, sempervirens
  Spherical, brown, 11-13 mm in dia on the staminate flowers. They drop in August. Monothalamous.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=60&skin=2021
description:
  Castanopsis chrysophylla, sempervirens
  Spherical, fleshy, thin-walled, with a free-rolling cell inside, projecting on both sides of the leaf in May. Mono. Never reared.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=67&skin=2021
description:
  Quercus kelloggii
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings or cells under bark
  Elongated cells, 2.3 by 1.0 mm, under leaf scar, in slight terminal swelling.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=67&skin=2021
description:
  Quercus kelloggii
  Leaf galls, integral
  Globular, hollow with a free-rolling larval cell inside. May.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=69&skin=2021
description:
  Andricus reniformis

  Quercus chrysolepis, vacciniifolia
  Stem galls
  Kidney-shaped on side of twig. Poly.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=69&skin=2021
description:
  Trichoteras vaccinifoliae

  Quercus chrysolepis, vacciniifolia
  Leaf galls [sic], oak apples
  Thin-walled oak apple, dia 25 mm, veiny. Mono.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=70&skin=2021
description:
  Aylax hypochaeridis 

  Hypochaeris radiata
  Fusiform swelling of midrib and peduncle. Widely distributed in western Oregon and Washington where it helps to check the spread of its introduced host plant. Galls have ben seen at OR-CA state line and in San Diego CA.


description:
  Carya laciniosa added as a host based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/86778746). 


description:
  Carya laciniosa added as a host based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/87041806#). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33538396#page/37/mode/1up
description:
  ROSACEAE. Spiraea salicifolia.

  Cecidomyia? lappa, n. s.

  Terminal mass of brown or, when quite young, green, mossy in appearance, strongly resembling Rhodites rosae, but coarser. Each gall consists of an undeveloped bud, the leaves of which have the tips much elongated. The central cavity is enclosed by the overlapping leaves. Not rare. On meadow-sweet, Spiraea salicifolia.


description:
  Puccinia evadens
  [Page 243]

  This fungus induces large, elliptical, swollen stem galls and witches brooms on coyote brush and desert broom. The brooms are composed of compact clusters of small branches up to 20 cm long that often conceal the stem swelling beneath.

  [Hosts: Baccharis pilularis, sarothroides, emoryi, thesioides

  Range: CA, AZ]


description:
  Eriophyes baccharipha
  [Page 244]

  This mite induces swollen blister galls on leaves of coyote brush [Baccharis pilularis].


description:
  Gnorimoschema baccharisella
  [Page 244]

  This gelechiid moth induces hard, integral stem galls on coyote brush [Baccharis pilularis] throughout its range.

  [Range: CA]


description:
  Leaf-Gall Moth
  Gnorimoschema sp.
  [Plate 415; page 245]

  Galls are composed of tightly bound, swollen leaves that are held together like the staves of a barrel.


description:
  Rhopalomyia baccharis
  [Page 246]

  This midge induces integral, twisted and bent, striated, polythalamous stem galls, initially at the tips of new shoots of coyote brush [Baccharis pilularis] in spring.


description:
  Rhopalomyia californica
  [Page 247]

  This midge induces polythalamous terminal bud galls on both the erect and prostrate forms of coyote brush [Baccharis pilularis]. The galls are round to lobed with lumpy protrusions across the surface.


description:
  Grahamstoneia humboldti, sp. nov.

  Hosts: Quercus vacciniifolia, chrysolepis

  Diagnosis: The gall somewhat resembles that of Andricus projectus Weld, 1952b although is more slender and green when young rather than red. However, morphologically the adults are very different.

  Gall. (Fig 12). A bud gall on terminal or axillary buds, up to 8mm long and 2–3mm in diameter. Smooth conical gall with a pointed tip, emerging from bud scales. Young galls are green with a slight pubescence at base that rubs off easily; mature galls are a rich dark brown colour. 

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces galls on Q. vacciniifolia and Q. chrysolepis within Quercus section Protobalanus – the golden cup or intermediate oaks (Denk et al. 2017, Govaerts & Frodin 1998). Mature galls were collected in early November, and adults emerged soon afterwards.

  Distribution. USA: California (three locations: Berry summit, ~25km E of Arcata; a site 30km NE of Arnold; and Irvine Lodge rest area on route 101, ~20km N of Willits); Arizona (Oak Creek Canyon, 15km N of Sedona).


description:
  A gall matching this description was observed on Quercus coccinea in North Carolina in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/87297784) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/87297788).

  This gall is similar to many induced by the spring sexual generations of wasps in the genus Melikaiella, eg M tumifica and M flora. 


description:
  Acalitus phoradendronis

  Hosts: Phoradenderon villosum var villosum

  Relationship: The mites make partial galls on lower leaf surfaces consisting of irregular channels surrounding a raised center. These deformities give the mites a sequestered location in which to live.

  Range: CA


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112019256624&view=1up&seq=70&q1=ribes
description:
  The infestation caused by this mite results in the formation of peculiar galls involving the midrib and lateral veins of the upper surface of the leaves. The galls consist of pouchlike swellings arising from the leaf surface around the midrib and lateral veins, with the edges meeting over the veins to form "globular chambers." The galls coalesce and are covered with whitish hairs, which make them conspicuous and unmistakable. Galled leaves are considerably deformed.

  Specimens were found in the galls on Sierra gooseberry in California and on coastal black gooseberry on Oreas Island, Wash., in September. Nearly every leaf of a plant was reported to be galled


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112019256624&view=1up&seq=72
description:
  The nail galls on linden leaves induced by Phytoptus tiliae are a familiar and striking foliage injury. They are usually numerous and are scattered at random over the leaf surface, generally missing the veins. Each gall is an elongate structure, attenuate distally, with a rounded or pointed tip, measuring 5-12 mm long, which may be erect, oblique, or curved, pro truding through the upper surface of the leaf blade. Some times two galls are coalesced at the base but form separate apices. The interior of the gall is filled with long, simple hairs near the base or opening (see pi. 6, D). The galls vary from greenish yellow to pinkish, to red and brown. They appear in June, maturing in July-August.

  Although a common species, nothing is known of its life history. It is one of the many eriophyids that attack the linden family Tiliaceae and cause galls to form. Phytoptus tiliae is apparently widely distributed.


description:
  This [gall mite](https://extension.missouri.edu/publications/ipm1037) produces stunted leaves and puckering, as well as edge folds on Sambucus canandensis.


description:
  Phyllocoptes wisconsinensis Keifer, 1965

  Host: Sambucus nigra L. ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli

  Relationship: Rust, twisting, leaf deformation.

  Distr: WI


description:
  Phyllocoptes wisconsinensis

  Relation: The mites discolor and rust the leaves, also causing some twisting and other deformation.

  Type Locality: Madison, Wisconsin


description:
  Depressions on the lower leaf of Packera obovata. The depressions create a raised pouch-like gall on the upper leaf.

  Observed in Alabama in [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/42196072).


description:
  Swollen, abrupt galls on the fruits of Parkinsonia praecox. The galls are thick-walled, monothalamous and covered in a fine pubescence.

  Observed in Puebla in [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/72854633).


description:
  Witches broom causing arrested buds and shrunken leaves, which cluster together densely.

  Observed in Querétaro in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/86329935).


description:
  Aceria guazumae

  Host: Guazuma ulmifolia

  Relationship: Galls [Blister and leaf curling].

  Distr. Cuba, Florida, Nicaragua, Venezuela


description:
  Aceria lantanae
  Eriophyes lantanae

  Host: Lantana camara

  Relations: The mites cause large galls consisting of very small green leaves and distorted flower buds and flowers. The mite is used as a biological control agent, where lantana is a pest. 

  Distr: FL, LA USA


description:
  Acalitus capparidis Flechtmann, sp.  nov.

  RELATION TO HOST: Acalitus capparidis induces the plant to produce crinkle galls on the lower leaf surface, opening through a small pit on the upper surface. 


description:
  Acalitus capparidis

  Host: Capparis indica

  Relations: Crinkle galls on the lower leaf surface, opening through a small pit on upper leaf surface

  Distr: Guadalupe


description:
  Phyllocoptruta antillana

  Host: Sapium glandulosum

  Relations: Leaf galls, about 3mm diameter, open on lower leaf surface

  Distri. Guadeloupe


description:
  P. antillana causes leaf galls of about 3 mm in diameter which open on lower leaf surfaces. Living mites are orange-pink in colour. 


description:
  A small, delicate fly. Damage is caused by larvae which feed between the upper and lower layers of leaves. Two to six larvae typically occur in a single leaf. With a little practice, they are easily found by breaking open a blistered leaf with your thumbnail. 


description:
  Acalitus ipomocarneae

  Host: Ipomea carnea

  Relations: The mites make irregular bead galls or somewhat elongate galls that project from the upper leaf surface in large numbers. The galls are hairy both inside and out.

  Distr: Venezuela


description:
  Hairy, red, erineum blister galls on upper leaves and veins of Acalypha phleoides.

  Observed in Guatemala City in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/54388229) and [October](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/54388229).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112019256624&view=1up&seq=74
description:
  Eriophyes parulmi 

  causes small, elongate, fingerlike galls that project from the upper surface of the leaf blade. They are randomly arranged, solitary, rarely coalesced and tend to crowd in the angles between the midrib and lateral veins. Specimens were found in July from Wisconsin westward.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112019256624&view=1up&seq=74
description:
  Eriophyes ulmi

  causes the formation of small, variable, bead like galls on the upper surface of leaves. Their exterior is rough, irregular and is covered with a few hairs like the rest of the leaf surface. They are the least impressive of the two galls. Specimens were collected in Canada and the Eastern United States on American elm and in England and Cyprus on elm.


externallink: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6141359h/f44.item
description:
  A new genus, Primavera, is described for Rabdophaga porrecta Felt, a cecidomyiid that forms pouch galls in samaras, the winged fruit of American elm, Ulmus americana...regularly emerges from the soil during the first week of March in Beltsville, Maryland, USA...The only known species [of Primavera] is one of the earliest plant-feeding gall midges to emerge in spring.

  Plant tissue rapidly grows around these larvae, enveloping one to several larvae in swellings that are closed but for a tight slit lined with fine white cilia. By early April when the larvae are full-grown, the samaras become flaccid and the swellings open to release the larvae. Most infested ovaries result in undeveloped, malformed samaras...This cecidomyiid has evidently been rarely noticed but is doubtless widespread, as it is known from Wisconsin, New York, West Virginia, and Maryland.


description:
  Rhabdophaga porrecta n . sp . [i.e. Primavera porrecta] This remarkable form was taken April 5, 1908 by C . P . Alexander at Gloversville , N . Y . It is anomalous in that the antennal characters are most suggestive of the Epidosariae , while the wing , tarsal and genitalic characters indicate strong affinities with this genus . [Note: this description is from a single adult male; no record of the gall]

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018296370&view=1up&format=plaintext&seq=105&skin=2021&q1=porrecta


externallink: https://bugguide.net/node/view/929051
description:
  "Trout Run Trail, Decorah, Winneshiek County, Iowa, USA; May 10, 2014; Size: ~2mm: I came upon a variety of birds gobbling up something from the paved surface of a bike trail in Decorah, beneath the canopy of an elm tree (American elm, I believe). It took me a while to figure out the trail under the elm was littered with these tiny grubs, which seemed to be falling out of the tree. Further investigation revealed that many of the developing samaras on the tree hosted small galls -- more or less cone-shaped with an opening on the tapered end. As I recall I actually noticed one of these grubs emerging from a gall on a samara. There were plenty of birds feasting on the ground (see species list below) but a number of warblers were in the tree itself as well, foraging among the clusters of samaras, seemingly grabbing and tugging at individual samaras as if extricating the grubs from them (or grabbing them as they emerged from their galls)...Didn't quantify this but it seemed many of the infested samaras had shriveled / underdeveloped seeds...I dissected several such infested samaras, and discovered that the gall was its own chamber, separate from the space within the samara where the developing seed was located." - John van der Linden, notes from several observations published on [Bugguide](https://bugguide.net/node/view/967278).


description:
  Galls of both [T. ulmi and T. nigriabdominalis] are stalked and located on the upper side of a leaf. Galls of T. (T.) nigriabdominalis are hairy, elongate or pouch shaped, usually with a pointed apex, whereas the galls formed by T.(T.) ulmi are smooth and shiny and bean shaped(Fig.3). When mature, the galls of T. (T.) nigriabdominalis are usually bicoloured green and rose-red, and those formed by T.(T.) ulmi are reddish-green or yellowish. Galls of both species can co-occur on the same leaf blade(Fig. 3).

  Its primary host constitutes different species of Ulmus (e.g. U. canescens Melville, U. davidiana var. japonica Rehder, U. parvifolia Jacq, U. minor Mill., U. pumila L.). Secondary hosts are numerous species of Poaceae family from the genera Agropyron...It is also one of the most important rice pests.

externallink:
  https://journal.fi/plugins/generic/pdfJsViewer/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Fentomolfennica%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F84672%2F43696%2F125939#page=5&zoom=auto,-154,477


description:
  Galls of both [T. ulmi and T. nigriabdominalis] are stalked and located on the upper side of a leaf. Galls of T. (T.) nigriabdominalis are hairy, elongate or pouch shaped, usually with a pointed apex, whereas the galls formed by T. (T.) ulmi are smooth and shiny and bean shaped (Fig.3). When mature, the galls of T. (T.) nigriabdominalis are usually bicoloured green and rose-red, and those formed by T. (T.) ulmi are reddish-green or yellowish. Galls of both species can co-occur on the same leaf blade (Fig. 3).

externallink:
  https://journal.fi/plugins/generic/pdfJsViewer/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Fentomolfennica%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F84672%2F43696%2F125939#page=5&zoom=auto,-154,477


description:
  A gourd-like gall observed projecting from the apparent fruit of a Scleria sedge, possibly Scleria ciliata based on range. The gall is mottled with brown, and appears as a swelling of the sedge's fruit.

  Observed in Alabama in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/86118431).


description:
  Neuroterus longipennis Ashmead

  Hosts: Quercus laurifolia

  Gall: On the petiole of the leaf or surrounding the base of new shoots of laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia), in May. Small, oblong, irregular, woody swellings, measuring from 8 to 9 mm in length and 3.5 to 4 mm in diameter.

  Range: FL


description:
  Quercus hemisphaerica added as a host based on its relationship with Quercus laurifolia and tentatively supported by this [observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/87764075). 


description:
  Phylloxera auburnensis Hamilton, sp. n.

  Hosts: Carya pallida

  Galls: Green, glabrous, and raised to a point on adaxial leaf surface; on abaxial leaf surface more convex, light green, pubescent, and globular; distributed along midvein of leaf 

  Slightly convex and raised to a point above, green and glabrous, and diameter 2.5–4.5 mm; below globular and more convex, light green, and densely pubescent; distributed along midvein of leaf. Opening round and surrounded by 5–6 short pubescent bracts which extend out from the gall surface when open.

  [Type specimen collected in April]

  [A figure of the gall appears on page 123 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P caryaeavellana appears on page 71.]

  Range: AL


description:
  Neolasioptera sp.

  Tapered stem swelling
  Adults were reared in July in Florida, so this species probably has more than one generation per year.

  Hosts: Kosteletzkya virginica
  Distr: Florida and Texas


description:
  Neolasioptera hibisci (Felt)

  Galls are irregular, ridged, and 2-3 cm long.
  Larvae develop in tunnels, mainly in the pith, overwinter in the stalks, and pupate there in spring.

  Host: Hibiscus moscheutos
  Distr: New York, North Carolina, and Louisiana.


description:
  Enlarged seed capsule ... *Dasineura toweri* Felt
  Affected seed capsules are about 5 mm long and 3 mm in diameter... Host: *H. mutilum*...


description:
  Small irregular bead galls projecting on both sides of the lamina of Rubus flagellaris leaves in summer. The galls project farther on the lower side of the leaf and often have sparse hairs on that side. 

  Observed on Rubus flagellaris in Minnesota in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/50665186)  and [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/87458399) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/29007110). 


description:
  Large pouch galls along the lower side of leaves of Psorothamnus emoryi. The galls are irregular in shape and size, markedly less hairy than the leaf around them, and have an tan-orange-brown color. They often distort the shape of the leaf. 

  Observed in California in [March](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/72640576). 


description:
  A gall matching this description was observed on Quercus agrifolia var oxyadenia in California in [December](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/67286584).


description:
  Weld notes on each host that this gall was observed in the fall, but recent observations of galls matching this description have occurred as early as April and July. These may be distinct species or represent a longer development time than Weld was aware of; further observations may clarify the question. 

  Ants [have been observed](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/112333674) collecting early spring galls matching this morphotype. This is potentially the second instance of mymecochory, or ant-aided dispersal, known among North American cynipids, after [Kokkocynips rileyi.](https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/720283?journalCode=an)

  The gall has a short tuft of white hairs present only on the lower side, concealed by the bud scales until removed from the plant. This feature distinguishes it from Weld's [Zapatella oblata](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/743), which he notes as lacking this feature. 

  Unpublished COI barcoding from the Forbes lab places this gall close to Zapatella quercusphellos.


description:
  Neolasioptera triadenii
  Irregular stem swelling

  Gall: Swellings are about 8-12 mm long and monothalamous. 
  The orange larvae overwinter in the stems and pupate there the following spring.

  Host: Triadenum virginicum
  Distr: MA, NY, NJ


description:
  Schizomyia sp.
  Swollen, unopened flower

  In late September it [larvae] leaves the gall and drops to the ground to pupate.

  Host: Collinsonia canadensis
  Distr: MD


description:
  Caryomyia thompsoni

  Gall green to black, depressed-spherical, indented at apex, thin-walled, with sparse, long hairs.


description:
  Sequoiomyia taxodii

  Swollen, aborted seed
  Larvae overwinter in the seeds, and adults emerge in spring

  Host: Taxodium distichum
  Range: Illinois to Arkansas


description:
  Contarinia acetosellae

  Deformed, reddish seed capsules

  Host: Rumex acetosella

  Distr: Georgia and Illinois, Europe


description:
  Gall: The flower buds are discoloured, they remain closed and are twice their normal size. Larvae gregarious, jumping, yellowish white, pink or orange. Pupation mostly in the gall, univoltine. Mostly the female flowers are galled.

  Host plants: Rumex acetosa, acetosella, crispus.

  [click below for photos]

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/cecidomyiidi/cecidomyiini/contarinia/contarinia-acetosellae/


description:
  Cecidomyiid

  "Pocket gall" on seed pods
  The damage, attributed to a cecidomyiid by Maze (1949) was not described further

  Host: A. androsaemifolium

  Distr: Pennsylvania


description:
  Neolasioptera sp.

  Irregular, woody swelling at base of leaf blade

  Host: Dioscoreaa villosa
  Distr: NY


description:
  Janetiella siskiyou

  Infested cones may appear normal to slightly deformed
  Larvae among the scales. They spin a cocoon in summer and pupate there in spring. Adults emerge shortly after.. Probably only one generation occurs per year.

  Host: Chamaecyparis lawsoniana
  Distr: Oregon; also Europe, where it is now well established


description:
  Contarinia sp.

  Larva in swollen branchlet tip
  Branchlet tips are swollen

  Host: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
  Distr: British Columbia and Washington


description:
  Walshomyia cupressi

  Greatly enlarged bud
  Adults emerge from the buds in April

  Hosts: Cupressus pygmaea, C. sargentii

  Distr: CA


description:
  Contarinia rugosa

  Bud of normal size, becoming brown after larva exits

  The infestation is noticeable in spring, when the buds turn first red then brown after the full-grown larvae drop to the soil.

  Host: Cupressus arizonica
  Distr: California and Hawaii, where it was introduced with nursery stock


description:
  Contarinia [Chamaediplosis].
  The damage is probably similar to that of Contarinia rugosa, but adult specimens are distinctly differ.

  Host: Cupressus macrocarpa

  Distr: CA


description:
  Contarinia juniperina

  Slight swellings on the base of needles
  Infestation can cause extensive dieback and unsightliness after the larvae leave.
  One mine may contain one to severa larvae

  Hosts: Juniperus chinensis, J. communis, J. horizontalis, J. ashei, J. squamata, J. virginiana

  Distr: Ontario to Pennsylvania, west to Nebraska and Kansas


description:
  JUNIPERUS (Juniper)
   The larva of Contarinia juniperina Felt, the juniper midge, is a small yellowish maggot that produces a blister at the base of the needles, often causing them to drop to the ground. Numerous dead tips are the result of an infestation of this species. The adults emerge in April and lay their eggs beneath the needles.


description:
  Oligotrophus betheli

  The needles covering a gall are green at first and turn red or black only when the larva inside approaches full growth
  Affected buds die after the gall midges emerge

  Hosts: J. ashei, J. chinensis, J. horizontalis, J. scopulorum, J. "utahensis" [Juniperus osteosperma], J. virginiana

  Distr: New Jersey to British Columbia and California


description:
  Oligotrophus sp.

  This species, probably an Oligotrophus, is known only from galls and pupae. The galls differ from those of O. betheli only by having the tips of the outer leaf scales recurved.

  Host: Juniperus scopulorum
  Distr: Colorado


description:
  Walshomyia insignis

  Yellowish bud galls, hardly distinguishable from normal buds

  Host: Juniperus scopulorum


description:
  Oligotrophus juniperi

  Gall burrlike, the leaves short, pointed

  Host: Juniperus sp.

  Distr: Colorado


description:
  Oligotrophus pattersoni

  Leaves forming gall appressed, although tips may be reflexed
  Galls are 10-15 mm long, 8-10 mm in widest diameter.

  Host: Juniperus ashei
  Distr: Texas


description:
  Walshomyia sp.

  Gall ovoid, globular, pink to dark purple, sometimes split at apex when mature

  Host: Juniperus "utahensis"


description:
  "Mayetiola" thujae

  Damaged cones may be smaller than normal but not otherwise conspicuous
  Seeds rarely survive an infestation.

  Host: Thuja pilcata, western red cedar
  Distr: British Columbia to Oregon


description:
  Carex

  Swelling or tuber-shaped outgrowth at base of plant

  Hosts: Many species of Carex including C. vesicaria

  Distr: northern Holarctic Region


description:
  Cecidomyiid

  Deformed fruit
  Full-grown larvae were found in deformed perigynes in June.

  Host: Carex praegracilis
  Distr: Nebraska


description:
  A golden, goblet-shaped gall that resembles Chamaediplosis nootkatensis. The gall is succulent, and causes the bud tips of Cupressus forbesii to swell and flare out. Older galls shrivel inward, and are dark brown to black.

  Observed in California in [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78136893).


description:
  This light to dark-brown gall causes affected scales to flare outwards, taking on the shape of an isotoxal star. A large point, perhaps containing the larva, protrudes from the center of the flared gall.

  Observed in California in [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78136894).


description:
  T. batonrougei

  The mites were found in berries that were characteristically deformed, shriveled, and dark ... 

  For identity of those that infest juniper and cedar berries in North America, we suggest that specimens should be sent to specialists for proper determination. The characteristic symptoms of injury by [Trisetacus batonrougei, T. neoquadrisetus, and T. quadrisetus] appear similar to one another

  [photos pg. 82]


description:
  Trisetacus juniperinus

  Relationship: Needle agglomeration, causing basal enlargement and necrosis.

  Hosts: Common juniper, White Cedar, Southern White Cedar, Swamp White Cedar, Atlantic White Cedar

  Distr [in USA]: AL, FL, MS, NY, PA, WV


description:
  Trisetacus juniperinus

  Gall: Shoot tip gall. The final internodes are strongly shortened and the upper needles are swollen and widened at their base. The result is a globular gall. Also lower on the shoot a number of needles may basally swollen. In cypress trees the young shoots are swollen, excessively branching; the terminal buds are killed.


description:
  Trisetacus neoquadrisetus
  *Trisetacus quadrisetus

  Relationship: In deformed berries; forms large colonies in the berries, causing distortion and shriveling and destroy the seeds

  Host: Juniperus scopulorum

  Distr: British Columbia, Montana


description:
  Trisetacus ramosus
  *Trisetacus quadrisetus, Eriophyes ramosus

  Host: Juniperus deppeana

  Relationship: Fruit injuries; mites reportedly inhabit berries (cones), forming large colonies and causing distortion.

  Distr: Arizona


description:
  A stem swelling on Verbena canescens observed in October in [Texas](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64020451).


description:
  *D. balsamicola*. This species is an inquiline... The larvae of the inquiline and their needles drop to the duff a little later in the fall than those of *P. tumifex*...

  *Paradiplosis tumifex*. This species is responsible for initiating the gall...

  Host: *Abies balsamea*, *Abies fraseri*, *Abies concolor* (Adults have not been reared from larvae from *A. concolor*...)

  Distr: Canadian Maritime Provinces to Wisconsin, south along Applachians to North Carolina, and California.


description:
  Dasineura abiesemia

  Larva in scale selling
  Galls are found in the cone scales, usually adjacent to the seeds

  Hosts: Abies concolor, A. grandis, A. magnifica, A. shastensis.

  Distr: OR, CA


description:
  Dasineura sp.

  Larva in seed
  One larva occurs per infested seed
  Pupation occurs in the seed the following spring
  Nearly all infected seeds are aborted

  Hosts: Abies grandis, A. lasiocarpa
  Distr: British Columbia


description:
  "Mayetiola" carpophaga

  Seed deformed, discolored
  Eggs are laid in spring on the developing cones
  Ovules which swell to larger than normal size and grow irregularly

  Host: Picea glauca

  Distr: Ontario


description:
  Plemeliella sp.

  Seed apparently normal
  Seeds must be cut open to find larvae

  Host: Picea glauca

  Distr: Ontario


description:
  Kaltenbachiola rachiphaga

  Larva in tunnel in rachis
  Adults emerge mid-May

  Host: Picea glauca

  Distr: Quebec and Ontario


description:
  A juniper berry mite, Trisetacus quadrisetus Thomas

  Damage: The mite attacks berries of juniper and prevents normal development. Hundreds of mites feed in each berry, causing it to develop in a shrivelled form instead of a smooth, round berry.

  Host: Juniperus scopulorum


description:
  A spruce seed midge, Mayetiola carpophaga (Tripp)

  Damage: Each larva feeds in and destroys a single seed.

  Host: White and possibly other spruces.


description:
  A red cedar cone midge, Phytophaga thujae Hedlin

  Damage: Mature infested cones are usually smaller than uninfested cones. Damage is visible externally after larvae have fed for a few weeks.

  Hosts: Western red cedar


description:
  Kaltenbachiola canadensis

  Larva in swelling of cone scale
  Occasionally numerous enough to give the cone a warty appearance

  Host: Picea glauca

  Distr: Ontario


description:
  Dasineura swainei

  Malformed, usuallly terminal bud
  Bud growth is arrested and lateral shoots elongate to cause the development of multiple leaders and subsequent bushy growth

  Hosts: Picea abies, P. glauca, P. mariana, P. pungens, P. rubens

  Distr: Canadian Maratime Provinces to Alberta


description:
  A spindle-shaped apparent swelling of the flower on Rhamnus ilicifolia and Rhamnus crocea, causing it to resemble a small club. The gall is mottled with shades of red usually ranging from bright to a maroon color. Galls cause swellings on the flowers and are apparently hollow.

  Observed in California in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/87950913) on Rhamnus ilicifolia and in [October](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/97428653) on Rhamnus crocea. This gall is also apparently known from several photographs on Flickr, also observed in California in [March](https://flic.kr/p/To5vhq) and [November](https://flic.kr/p/2bifAx8), among others.

  In October 2021, Dr. Raymond Gagne received specimens and confirmed that they were of the genus Schizomyia.


description:
  A swelling of the upper leaf, between the veins on Anemonoides quinquefolia. The gall is white to light-green, and is slightly raised from both sides of the leaf.

  Observed in Minnesota in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77689693).


description:
  This gall produces swollen veins on Ostrya virginiana. Galls are integral, and expand the leaf veins gradually from both sides. From the upper surface, it causes the leaf to contort and crinkle.

  Observed in Virginia in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/87688984).


description:
  Throughout the core of its range this is usually the most frequently encountered oak from Section [Quercus (White Oaks)](https://www.gallformers.org/section/432). When working through a tree ID, start with the assumption that it is Q. alba and then work away from that towards a different ID if necessary. 

  #### Bark
  The bark on very young trees is nondescript and hard to separate from a myriad of other trees. On older trees, ~20 feet tall or more, look for rough gray/white bark that is blocky towards the bottom becoming flaked with obvious vertical separation higher up. This is most obvious on larger trees.

  #### Leaves
  Most often deeply lobed with 3-4 lobes per side. Green on both sides, the top being darker. Essentially hairless. Saplings and stressed trees can exhibit very blobby leaves where the sinuses are very shallow. Even then, the leaves will still almost have 3-4 sinuses, uncommonly 5. Saplings can be confused with Q bicolor but habitat and buds can be key.

  #### Twig
  Glabrous, gray/purple, often glaucous. Buds are small, 3-5mm and hairless.

  #### Habitat
  Woods with rich well-drained soils. Commonly cultivated.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=62&skin=2021
description:
  Quercus chrysolepis
  Leaf galls, separable from leaf intact
  Small scattered cells, leaf scarcely thickened, exit hole above.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=62&skin=2021
description:
  Quercus chrysolepis
  Leaf galls, integral
  Similar [to [this gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2099)] with a free-rolling cell inside. On new leaves in spring.


description:
  Galls appear on the buds and flowers of Galium angustifolium. The galls have a distinctive sheen to them, and are of a tan to yellow color, some with a red sheen on them. Galls shrivel and turn maroon to black with age. Each gall contains a single orange larvae within it's thin walls.

  Determined by Raymond Gagne to be Resseliella based on larval specimens. Galls were observed in California in [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/11471615), [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82726908), and [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88212022).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=63&skin=2021
description:
  Quercus dumosa
  "Root" galls
  Globular, smooth, dia 5 mm, detachable. Found only once. Empty in August.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=62&skin=2021
description:
  Dryocosmus gigas

  Quercus douglasii
  Flower galls
  Not distinguished from [the above](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2410) in the field. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=62&skin=2021
description:
  Neuroterus evolutus

  Quercus douglasii, lobata
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings or cells under the bark
  Exit hole in leaf scar. Adults emerge in Jan.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=62&skin=2021
description:
  Quercus douglasii, dumosa
  Stem galls, bud galls
  Spherical, smooth, tan, dia 2.6 mm. May. Fig 87.

  87. Unknown bud gall. On Q dumosa and douglasii, early spring. Apr 7 (Ojai).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112019256624&view=1up&seq=76&skin=2021
description:
  Bud gall, stunted twigs, and defoliation caused by Eriophyes mangiferae (Sayed).

  Infestation of the buds results in arrested growth, with the stunted, short, young stems close together at the terminal branch. When the leaves fall, the overall effect is scant growth of twiggy bunches, with a few stubby, short branchlets and discolored buds. Young trees are most seriously affected.

  This species was discovered in Egypt on mango. It has been reported in Brazil, Mexico, India, Venezuela, and Florida. Eriophyes mangiferae was recently collected on galled inflorescences of mango trees in India. However, it is not known whether this mite causes the injury.


description:
  The mango bud mite, Aceria mangiferae (Sayed) (Figures 10 and 11), causes proliferation of stems at the terminal branch. This symptom is known as witches broom (Figures 12 and 13). Young trees can be stunted if severely attacked during several consecutive seasons by this mite. These mites are very small and difficult to see, requiring a microscope for viewing.


description:
  Mango bud mite (A. mangiferae) is found on buds and is associated with two diseases depending on the presence of Fusarium sp. fungi. When the fungus is absent and the buds are attacked, a witch’s broom develops at the terminal branch. When the fungus is present, galls form on flowers and foliage (1,3).


description:
  [Aceria] brachytarsus is similar to [Aceria] microcarpae Keifer, which causes similar pouch galls on little walnut (Juglans microcarpa Berland) and Arizona walnut (J. major (Torr.) A. Heller) in Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico.

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112019256624&view=1up&format=plaintext&seq=44&skin=2021


description:
  The bud gall, known as big bud, consists of an aggregation of swollen, thickened scale leaves, often containing hundreds of mites. Their feeding activities suppress the developing young leaves or inflorescences enclosed within the scales. Eventually the enlarged buds become dark and reddish brown as they mature. The mite infests filbert or hazelnut in this country and in Europe.

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112019256624&view=1up&format=plaintext&seq=78&skin=2021&q1=quinquilobus


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=65&skin=2021
description:
  Quercus engelmanni
  Leaf galls, integral
  Spherical, dia 5 mm, projecting on both sides of leaf. Like [Fig 104](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2099).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=63&skin=2021
description:
  Trichoteras californicum

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, 
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Flat spangle on upper side, 2.6-4.4 mm.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=64&skin=2021
description:
  Quercus dumosa
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Ellipsoid, on upper side, greenish with raised purple spots, 1.6 mm in dia.


description:
  Tightly clustered, pubescent, light green galls on the flowers of Helianthus occidentalis, causing petals and florets to stunt and warp. Each gall is monothalamous. Internally, the galls are lined with a white fuzz.

  Observed in Minnesota in [September](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/32188912). Similar galls observed in Louisiana among the disc florets of two southern *Helianthus* species. 


description:
  Raised blister galls on the veins and at the leaf angles of Smilax rotundifolia. Each gall is yellow-green and numerous on the surface of the leaf lamina.

  Observed in Illinois in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/25037696).


description:
  Purse-like galls on Rosa californica. The galls fold the leaves inwards, and discolor them to a pinkish-red color, which turns maroon with age.

  Observed in California in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/80977155) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/80958849) and [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/86089729).


description:
  Tapered swellings on the stems and petioles of Piriqueta cistoides. Galls are glabrous, and red to green.

  Observed in Florida in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88186462).


description:
  Abrupt swelling on the bud and petiole of Melanthera parvifolia. Galls are pubescent and light green.

  Observed in Florida in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/87345160).


description:
  Asphondylia lacinariae

  Irregular, subspherical, bud gall
  Galls are polythalamous, 20 mm longby 15 mm wide.

  Hosts: Liatris punctata, L. pycnostachya

  Distr: KS, AR, TX


description:
  Asphondylia betheli

  Swollen fruit
  Seeds fail to develop, and infested fruit persist on the plant longer than uninfested fruit
  Infested fruit shrivel and drop off following the exit of adults

  Hosts: Opuntia macrorhiza, Opuntia spp.

  Distr: Colorado to California, south to Texas and Oaxaca


description:
  Asphondylia diervillae

  Enlarged, deformed bud or fruit
  9 mm long, 3 mm in diameter
  Green, the slender tips discolored
  Most are larger on one side, causing a bending in the opposite direction

  Host: D. lonicera

  Distr: NY


description:
  Cecidomyiid

  Stem swelling
  Swellings were reportedly about 1 cm long
  They are probably formed by a Neolasioptera

  Host: Nepeta cataria

  Distr: Unspecified


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=70&skin=2021
description:
  Diplolepis oregonensis

  Rosa spp.
  Galls involving fruit
  Cells inside fruit or on tip of twig of Rosa nutkana. Type locality: Corvallis OR. Seen in Sequoia Natl Park


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=70&skin=2021
description:
  Diplolepis tuberculator var descansonis, rubriderma, sierranensis [all given the same desription]

  Rosa sp.
  Stem swellings
  Stem swelling


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=70&skin=2021
description:
  Diplolepis fusiformans var mendocinensis

  Rosa sp. 
  Stem swellings
  Fusiform, 5 by 30 mm. Polythalamous. Type from Ukiah CA

  Diplolepis fusiformans var minuta

  Rosa sp. 
  Stem swellings
  Fusiform, 3.5 by 20 mm, little swelling with not over 4 cells. From San Bernardino Mts CA.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=91&skin=2021
description:
  Diplolepis polita

  Rosa sp.
  Leaf galls
  A small round gall on Rosa californica from Marin Co CA, minutely spinulose without distinct spines. Occidentalis (Beut) with spines as long as diameter of gall (Fig 202) is a synonym.

  Fig 202. Undetermined rose gall. Collected at Dunsmuir August 22. This may be polita whose type galls from Marin Co CA are similar, up to 6 mm in diameter but it cannot now be determined if its spines were glandular tipped.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=70&skin=2021
description:
  Potentilla sp. [P gracilis added as a placeholder based on common observations in SNP]
  Fusiform swelling on midrib and flower stalk. Sequioa National Park. Sept.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=70&skin=2021
description:
  Potentilla sp. [P gracilis added as a placeholder based on common observations in SNP]
  Irregular swelling of rootstalk. Sequioa National Park. Sept.


description:
  Craneiobia tuba

  Tubular leaf gall
  Green to pinkish, monothalamous galls
  Hemispherical on one side of the leaf, tubular on the other
  Orange larvae in a spherical cell

  Hosts: Cornus amomum, Cornus racemosa

  Distr: Massachusetts, New York and Illinois


description:
  <b>DESCRIPTION & RANGE</b>
  Globular swelling occurring on the stems and/or petioles of Alkali Heliotrope. 

  Observed in July in San Diego County, CA and in June in Orange County. 
  [July 27 2021](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88902184)
  [July 28 2021](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/89006158)

  <b>FAMILY/GENUS</b>
  Identified as genus Neolasioptera by Raymond Gagné, as noted at https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/127303611

  <b>HOST</b>
  Heliotropium curassavicum


description:
  Similar galls have been observed on Quercus phellos in North Carolina in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88902281), on Quercus nigra in [Georgia](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/122533491) and [Mississippi](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/121320567) in June, and on Quercus palustris in Virginia in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/89555041). These hosts are added tentatively based on these observations.

  Weld describes this gall as being found only in "late fall," but observations that otherwise match have only been reported on iNaturalist between June and August. 


description:
  A gall resembling this species has been observed on Quercus phellos in New Jersey in late [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/89099680), earlier than this species is typically observed on its other hosts. 

  Typically, K decidua galls present as relatively modest swellings and brown discoloration of the midrib before splitting to reveal their cells. However, in some cases, the gall grows quite globular before splitting, and may be difficult to recognize as the same species without dissection. Example observations are collected in [this GF Code observation field](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?verifiable=any&place_id=any&field:Gallformers%20Code=q-rubra-woody-midrib-gall) for this gall's former undescribed listing as Unknown q-rubra-woody-midrib-gall. It's not yet clear whether this variation is caused by a parasitoid or inquiline or something else.


description:
  A small, narrow, conical gall extending to the lower side of a leaf vein on Quercus marilandica. The type gall was pubescent to a degree similar to the surrounding leaf. A cross-section revealed thin walls containing a single pupa with no additional cell. 

  Observed in Texas in [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88891238). 


description:
  Large, irregularly globular vein pockets on the lower side of Quercus marilandica leaves, leaving a narrowly pinched linear opening above. These galls resemble those of [Dryocosmus quercuspalustris](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/817) in their thin, succulent, green walls, with the same pubescence as the leaf, but contain loose cecidomyiid larvae rather than a free-rolling cynipid cell, and externally are of a more irregularly globular shape. It is similar in phenology and form to the early [Macrodiplosis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1639) galls found on some other eastern red oaks but seems to be considerably larger and more globular. Tentatively placed in Macrodiplosis based on the host genus and gall affinity. 

  Observed in Texas in [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/89028821) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/89028820)


description:
  Folded leaf galls on the edges of Quercus kelloggii. Galls consist of a layer of leaf's edge folded against the leaf.

  Observed in California in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88778279).


description:
  Bluish-green, hairy rosette galls on the petioles and buds of what is likely to be Pycnanthemum virginianum. Galls are composed of overlapping leafy bracts. The tips of the bracts are red. Host is assumed to be Pycnanthemum virginianum based on range.

  Observed in Minnesota in [October](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/62163636).


description:
  Light-green rosette galls abnormally bunching the leaves of Symphyotrichum ericoides.

  Observed in Texas in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/55070737).


description:
  The very common bud galls of A. pseudorosa sp. nov. on E. graminifolia ... cannot be mistaken for the only other bud galler on this host, Rhopalomyia lobata Felt, 1908, the galls of which are usually much bigger and contain a large mass of spongy tissue in which the larval chambers are embedded.

  [this species was originally described by the authors of this paper; please refer to it for many more details of gall biology, insect life history, anatomy, and phylogeny]


description:
  Fold-Gall Aphid (Tamalia coweni)

  This aphid induces two kinds of galls: one, a common and widespread fold gall along the margins or midribs of leaves, occurring on many species of glabrous-leaved manzanitas; and the second, an uncommon convoluted swelling or baglike structure on the inflorescences of manzanitas. 

  [UPDATE: Please read Gallformers ID Notes above for a 2023 taxon split that narrows the host list for this gall.]


externallink: https://influentialpoints.com/Gallery/Tamalia_coweni_manzanita_leafgall_aphid.htm
description:
  CAUTION: Taxon split. [A 2023 paper by Miller et al.](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369567785_Three_new_species_of_Tamalia_Hemiptera_Aphididae_Tamaliinae_associated_with_leaf_galls_on_Arbutus_Arctostaphylos_and_Comarostaphylis_in_North_America) says T. glaucensis is "the only Tamalia aphid known to induce galls on A. glauca." See https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4937. In addition, galls on A. pringlei can be caused by either of two Tamalia species, so best ID is "Tamalia."  

  Separately, here are some tips for distinguishing Tamalia aphid galls and Exobasidium fungus galls on manzanita leaves. The two galls are surprisingly similar in appearance. Generally, however: 
  . Tamalia galls, like most insect galls, create enclosures.
  . Tamalia galls usually occur on the leaf edge or along the leaf midrib.
  . Tamalia galls are usually elongated.  
  . Exobasidium galls on manzanita leaves (EGAML) are often convex/concave blisters [E. arctostaphyli]; there is also an undescribed Exobasidium that turns the entire shoot tip red. Photographing both sides of the leaf will often show a smoothly concave area on one side. 
  . The red of EGAML is sometimes shiny, and the color often occurs on parts of the leaf that are not distorted.

  Finally, additional information and a list of known hosts for Tamalia coweni can be found on [InfluentialPoints](https://influentialpoints.com/Gallery/Tamalia_coweni_manzanita_leafgall_aphid.htm).


description:
  Bead Gall Mite

  This mite induces green bead galls on the underside of ceanothus leaves, particularly tobacco brush. 

  Host:
  Ceanothus ssp
  Ceanothus velutinus 


description:
  Hairy, tube-shaped galls on the buds of Symphyotrichum ericoides. Galls are covered with stiff, white hairs. The galls have a false chamber internally.

  Observed in Texas in [August](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/55070741).


description:
  Asteromyia chrysothamni

  Elongate-elliptical, discolored blister on leaf or stem
  Galls are buff to blue-gray

  Hosts: C. albidus, C. nauseosus, C. greenei, C. parryi, C. "plattensis", C. viscidiflorus, and Haplopappus spp.

  Distr: widespread in western North America: Saskatchewan to Texas and west.


description:
  A light-green curling and blistering of leaves of Campsis radicans observed in Virginia in July and August. 

  Observations of this symptom are collected in [this Observation Field](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?verifiable=any&place_id=any&field:Gallformers%20Code=c-radicans-leaf-curl) on iNaturalist.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46851717#page/69/mode/1up
description:
  Aceria kraftella (Bitterbrush Stem Gall Mite)

  The mite apparently emerges from stem galls in spring and infests new branch growth.

  HOST: Purshia tridentata 

  RANGE: California, Nevada, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and British Columbia.


description:
  Bud Gall Mite (Aceria kraftella)

  This mite induces globular, bristly, rough-surfaced bud galls along current-year stems of antelope brush (Purshia tridentata). Galls usually form at the base of petioles or where axillary buds occur. Galls measure 5-12 mm in diameter and are brown or gray.

  Host:
  Purshia tridentata


description:
  Observed on Purshia tridentata in California in [December](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/4792645). 


description:
  Barberry Edge Gall Mite (Eriophyes caliberberis)

  Galls of this eriophyid mite occur along the margins of new leaves and occasionally the midrib of Oregon grape (Berberis aquifolium), especially the variety known as creeping barberry (B. aquifolium var. repens). 

  Range: From Utah to California


description:
  In the literature, this gall is listed as occurring on Quercus stellata (the type host), chapmanii, and rarely on Quercus alba. iNat observations show two distinct high-abundance populations, one apparently on Quercus chapmanii in Florida and another primarily on Quercus sinuata breviloba (and possibly also stellata and margaretiae) in Texas and on Quercus stellata in Oklahoma. It has otherwise been observed only a few times in the Carolinas, on what may be Quercus margaretiae. 


description:
  Bead-gall mite
  Unknown

  This mite induces small, round bead galls on the upper surface of antelope brush leaves.


description:
  Phylloxera bispinae Hamilton, sp. n.

  Hosts: Carya glabra

  Galls: Elongate, slender, conical projections on both sides of leaf; green, crimson, or green and crimson; distributed along midvein of leaf. 

  Slender conical projections on both sides of leaf; green, crimson, or green and crimson; diameter 1.0–7.0 mm; occurs along midvein and more convex above than below. Openings thorny and surrounded by slender bracts on both surfaces.

  [A figure of the gall appears on page 126 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P caryaesepta ssp. perforans appears on page 74.]

  Range: AL


description:
  Phylloxera chippokesiensis Hamilton, sp. n.

  Hosts: Carya cordiformis

  Galls: Round and convex with depression or central elevation near middle, shiny and slightly pubescent, and green or yellowish-green on adaxial leaf surface.

  Round and convex above, a depression or a central elevation near middle, green or yellowish-green, and shiny and slightly pubescent; diameter 1.4–2.4 mm; below more convex with a light green thorny projection; transparent especially near base; thorn-like opening splits into several long bracts at maturity.

  [A figure of the gall appears on page 129 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P caryaesemen appears on page 79.]

  Range: VA


description:
  Phylloxera crypta Hamilton, sp. n.

  Hosts: Carya aquatica

  Galls: Round, slightly convex, and concolorous to surrounding leaf tissue on both surfaces of leaf with a slight depression in center above; diameter 3.5–4.6 mm. Below opening a green stem or thorn-like projection.

  [A figure of the gall appears on page 131 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P deplanata appears on page 81.]

  Range: SC


description:
  Phylloxera echinus Hamilton, sp. n.

  Hosts: Carya aquatica

  Galls: Globular, pubescent, pink, and more convex on adaxial leaf surface and slightly convex, pubescent, and green on abaxial leaf surface.

  Globular and more convex above, pinkish, and with long yellowish-white pubescence; diameter 1.3–1.8 mm; below slightly convex, light green, and pubescent. Opening round and surrounded by short yellowish-white pubescence.

  [A figure of the gall appears on page 133 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P pilosula appears on page 84.]

  Range: SC


description:
  Phylloxera falsostium Hamilton, sp. n.

  Hosts: Carya cordiformis

  Galls: Round and convex, yellowish-green and somewhat transparent, with or without slit-like opening in middle, and rim formed around circumference on adaxial leaf surface; more raised above than below; round, pubescent, light green and much lighter compared to adaxial leaf surface, and sunken below surface with rim formed around circumference on abaxial leaf surface.

  Round and convex or slightly sunken below leaf surface with a distinct rim above and yellowish-green; diameter 2.3–4.5 mm; with or without an apparent slit-like opening in middle which leads down into a false chamber; below round, pubescent, almost white, and sunken below leaf surface with a rim around circumference. Opening below round and surrounded by white pubescence which splits into 5–6 small bracts at maturity.

  [A figure of the gall appears on page 135 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P rimosalis appears on page 87.]

  Range: OK


description:
  Phylloxera flavoconica Hamilton, sp. n.

  Hosts: Carya ovata, tomentosa

  Galls: Conical and yellow, glabrous, and more prominent on adaxial leaf surface; on abaxial leaf surface slightly convex and light yellowish-green. Diameter 1.1–5.0 mm; light yellowish-green and with a pubescent slit-like opening below.

  Leaf gall: conical

  [A figure of the gall appears on page 138 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P caryaefallax appears on page 91.]

  Range: TN, GA


description:
  Phylloxera floridana Hamilton, sp. n.

  Hosts: Carya floridana

  Galls: Round and slightly convex, yellow, and with or without central depression on adaxial leaf surface; somewhat conical and convex on abaxial leaf surface. Diameter 1.1–5.2 mm; below more convex with a protruding slit-like opening fringed with whitish pubescence.

  Leaf gall: button [shape]

  [A figure of the gall appears on page 140 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P caryaefallax appears on page 93.]

  Range: FL


description:
  Phylloxera killianae Hamilton, sp. n.

  Hosts: Carya glabra

  Galls: Round and slightly convex, covered in resin-like droplets which make it appear to sparkle with several long white hairs present on adaxial surface and on abaxial surface of leaf around opening.

  Round and slightly convex above and below, covered in crimson resin-like droplets with several long white hairs on surface above, and diameter 0.9–1.5 mm; below opening round and surrounded by long white hairs.

  [A figure of the gall appears on page 142 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P pilosula appears on page 95.]

  Range: NC


description:
  Phylloxera myristica Hamilton, sp. n.

  Hosts: Carya myristiciformis

  Galls: Round, flattened, and yellowish-green with central depression in middle on adaxial leaf surface; round, more convex, and green with reticulated pattern on abaxial leaf surface.

  Round and flattened above, yellowish-green and with a round depression in middle, diameter 2.0–2.9 mm; below round, more convex, and light green with a reticulated pattern. Opening below a brown nipple.

  [A figure of the gall appears on page 145 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P russellae appears on page 99.]

  Range: SC


description:
  Phylloxera paludis Hamilton, sp. n.

  Hosts: Carya aquatica

  Galls: Round and shiny, convex, light green to brownish-green, slightly pubescent, and with shallow or deep depression in center on adaxial leaf surface; round and shiny, flattened and slightly convex, light green to brownish-green, and slightly pubescent on abaxial leaf surface, more convex above than below.

  Round and more convex above, light green to brownish-green, shiny and slightly pubescent, with a shallow or deep depression in center, some with a seam along middle of circumference, and diameter 3.0–4.5 mm; below flattened and round, light green to brownish-green, shiny, and slightly pubescent. Opening below round and surrounded by 5–6 short bracts with pubescence at tips..

  [A figure of the gall appears on page 147 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P notabilis appears on page 102.]

  Range: MS


description:
  Phylloxera stoetzelae Hamilton, sp. n.

  Hosts: Carya aquatica, Juglans hindsii

  Galls: Round and yellowish-gold or crimson, slightly convex or sunken below leaf tissue, with central elevation or depression, shiny and glabrous on adaxial leaf surface; globular, much more convex, yellowish-gold or green with a hint of pink, shiny, and glabrous on abaxial leaf surface.

  Round and slightly convex or slightly sunken below surface above, yellowish-gold or crimson, glabrous and shiny, and with a central depression or elevation; diameter 4.0–9 mm; below more convex and globular, yellowish-gold or light green, and glabrous and shiny. Opening below surrounded by white pubescence and at maturity splits open into four white pubescent bracts.

  Leaf gall: round

  [A figure of the gall appears on page 149 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P russellae appears on page 105.]

  Range: MS, GA


description:
  Phylloxera wiedenmanni Hamilton, sp. n.

  Hosts: Carya cordiformis

  Galls: Round or oval, convex, with pubescent yellowish-green circumference and transparent light yellow depression in center, occurs above plane of leaf or slightly sunken below plane forming a rim around it on adaxial leaf surface; round or oval, convex, constricted at base, light green, pubescent, and with round opening surrounded by 6-7 pubescent bracts on abaxial leaf surface.

  Button-like and with a depression in center; more convex above than below; occurs above plane of leaf or slightly sunken below plane forming a rim around it; circumference light green and pubescent; depression almost white or yellow and translucent; diameter 5.0–9.1 mm; below round or oval, light green, and pubescent. 
  Opening below round and surrounded by 6–7 pubescent bracts.

  [A figure of the gall appears on page 152 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P foveola appears on page 109.]

  Range: OK, TX


description:
  Phylloxera williamsi Hamilton, sp. n.

  Hosts: Carya cordiformis

  Galls: Oval and convex, yellowish-green, and with long white pubescence on both sides of leaf; slightly more convex above than below. Diameter 2.2 mm; below pubescent and with a protruding slit-like opening fringed with white pubescence.

  [type specimen collected in May]

  [A figure of the gall appears on page 154 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P floridana appears on page 112.]

  Range: WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54546#page/449/mode/1up
description:
  Dactylosphaera spinosum, n. sp. 
  Gall No. 12.

  Hosts: Carya amara [cordiformis]

  Yellowish, pubescent, covered with spines, quite irregular; opening beneath elongate, sinuate. This gall, from its being spinose and irregular, is quite in contrast with all the others of the series. 


description:
  Bladder Sage Gall Midge (Neolasioptera sp.)

  This stem gall midge induces tapered, symmetrical, monothalamous integral stem galls on bladder sage (Scutellaria mexicana). Galls usually occur at joints or on new growth of lateral branches. 

  Host:
  Scutellaria mexicana


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54546#page/438/mode/1up
description:
  Dactylosphaera hemisphericum, n. sp?
  Gall No. 1

  ?Phylloxera caryae-globuli

  Hosts: Carya alba [tomentosa]

  This is a large, subhemispherical gall, situate in the parenchyma of the leaf, generally projecting above the plane of the latter. Structure somewhat thick, tough and dense, the average thickness of the walls being about .05 inch. Color pale whitish-green, much paler than the leaf, the upper surface frequently tinged with red and often quite purple-red. Size : diameter in the plane of the leaf, .25 to .5 inch; vertical diameter one-half.

  These galls open beneath with a slit, the length of which is about one-third of the diameter of the gall; its direction is usually in, or somewhat oblique to, that of the veins of the leaf, and when oblique, more nearly parallel with the longitudinal axis of the leaf The lips of these slits arc pinched so tightly together as to project out and their margins are either smooth or slightly hairy. Sometimes a leaf contains but a single gall, others two or more. The galls may be scattered irregularly on the leaf, or placed in one or two rows along and near the mid-rib, and one or two dozen may be found in a single row, placed so closely together as to be contiguous. 

  On June 18th, the galls were in prime condition for examining the inhabitants; many were opening at the slit beneath and the winged imagos escaping in great numbers.

  I am rather suspicious that this maybe the Phylloxera caryae-globuli of Walsh; but he says that the gall of his species is "spherical," and also that the size of the insect is ".07 to .08 inch in length ;" and that the abdomen is blackish. But unless described from living specimens, the color is of no value, as they all turn black after death. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54546#page/440/mode/1up
description:
  Dactylosphaera caryae-septum, n. sp.
  Gall No. 2

  Hosts: Carya alba [tomentosa]

  On the same leaves with the [galls described above (No. 1)](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2874) I found (June 7th) many presenting the following characters: Flattish, opening both above and below, in nipple-like projections, both surrounded by a downy substance, the upper opening being smaller and closer. 

  On opening the gall by a vertical cut, I observed a partly broken septum in the plane of the leaf, the border of the partition remaining, but the centre gone. A flat, dense, rim-like border extended around this septum into the parenchyma of the leaf, beyond the gall, so that the margins of the cut gall presented quite an acute angle. The greater part of the gall was above the leaf and its cavity was somewhat like two cones, with their bases together at the septum, the upper being much the larger. I opened one gall in which the inhabitants had perished when it was about one-fourth grown ; in this the partition was complete. Diameter .25 inch; inside diameter .08 inch; distance between the vertical orifices .15 inch. 

  Phylloxera caryae-foliae, Fitch, has a somewhat similar gall, but that opens only above, while the one under consideration opens both above and below, the principal opening being beneath. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54546#page/441/mode/1up
description:
  Dactylosphaera subellipticum, n. sp.
  Gall No. 3

  Hosts: Carya alba [tomentosa]

   On June 7th, I observed, placed in the common petiole of the leaf, large, elongate, subelipsoidal, nut-like galls, of a deep leaf-green color, mottled with paler green, and somewhat nodulated; some were irregular, being on the side of the stem; but most of them are quite regular in form, and completely surrounding the stem; in these latter the leaves are very much dwarfed. The opening is on the middle of the side, slightly elongate, but at this date so close as to be scarcely apparent. These galls contain capacious cavities, in which were found vast colonies of larvae, and an abundance of eggs. Transverse diameter 5/8 inch; conjugate diameter 3/8 inch. 

  By June 20th, these galls had considerably changed in appearance, being contorted into different shapes ; they had began to crack open, having transverse fissues [sic] on their outer surface. The first one opened contained many hundred winged imagos, all dead, and in the midst of them was a large syrphidian larva. I found only one gall that contained perfect living imagos, the inhabitants of all the other galls that were examined, having been destroyed by various enemies. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54546#page/441/mode/1up
description:
  Dactylosphaera depressum, n. sp.
  Gall No. 4

  Hosts: Carya alba [tomentosa]

  These galls were found to be exceedingly numerous on some trees. On June 20th, they were smooth, slightly rounded above, pale yellowish-green; beneath somewhat whiter, and having in the centre a nipple-like projection; opening round, surrounded with a burr- like fringe composed of many filiments,the cavity like an inverted cone, the wall above being quite thin and translucent, so that the inmates may be seen moving about. This apparently very flat gall was placed as much below as above the plane of the leaf. Diameter .15 — .25 inch ; vertical thickness .125 inch. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54546#page/442/mode/1up
description:
  Dactylosphaera conicum, n. sp.
  Gall No. 5

  Hosts: Carya alba [tomentosa]

  A subhemispherical gall, projecting beneath into a conoidal point, with a round opening. On June 21st, these contained a great number of pupae, and a few winged imagos. The walls are very thick and the opening below quite close, so that little or no light gains access to the cavity. This gall matures its inhabitants about one week or ten days later than does gall No. 1, which were at this time almost all gone, while these are only just commencing to develope the perfect insect. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54546#page/442/mode/1up
description:
  Dactylosphaera caryae-magnum, n. sp.?
  Gall No. 6

  ?Pemphigus caryae-caulis [this synonymy is not valid]

  Hosts: Carya amara [cordiformis]

  Subglobular galls, varying in size from a quarter of an inch to one inch in diameter, the average being about half an inch, situate on leaf or its stems or mid-ribs; color greenish-white, sometimes with a blush of red on one side. The opening is beneath, in the shape of a small, elongate slit, which at length cracks open, like a chestnut burr, in three or four long slits running up the sides; after this the gall soon turns black and dries away. The cavity within is capacious, the walls being about 1/8 in thickness. 

  On June 17th I observed thousands of those galls and took home a large botanical box full for study. They were so numerous as to injure the growth of the trees. Those galls that had not yet began to open, and within which no parasites had gained access, were so thickly studded with young lice, that their abdomens pointed directly inward towards the centre, resembling the crystals in a geode, being wedged in as densely as mosaic work, while the whole central cavity was crowded with winged imagos; the former held on with great tenacity, while the latter were easily shaken out. In one gall I counted as many as one thousand inhabitants. At this time (June 17th) many of the galls had cracked open and the winged imagos were escaping in immense numbers. No eggs were found. The larvae were pale greenish-yellow. On June 25th the galls were all dry, black and deserted. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54546#page/443/mode/1up
description:
  Dactylosphaera minimum, n. sp.
  Gall No. 7

  Hosts: Carya amara [cordiformis]

  Small round galls, generally very numerous in the leaves, and in some cases almost entirely covering them, a single leaf sometimes containing upwards of 250 galls ; the average size larger than those of No. 8, although often quite as small, the larger ones measuring three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter. They were (June 25th) quite hard and smooth, and present, especially above, a bright shining appearance; They were quite thick and plump, the vertical diameter Compared with the horizontal diameter being as 2 to 3, and were much more plump and elevated above the leaf than those of No. 8. The portions of the leaf between the gulls had in some cases turned crimson. I found from three to twenty-five inhabitants in a gall; the round opening beneath was so close as to be pretty safe against enemies, as I found none in the galls opened thus far. Larvae and pupae whitish, with red eyes; mother insect cinnamon color and smaller than the pupa. 

  On July 5th, I found winged imagos in all the galls, large and small, that were opened, the smallest galls not much exceeding .05 inch in diameter; when opened, the young insects eagerly ran out, and all presented the same pale, translucent appearance, with minute dark spots on the anterior part of the body, which is in contrast with the inhabitants of gall No. 8. The winged imago was first observed on June 30th. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54546#page/444/mode/1up
description:
  Dactylosphaera caryae-semen
  Gall No. 8

  Hosts: Carya amara [cordiformis]

  Resembles gall [No. 7,](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2881) but generally smaller, less firm, more leathery and pliable, less rounded above, and some yellow in color. They are very numerous, having counted as many as eight hundred on a single leaf; where they arc thus crowded together, they are very small, say from .25 — .10 inch, in diameter. 

  On June 9th the eggs were hatching and the young could be seen running about on the leaves as well as in the galls. The mother insect was then a pale yellowish, subglobular mass, length .02 inch. 

  On July 23rd, I found the galls still containing both eggs and larvae, the older galls becoming uninhabited, while up on the top limbs and young shoots, the new galls were becoming so numerous as to interfere with the growth of the leaves, and it appeared impossible for the galls to develop. 

  Although I have never succeeded in finding a winged imago, after having examined hundreds of galls, I presume it to be identical with the species mentioned by Mr. Walsh, {Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, vi, 28o), as caryae-semen. Should it not prove to be a variety of D, globosum, the name will be as follows: 

  Dactylosphaera caryae-semen
  caryaesemen, Walsh, MS. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, vi, p. 283. 

  For a description of the gall, egg, larva, and mother insect, see my paper in Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Jan. 1867, where I included it under D. globosum ; because, although the galls were of different size, I could not detect any difference in the eggs, larva) and mother insect, and for other reasons there assigned. It must be admitted, however, that the similarity of the inhabitants, same color of eggs, and lateness of development of both galls are characters of great weight; and Mr. Walsh, in his First Report on the Noxious Insects of Illinois, says that the anatomical differences between the galls of his caryae-globuli and caryae-semen are quite well marked, the former opening with a slit and the latter with a round nipple-like projection, &c. &c. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54546#page/445/mode/1up
description:
  Dactylosphaera foreatum, n. sp.
  Gall No. 9

  Hosts: Carya amara [cordiformis]

  On the same leaves containing the small galls, Nos. 7 and 8, I observed a number of larger ones with a dimpled depression above (which may be caused by the collapse of the thin paper-like centre), an opening beneath by a rounded, downy orifice, and having a diameter of .06 — .33 inch, and a vertical depth of .12 — .16 inch; all contained the female and her eggs, and some larvae. 

  On June 20th the winged imagos were very plenty, but no eggs could be found.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54546#page/445/mode/1up
description:
  Dactylosphaera globosum
  Gall No. 10.

  Hosts: Carya amara [cordiformis]

  This is the gall of my B. globosum, described at length in Proc. Acad. Nat. Scr. Phil., Jan. 1867, and, with No. 8, are the only known Hickory galls that have the character of being soft and leathery in structure. The perfect insect was found between Sept. 20th, and Oct. 20th 1866, since which time I have not seen it. I then described it as being found on what I supposed to be Carya glabra, but which now proves to be C. amara. See below. 

  This is so manifestly distinct from caryae-globuli, Walsh, that a comparison is uncalled for; the latter is said to mature in June, while globosum matures in October; and the opening of the galls are quite different in shape, that of globosum being rounded and on a nipple-like projection, while that of caryae-globuli is an elongated slit. 

  I am not at all certain that Gall No. 8, is specifically distinct from this. 

  Dactylosphaera coniferum, n. sp.
  Gall No. 11

  Hosts: Carya amara [cordiformis]

  Very thick, depressed, slightly elevated above the leaf conical below ; contained many larvae and yellow pupa, but at this date (June 18th) too late to find the eggs. This gall is almost like No. 4 with the walls much thicker.


description:
  Leaf snap galls are uncommonly found on E. graminifolia ... and we were unable to rear adults from them. We attribute these galls to A. pesudorosa based on the pupal morphology and on the similar situation observed in A. solidaginis and A. rosulata sp. nov., where the same species induces both snap and bud galls on its host plant.

  [this species was originally described by the authors of this paper; please refer to it for many more details of gall biology, insect life history, anatomy, and phylogeny]


description:
  Infested inflorescence buds do not usually show any external signs of infestation, although they may appear somewhat wider than normal buds ... The larva feeds on the developing inflorescence within the closed bud, and the gall is accompanied by a white fungal mycelium that lines its internal walls.

  [this species was originally described by the authors of this paper; please refer to it for many more details of gall biology, insect life history, anatomy, and phylogeny]


description:
  The galls that are formed in spring and early summer are blister leaf galls that join two (and sometimes three or four) leaves together like a snap... When made of two leaves, one leaf contributes the bottom part of the gall and the other contributes the upper part to form a single-chambered gall that is thickly lined by white mycelium on the inside.

  [this species is re-described in detail in this paper; please refer to it for many more details of gall biology, insect life history, anatomy, and phylogeny]


description:
  ...a rosette gall also appears in the apical or axillary buds o*f S. altissima*. These rosette galls are small (3–5 cm in diameter), composed of shortened leaves, and contain a single chamber at their centre .... formed by several very short leaves that are attached together to form a small, rigid cone, and is lined internally by white mycelium.

  [please refer to this paper for many more details of gall biology, insect life history, anatomy, and phylogeny]


description:
  This species induces very small, single-chambered galls in apical shoot tips ... The gall is composed of several very short leaves that are pressed together to form a conical chamber, the internal walls of which are lined by a white layer of mycelium.

  [this species was originally described by the authors of this paper; please refer to it for many more details of gall biology, insect life history, anatomy, and phylogeny]


description:
  This species ... forms snap and bud galls ... similar to the situation in *A. solidaginis*. Snap galls join two or more leaves together, are formed in spring and early summer, and are usually found on leaves very close to the apical bud, rather than on more mature leaves farther down the shoot. In this respect, the galls of *A. rosulata* sp. nov. constitute intermediate steps between snap and rosette galls...

  [this species was originally described by the authors of this paper; please refer to it for many more details of gall biology, insect life history, anatomy, and phylogeny


description:
  The small rosette galls develop only in apical buds and can be locally very common. These galls are composed of several shortened leaves that surround a single central, rigid chamber made of closely attached leaves, and are lined by white mycelium on the inside.

  [this species was originally described by the authors of this paper; please refer to it for many more details of gall biology, insect life history, anatomy, and phylogeny]


description:
  This species has two generations a year that induce distinct bud galls on different *Solidago* species ... The much more conspicuous summer-generation gall of this species on *S. juncea* (the host was incorrectly identified as *S. canadensis* in the original description) is a rosette bud gall that is found in great numbers... They are usually composed of 15–30 individual units, each with a single larval chamber that is surrounded by shortened leaves and lined internally by white mycelium. These units form a spherical structure on shoot tips.

  [please refer to this paper for many more details of gall biology]


description:
  This species has two generations a year that induce distinct bud galls on different *Solidago* species. The early-spring generation was found only on *S. altissima* in April–May ... they developed in buds that grew from the rhizomes and were barely visible above ground... Galled buds were wider and felt harder to the touch than normal buds, were 5 cm long and 2 cm wide, and contained a single chamber, the internal walls of which were lined by a thick layer of white mycelium... In May, some galls were found in much longer sprouts (∼15 cm long) that still appeared stunted and somewhat thicker than normal sprouts.

  [please refer to this paper for many more details of gall biology as well as insect life history, anatomy, and phylogeny]


description:
  Aggregate bud galls that resemble those of *A. monacha* on *S. juncea* and *S. erecta* are known from several other goldenrod species, including *S. patula*, *S. odora*, and an undetermined *Solidago* species from Florida, based on material in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.

  [please refer to this paper for many more details of gall biology, insect life history, anatomy, and phylogeny]


description:
  *[Asphondylia]* populations that are associated with *S. sempervirens* in Maine and Massachusetts... and with *S. bicolor* in Virginia... were studied in detail in the present work, and although we did not find morphological differences between them and *A. monacha*, our molecular analysis suggests that they belong to at least two undescribed species. These species are not described here because additional molecular data are needed in order to determine their boundaries and host associations. Their galls are locally common and appear similar in structure to those of *A. monacha*.

  [Please refer to this paper for many more details of gall biology, insect life history, anatomy, and phylogeny.]


description:
  Similar galls have been observed on Quercus imbricaria in Ohio in [August](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/89851881). 

  Quercus falcata added as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/95622889).

  Quercus ilicifolia added as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96430541).

  Quercus nigra added as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/94265103).

  In Gagne 1989, all Polystepha galls that project only from the lower side of the leaf, leaving a flat, smooth, green scar on the upper side, key to P globosa. Galls found projecting equally from both sides of the gall apparently occur only on Quercus falcata and are induced by [Polystepha symmetrica](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1054). Galls found projecting toward the upper side of the leaf, typically much larger and lacking a slight flat nipple at the top, are induced by [Polystepha pilulae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1195). 

  However, not all galls that key to P globosa by this rubric seem to match P globosa. We currently treat one of these as a distinct morphospecies: a [raspberry-like gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2993) found in numbers on the lower side of leaves of Quercus imbricaria. Others may be added in the future. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10451628#page/474/mode/1up
description:
  Rhopalomyia erigerontis

  Host: Erigeron fragilis [foliosus]

  Oval apical bud gall, length 10 mm, diameter 7 mm.


description:
  [Greg Froelich reports](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/158706480) that he sent adults raised from the galls in the first photo on this page to Dr. Gagne who " compared the ones I sent him to Felt's "poorly" mounted male specimens and said they seem to be the same, assuming E foliosus is Felt's 'E fragilis.'" And, yes, E. fragilis is an old synonym for E. foliosus. 

  Separately, Erigeron serpentinus was added tentatively as a host based on [its close relationship to E. foliosus](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46854#page/3/mode/1up) and a gall observed in California in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79019668).  Erigeron blochmaniae (formerly E. foliosus var. blochmaniae) is added as a host due to its close relationship to E. foliosus and the finding of a gall that is a close match to the material sent to Dr. Gagne. Although neither has been confirmed as a host of R. erigerontis, confirmation by rearing is problematic because both are relatively rare endemics. 


description:
  Clasping Leaf Gall Midge

  Several observations have been made of this gall in [California](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?verifiable=any&place_id=any&field:Gallformers%20Code=l-tridentata-clasping-leaf-gall).

  Host:
  Larrea tridentata


description:
  Carya laciniosa added as a host based on [this](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/89851876) observation.


description:
  An abrupt swelling on the bud of Iva annua. The gall is succulent, false-chambered and appears to have a mycelium lining. The larvae within is apparantly hymnopteran, although whether this represents the gall-inducer itself or an inquiline is unknown.

  Observed in Virginia in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77736768).


description:
  Observed in California in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82465199) and [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/85283267). 


description:
  Quercus ajoensis added as a host tentatively based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/81502021). 

  Quercus lobata added tentatively as a host tentatively based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/109981713). 


description:
  Swollen leaflets of Olneya tesota. Galls are thin-walled, translucent green and each contain a single orange larva.

  Observed in Arizona in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88486346). Adult midges were reared in [August](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/90258802) and identified by Raymond Gagne as Contarinia.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610690#page/302/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis tecturnarum (Kinsey)

  Andricus tecturnarum

  This species was described from an unknown oak from San Luis Potosi, Mexico. The writer found the galls very abundant on Q. undulata at Tijeras, N. Mex., in April, 1918, and again on November 1, 1921 (adults emerging by hundreds February 20 to March 9, 1922). Galls on this oak were seen also in Blue Canyon and Nogal Canyon near Socorro, at Hillsboro and Kingston, in the Burro Mountains and in Arizona at Hackberry and Ashfork (flies emerg- ing February 14). The galls were also very common on Q. grisea at Magdalena, N. Mex., in November, 1921, the flies emerging in large numbers February 20 to March 8. Galls were seen at Williams, Ariz., also. One cluster of the galls was collected on Q. gambelii near Magdalena, flies emerging February 4r-20. At Oracle, Ariz., a few galls occurred on Q. arizonica, adults emerging March 9. Here the galls are hard to distinguish from nubila when seen up in the tree, but in hand the difference in structure is at once apparent. At Las Vegas Hot Springs galls on an unknown oak contained pupae on October 12 and adults emerged January 13, February 20, and March 8. At Shoemaker, Rowe, Glorieta, Tijeras, and Magdalena galls were seen on what may have been Q. fendleri. The galls were also seen at Fierro and in Arizona in the Huachuca and Patagonia Mountains and about Prescott. 


description:
  Andricus tecturnarum, new species

  Galls.--Buff or reddish brown, woolly masses containing scores of closely clustered, hollow, urn-shaped galls. Each gall is monothalamous, about 10 mm long by 3 mm in diameter, consisting of a tube, which is rather conical, but compressed by contact with the other galls, thin-walled, crystalline, the upper half hollow and open at the end, a partition separating this space from a cavity which occupies the lower half of the gall and in which the larva lives. Each gall bears straw-colored to buff or reddish brown, crystalline hairs which are most dense near the summit, and which make of the cluster a single, oval mass often 35 x 25 mm in size. The galls are all attached to the midribs, on the under surfaces of leaves of a species of Quercus. 

  Range: Mexico: San Luis, Potosi

  The individual galls are not unlike those of Andricus crystallinus or Callirhytis tubicola in structure, but they are entirely different in details of form and in being clustered in the large, woolly masses.


description:
  This species remains as Andricus; pending a complete Andricus worldwide revision A. tecturnarum is considered a valid species.

  [A photo of Kinsey's type gall from the AMNH collection is included on page 3 of the pdf. No description of the gall is given.]


description:
  A gall that seems to best fit this description was observed on Quercus turbinella in Utah in [October](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/8584016). 

  A gall that may be this undescribed species or [Andricus tecturnarum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2445) was observed on Quercus turbinella in Arizona in [August](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/90353153).


description:
  An invasive species and crop pest native to Europe. The 1st sighting in the US was 2004 in Western NY. 

  Seeing the bright yellow larvae is the best way to confirm.


description:
  A gall matching this description was found below a Quercus phellos tree in Virginia in [August](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/90256477). 


description:
  Small, hairless, bumpy spangles found on the lower side of leaves of Quercus alba. These galls are nearly flat, with substantially inrolled edges ringed with lobes reaching toward a slight nipple in the center. They are either green or orange-brown with red bumps, possibly shifting as they mature. They have been observed in August in Virginia and Ohio. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33455878#page/57/mode/1up
description:
  Aulax chrysothamni, new species

  Gall.--Polythalamous. White, densely covered with white felt-like substance. Elongated, rounded or club-shaped, enlargements of the terminal twigs of the branches of a species of Chrysothamnus (Bigelovia), measuring 15 to 30 mm in length and 12 to 20 mm in diameter. Sometimes two or three galls are in a row on the same branch. Internally the gall is white and of a pithy substance.

  Range: Tucson, AZ


description:
  Quercus garryana is added as a host based on [these observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/90662062) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/26354615).


description:
  Andricus incomptus, new species

  Host: Quercus sp [Quercus grisea added as a placeholder]

  Gall.--A mass of golden brown, straggling wool, containing a spherical core which is set with a dense, rich reddish-brown pubescence. Monothalamous. The covering hairs are 5 mm or more in length, brittle, and rather wavy, forming an "uncombed" mass about 15 mm in diameter. The central core is spherical, averaging 7 mm in diameter, and is covered with a very dense pubescence of dark reddish-brown hairs less than 1 mm long; this covering is quite distinct from the longer, fewer hairs which form the main covering of the gall. The walls of the central core are almost 1 mm in thickness, and the rest of the core is taken up with the large larval cell. Singly, or more often in groups of two, on the under surfaces (less often on the upper surfaces) of the leaves of a species of Quercus.

  The gall is very distinct.

  Range: Mexico, San Luis, Potosi


description:
  Clusters of hairless, slightly bumpy globular galls attached to the lower midrib or occasionally [major side veins](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/60580716) of Quercus macrocarpa in late summer. Clusters typically contain 3-6 individual galls, each of which is white with a scar or nipple at its apex, often turning black but less consistently so than in Andricus robustus. Older galls may turn [pink or orange](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/31742427). The galls are very similar to those formed by [Andricus robustus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/578) on Quercus stellata but apparently differ in their host, their more nearly spherical shape with less pronounced necks, their white rather than green color early in growth, and their typically greater size and smaller numbers per cluster. 


description:
  A globular bead gall protruding from the lower side of a phyllary on a flower of Helianthus annuus. The gall was sparsely hairy. 


description:
  A dense proliferation of tissue on buds and on stem tissue near buds of Lygodesmia juncea. Resembles fasciation. 

  Observations of this symptom are collected in [this Observation Field](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?verifiable=any&place_id=any&field:Gallformers%20Code=l-juncea-bud-deformation) on iNaturalist.


description:
  According to the images and descriptions in the literature, quercusfrondosus apparently ranges from a large cluster of green, leafy bracts to a small set of hairy, linear bracts, and apparently both are found on many white oaks. However, in iNaturalist observations, a clear pattern seems to present itself. On Quercus alba, [the only galls of this form](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3297) that have been observed differ from quercusfrondosus sensu strictu in several ways. They have short, linear bracts; the cell is mottled, rather than white, and they appear later in the season and don't apparently drop out of the gall. On Quercus macrocarpa, stellata, muehlenbergii, prinoides, and margarettae, only galls of the leafy type, with big bracts and oblong white cells which appear in the early summer and drop before the winter, are found. On Quercus bicolor, both types seem to appear. Structurally, the gall on alba and bicolor more closely resembles [Andricus stropus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/883), but differs from that gall in being mottled with darker colors. 

  Quercus muehlenbergii added tentatively as a host based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/90836400). 

  Quercus margarettae added tentatively as a host based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/92930588). 


description:
  A leafy witches broom on the flowers of Toxicodendron radicans. The witches brooms are green and red, and are tightly clustered. Whether the structures are caused by a mite, midge, fungus, or even herbicide damage is not known.

  Observed in New Jersey in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/7146750) [August](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/7868120).


description:
  Gall

  This species makes both flower galls [and] causes a swelling and shortening of the shoot (lower picture). The larvae are gregarious, lemon yellow when fully developed, and have several generations per year; they can jump. Pupation in the ground in a silken cocoon.

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/cecidomyiidi/cecidomyiini/contarinia/contarinia-nasturtii/


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/94/mode/1up
description:
  Diastrophus smilacis

  Smilax rotundifolia, herbacea

  "Irregularly rounded, abrupt smooth swelling on and usually surrounding stem. Pithy, polythalamous. About one inch long by one-half inch in diameter. Adults in Jan and Feb." Chicago IL is the type locality. The writer collected in the Chicago area for many years but was never able to find it. Host record questioned.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  On "Smilax sp." in the Chicago area. Reared in Jan and Feb. The writer collected for a dozen years in the Chicago area and was never able to find it. No other gall has yielded adults that agree with the types. Determination of the host questioned.


description:
  Diastrophus smilacis Ashmead, 1896

  Feeds on: Reportedly induces galls on Smilax rotundifolia L. and S. herbacea L. but records remain unverified and suspect (M. L. Buffington, in litt.)

  Distribution: United States: Florida, Illinois


description:
  Slight swellings on twigs of Quercus chrysolepis, with emergence holes in August. 

  Observations collected in [this Observation Field](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?verifiable=any&place_id=any&field:Gallformers%20Code=q-chrysolepis-hidden-cells) on iNaturalist. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/10/mode/1up
description:
  Phyhoxera caryae-septum (Shimer). 

  Dactylosphaera c.-septum  
  Phylloxera c.-septa  

  The galls of this species, especially those of the more typical form, are the handsomest and largest of this group. Their transverse diameter at the plane of the leaf ranges from 5 to 12 mm and their vertical diameter from 4 to 6 mm. They are quite convex on both sides and generally more conical and more prominently projecting above than beneath, especially so in the smaller specimens. All are provided with a nipple on both sides, the upper one stouter and more prominent, with its base more or less sunken below the plane of the gall. Both nipples, particularly the lower one, lean frequently somewhat towards one side. Both openings are either round or oval and fringed by about eight stout or slender filaments. The opening on the under side closes gradually so that the insects are compelled to leave from above. The consistency of the galls is dense, though rather thin, paper-like, and more or less transparent, crisp, and stoutest at the junction with the leaf. The cavity, if cut vertically, appears to be more or less hexagonal at the central portion, more or less pointed towards the nipples, and quite flat at the median circumference, with the exception of a ridge which indicates the former division of the gall into two compartments while young. The color above is variable. Some are of a darker or lighter bright red or pale rose, with a pale greenish margin around the base, while others are pale yellowish green, the nipple more or less brown, surrounded at base by a pale reddish ring. The color of the under side corresponds either more or less with that of the upper side or is of the same color as the leaf, or paler. In its younger stage, while still quite small, it is most beautiful and has very little resemblance to the fully grown gall. 

  The first observations regarding this gall were made May 13, 1883, and, as it will help to throw some light on the question of the formation of this and many other galls, I will here include the few notes made at the time. This gall, a very beautiful and curious object, I find, after a careful examination, to be nothing else but an abnormally great enlargement of a pore and the filaments or hairs surrounding same. From the position of the galls, there can be no doubt whatever but that the young insect, as soon as it finds a suitable place, stations itself directly over a pore on the under side of a young leaf, into which it inserts its proboscis to extract the sap and to remain in this position. The irritation, caused by the sucking, gradually enlarges the pore so that the insect can sink into the opening; the rapid growing of the leaf causes the walls of the pore to prolong and the thus formed cell to widen till a regular cell is formed, enclosing the insect completely. 

  Remarkable it is, however, that the irritation is not confined to the lower side of the leaf but that it extends also to the upper surface, to the opposite pore, producing a counterpart of that on the underside. Both sides of the young gall at this stage are regularly conical and are fringed at the apex of each cone by about eight or nine very long, slender, backward curved, fleshy filaments which, when compared with the hairs surrounding the other pores, prove them to be identical though greatly enlarged. When some of the galls were opened it was found that they were divided horizontally by a delicate membrane into two compartments in the lower one of which the young stem-mother, already mature at this date, and surrounded by some eggs, had established her home. With her was also found but one cast skin, which seemed to indicate that several skins had been cast before the gall had formed and closed. The color of the young gall above is quite pale green with the filaments bright cherry or pink. The lower side is darker and the filaments white. Two weeks later the galls had changed so completely in appearance that they could scarcely be recognized as belonging to the same species were it not for the filaments fringing the apex of the nipples, and even these were mere rudiments, much reduced by drying up. They were then fully mature and some of them already empty. When cut vertically it was observed that the dividing membrane had entirely disappeared, except the before- mentioned rudiment at the circumference. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/13/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryae-septum, var. perforans n. var.

  A very conspicuous form of [the above gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2876) has been occasionally observed in the vicinity of Washington for several years past, occurring usually upon the leaves of Hicoria glabra, though always when already deserted. This same form had previously been observed by Dr. A. Fitch in the state of New York, also when deserted. 

  During May of 1890 1 have been fortunate, however, to discover this form in fair abundance upon a single tree of Hicoria glabra growing near a small stream in the vicinity of Arlington, Virginia, and widely separated by hills and gullies from trees bearing the genuine or typical gall. They contained (May 16th) besides the other forms a considerable number of the winged migrants which proved, after careful examination and comparison, to be absolutely identical with those of Ph. c. -septum. The causes of this remarkable and constant variation are not readily explained except by the fact that the typical form has so far always been found upon young trees with large and succulent leaves of Hicoria alba [Carya tomentosa], while those of perforans were upon trees of Hicoria glabra [Carya glabra] which had already attained a height of over twenty feet and with the leaves smaller and less succulent. As in the typical form, the gall is mostly single though now and then two, three or even more grow in close contact, generally close to the midrib, near its base, or near the stronger, cross-ribs, and, instead of expanding horizontally, they become narrow and considerably elongated above and beneath, resembling a slender spur or nail forced through the leaf. The length of the cones varies from 3-8 mm and the diameter at base from 2-4 mm. Both above and beneath, the cones usually lean to one side, those above usually in the opposite direction from those beneath, while cones growing near the edge of the leaf curve outwardly and often to such a degree that both points almost meet. Each cone splits into 6-8 slender bracts, fitting closely together and lined inside with a white, woolly pubescense. 

  At maturity the bracts of the upper cone separate to allow the insects to escape, while those on the under side remain closed. The inner structure of the galls is very similar to that of the typical form, though its walls are harder and thicker. Its color above and beneath is of a paler green than the surrounding leaf, incling toward the apex to purple or brown. The transverse ribs between which these galls are stationed are, at the point of junction, often considerably angulated, much thickened and of a beautiful red or crimson color. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/14/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryaefoliae

  Notwithstanding the apparently wide distribution of this species from New York to Illinois and as far south as Washington, it appears to be nowhere so common or so destructive as some of its near relatives. It is most noticeable during the latter part of May on the leaves of Hicoria glabra, and though usually there is but a single gall upon a leaf, as many as four may sometimes be found. Some which were studied on the 23d of May along the Potomac River in Virginia contained already quite a number of winged migrants, though the gall had not yet sufficiently opened at the apex to allow the inmates to escape. 

  The principal part of the gall is always on the upper side of the leaf and represents a regular, slender cone which often leans slightly over to one side. The transverse diameter of the gall at the base of the cone is about 3 mm and, including the pale ring surrounding it, about 5 mm; and its vertical diameter is also about 5 mm. Its surface is more or less pubescent, more densely so beyond the middle. Its color above is pale green, with numerous still paler, extremely fine, radiating lines running from tip to base. The apex is either somewhat somewhat yellowish, pale brownish or pale purplish and the extreme base darker green. The ring surrounding its base is either somewhat projecting and slightly convex or sometimes depressed or saucer-like and of a yellow or greenish-yellow color. The under side of the gall is but slightly projecting and quite flat, with a small elevated ring surrounding a minute central depression from which rises a small nipple, splitting into a number of very fine and slender pubescent filaments. The walls of this gall are very thin and flexible and rather difficult to tear, especially when they commence to shrivel after having been taken off the tree for some time. They are stoutest at base and more or less transparent if held towards the light. That this species is closely related to Ph. c.-septum is quite apparent. The younger ones have also, as in that species, a transverse membrane which gradually disappears, leaving a distinct rim to indicate its position.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/17/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera picta Pergande, n. sp. 

  The galls of this species resemble very much those of c.-septum, though ordinarily smaller, much more flattened, and to all appearances entirely destitute of a dividing membrane. The insects are also smaller and paler and exhibit some characters which tend to separate it from that species. The transverse diameter of the gall varies between 3-6 mm and the vertical diameter between 2-3 mm. It is quite flat on both sides, though somewhat more elevated and more convex on the upper, with a more or less distinctly depressed ring surrounding the base of the nipple. Both sides of the gall are provided with a short, conical nipple, each closed till maturity, and furnished inside and generally also at the tip with fine pale hairs. The lower nipple always remains closed, while the upper opens in a round or oval mouth, split into several very short, recurved bracts covered with fine pubescence. The walls of this gall are very thin and semi-transparent so that the insects can be seen moving about if held towards the light. The color is variable. Some are quite dark-green with a faint purplish shade and with the nipple and a ring around its base dark red. Others are of the color of the leaf or slightly paler, with a faint purplish ring surrounding them, the nipple and the depression surrounding its base pale buff or pale clay-yellow. Another variety is more or less pink, its margin yellowish or concolorous with the leaf. Still others are pale greenish-yellow with a faint purple ring surrounding the still darker nipple, besides many other variations. The under side is uniformly paler than the leaf and the nipple yellowish. 

  It occurs on Hicoria tomentosa and matures by the end of May or early June. 

  To separate this gall from many of the forms of Ph. intermedia is often very difficult, especially after they have burst open, when they resemble each other quite closely, though a comparison of the winged forms of both will show them to be unmistakably good species. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/19/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera intermedia Pergande, n. sp. 

  The gall of this species appears to be intermediate between Ph. c. -septum and Ph. picta. Its inner construction resembles that of c. -septum on account of the presence of a rudiment of the central membrane, though its general form, especially in the larger specimens, is more like that of picta, from which, however, it differs in the much thicker walls and the absence of a nipple on the upper side. 

  The transverse diameter of this gall varies between 3 and 6 mm and its vertical diameter between 2 and 3 mm. The shape above is regularly convex in the larger galls and slightly conical in the smaller ones, and without a trace of a nipple or opening before maturity. On the under side it projects but slightly and is provided with a minute, but closed nipple, the insect issuing from the upper surface which splits in a more or less jagged, round or oval opening, the bracts of which curve more or less outward. In some few cases the nipple on the under side also opens sufficiently to allow the insects to emerge from both sides. The color of the galls above is reddish or yellowish, generally surrounded by a paler ring, and beneath paler than the leaf. It occurs on Hicoria alba [Carya tomentosa] in company with the other two, and matures from the end of May to the middle of June. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/20/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera foveola Pergande, n. sp. 

  The gall of this beautiful species is evidently closely related to and may possibly be identical with Ph. foveata Shimer, but considering the number of closely allied species in which the galls resemble each other more or less closely, and the fact that the inmates of his galls were winged and plentiful by the 20th of June at Mt. Carroll, IL., whereas the galls of foveola are nearly deserted by the 1st of June, near Washington, induce me to consider the two forms as specifically different. 

  I have found this gall during the latter part of May upon Hicoria glabra in the vicinity of a small creek between Arlington, Va., and the Potomac River. Most of the galls contained, as early as May 23rd, numbers of the winged form. These galls grew either singly or as many as forty upon a single leaf when they become at times confluent, each retaining, however, its char- acter and individual cell intact. On some of the trees they were much more numerous, completely covering some of the leaves. The diameter of the galls ranges more or less between 3-5 mm hor- izontally and between 1-3 mm vertically. They are as a rule very convex and more prominent above than beneath, with a rather deep dimple or depression at the centre, which depression occasionally reaches as far down as to the opposite side of the gall; its basal circumference forms either a depressed or elevated ring. Beneath they are but slightly convex, often sunken below the plane of the leaf, with the centre depressed and bearing a very short, somewhat conical nipple, which is tightly closed and densely covered on the inside with a pale pubescence in the younger galls, whereas in the older or mature galls the nipple splits into 4-8, or rarely more, short and rather flat recurved bracts, which leave a round or slightly oval orifice between them. 

  In the largest and perfectly developed galls the upper side is either of a delicate pale red with the dimple darker and its basal circumference yellowish-green ; or entirely yellowish-green with only the dimple of a beautiful pink color. Beneath they are uniformly yellowish-green, often with a faint reddish tinge, especially toward the nipple. On the other trees, most densely covered by them, they were less beautiful, with less red and a shallower dimple. The walls are very thin and paper-like and readily collapse when old. All galls are perfectly smooth on both sides. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/23/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera pilosula Pergande, n. sp. 

  The galls of this species are very unique and readily distinguished from any others so far observed. They occur usually on solitary trees of Hicoria glabra along the Potomac near Washington. They are usually quite abundant though rather sparsely distributed, there being but one, or rarely more than 3-6, upon a leaf and seldom so close together as to become confluent. 

  When first found, May 23rd, they were already fully developed, but contained, besides the stem-mother, only eggs and larvae. Ten days later most of the insects had already acquired wings. The transverse diameter of the gall varies between 3-6 mm, and their height to the tip of the nipple 2-3 mm. They are quite flat above, even with the surface of the leaf or but slightly projecting above it. In the latter case they are usually surrounded by a somewhat depressed ring and have a slight inclination to one side. There is always a more or less distinct shallow depression at the middle, which is usually quite densely covered with rather long, faintly yellowish, soft and glistening hairs. On the under side they resemble somewhat those of the variety Ph. c. -symmetrica, though they are more evenly convex and provided with a rather long and slender nipple, which is split into five to six, or rarely more, slender filaments, which usually lean to one side. This nipple, as well as the surface of the gall, is quite densely covered with long, glistening and faintly yellowish hairs similar to those on the upper surface. This pilosity of the gall is quite in contrast with the otherwise perfect smoothness of the leaves above and beneath. The upper side of the galls is of a paler green than the leaf itself, with a slight tinge of yellow, whilst on the underside the color merges gradually from pale green at its circumference to almost white at the nipple. The walls are quite solid and rather stout at the base. The galls are almost per- fectly white on the inside and semi-transparent. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/25/mode/1up
description:
   Phylloxera deplanata Pergande, n. sp. 

  The galls of this species and their architects were carefully studied in 1883 on some small trees of Hicoria tomentosa growing on a hilly slope, bordering the Potomac River, opposite Georgetown, D. C. An interesting fact connected with the species was the absence of the winged or migratory generation, in which respect it agrees with Ph. c. -semen Walsh and PA. caryae-venae Fitch. That Ph. deplanata is distinct from this last is made patent by a comparison of the galls and stem-mother ; while it would also seem to be distinct from Ph. c. -semen, its western representative. The galls of Ph. c. -semen are the smallest known, measuring not more than 0.6-2 mm horizontally, being more or less subglobular and provided with a round orifice, surrounded by a fringe of 5-8 or more, rather broad bracts; whereas the galls of this species have a transverse diameter of 1-5 mm, are but slightly convex above and more prominent beneath ; the orifice is oval and without any bracts, but closely fringed with fine hairs. Its walls are rather thin and flexible, while those of Ph. c. -semen are thick and hard. In how far the insects of these two galls differ is not at present known, but there is little doubt that future more careful study of Walsh's species will reveal sufficient differences. 

  The leaves of some of the smaller trees are often literally covered with the galls of deplanata which then produce a sickly, yellowish and crumpled appearance thereof. By the end of June the galls are deserted, brown and dry, or else have completely decayed, leaving innumerable holes in the affected leaves, seriously affecting the health of the tree. When but a few days old (first week in May) these galls resemble minute yellow specks. 

  The transverse diameter of the mature galls varies from 1-5 mm; height about 1 mm; walls rather thin above and beneath and semi- transparent. Upper surface projecting but little above the plane of the leaf, convex, usually with a shallow fovea ; frequently not central and occasionally with a slight central elevation. Under side more strongly convex, sometimes almost conical, the nipple usually more or less flattened and generally leaning to one side, as if pressed down when young; with the orifice usually oval, though sometimes more or less rounded, and which before maturity is perfectly closed and densely fringed with short pale hairs. Color above either reddish with the depression yellowish, or almost entirely greenish -yellow ; below purplish or dull greenish-yellow. Many of the galls are conjoint, i. e., contain from 2-6 or more stem-mothers together with large numbers of eggs and sexual individuals, the cavity being completely crowded. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/28/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera depressa. Shimer. 

  Dactylosphaera depressum Shimer. 

  Not having had an opportunity of seeing this gall, I am unable to form an opinion as to its specific value and reproduce, therefore, the description as given by Shimer: 

  "These galls were found to be exceedingly numerous on some trees (Carya alba [Carya tomentosa]). On June 20th they were smooth, slightly rounded above, pale yellowish-green; beneath somewhat whiter, and having in the centre a nipple-like projection ; opening round, surrounded with a burr-like fringe composed of many filaments, the cavity like an inverted cone, the wall above being quite thin and translucent, so that the inmates may be seen moving about. This apparently very flat gall was placed as much below as above the plane of the leaf. Diameter .15-. 25 inch [3.8-6.2 mm]; vertical thickness .125 inch [3 mm]. " 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/29/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera foveata Shimer. 

  Dactylosphaera foveatum
  Phylloxera forcata

  This appears to be nearest related to Ph. foveola n. sp. and Ph. intermedia n. sp., though as no opportunity has offered to further study foveatum at Washington, Shimer' s original description is reproduced: 

  "On the same leaves [of Carya amara] containing the small galls, Nos. 7 [Ph. minimum Shimer] and 8 [Ph. c. -semen Walsh] , I observed a number of larger ones with a dimpled depression above (which may be caused by the collapse of the thin paper- like centre), an opening beneath by a rounded, downy orifice, and having a diameter of .06-. 33 inch [1.5 mm] and a vertical depth of .12-. 16 inch [3-4 mm] ; all contained the female and her eggs, and some larvae."


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/30/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera minimum Shimer. 

  Dactylosphaera minimum

  Shimer' s original description is as follows: 

  "Small round galls, generally very numerous in the leaves, and in some cases almost entirely covering them, a single leaf sometimes containing upwards of 250 galls; the average size -larger than those of No. 8 [Ph. foveatum Shimer], although often quite as small, the larger ones measuring three-sixteenths of an inch [5 mm.] in diameter. They were (June 25th) quite hard and smooth, and present, especially above, a bright, shining appear- ance; they were quite thick and plump, the vertical diameter compared with the horizontal diameter being as 2 to 3, and were much more plump and elevated above the leaf than those of No. 8 [Ph. carya-semen Walsh]. The portions of the leaf between the galls had in some cases turned crimson. I found from three to twenty-five inhabitants in a gall; the round opening beneath was so close as to be pretty safe against enemies, as I found none in the galls opened thus far. larvae and pupae whitish, with red eyes; mother insect cinnamon color and smaller than the pupa. 

  "On July 5th I found winged imagos in all the galls, large and small, that were opened, the smallest galls not much exceeding .05 inch [1 mm] in diameter; when opened, the young insects eagerly ran out, and all presented the same pale, translucent appearance, with minute dark spots on the anterior part of the body, which is in contrast with the inhabitants of gall No. 8. The winged imago was first observed on June 30th."


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/31/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryae-semen Walsh.

  Phylloxera caryae-semen Walsh. 
  Daktylosphara caryae-semen Walsh. 

  This is evidently closely related to Ph. deplanata. The galls of c.-semen are, however, much smaller, more strongly convex, projecting above, and of much finer and harder texture. They also greatly resemble smaller specimens of Ph. minima not withstanding the striking difference in the life-history of the two species, viz.: the production of a winged, migratory form in Ph. minima and the absence of such in Ph. c.-semen. 

  Walsh was led from the apterous nature of the species to consider it Coccidous rather than Aphidian, and in discussing the relative generic value of winged and apterous gall-making species, remarks that "Carya possesses at least two Coccidous galls, namely, caryae-vena Fitch, which I find exclusively on the Shell-bark Hickory in August, and which is described by Fitch as Aphidian, and doubtingly referred to the genus Pemphigus, and caryae semen Walsh MS., a gall of the size and shape of a cabbage seed, which I find in prodigious numbers on the leaflets of the Pignut Hickory in July." And further on, in a foot note, he says : ' 'That these two galls are Coccidous, not Aphidian, may be inferred from the fact that the tarsi of the mother-lice are 1-jointed, not 2- jointed. And besides,Dr. Fitch himself describes the mother-lice of caryaevenae as laying eggs, and the same remark applies to those of Carym semen; whereas all true gall-making Aphidians that are known to me are viviparous so long as they live in the gall. Moreover, all gall- making Aphidians that are known to me remain in the gall till they have reached maturity and most of them acquired wings; whereas in these two galls the young larvae, almost as soon as. they have hatched out, stray away to found new galls, leaving the mother-lice behind them to lay from time to time fresh eggs." 

  With our present knowledge of the Phylloxerinae we know that Walsh erred in forming this opinion. The tarsi of both species mentioned are (like those of all other known species of Phylloxera) plainly 2-jointed, he having simply overlooked the small basal joint; while the economy of the species producing winged females shows that they all originate from eggs, numerously deposited by the stem-mother on the walls of the gall. Maintaining this erroneous position regarding the Coccidous character of c. -semen, he refers it later to Shimer's genus Dactylosphaera, to include all those species which produce, or are supposed to produce, nothing but apterous individuals and proposed for all others, producing a winged generation, the name of Xerophylla. In the latter publication, after much discussion, he gives a short description of the gall and its architects on page 23, as follows: 

  "Gall Carya-semen , n. sp. made by Dactylosphoera caryae-semen , new species. On the general surface of the leaflets of the Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra) in prodigious abundance, a sub- globular, smooth, seed-like, hollow, sessile gall, 0.06-0.10 inch in its widest diameter, subhemispherical above, rather flatter below, with a nipple-like opening in the middle. Walls of the gall rather stout, fleshy and not woody. The external color is greenish-yellow above and pale green below, with the open central nipple whitish. There are frequently as many as 100 of these galls on a single leaflet. Inside may often be found as many as three or four mother bark-lice, similarly shaped and of the same yellow color as those of the vitifolia gall, but on the average rather smaller and accompanied, in the same manner, by eggs or very young larvae, or both. As with the mother bark-lice of the galls vitifoliae Fitch, caryae-venae Fitch and caryae-fallax Walsh MS., the antennae of this mother bark-louse are three-jointed, joints i and 2 short and subequal, and joint 3 longer than 1 and 2 put together. The young larvae are about 0.01 inch long and of the usual shape. Almost as soon as hatched — as is also the case with the larvae of all the allied galls — these larvae stray away to found new galls. The galls themselves are very abundant about July 24th,' but by the 12th of August they were almost all empty and gaping open below." 

  Dr. Shimer, referring to the same species, confounds it with his Dak. globosum, which forms a similar though much larger gall on the same leaves and produces a winged generation. Speaking of the young of the smaller galls he says "the young larva usually leaves the gall as soon as hatched and proceeds, as does the ' grape-leaf louse" (D. ? vitifoliae), to construct a new gall." 

  The following notes, made in the West some years ago, will amplify the somewhat brief description of the gall by Walsh : 

  Description of Gall. — Transeverse diameter 0.3-2 mm or slightly larger. Vertical diameter 0.2-0.5 mm. Hemispherical and more prominent above than beneath and frequently depressed at the centre; the depression often running out to one side. More or less projecting beneath, with a tendency to become somewhat conical, terminating in a short nipple, with a round or slightly oval orifice, surrounded by 4-10 or more rather stout and profusely pubescent recurved bracts, completely closed when young. Upper surface smooth, yellowish- green to brownish-yellow. Rather tough and leathery and slightly semi-transparent at the centre if held toward the light. 

  This gall is usually extremely abundant on infected trees, often to such an extent that every leaf is completely covered. I have counted on some of the smaller leaflets over 300 of these galls, many of which, to the number of 2-5 or more, were confluent. 

  This appears to be an exclusive western species and has been found at Kirkwood and elsewhere in the Mississippi Valley, upon Hicoria glabra, maturing during the latter half of July and early August. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/34/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryae-fallax Riley. 

  Phylloxera caryae-fallax 

  Considerable doubt has existed until lately in my mind as to the identity of the species briefly referred to under this name by Walsh in his "First Ann. Rep. of the Nox. Ins. of Ills.," p. 23, and that described by Riley under the same name in the ' 'Seventh Ann. Rep. on the Nox. and Ben. Insects of Mo.," p. 118. Walsh states that he never found a winged insect either in this gall or in those of c. -semen and c- folia, though he has opened and examined hundreds of them. My observations regarding this peculiar gall, extending as far back as 1872, run counter to those of Walsh, for I have found this particular gall swarming with the winged female. 

  To account for this apparent discrepancy in independent observations, it may be stated that my own observations were made from early May until June, and that these made by Mr. Walsh were from the 17th until the end of June, or at a time when the winged form had already forsaken the galls. What, then, were the numerous larvae (?) with which he found the galls swarming, and what was their office? They could not well form new galls, as the season for that purpose was already too far advanced! 

  The explanation will doubtless be found in the following facts: If the galls be opened early in May, or before the nipple has opened, they will be found filled with winged insects, pupae, numerous eggs, and what appear to be larvae. These supposed larvae, however, upon careful examination, are not larvae hatched from eggs deposited by the stem-mother, but the true sexual individuals, both males and females, produced from eggs deposited freely by the winged females. In this species therefore, the sexed individuals are (in part at least) produced within the original gall, though . winged females subsequently perform the true function of migrants and leave the galls to carry their sexed young elsewhere.

  The gall of this species is one of the most common and numerous on the leaves of Hicoria (Carya) alba, and probably some other species of the genus in the states of Missouri and Illinois, extending at least as far south as Tennessee and probably throughout most of the states bordering the Mississippi. It seems to be exclusively a western species, and is at times so extremely abundant as to cover completely every leaf upon a tree, the leaves becoming much dwarfed and distorted. On some small leaflets, about 2 inches long by 3/4 inch wide, more than 300 of these galls were counted. 

  The fully grown galls vary in height and diameter at base from 1-5 mm. Those more, densely crowded are narrower at base and higher in proportion. They are conical or tooth-like above and frequently lean over to one side. The under side is more or less prominently convex and more or less prolonged at the centre, with the nipple often, also, inclining to one side. The orifice is either round or oval, closely fringed with pale hairs, and tightly drawn together till maturity. The walls are rather tough and leathery. The color of the galls when younger is greenish-yellow to reddish, becoming gradually brown or black,- and brittle after the insects have left. 


description:
  Tapered swellings on the stems of Dalea candida. Galls are red, stiff and lightly speckled with gray.

  Numerous galls observed in Texas in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/12727442).


description:
  Contarinia cuniculator

  Larva in needle
  Only upper surface of needle discolored; needle often distorted or bent
  Infested needles usually contain one larvae, but up to four have been found

  Host: Pseudotsuga menziesii

  Distr: British Columbia to California


description:
  Chilophaga or Astictoneura sp.

  Larva in imbricated stem gall
  The stem is foreshortened and the leaves are tightly imbricated

  Host: A. repens

  Distr: PA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/37/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera rimosalis Pergande, n. sp. 

  A very large and conspicuous gall, growing always upon the leaves of Hicoria tomentosa, bearing a great resemblance to the gall of Ph. c.-scissa, from which it differs in the round, not elongated, orifice and in some other characters. 

  It is not uncommon along the Potomac near Washington and affects more generally the terminal leaves of the more succulent young shoots. It matures somewhat later than most of the other galls, the first winged females occuring the latter part of May. It grows generally singly, though occasionally 2-4 may occur on the same leaf, in which case they tend to become more or less confluent, so as to form a large, flat mass ; each retaining, however, its cell independently. It forms upon any part of the leaf, often very close to the edge, and may extend across two or even three of the transverse veins, (when the upper surface becomes somewhat uneven) but never, as far as observed, across the midrib. The horizontal diameter ranges between 3-11 mm (those growing singly being usually much the largest) and between 1.6-3.4 mm in height. The form is quite flat or but slightly convex above, with the circumference usually sharply defined and sunken below the plane of the leaf, which forms around it a somewhat elevated and quite sharp edge or rim. The disk may be raised button-like above the plane of the leaf. Sometimes the upper surface is slightly uneven or concave; or there may be a slightly convex, central elevation, with a dimpled depression on one side of it. Beneath it is much more prominent and convex, resembling somewhat that of c. -septum, except that its nipple is extremely short and conical, with the orifice round and completely closed in the younger ones, with indications that it will split when mature into 5-8 short bracts, which are closely covered at the tip and inner side with minute, white, silken hairs. The surface above is perfectly smooth, whilst the under side is sparsely beset with short, pale yellowish, radiating hairs and yellow papillae which characterize the under side of the leaves. 

  It is seen to be slightly transparent, if held between the light, especially around its margin. Its walls are rather thick and hard, especially at the base. The color above and beneath is of a somewhat paler green than the surrounding surface of the leaf, occasionally faintly tinted with red at the centre and polished above. 

  Each gall contains, by the middle of May, besides the single stem-mother, large numbers of eggs, larvae and young pupae, covering closely its inner walls, each with the end of the body directed toward the centre, as if they were standing on their heads. Some individuals acquire wings by about the 20th, while the majority do not reach this condition till the end of the month or the first week in June. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/40/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryae-scissa Riley
   
  This gall, as already indicated, bears a close resemblance to that of hemispherica but it will be unsafe to consider them identical until further careful study is made of the latter species. 

  The first galls of caryae-scissa were received in 1880 from Mr. W. H. Ashmead, of Jacksonville, Fla., found growing upon Hicoria alba. Since then the same species has been occasionally observed in the vicinity of Washington, always growing upon the leaves of Hicoria tomentosa. It is a rather rare species, and occurs for the most part singly. 

  In general appearance it closely resembles that of Ph. rimosalis, for which it might readily be mistaken, but the upper surface of c.-scissa is never flattened, as in rimosalis, while the orifice is never round or nipple-like, but always a transeverse slit. All the different forms of insects, from the stem-mother to the winged female of c.-scissa, are also larger and darker, with the antennae much longer and more slender, particularly in the winged form. 

  The transverse diameter of this gall ranges from 8-14 mm and and the height from 2-5 mm or more. It is about equally convex on both sides, though sometimes more prominent either above or beneath, and often with a slight, central, nipple-like projection above. The surface on both sides is more or less distinctly covered with short, fine, yellowish hairs when upon Hicoria tomentosa; while upon H. alba it is smooth above and but slightly hairy beneath. The gall is always situated between two of the transverse veins, with the slit either parallel with them or slightly oblique. When young, this slit is slightly closed and not easily seen, but forms regular, shallow lips, densely pubescent, when older. Color above and beneath pale greenish or dirty yellowish- green. 

  The winged female may be found from the middle of May to the middle of June. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/42/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryae-globuli Walsh

  Dactylosphaera hemisphericum Shimer

  The galls of this species, as far as can be learned from the descriptions of Walsh and Shimer agree quite well with those of c.-scissa and I simply repeat here the original descriptions. That by Walsh is rather insufficient, somewhat scattered and mixed with other matter, from which it has been sifted. 

  Phylloxera caryae-globuli Walsh

  "Galls spherical, generally located between the veins that branch from the midrib of the leaflets of the Shag-bark Hickory, and when ripe opens below by a simple, longitudinal slit. Never exceeding one-half or one-third the extreme diameter of caryae-caulis." 

  Dactylosphaera hemisphericum Shimer

  Galls on the Shell-bark Hickory (C alba). 

  "Gall No. 1. — This is a large subhemispherical gall, situa-ted in the parenchyma of the leaf, generally projecting above the plane of the latter. Structure somewhat thick, tough and dense, the average thickness of the walls being about .05 inch. Color pale whitish-green, much paler than the leaf, the upper surface frequently tinged with red and often quite purple-red. Size: diameter in the plain of the leaf, one-fourth to one-half inch; vertical diameter one-half."

  "These galls open beneath with a slit, the length of which is about one-third of the diameter of the gall ; its direction is usu- ally in, or somewhat oblique to, that of the veins of the leaf, and when oblique, more nearly parallel with the longitudal axis of the leaf. The lips of these slits are pinched so tightly together as to project out, and their margins are either smooth or slightly hairy. Sometimes a leaf contains but a single gall, others two or more. The galls may be scattered irregularly on the leaf, or placed in one or two rows along and near the midrib, and one or two dozen may be found in a single row, placed so closely together as to be contiguous." 

  "Upon opening one of these galls, I found the mother insect and her eggs, the latter in great abundance, one hundred or more studded all over the concave surface ; but very few eggs had then (June 7th) hatched. But on opening one of the largest galls, which seemed to be in a much more advanced state, I found the mother insect in the midst of a very numerous brood of newly- hatched larvae, and also many eggs still unhatched ; the new-born larvae were pale greeenish- white, while those more advanced," were of a deeper color and of all shades approaching to orange ; many were already in the pupa state, having short wing-cases. The mother insect moved in a stately manner among her numerous off- spring, apparently proud of her queenly position."

  I am rather suspicious that this may be the Phylloxera caryae- globuli of Walsh; but he says that the gall of his species is " spherical " and also that the size of the insect is ".07 to .08 inch in length" and that the abdomen is blackish. But unless described from living specimens, the color is of no value, as they all turn black after death. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/45/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera conica Shimer. 

  Dactylosphaera conicum Shimer. 
  Phylloxera c.-conica Riley. 

  It is rather strange that Shimer failed to mention the color of this gall, notwithstanding it is one of the handsomest of this group. There can scarcely be any doubt, however, that the gall here considered is identical with that described by him under the above name. 

  The first notes upon the species were made in 1872 when it was found in Missouri on the leaves of the Bitter-nut Hickory, (Hicoria amara [Carya cordiformis]). This is one of the most widespread and common of the Hickory galls in the Mississippi Valley, and was frequently sent by correspondents for identification. The galls begin to form the latter part of May and are then almost globular, though somewhat more prominent above than beneath, with a scarcely noticeable nipple on the under side, densely covered with yellowish pubescence. Their color is a deep purplish -brown, contrasting prettily with the light green color of the young leaves ; their surface above and beneath is more or less roughened or granulated, and the appearance reminding one strongly of the galls of Cecidomya q.-pilulae of the oak. 

  By the first week in June the galls are fully grown, but only contain the stem-mother, her eggs and larvae. By the middle of the month the winged female prevails, with but few pupae and still fewer larvae, while in many cases the galls have opened and migration has actively begun. The transverse diameter of the matured gall varies from 3-7 mm and their vertical diameter from 2-5 mm. Many of them are almost globular, and, as a rule, more prominent above than beneath. Occasionally, however, they are more prominent beneath. In the majority, especially the larger galls, the under side is considerably sunken beneath the surface of the leaf and much less conical and usually much paler than when younger. The color above is a dull, dark purplish brown, sometimes, how- ever, with only a brownish shade, or entirely of a dull greenish- yellow. The surface above, and sometimes slightly beneath, is densely and quite coarsely rugose and more or less distinctly pubescent, especially beneath, and covered with a more or less noticeable sticky or viscid excretion. The orifice is more densely pubescent than the rest of the gall, and splits, when mature, into 4-8 short bracts. The walls of the galls are rather stout, leathery and flexible. At full growth the inside is almost pure white, but by the time the insects are ready to leave, the color is brown all through. Generally these galls grow singly, though there are often as many as ten, of which several may be confluent, on the same leaf. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/48/mode/1up
description:
   Phylloxera caryae-avellana Riley.

  Not uncommon on the leaves of Hicoria tomentosa along the Potomac near Washington. 

  Judging from the appearance of the galls, as regards size, shape and color, one might be led to conclude that we had to deal with two or more distinct species. A careful study and comparison, however, of the architects in their different stages, shows but one species. The more typical, larger and more brilliantly colored galls are the product of those stem-mothers which first settled, at a time when the development of the young leaves was most rapid and the circulation of the sap most vigorous. 

  By the 20th of May many of the galls already contain pupae or even winged females, while others contain only eggs and larvae. By the middle of June most of the galls are already empty and by the end of the month have become dry and shrivelled. 

  The transverse diameter varies from 5-10 mm and the height is about the same. Flat or but slightly convex above and either flush with or somewhat sunken beneath the surface of the leaf ; sub-conical or more or less globular beneath,, constricted at base and resembling somewhat in shape a diminutive filbert. The surface beneath is quite densely pubescent and with similar minute yellow papillae as those which cover the under side of the leaves, and causing a certain stickiness. The orifice, at the top of the gall, is, before maturity, closely drawn together and densely covered on the inside with white wooly hairs, opening at maturity into several short and stout bracts. Walls very thick and succulent. The color above is either greenish, yellow-green or of a more or less intense, beautiful crimson or pink ; and beneath pale greenish, or even almost white.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/50/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera symmetrica n. sp., Pergande. 

  This species, as far as its gall is concerned, appears to be closely related to, if not identical with. Ph. conifera Shimer, but as his description, both of the gall and its architect, is rather vague, brief and general in characterization, so much so as to apply equally as well to many others, it is deemed more expedient to describe it as new. 

  This gall has been noticed on young trees of Hicoria (Carya) tomentosa and some other species, in the neighborhood of Washington, for quite a number of years and appears to be slowly but gradually increasing. 

  Judging from the appearance of the galls alone, one is tempted to divide them into two or perhaps three distinct species, with regard to shape, size and color. A careful study, however, and comparison of the migratory forms of their architects, have conclusively convinced me that the different forms of these galls are nothing else but varieties of one species, depending, as it appears, on the earlier or later settling of the young lice, and the there- with connected more or less advanced stage of development of the young leaves. There can be no doubt that the larger and more brilliantly colored galls are the product of such of the young lice of this species which hatched in advance of the bulk of the same brood, just at the time when the development of the leaves was most rapid and the circulation of the sap most vigorous. To enable the future student, therefore, to recognize these different forms more readily, it is deemed expedient to figure each form of gall and to give each of them a variety name. All these forms are usually, at least in this locality, met with at about the same time and upon the same trees, though the two largest or more brilliantly colored galls are much scarcer than those of the typical form. As a rule, there is generally but a single gall on a leaflet, though occasionally two, or even as many as five or six, and in one instance even as many as twelve were observed upon a single leaflet, all crowded together near the base of the leaf, and more or less confluent. If there be more than one on a leaf, it will be observed that generally most of them are dwarfed, whilst but one or two have attained their full size. 

  At what date the young stem-mother settles down has not been ascertained, though it must be at the time when the young leaves begin to unfold, at about the middle or latter part of April, for it was observed that by the 20th of May many contained already pupae, and a few even some winged insects, whilst others contained only eggs and larvae. By the 15th or 20th of June most of the galls are empty and by the end of the month all inmates have left and the galls become dry and shrivelled. 

  Phylloxera symmetrica n. sp., Pergande. TYPICAL FORM. 

  This gall forms always on the under side of the . leaf ; it is quite flat on the upper side, or slightly convex, occasionally somewhat depressed at the middle, circular, with its margin generally more or less deeply sunken below the plane of the leaf and generally concolorous with the upper side, or of a somewhat darker shade. On the under side, however, it is quite prominent and regularly conical in shape, with an opening at the tip, which, however, is tightly closed till the time arrives for the migrants to leave. At this time the apex commences to split into 4-8, more or less slender, backward-curved bracts or filaments, surrounding a more or less circular opening. The color of the lower side of the galls is either that of the leaf or somewhat paler, though rather darkest towards the apex, and their surface covered rather sparsely with the peculiar hairs and pellets of resin so characteristic of the under side of the leaves, becoming more dense towards the apex. The walls of this gall are rather stout and of a dense and firm texture, increasing in thickness toward the base. The transverse diameter above ranges between 2-5 mm and the vertical diameter from 3-4 mm. After the insects have left, the galls gradually dry up, become brown, lose their shape and disappear at last almost completely. 

  In this connection it will be interesting to record here what appears to be a second crop of galls of probably the same species, though it is quite possible that later observations may prove this to be distinct. 

  On the 29th of July, 1883, while examining a solitary young hickory tree near the fair-ground, in the District of Columbia, standing at a distance of between 20-50 feet from the nearest trees of its own kind, it was observed that considerable numbers of young galls had formed on the uppermost and youngest leaves, which, to all appearance, could scarcely be older than, perhaps, two or at most three weeks. A further examination of the older leaves proved that they had been infested quite profusely by galls of the species under consideration, all of which were empty and more or less dried up, though a few were still on the upper side ; no galls of any other species could be detected on any of the leaves. Notwithstanding this fact, it is still possible that these new galls were the product of some other species, the winged form of which may have migrated there from some distance. These newly formed galls were smaller and also quite different in appearance. Their upper surface is also scarcely elevated above the plane of the leaf, with the centre quite distinctly depressed. This depression is reddish or pink and is generally encircled by a pale yellowish-green ring, the under side is more prominent, though by no means conical, and somewhat paler than above. All contained, besides the females, numerous eggs and also a few larvae. The female is yellow with the eyes black, the larva pale yellow with reddish eyes; the eggs are colorless, the more mature ones faintly yellowish. 

  Var. A. Phylloxera vasculosa Pergande. 

  This variety is more striking in appearance and much larger than the more common or typical form. It grows also on the under side of the leaves, but is rather scarce, there being not more than from one to perhaps twelve or a few more upon a tree. Its upper surface is very much like that of the typical form, though it is often considerably sunken below the plane of the leaf and is of very much the same color. The galls proper, on the under side, are very much of the shape of a vase or urn. They are more or less constricted at base, the sides rounded and of a pear- or more or less globular form. The opening at tip, which is closed while the galls are immature, opens at maturity into bracts, similar to those of the typical form, whereby a more or less distinct neck is produced. The color of the galls is pale green, or sometimes almost white or pale yellowish, the surface being quite pubescent. Their diameter across the widest part ranges generally between 5-8 mm, and their vertical diameter between 4-10 mm. 

  Var. B. Phylloxera purpurea Pergande. 

  This form or variety is in shape between the typical form and var. A. It is of about the same size or somewhat larger than the first. Its base is constricted and the remaining part beyond it quite conical, with the opening completely closed. The upper side is quite flat, somewhat sunken beneath the plane of the leaf and often most beautifully red, yellowish or paler than the leaf. On the lower side the galls are either pale green or whitish and the surface covered more or less densely with pale pubescence. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/55/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera notabilis n. sp., Pergande. 

  A few galls belonging to this species, growing along the midrib of the leaves of the Pecan, Hicoria olivaeformis [Carya illinoiensis], were received July 3, 1877, from Mr. J. Monell, St. louis, Mo., which bear a general resemblance to those of Ph. caryaecaulis when growing upon the leaves, though more convex above and more conical beneath, where they split into a number of rather long and slender pubescent bracts or filaments. The color of these galls, which had partly become quite dry, appears to have been somewhat reddish above and green or yellowish beneath. Their shape was more or less oval above and compressed laterally beneath, caused evidently by the drying of the substance. Their largest transverse diameter was 5 to 10 mm and the vertical diameter 3 to 8 mm. 

  Apparently the same species of galls on leaves of Pecan was received June 1, 1891, from Mr. L. Biedeger, Idlewild, Tex., but, unfortunately, all were empty when received, the contents of most having been destroyed by some Tortricid larva. 

  The same kind of galls were found during August of 1891 to be very numerous on the leaves of young trees of a variety called the "Meier Pecan," imported two years prior from Bluffton, Mo., to the Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C. Numerous additional galls were also received from I. H. Evans, from Austin, Texas. 

  The fresh galls, as found at Washington, are yellowish-green or slightly reddish, circular and bladder-like, from 2 to 10 mm in diameter at the circumference, and from 2 to 7 mm vertically; they are convex on both sides and situated either near the midrib or between the transverse veins, and generally more prominent on the upper side with a more or less distinct fovea or dimple about the middle. There is a more or less central nipple or a trans- verse slit on the under side, from which four to eight or more depressed lines radiate towards the base, along which the gall gradually splits into slender bracts in order to facilitate the escape of the inhabitants. Both sides of the galls are pubescent, though the under side is covered most densely with short, yellowish hairs. 

  The great majority of these galls contained, besides the stem- mother, numerous eggs and pupae in various stages of development, numbers of the true sexes, many of which were also observed running about on the outside of the galls, and but one or a few of the winged migrants. This leaves no doubt that most of the sexes were the progeny of the pupae, whereas the few migrants were destined to perpetuate their species on distant trees. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/58/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera globosum Shimer. 

  Dactylosphaera globosum Shimer. 
  Dactylosphaera coniferum Shimer. 
  Phylloxera c.-globosum 

  I have had no opportunity to add anything new to what has been recorded by Shimer, and reproduce such parts of the original description as undoubtedly have reference to this species, substituting migratory female for his term male. 

  In his original description Shimer has confounded this large gall and its architects with those of the rather minute galls of c.-semen Walsh, found growing at the time upon the same leaves, notwithstanding that, as he himself states, none of the small galls contained the winged form, but were simply crowded with the so-called larvae which, as has already been shown, were, without much doubt, the true sexes. 

  "Gall variable in size, often numerous in the parenchyma of the leaf, others on the veins and leaf stalks, all opening on the lower side of the leaf, with a very small orifice; smoothish, of a somewhat leathery structure, pale yellowish-green, glaucus or dark green; sub-globose or some- times somewhat irregular, without any of the mealy sugary dust within, which is common in galls of the Aphis family. Dactylosphaera coniferum Shimer, I consider to be but a variety of D: globosum.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/60/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryae-gummosa Riley. 

  Forming pedunculate, ovoid or globular galls on the under side of leaves of Hicoria alba [Carya tomentosa]; the gall white or yellowish, pubescent, and gummy or sticky; opening below in a fibrous point. The eggs are almost spherical, pale and translucent. Larvae, motherlouse and pupa quite pale, the red eyes and eyelets strongly contrasting. The winged insects with difficulty distinguished from some of the other species, a difficulty made all the greater from the fact that other species get caught in the sticky surface of the gall. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/61/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryaevenae Fitch. 

  Pemphigus ? caryaevenae Fitch. 
  Phylloxera caryaevenae Riley.

  The galls of this species we readily separated from those of any of the other species found upon Hicoria. They resemble more closely those of certain of the Cecidomyids occurring on different species of oaks and other plants. 

  They always form, either along the main rib or more frequently along the transverse veins, shorter or longer folds or plaits projecting more or less evenly from both sides, though usually more prominent above, where they form elongate ridges or carinae, which are often transversed by 3-5,, or more, short, elevated branches, about equal in length to the diameter of the gall. The opening or slit is always on the underside and, while fresh, is tightly closed except at the outer end, and covered by a delicate white or greenish pubescence which also more or less completely covers the entire surface beneath. The color is generally yellowish-green, though very frequently also brownish or purplish. Two or more are often confluent, so that their length varies from 6-14 mm or more, and their diameter from 2-3 mm. 

  The gall begins to form early in May. It occurs not only upon Hicoria tomentosa but upon several other species of Hicoria and is widely distributed over the eastern half of the United States, having been observed from New York to Florida, and west as far as Illinois and Missouri. 

  No winged migratory female has yet been observed, but the most remarkable fact is that I have been unable to discover in any of the many galls examined from 1880 to 1890 a sexual form, though examinations were made during different months. The only occupants thus far found in these galls were the true stem- mothers (of which 1-3 have been observed in the same gall) , their eggs and the wingless sexuparae in different stages of development. 

  By the middle of August, when the majority of the galls had become dry and empty, but a few remained still green and contained the still living, though much shrunken, stem-mother, a small number of eggs and a few larvae, but no migrants or sexual individuals. 

  On July 19, 1890, when many of the galls still contained their usual inhabitants, extended and careful search was made to discover the whereabouts of the larvae after leaving the galls. Small colonies, absolutely identical with those found within the galls, were finally discovered snugly hid away either in deep cracks of the bark or at the bottom of deep and more or less completely closed depressions, which are found on the trunk and stouter twigs and which are caused by the decay and dropping out of small branchlets. Here the insects live upon the juices from the tender bark which forms at the bottom of the cavities. These colonies usually consist of the stem-mother, a number of fully grown apterous females and larvae (both the direct progeny of the stem-mother) and eggs of three different sizes. The smallest, and most numerous of these eggs, correspond exactly in size and general appearance with those deposited by the stem- mother in the galls, while the others are about twice as large but yet of two sizes, the larger ones of a regularly ovoid shape, the smaller more conoidal in outline. The former produce, after a few days, the true sexual female, and the latter the male, which pair, when the female brings forth her single impregnated or winter egg which doubtless hibernates within the cavity. 

  In some of the depressions no stem-mother is found, but only the other forms here described and a few of the winter eggs. 

  During the summer of 1902 another effort was made by me to discover, if possible, the winged migrant of this species, though without avail. Unfortunately nearly all the trees on which the galls used to be plentiful had been cut down, leaving but a few small shrubs in that particular locality, with still fewer galls on some of the leaves. These galls were also extremely scarce on trees in the woods some distance to the north, in all of which the usual apterous forms and some eggs were present, though not a single one of the winged migrants. That this form, after a shorter or longer interval must exist, seems quite plain, while otherwise the species is doomed to become extinct, since the migration of some of the apterous forms from tree to tree, especially if such trees should grow at some distance from each other, must naturally be rather slow and uncertain. I take it, therefore, for granted that the spread of this species depends, as in other species, on a winged migrant, which sooner or later will be found. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/68/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryaecaulis Fitch. 

  Pemphigus caryacaulis Fitch. 
  Dactylosphcera caryae-magnum Shimer. 
  Dactylosphcera spinosum Shimer. 

  Up to the present time these three forms of galls have been considered as quite distinct species on account of their dissimilarity, two of them being smooth and the other more or less profusely covered with fleshy spines. But a careful study of the architects of these forms forces the conclusion that they are identical, there being no tangible characters by which to separate them. The spiny form of gall always grows upon trees with pubescent leaves, such as Hicoria tomentosa, while the smooth forms are always found upon trees with smooth leaves, such as Hicoria glabra, amara and probably other species. 

  Ph. c.-magna Shimer may also be considered as a variety of caryaecaulis. The form is found in Missouri growing on the petioles and bases of the leaflets of Hicoria amara. Some of the specimens also closely resemble those of subelliptica Shimer, which probably belongs to it, but of which I have not yet succeeded in obtaining the migratory form. On account of some slight differences in the gall, which are no doubt due to the specific differences of the infested trees, c.-magna may perhaps be allowed to remain under a variety name, though the architects in their different stages, as far as examined, show no differences by which to separate them from the typical caryaecaulis. The galls of this variety vary from 4-20 mm in size, the normal being about 10 mm. They occur on the under side of the petiole and the base and often the midrib of the leaves, and, when in the latter position, they generally project somewhat on the upper side. The shape varies from globular to sub-conical, or broadly ovoid. The surface is quite densely covered with a minute pubescence which gives it a slightly velvety appearance. The orifice beneath is rather small and transverse and tightly drawn together before maturity. Color greenish-white to yellowish-green beneath and beautifully crimson on the upper side. Usually single, though occasionally two or more may become confluent, with their cells, however, well separated. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/68/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryaecaulis Fitch. 

  Pemphigus caryacaulis Fitch. 
  Dactylosphcera caryae-magnum Shimer. 
  Dactylosphcera spinosum Shimer. 

  Up to the present time these three forms of galls have been considered as quite distinct species on account of their dissimilarity, two of them being smooth and the other more or less profusely covered with fleshy spines. But a careful study of the architects of these forms forces the conclusion that they are identical, there being no tangible characters by which to separate them. The spiny form of gall always grows upon trees with pubescent leaves, such as Hicoria tomentosa, while the smooth forms are always found upon trees with smooth leaves, such as Hicoria glabra, amara and probably other species. 

  Ph. spinosa Shimer is evidently but a variety and more numerous than the typical form in localities where the pubescent-leaved species of Hickory prevail. It is often considerably larger than the typical form and is always more or less covered with short, fleshy spines. It closely resembles, also, c.-spinuloida, which, however, is still more densely covered with longer and more slender spines. The more striking differences are, however, noticeable in the migratory females, which in caryaecaulis have shorter and broader wings, different antennal characters, comparatively longer legs and the two oval orange or blackish spots at the end of the body. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/66/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryaecaulis Fitch. 

  Pemphigus caryacaulis Fitch. 
  Dactylosphaera caryae-magnum Shimer. 
  Dactylosphaera spinosum Shimer. 

  Up to the present time these three forms of galls have been considered as quite distinct species on account of their dissimilarity, two of them being smooth and the other more or less profusely covered with fleshy spines. But a careful study of the architects of these forms forces the conclusion that they are identical, there being no tangible characters by which to separate them. The spiny form of gall always grows upon trees with pubescent leaves, such as Hicoria tomentosa, while the smooth forms are always found upon trees with smooth leaves, such as Hicoria glabra, amara and probably other species. 

  The typical form, growing upon the young and succulent limbs, petioles or the midrib of the leaflets of Hicoria glabra, occurs over the eastern half of the United States. 

  The size of the galls varies from 5-25 mm in diameter. Those growing singly often attain immense proportions, but when numerous or crowded they are reduced in size and often confluent, so as to form an elongated mass. Before maturity of the inhabitants the gall is closed, but as soon as any of the inmates have acquired wings, it cracks transversely into 3-6 or more broad and more or less irregular bracts so as to allow the mature migrants to escape, and to leave room and food for the younger individuals. The color is pale yellowish-green, more or less tinted with red or crimson. The walls of the galls are rather thick and succulent when young, becoming more tough and leathery when older and hard, brown or black when empty and dry. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/69/mode/1up
description:
   Phylloxera spinuloida Pergande, n. sp. 

  The galls of this species, as already remarked, are very similar and closely related to those of spinosa, for which, without comparison of the migratory females, they might easily be mistaken. They are, as a rule, more regularly globular, or but slightly conical, covered with numerous irregular, more or less radiating, low ridges, which are rather plentifully provided with irregular, long, fuzzy, fleshy spines or filaments. They grow generally upon the petiole of the leaves, which they often almost completely encircle, causing, at 'the point of junction with the petiole, a curve or bend. They also occur on the midrib of the leaves. When mature each gall bursts at the apex in a more or less irregular opening. The diameter of those examined varied from 5-15 mm. The color appears to be quite uniformly greenish-yellow, or brownish-yellow on one side. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/70/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera devastatrix Pergande, n. sp

  The galls of this species resemble very closely the smaller galls of caryaecaulis and also those of perniciosa. From both of these, however, the species differs markedly in the antennae of the winged form, which are much more slender than in either of the other two, with scarcely a constriction above the lower sensorium and with the anterior sensorium much shorter. 

  Its principal points of attack, as in the other species of this group, are the tender twigs, petioles and the midrib of the young leaves; but the leaf-buds and flower-buds are also often involved so as to prevent the setting of the fruit. 

  It appears to be an exclusively western or southwestern species, infesting the Pecan-hickory (Hicoria olivaeformis [Carya illinoiensis]) during May and early June. This gall was first received in 1887 from Mr. M. E. Winster of Staunton, Adams County, Miss., and again in 1889 from Mr. H. M. Johnson of Marston, LA., with the statement that it was greatly damaging the trees. It is either globular or more or less irregular in shape, especially where much crowded. Before opening it is often provided with a short more or less distinct nipple, most prominent in the younger galls, and becoming almost obsolete in the more mature form, when its position is indicated by a more or less densely pubescent spot. It splits transversely into four or more broad bracts, similar to those of caryaecaulis. The size varies from 3-15 mm. Surface smooth, green or yellowish-green, and often beautifully red on one side while young, turning brown or black and soon drying up after the architects have left. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/71/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera Georgiana Pergande, n. sp. 

  The galls of this species closely resemble those of Ph. devastatrix, being of the same shape, size and color; but the winged form is quite different and may readily be distinguished by its much paler wings and venation and particularly by the shorter antennae and much larger sensorial membranes of the third joint. 

  The galls grow either singly or in close clusters upon the tender twigs and petioles and often recall in appearance the galls of Cynips q.-ficus. Those growing in clusters are more or less irregular in shape, whereas those growing singly are quite globular and frequently provided with a short nipple. Their size varies from three-sixteenths to one-half inch in diameter; color either uniformly greenish-yellow, sometimes reddish on one side or around the base, or entirely dark red. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/72/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera subelliptica Shimer. 

  Dactylosphcera subellipticum Shimer. 

  Of this species I am familiar with the gall only and reproduce, therefore, Shimer' s description as published in the Transactions of the American Entomological Society of Philadelphia, Vol. 2, 1868, page 389: 

  "On June 7th I observed, placed in the common petiole of the leaf, larvae, elongate, subelipsoidal, nut-like galls, of a deep leaf-green color, mottled with paler green, and somewhat nodulated ; some were irregular, being on the side of the stem ; but most of them are quite regular in form and completely surrounding the stem ; in these latter the leaves are very much dwarfed. The opening is on the middle of the side, slightly elongate, but at this date so close as to be scarcely apparent. These galls contain capacious cavities, in which were found vast colonies of larvae, and an abundance of eggs. Transverse diameter five-eighths inch ; conjugate diameter three-eighths inch. " By June 20th these galls had considerably changed in appearance, being contorted into different shapes ; they had began to crack open, having transverse fissures on their outer surface. The first one opened contained many hundred winged unagos, all dead, and in the midst of them was a large syrphidian larva. I found only one gall that contained perfect living imagos, the inhabitants of all the other galls that were exam- ined haying been destroyed by various enemies."

  This may possibly be but a variety of Pk. caryaecaulis Fitch, but not having had an opportunity to study its architects I prefer, for the present, to leave it as a distinct species. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/73/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera perniciosa Pergande, n. sp. 

  [Key]
  Galls more or less globular or irregular, terminating in a tooth-like nipple.
  Growing on tender twigs, petioles, or ribs of leaves, often confluent. Smooth. Diameter 2-8 mm.

  This is one of our most destructive species, occurring in the District of Columbia, Maryland, Virginia and Pennsylvania, where it takes the place of Ph. carycecaulis and Ph. magna, having the same habit and there proving as disastrous to the foliage of Hicoria tomentosa as those prove in the North and Northwest to the other species of Hicoria. It attacks, as do those species, the tender twigs and petioles and the different parts of the leaves at times in such immense numbers as to completely deform and cause them to dry up and drop to the ground, literally, at times, defoliating the tree. My attention was first called to this particular species in May, 1883, when, passing through a strip of woods bordering the Potomac River in Virginia, I observed that the air was swarming with the migratory form. The insects were settling not only on the leaves of the different species of Hicoria, but on all other kinds of trees and shrubs and even on weeds, on all of which they were actively engaged in depositing their eggs; but they all originated from a tall slender tree of Hicoria tomentosa, every leaf, petiole and young twig of which was affected by the galls. 

  [Pergande provides a detailed timeline of oviposition and development]

  By the 28th of April most of the young stem-mothers had settled either on the young petiole or mid-rib, on the cross-rib, or on the more fleshy parts of the young leaves, where small depressions or cavities had been formed. 

  By May 8th it was noticed that the galls had been formed on almost all parts of the leaves or on the petioles or on the more tender twigs. The more perfect specimens were growing singly, resembling a blunt tooth or thorn, those on the leaves projecting about evenly on both sides though ordinarily more prominently on the under side. The stem-mother had already by this time acquired full growth and began depositing numerous eggs, covering almost the whole inner surface of the gall, the eggs placed on end and side by side reminding one in miniature of the regular crystallizations in the cavities of some geode. By the 18th of May the galls contained, besides the eggs, both larvae and pupae in different stages of development. By the 25th the winged insects had formed and were leaving the galls in large numbers and settling, as at the same time the previous year, on all kinds of vegetation in the neighborhood of the tree on which they had developed. 

  To sum up the life-history of this species, the winter or impregnated eggs are deposited early in June in all sorts of sheltered positions, especially on the upper portions of the tree; they hatch early in April of the following year, remaining dormant some ten months. The stem-mother attains maturity and begins ovipositing in about twenty days after hatching, while the winged migratory females (sexuparae) mature and begin to leave their galls in about twenty days after the first eggs are laid. The first sexual individuals appear about ten days subsequently and some ten days further elapse before the true female, after pairing, begins to consign her single egg to its winter quarters. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114693#page/79/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera Caryae-ren Riley. 

  Since the description of this gall nothing new has been added regarding its earlier stages and development ; nor have I had the opportunity of studying its architects. 

  The galls usually grow, like those of the preceding species, in clusters, though occasionally singly, upon the main petiole, the leaf -stems or the midrib of the leaves of Hicoria glabra, usually along the underside. Frequently, however, they are so closely crowded together as to completely encircle the petioles, never becoming confluent, however. They are always placed transversely with the axis of the petiole, more or less distinctly reniform and divided along their entire transverse length in two equal halves or lids, the edges of which are incurved and pressed closely together while young, but spread open for some distance when mature to allow the insects to escape. The size varies from 2-15 mm and the outer surface is densely pubescent and of a pale green color, with the interior smooth and yellowish-brown. The walls are rather thick and hard and similar in composition to the husks of the nuts. 


description:
  A gall similar in overall form to Kokkocynips rileyi, but differing in having a much thicker and wider "hat" than is typical relative to the lower globose portion, and in being found between leaf veins rather than emerging from a vein. On the lower side of a leaf of Quercus marilandica in July.

  Observations collected in [this Observation Field](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?verifiable=any&place_id=any&field:Gallformers%20Code=q-marilandica-like-k-rileyi-between-vein) on iNaturalist. 


description:
  Carya texana and flower added based on [this observation](https://bugguide.net/node/view/1660813/bgpage) confirmed by Dr F Hamilton on BugGuide. 


description:
  Phylloxera caryaesemen

  Hosts: Carya glabra, cordiformis

  Round and convex above, red or yellowish-green with a depression in center, small and seed-like, diameter 0.3–2.0 mm; slightly convex below and light green. Nipple opening whitish surrounded by several short pubescent bracts.

  [description paraphrased from contrasting info on page 79 of the pdf: red or yellow, pubescent only on lower side of leaf, more convex above than below, almost flat below, short and stout bracts surrounding opening, opening white.]

  Range: IL, MO, AR


description:
  Phylloxera caryaeavellana

  Hosts: Carya pallida, tomentosa, cordiformis, texana, glabra

  Leaf gall: hazelnut [shaped]

  Round and flat above; often slightly convex or sunken below leaf surface; crimson, green, or yellowish-green; diameter 5.0–10.0 mm; below globular and often with a hazelnut shape, light green, pubescent, and apex splits into several bracts at maturity.

  Range: AL, AR, DE, LA, MS, OK, SC, TX


description:
  Phylloxera symmetrica

  Hosts: Carya pallida, tomentosa, tomentosa x pallida, texana

  Leaf gall: pear [shaped]

  Round and flat above; some can be slightly sunken below leaf surface or slightly convex; a depression in center; concolorous with leaf tissue, crimson, light green, or yellow; diameter 2.0–8.0 mm; below more convex and conical, globular, or pear shaped; base with or without constriction; pubescent; crimson, light green, yellow, or white. Opening below surrounded by 4–8 short pubescent bracts.

  Range: AL, AR, DE, MS, OK, TN, WV


description:
  Phylloxera caryaemagna

  Hosts: Carya cordiformis, tomentosa, pallida

  Phylloxera caryaemagna is now considered a separate species rather than a variety of P. caryaecaulis due to its placement in a separate clade.

  [Phylloxera caryaemagna has previously been considered a synonym of Phylloxera caryaecaulis, and the two are very similar in appearance. Dr Hamilton notes in couplets 12 and 13 of her first key (page 115 of the pdf), that P caryaemagna is pubescent and spongy, while caryaecaulis has hard walls and a glabrous exterior.]

  Globular and light green or yellowish-white, some with a hint of crimson, spongy with short pubescence, diameter 4.0–20.0 mm; occurs along midvein of leaf with gall tissue appearing to protrude through leaf tissue above and below much more convex with a slit-like opening when mature; also occurs on petioles.

  Leaf and stem gall: globular [shape]

  Range: AL, AR, DE, FL, NC, OK, SC, TN, VA, WV


description:
  Phylloxera foveola

  Hosts: Carya ovata, glabra, tomentosa, texana, cordiformis, Juglans nigra

  Leaf gall: button

  Button-like and more convex above than below, yellowish-green circumference with a pale red depression or completely yellowish-green with a pink dimple, depression may be shallow or deep, and diameter 3.0–5.0 mm; below slightly convex or depressed and yellowish-green with a short nipple which splits into 4–8 flat recurved bracts.

  Range: AL, AR, DE, MD, OK, SC, VA, WV


description:
  Phylloxera caryaeglobuli

  Hosts: Carya ovata

  Leaf gall: globular [shape]

  Globular above, much more convex above than below, light green or yellowish-green sometimes with a hint of red, often with several small openings near apex of gall, and occurs between leaf veins; below almost white and opening a pubescent transverse slit.

  Range: AR, MD, MS, TX, VA, WV


description:
  Phylloxera caryaevenae

  Hosts: Carya tomentosa, tomentosa x cordiformis, aquatica, texana

  Elongate sclerotized ridge above that is green, yellow, or pink with a protruding pubescent fold of tissue below on each side of elongate slit opening which is light green or pink; length 6.0–14.0 mm

  Leaf gall: elongate

  Range: AL, AR, FL, GA, LA, MS, OK, SC, TX, VA


description:
  Phylloxera caryaescissa

  Hosts: Carya tomentosa (and tomentosa hybrid), cordiformis, glabra, texana

  Round and convex above; red, light green, yellowish-green, or white in color; diameter 8.0–14.0 mm; below level with leaf tissue or convex, light green, and opening a pubescent transverse slit.

  Leaf gall: button

  Range: AL, AR, FL, GA, LA, MS, OK, SC, TX, VA


description:
  Phylloxera caryaefallax

  Hosts: Carya glabra, texana, tomentosa

  Conical or round and somewhat flattened above, convex, yellow or red, diameter 1.0–5.0 mm; below light green, often more convex below than above, and a protruding clam-like opening with white pubescence.

  Leaf gall: round

  Range: AR, FL, MS, OK, SC, TX


description:
  Phylloxera caryaecaulis

  Hosts: Carya glabra, ovata

  [Phylloxera caryaemagna has previously been considered a synonym of this gall, and the two are very similar in appearance. Dr Hamilton notes in couplets 12 and 13 of her first key (page 115 of the pdf), that P caryaemagna is pubescent and spongy, while caryaecaulis has hard walls and a glabrous exterior.]

  Globular and smooth, hard, pale yellowish-green with a hint of crimson, diameter 5.0–25.0 mm; occurs on petioles with an irregular opening or along mid-vein of leaves with a slit-like opening below.

  Range: AR, SC


description:
  Phylloxera caryaeren

  Kidney-shaped and hard, light green, and densely pubescent; diameter 2.0–15.0 mm; occurs on petioles, stems, and along underside of midvein of leaves; usually occurs in clusters; opening a transverse slit that spreads apart as the gall matures dividing the gall into two equal halves.


description:
  Phylloxera spinosa

  Hosts: Carya glabra, texana

  Globular and covered in short spines; crimson, white, white with crimson, or yellowish-green; occurring along midvein of leaf or petiole; opening slit-like or irregular.

  Leaf gall, petiole gall. Globular

  Range: AL, AR, GA, NC, OK, SC


description:
  Phylloxera spinuloides

  Globular and densely covered in long slender spines, greenish-yellow or brownish-yellow, and diameter 5.0–15.0 mm; occurs on petioles or along midvein of leaves; opening slit-like or irregular.


description:
  Phylloxera subelliptica

  Hosts: Carya ovata

   Oval and mottled green, glabrous, diameter about 10.0 mm and length about 20.0 mm; occurring on side of petiole or completely surrounding it with a slit-like opening apparent when mature.

  Range: AL,


description:
  Phylloxera caryaesepta

  Hosts: Carya glabra, myristiciformis, texana, cordiformis, tomentosa x pallida

  Elongate and slender or short and stout conical projections on both sides of leaf; light rose, crimson, yellowish-green, or light green and crimson towards apex; more convex above than below; elongate and slender galls with a diameter 2.0–4.0 mm; short and stout galls with a diameter of 5.0–12.0 mm; resembling either a thorn or sea anemone. An opening at apex on each side fringed with filaments.

  Leaf gall: thorny

  Range: AL, AR, FL, GA, LA, MS, OK, SC, TX, VA


description:
  Phylloxera caryaesepta subspecies perforans

  [description from comparison with P bispinae on page 75-6 of the pdf. 4-6 mm tall, opening on upper leaf surrounded by ~8 pubescent bracts.]


description:
  Dr Hamilton provides a few gall traits to distinguish this from Phylloxera caryaesepta var. perforans, but they are ambiguous and likely often to be absent from photo observations (length, number of bracts, etc). These two galls are therefore likely inseparable in many cases. 


description:
  Dr Hamilton provides a few gall traits to distinguish this from Phylloxera bispinae, but they are ambiguous and likely often to be absent from photo observations (length, number of bracts, etc). These two galls are therefore likely inseparable in many cases. 


description:
  Phylloxera picta

  Hosts: Carya glabra, tomentosa

  Slightly convex on both sides of leaf with a conical nipple opening on each side; diameter 3.0–6.0 mm; color variable: dark green and nipple and ring around base red, concolorous with leaf surrounded by a purple ring and buff around base, pink and margin yellow or green, green with the nipple buff and yellow ring around base, or yellowish-green with a purple ring surrounding nipple. Upper nipple splits into several recurved pubescent bracts at maturity and lower nipple remains closed.

  Leaf gall: round

  Range: AL, AR, DE, LA, MS, SC, TX, VA


description:
  Phylloxera caryaefoliae

  Hosts: Carya glabra, texana

  Conical and pale yellowish-green above with a pale ring surrounding base, apex splits at maturity into several bracts, and diameter about 5.0 mm; flat beneath with a round opening surrounded by slender pubescent filaments.

  Range: OK, SC, TX


description:
  Phylloxera deplanata

  Round and slightly convex above, red with a yellow central depression or entirely greenish-yellow, and diameter 1.0–5.0 mm; below more convex and often conical, purplish or greenish-yellow, and nipple with oval orifice fringed with pale pubescence.

  Range: AL


description:
  Phylloxera intermedia

  Convex or conical above, red or yellow surrounded by a pale ring, and diameter 3.0–6.0 mm; before maturity there is no apparent opening and at maturity bracts split at apex into a jagged opening; below slightly convex and paler than leaf with a small closed nipple which may or may not open.


description:
  Phylloxera perniciosa

  Thorny, yellowish-white, and smooth; diameter 2.0–8.0 mm; occurs on petioles, stems, or along midvein of leaves with the underside usually more convex. Opening is elongate and thorn-like.


description:
  Phylloxera conica 

  Hosts: Carya glabra, tomentosa, myristiciformis, texana

  Globular and more convex above; crimson, greenish-yellow, or purplish-brown; diameter 3.0–7.0 mm; slightly convex below or sunken below leaf tissue and light green. Nipple opening round, pubescent, and splits into 4–8 short bracts at maturity.

  Leaf gall: globular

  Range: AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, OK, SC, TN, TX


description:
  Phylloxera notabilis

  Hosts: Carya aquatica, cordiformis, laciniosa

  Oval or round and more convex above, yellowish-green or slightly red, with or without a central depression, pubescent, and diameter 2.0–10.0 mm; below somewhat conical, green or yellow, and pubescent. Occurs along midvein of leaf and opening stem-like which splits into several long bracts.

  Leaf gall: oval

  Range: AL, GA, SC


description:
  Phylloxera texana

  Globular and much more convex above; diameter 4.0–6.0 mm; opening occurs above with apex of gall splitting into several stout bracts; below raised to a point.

  [A drawing of the gall appears on page 173 of the pdf.]


description:
  Phylloxera caryaegummosa

  Globular and suspended by a slender filament from below; yellow or white and pubescent and sticky; apex splits at maturity into several filaments.


description:
  Phylloxera pilosula

  Hosts: Carya tomentosa

  Round and flat or slightly convex above with a shallow depression, light green, and with long yellowish-white pubescence; diameter 3.0–6.0 mm; below more convex with a nipple composed of slender bracts, green to almost white at apex, and densely covered in long yellowish-white pubescence.

  Leaf gall: globular

  Range: GA, NC, TN, VA


description:
  Phylloxera rimosalis

   Button-like and often with a distinct rim around circumference above, light green, and shiny; diameter 3.0–11.0 mm; below more convex, light green with yellow pubescence, and opening a conical nipple with a round orifice.

  Range: SC


description:
  Phylloxera depressa

  Round and smooth above, light yellowish-green, and diameter 3.8–6.2 mm; about equally convex above and below; below lighter with a nipple-like opening surrounded by many bracts.


description:
  Phylloxera devastatrix

  Hosts: Carya illinoinensis

  Globular or irregular; about equally convex above and below; smooth; green, yellowish-green, or red on one side; diameter 3.0–15.0 mm; occurs on midvein of leaves, petioles, stems, leaf buds, and flower buds. Opening flat and round surrounded by pubescence or nipple-like and found below when present on leaf.

  Stem, Leaf gall: globular

  Range: AL, LA


description:
  Phylloxera russellae

  Hosts: Carya illinoinensis

  Button-like and flattened, about equally convex above and below, and green or yellowish-green with a reticulated pattern; diameter 3.2–7.2 mm; opening below surrounded by white pubescence which splits into 2–5 bracts at maturity.

  Range: AL, LA, OK


description:
  Phylloxera georgiana

  Globular or irregular; occurs singly or in clusters on petioles or stems; greenish-yellow or red on base or one side; diameter 5.0–10.0 mm; opening with or without a short nipple.


description:
  Phylloxera foveata

  There were no Phylloxera specimens or dried gall specimens in the U.S. National Collection for Phylloxera foveata (Shimer), so [it has] been designated as nomina dubia.


description:
  Phylloxera minima

  There were no Phylloxera specimens or dried gall specimens in the U.S. National Collection for Phylloxera minima (Shimer) so it has been designated as nomina dubia.


description:
  Phylloxera globosa

  There were no Phylloxera specimens or dried gall specimens in the U.S. National Collection for Phylloxera globosa (Shimer), so it has been designated as nomina dubia.


description:
  Rhopalomyia sp.

  Elongate-conical gall on leaflet, rachis, or flower stalk
  Galls are reddish and about 4 mm long.

  Host: A. canescens

  Distr: MN, NE, KS


description:
  Swollen leaf pouches on Amorpha canescens. The galls are discolored with a yellow-brown to red color, and are externally pubescent.

  Observed in Iowa in [July](https://bugguide.net/node/view/1337376/bgimage) and [August](https://bugguide.net/node/view/1329758/bgimage).


description:
  Cecidomyiid

  Marginal leaf roll
  Rolled margins are reportedly 3-5 mm long and yellowish

  Host: A. canescens

  Distr: KS


description:
  Aceria neocondaliae

  Host: Ziziphus parryi

  Relationship: The mites produce and inhabit small blisters on leaves similar to but smaller than those caused by the pear leaf blister mites on pear.

  Range: San Diego county CA


description:
  A leafy rosette gall at the upper tips of Artemisia dracunculus stems. Leaves in the rosettes were conspicuously covered in long white hairs. 


description:
  Carya ovata added tentatively as a host based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/6316507).


description:
  Raised, tubular pipe-like galls on the stems of Amorpha canescens. Galls are thin-walled, and range from green when fresh to brown when aged. Each gall is covered in a layer of hairy pubescence. Galls are tightly clustered on the stem and have thin walls. The galls were identified by Raymond Gagne as Dasineura.

  Observed in Minnesota in [June](https://bugguide.net/node/view/898580/bgimage) and Iowa in [August](https://bugguide.net/node/view/1276513/bgimage).


description:
  Leafy rosette galls on the apical stem of Comandra umbellata. Galls are internally juicy and thick-walled with several larave within, and externally covered in overlapping leafy bracts that give the appearance of a rosette.

  Observed in Iowa in [June](https://bugguide.net/node/view/1614665).


description:
  Small patches of off-white erineum on the upper side of leaves of Betula michauxii. Observed in Nova Scotia in August.


description:
  Aceria kiefferi

  Phytoptus kiefferi
  Eriophyes kiefferi

  Hosts: Achillea millefolium, Achillea ptamica, Tanacetum abrotanifolium

  Relationship: Flower deformation; deformed leaves

  Range: Canada, [Europe]

  Notes: millefolium and [sic] are widespread in North America. The mite may be useful as a biocontrol agent


description:
  According to the Brandhorst paper cited here, this wasp species forms galls in several forms on the same host. However, further research may show that these different forms represent a complex of inducer species; [see comment from Louis Nastasi here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/90382188#activity_comment_8d17cda0-c37e-479f-b765-7d6ea8e04818). 


description:
  Linear, raised pockets formed by pinched lamina of leaves of Quercus marilandica. On the upper side of the leaf, these are conical in cross-section along their length, sloping or nearly flat-sided up to a red peak. Below the leaf, they are similar in shape but more pubescent (comparable to the pubescence of the surrounding lamina) and lacking the red line. Observed in Texas in [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88897381).

  A similar gall [was observed](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96123437) in Massachusetts in August on Quercus velutina. 


description:
  *Neolasioptera convolvuli*

  Swellings are woody, monothalamous, and 1-2 cm long.
  Usually a single, orange larva lives in a channel along the pith.

  Hosts: *C. sepium*, *C.* sp.

  Distr: MA, NY, MD, NB


description:
  Dasineura trifolii

  Leaflet folded and swollen along midvein.
  Several generations occur per year.
  This species originated in Europe and was recognized in North America in 1879.

  Hosts: T. pratense, T. repens

  Distr: Massachusetts to Maryland, west to Nebraska; Europe.


description:
  This is a European cynipid species documented only a few times in North America (see iNaturalist and BugGuide links below for collected observations). 


description:
  A thick-walled succulent swelling on the budding leaves of Carya cordiformis, thick-walled and containing several cells with larvae apparently of Cecidomyiid flies. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22852#page/81/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus verrucarum n. sp.  

  Quercus obtusiloba [stellata]. Post Oak. 

  Small, round, pubescent, wart-like excrescences on the underside of the leaves. Diameter about 0.08. 

  They occur in numbers on one leaf in the latter part of the summer ; when the leaf is dead, the wooly pubescence of these excrescences is pale ferruginous, but earlier in the season, it is I suppose, snow-white, as are similar excrescences on other oaks. 


description:
  A severe curling and slight discoloration of budding leaves of Oxalis corniculata. Observed in California in August.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/356/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus exiguissimus n. sp.

  Galls found in Autumn on the underside of leaves of Q alba, arranged along the sides of the midvein or principal veins, closely sessile but not easily separable from them, and showing an indentation in the lamina of the leaf where they grow, and a small, smooth elevation on the opposite side. They are hairy or coarsely flocculent, like the galls of N. floccosus B. The lateral diameter is about .10 of an inch ; the vertical .05. Denuded of the dense woolly covering the gall, which is the larval cell, is smooth, hemispherical (sometimes oval) and .03 in the lateral diameter. They chiefly affect the leaves at the ends of young oak branches. These leaves are generally curled and distorted, though this does not seem to result from the attacks of the gall insect. I have these galls from Providence, R. I., and Amherst, Mass., and for several years past I have found them quite abundant in Waterbury, Conn. They resemble, individually, the gall of N. floccosus B., but are smaller and are confined to the large veins of the leaf, mostly to the midvein, and they grow on Q. alba, while N. floccosus is found on Q. bicolor. All the gall-flies I have reared are females. 


description:
  A large gall with smooth skin that splits to reveal a spongy interior. Hairless, green with tinges of red, found on the buds of *Symphyotrichum lateriflorum* and *S. lanceolatum*. 

  Including this observation, which could not be added to the collected observations linked below:
  https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/104356424


description:
  Clusters of globular white galls netted in several overlapping layers of pink-red ridges along the woody stems of undetermined Carya spp. 


description:
  Small, hairless, glossy red-pink spangles with a wide, shallowly angled rim, in numbers on the lower side of leaves of Quercus lyrata, between veins. A similar gall, white in color (aging to brown) but with the same shape, has been observed on Quercus bicolor and rarely on macrocarpa, formerly identified as [Neuroterus saltarius](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/571) but at least plausibly a distinct species given the dramatic difference in shape from the typical habit of that species on Quercus macrocarpa. Observed in May in Arkansas. They differ from [Neuroterus tantulus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/618) in their color and host and in their tendency to be more glossy and wide-rimmed, and from [Neuroterus umbilicatus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/866) and the [hairy saucer shaped galls](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4282) on various white oaks by their lack of hair. 


description:
  This gall resembles those of [Callirhytis quercusfutilis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1129) from the outside, a hairless circular wart protruding slightly from both sides of the lamina of leaves of Quercus alba. However, the gall remains succulent and contains larvae into the end of August after quercusfutilis adults emerge, and has thick walls with no apparent larval cell, containing no radiating fibers. Multiple larvae are present. Observed in Michigan and Massachusetts in August.


description:
  Galls conforming to this species in Dr Hamilton's key seem to conspicuously show a deformation of the host leaf not observed with other Phylloxera galls. This trait is not mentioned in Dr Hamilton's description and may not be diagnostic. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/319/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera perniciosa

  Carya

  Leaf folds and ridges
  Globular or irregular, terminating in a toothlike nipple and occurring on tender twigs, petioles or ribs of leaves, often confluent, smooth, diameter 2 to 8 mm. 

  Petiole or twig galls
  Globular or irregular, terminating in a toothlike nipple and occurring on tender twigs, petioles or ribs of leaves, often confluent, smooth, diameter 2 to 8 mm. 


description:
  Observations of this gall in Manitoba have been on H. maxmiliani:
  https://inaturalist.ca/observations/92528402
  https://inaturalist.ca/observations/91546368
  https://inaturalist.ca/observations/91546368


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/314/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes sp.

  Carya sp.
  Axillary vein galls
  Small, axillary galls in the angles of the lateral veins.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/314/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia sp.

  Carya sp.
  Leaf blisters
  Irregular, dull greenish or black-margined, slightly nippled, diameter 3 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/314/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia tubicola

  Carya sp.
  Cylindric leaf galls
  Greenish or black, cylindric, length 4 to 5 mm, diameter 1 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/314/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia sp.

  Carya sp.
  Cylindric leaf galls
  Similar to [preceding](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/553) but longer, curved and tapering, length 5 to 7 mm, diameter 1.4 mm, light green basally, dark brown or black apically.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21732#page/53/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia sp. [assignment of this species as C stellata based on Gagne caption of Wells' reproduced figure 11a]

  On leaf, under side, rather large conic gall, whose distal 1/2-1/3 constitutes a very slender apical process. Through this passes the fine canal leading to the depressed, sub-globular chamber in the proximal part of the gall. The galls are either erect or more generally tilted to one side, always arising from one of the larger veins. 5-8 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide at base. Outline of the flaring sessile base generally angular. Attenuate distal portion turning dark early. Light greenish yellow to brown when old. Smooth. Walls of chamber thick. A slender probable variety of this is figured in 11a, pl. 1. Collected in Hocking County, Ohio, on H. alba. July. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/314/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia sp.

  Carya sp.
  Cylindrical leaf galls
  Slender, tapering, suberect, light greenish with flaring, dentate base, length 5 to 8 mm, basal diameter 2.5 to 3.5 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/315/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia caryaecola [assignment to C ansericollum based on Gagne]

  Carya sp.
  Conical leaf galls, without a distinct orifice
  Base subglobular, a long, slender apical process, greenish to reddish brown, length 3 to 4 mm, occurs in groups on midrib of bitternut hickory. [Felt lists two photos associated with this gall, one of which appears to resemble Caryomyia supina and the other caryomyia stellata. Neither match Felt's written description]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/315/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia sanguinolenta

  Carya sp.
  Conical leaf galls, without a distinct orifice
  Conical, nearly symmetrical, thin-walled, small, green or red tinted, length 2 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/315/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryaeseptem

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
  Galls more or less conical above and beneath, opening on the upper surface, both nipples surrounded at the apex by a fringe of long filaments, walls thin, more or less transparent, diameter 5 to 12 mm, height 4 to 6 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/315/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryaeseptem var perforans

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
  Similar to the [preceding](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2876), with both cones very much elongated, slender and toothlike, length of cones 3 to 8 mm, diameter 2 to 4 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/315/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryaefoliae

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
  Galls conical above, opening on the upper surface, flat beneath, splitting into several bracts when mature, with slender filaments at the center beneath, walls papery, more or less transparent, diameter 5 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/315/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera picta

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
  Galls similar to [P caryaeseptem](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2876), opening on upper surface, smaller, more flattened but slightly convex above and beneath, opening round or oval, surrounded by short, recurved, pubescent bracts, a minute, closed nipple beneath, diameter 3 to 6 mm, height 2 to 3 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/316/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera intermedia

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
  Galls smaller though similar to [P picta](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2916), opening on upper surface, more convex and often with a slight depression above, no opening above before maturity, a minute, closed nipple beneath, diameter 3 to 6 mm, height 2 to 3 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/316/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera foveola

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
  Gall convex, opening on the under surface, the walls papery, more elevated above than beneath, with a reddish or crimson fovea or dimple above, varying in depth; the orifice beneath small and surrounded by a fringe of short, flaring bracts, diameter 3 to 5 mm, height 1 to 3 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/316/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera pilosula

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
  Gall concave above, with orifice on under surface, the walls papery, convex beneath, the nipple formed of rather long, slender filaments, the depression above as well as the surface beneath, including the filaments, with long, white hairs, diameter 3 to 6 mm, height 2 to 3 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/316/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera deplanata

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
  Gall small, the walls papery, slightly convex above, more prominent beneath, usually with a small, shallow depression toward one side, above, nipple short, without bracts, the orifice beneath, more or less oval and fringed with short pubescence, diameter 1.5 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/316/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera depressa

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
  Gall medium, the walls papery, slightly convex above and beneath with a short nipple, having a rounded orifice surrounded by a burlike fringe of many filaments, diameter 3.8 to 6.2 mm, height 3 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/316/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera foveata

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
  Gall medium, opening on the under surface, walls papery, quite flat, above, with a dimpled depression, the opening beneath round and with a downy orifice, diameter 1.5 mm, height 3 to 4 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/316/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera minima

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
   Gall medium, walls papery, convex and considerably elevated above and more prominent than beneath, rather hard, smooth and shining, the orifice beneath round and closed; resembles the gall of [P. caryaesemen](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2882), diameter 0.6 to 2 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/316/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryaesemen

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
  Gall minute, walls papery, red, more convex and more prominent above than beneath, with a dimpled depression, the nipple short and the orifice beneath surrounded by short, hairy bracts, diameter .3 to 2 mm, height .2 to 5 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/316/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryaefallax

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
  Gall medium, walls papery, conical above and much more prominent than the convex under surface, the nipple short with the oval orifice beneath, fringe with short hairs, diameter 1.5 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/316/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera rimosalis

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
  Gall large, fleshy, convex on both surfaces, more prominent on the lower, the circumference above buttonlike, with a more or less sharply defined edge either above or sunken beneath the surface of the leaf, nipple short, surrounded by short bracts, the orifice beneath round, diameter 3 to 11 mm, height 1.6 to 3.4 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/317/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryaescissa

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
  Gall subglobose, walls fleshy, about equally prominent above and beneath, without a nipple, the orifice beneath a transverse slit, diameter 8 to 14 mm, height 2 to 4 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/317/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryaeglobuli

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
  Gall subglobose, walls fleshy, somewhat more prominent above than beneath, without a nipple, the orifice beneath an elongate slit, size one-half to one- third the extreme diameter of [P. caryaecaulis.](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2939)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/317/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryae-avellana

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
  Gall flat above, walls fleshy, either flush with or sunken below the leaf surface, globular or pyriform beneath and more or less constricted at the base, with or without a distinct nipple which, when present, splits into several bracts, diameter and height 5 to 10 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/317/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera conica

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
  Gall subglobose, walls fleshy, about equally prominent on both leaf surfaces, conical beneath, ending in a short nipple and splitting into several stout bracts, diameter 3 to 7 mm, height 2 to 5 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/318/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera symmetrica

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
  Gall medium, walls fleshy, quite flat above, usually with a more or less distinct median depression, prominent and conical beneath, not constricted at the base, the nipple distinct, surrounded by short bracts, diameter 2.5 mm, height 3 to 4 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/318/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera notabilis

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
  Gall large, walls fleshy, more or less irregular, convex above, more prominent and conical beneath, splitting at maturity into several very long bracts, diameter 5 to 10 mm, height 3 to 8 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/318/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera globosa

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
  Gall large, walls fleshy, globular, projecting about equally on both leaf surfaces, nipple short, with four to five short, stout pubescent bracts surrounding the orifice, curving outwards when old, size variable. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/318/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryaegummosa

  Carya sp.
  Conical or globose leaf galls with distinct orifice and containing aphids
  Gall large, walls fleshy, pedunculate and more or less elongated, suspended from the under surface by a slender petiole, quite sticky when fresh, splitting at the apex into several long filaments.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/318/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia caryae

  Carya sp.
  Globose leaf galls, smooth or nearly so
  Nearly smooth, thin-walled, yellowish green or brown, sparsely haired, usually with a slight nipple, diameter 2 mm.

  Caryomyia arcuaria

  Carya sp.
  Globose leaf galls, smooth or nearly so
  Thin-walled, probably similar to the above.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/318/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia consobrina

  Carya sp.
  Globose leaf galls, smooth or nearly so
  Thin-walled, depressed, yellowish green or brown, diameter 2 to 2.5 mm.

  Caryomyia similis

  Carya sp.
  Globose leaf galls, smooth or nearly so
  Thin-walled, without the nipple of Caryomyia caryae, with a yellowish pubescence, diameter 2 to 4 mm.

  Caryomyia thompsoni

  Carya sp. 
  Globose leaf galls--hairy
  Thin-walled, long-haired, melon-shaped, diameter 2 to 3 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/318/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia sp. [tentatively assigned to C deflexipili based on Felt's description]

  Carya sp.
  Globose leaf galls, smooth or nearly so
  Thin-walled, globose, slightly depressed, with a slight nipple, diameter 3 to 4 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/318/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia antennata

  Carya sp.
  Globose leaf galls, smooth or nearly so
  Thick-walled, yellowish green or brown, diameter 4 to 5 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/318/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia sp. [Tentatively assigned to C tuberculata based on Felt's description]

  Carya sp.
  Globose leaf galls, smooth or nearly so
  Thick-walled, irregularly ovate, granulate, a slight nipple, diameter 2 to 3 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/318/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia inanis

  Carya sp.
  Globose leaf galls, smooth or nearly so
  Thin-walled, with a false chamber at the apex, diameter 2 to 3 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/318/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia persicoides

  Carya sp.
  Globose leaf galls-hairy
  Thick-walled, brownish or reddish brown, hairs rather short, curly, diameter 6 to 7 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/319/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia holotricha

  Carya sp. 
  Globose leaf galls--hairy
  Thin-walled, rust-red, hairs long, straight, diameter 2 to 4 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/319/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia sp. [Tentatively assigned to C hirtidolium based on Felt's description]

  Carya sp. 
  Globose leaf galls--hairy
  Thin-walled, with long, brown hairs, globose, diameter 3 to 4 mm, nipple distinct, long on some. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/319/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia cynipsea

  Carya sp.
  Midrib or vein gall
  A rounded, irregular, pale yellowish, hard swelling, 12 mm long.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/319/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryae-venae

  Carya sp.
  Leaf folds and ridges
  Galls either on the main rib or transverse veins, yellowish green, brownish or purplish, two or more confluent, length 6 to 14 mm, diameter 2 to 3 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/319/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryaeren

  Carya sp. 
  Leaf folds and ridges
  Reniform, petiole or midrib gall, a transverse slit dividing the gall into two halves, diameter 2 to 15 mm.

  Phylloxera caryaeren

  Carya sp. 
  Petiole or twig galls
  Reniform, petiole or midrib gall, a transverse slit dividing the gall into two halves, diameter 2 to 15 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/319/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia glutinosa

  Carya sp.
  Occurring on leaf, producing no gall
  An irregular, yellowish, brown-margined elevation, diameter 3 mm, larva surrounded by a viscid secretion.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/319/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera caryaecaulis

  Carya sp.
  Petiole or twig galls
  Globular or oval, often more or less conical, spiny or smooth, according to the tree on which they grow, and more or less confluent, diameter 5 to 25 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/319/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera spinuloides

  Carya sp.
  Petiole or twig galls
  Globular, densely covered with long, fleshy filaments, diameter 5 to 15 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/320/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera devastatrix

  Carya sp.
  Petiole or twig galls
  Medium, growing in larger or smaller clusters and apparently deformations of flower and leaf buds, splitting when mature into four or more broad bracts, surface smooth, diameter 3 to 15 mm


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/320/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera georgiana

  Carya sp.
  Petiole or twig galls
  Medium, smooth, growing in clusters, usually with a short, stout nipplelike projection on one side, diameter 5 to 10 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/320/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera subelliptica

  Carya sp.
  Petiole or twig galls
  Large, oval, smooth, growing on the petioles, a slight, central depression covered with short hairs, length 20 mm, diameter 10 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885246#page/321/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia nucicola

  Carya sp.
  Swellings in husks
  Irregular swellings in the husks, produced by pale reddish larvae. 


description:
  Fan-shaped pinkish-red galls dotted with black spots. The galls are numerous, and occur on the lower side of the leaf, alongside smaller Blaesodiplosis galls which may or may not be early forms of this gall. Black spots are not observed on all observations of this species, this implies they may occur at later stage of development in the gall. Observed in Massachusetts in July.


description:
  Clustered, tiny hairy galls resembling mouths on the undersides of leaves of Amelanchier alnifolia. The adult midges likely emerge from the upper sides of the leaves. Observed in Alberta in June.


description:
  Curled galls on the upper leaves of Amelanchier alnifolia. Galls begin with a tan-white color, but progress to a deep wine-red as their development progresses. They are usually supine, but some have been seen erect. Galls almost always appear in numbers. The adult midges apparently emerge from a slit in the lower leaf.


description:
  Thin, mitten-shaped hairless galls usually occurring in great numbers on the undersides of leaves of Amelanchier alnifolia. The galls are usually purple, but have also been seen with orange and yellow. There may be some overlap with the a-arborea-spotted-fan-gall.


description:
  Red, thorn-shaped galls on the leaf veins of Amelanchier alnifolia. The galls begin to curl towards their tips, and are colored yellow-tan at the base. [This is the same as the Tooth-Gall-Midge described in Russo 2021, and illustrated in plates 553 and 554.]


description:
  Bead-shaped galls observed on the upper surface of Amelanchier arborea leaves. The galls are spaced evenly, and have small hairs on them. Observed in Wisconsin in June.


description:
  Small, button-shaped galls on the lower leaves of what is assumed to be Amelanchier arborea based on range. The galls are scattered on and between the leaf veins and are finely hairy. Observed in New York in May.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera notabilis Pergande   

  Galls on leaves of Carya illinoiensis are ovoid to spherical, bladder-like, very variable in size (diameter 2-18 mm), situated close to mid-rib, projecting on both sides of leaf, green on top with a central nipple, and reddish-green beneath covered with dense short yellowish hairs.  Alatae emerge from the top of the gall, which generally splits into long slender bract-like segments in June-July.  There is no host alternation. Several generations of galls are produced each year; the smaller, secondary galls occurring mainly on seedling trees (Stoetzel & Tedders 1981).  Brachypterous and migratory alatae, sexuparae and sexuales are all produced in the primary galls.  Sexuales lay overwintering eggs on bark (Whitehead & Eastep 1937).  In eastern and southern USA.  Andersen & Mizell (1987) studied the physiological effects of galling on the host. Calcote (1983) studied resistance of pecan clones to P. notabilis. Medina et al. (2011) demonstrated that populations identified as P. notabilis collected from water hickory (C. aquatica) in east Texas always lacked two species of symbiotic bacteria that were present in populations on pecan. There were also found to be distinct differences in DNA (AFLP) profiles, and in host preferences and performance of alatae in reciprocal transfers between the two Carya species (Dickey & Medina 2010, 2011), all of which indicate that the phylloxerid on water hickory is a different, presumably undescribed, species.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera caryaeavellana Riley   

  Galls projecting underneath leaf are globular, pale greenish, like a small hazelnut (5-10 mm diam.), above leaf flat or slightly concave.  Galls mature in May-June, emergent alatae have orange abdomen, BL 0.9-1.2 mm (Pergande 1904).  On Carya tomentosa in Washington, D.C.  The life cycle is unknown.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera caryaecaulis (Fitch)  

  Galls are on young twigs, on petioles or at bases of leaflet main veins, sometimes in clusters; globular, diam. 5-25 mm, pale yellowish green tinted with red before opening, afterwards becoming leathery and black.  Typically on Carya glabra in eastern USA.  There is no host alternation.  

  Shimer (1869) described three other closely-related phylloxerid species producing somewhat different twig or petiole galls on other species of Carya, which may or may not be synonymous with P. caryaecaulis: P. spinosa, producing galls covered with fleshy spines on Carya sp, in Illinois; P. caryaemagna, producing velvety galls on petioles or at base of mid-rib on C. amara (= cordiformis) in Illinois and Missouri; and P. subelliptica, producing ellipsoid mottled green galls on side of twig of C. alba (= ovata) in Illinois (see also Pergande 1904).  


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera caryaecaulis (Fitch)  

  Shimer (1869) described three other closely-related phylloxerid species producing somewhat different twig or petiole galls on other species of Carya, which may or may not be synonymous with P. caryaecaulis: P. spinosa, producing galls covered with fleshy spines on Carya sp, in Illinois.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera caryaecaulis (Fitch)

  Shimer (1869) described three other closely-related phylloxerid species producing somewhat different twig or petiole galls on other species of Carya, which may or may not be synonymous with P. caryaecaulis: P. caryaemagna, producing velvety galls on petioles or at base of mid-rib on C. amara (= cordiformis) in Illinois and Missouri


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera caryaecaulis (Fitch)

  Shimer (1869) described three other closely-related phylloxerid species producing somewhat different twig or petiole galls on other species of Carya, which may or may not be synonymous with P. caryaecaulis: P. subelliptica, producing ellipsoid mottled green galls on side of twig of C. alba (= ovata) in Illinois (see also Pergande 1904).  


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera caryaefallax Riley   

  Galls on leaves of Carya alba (= ovata) are thin-walled, 1-5 mm diam., on upper side of leaf and convex with a central nipple-like opening below leaf.  Alatae with dark-veined wings and orange-yellow abdomen, BL 2.3-2.8 mm, emerge in May-early June (Pergande 1904).  In Missouri, Illinois and states bordering the Mississippi at least as far south as Tenessee.  The life cycle is unknown.  


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera caryaefoliae Fitch   

  Galls on leaves of Carya glabra project above leaf as pale green slender cones with pale rings at their bases, c. 5 mm diam., almost flat on underside of leaf with a central nipple.  Alatae emerge from the upper side of the gall (Pergande 1904) in early June.  In north-eastern USA (New York, Illinois, Iowa, Virginia).  The life cycle is unknown. 


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera caryaeglobuli Walsh   

  Galls according to original description are spherical, on leaf lamina between veins, opening in June to release alatae through a simple longitudinal slit on underside of leaf.  On shagbark hickory (= Carya ovata) in Illinois and Missouri.  Pergande (1904) recorded the available information, and suggested that P. hemispherica Shimer might be a synonym.  The life cycle is unknown.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera caryaegummosa Riley   

  Galls are spindle-shaped, suspended from the underside of leaf of Carya alba (= ovata) by a slender petiole; they are white or yellowish, pubescent and sticky.  In Illinois and Missouri, USA.  Alatae are undescribed and the life cycle is unknown.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera caryaeren Riley   

  Galls develop in clusters along leaf petioles and mid-ribs of leaflets of Carya glabra; they are reniform, pale green, 2-15 mm max. diam., placed transversely to axis of petiole, deeply divided by a transverse slit and opening into two halves (rather like a bivalve mollusc) when mature (Pergande 1904). The phylloxerid itself is still undescribed, and the life cycle is unknown.  In Illinois and Missouri, USA.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera caryaescissa Riley   

  Galls are globular, diam. 8-14 mm, pale greenish or dirty yellowish green, clothed with short fine yellowish hairs, projecting about eqally on both sides of leaf lamina, opening underneath when mature (mid-May to mid-June) by a transverse slit (Pergande 1904). On Carya tomentosa in eastern USA (Florida, D.C.).  The life cycle is unknown.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera caryaesemen Walsh   

  Galls are rounded, small (diam. 0.3-2.0 mm) and very numerous, yellowish green to brownish yellow, rather tough and leathery, projecting more above leaf than below, with a more-or-less depressed centre above and opening (in July-early August) by a central nipple-like opening underneath. On Carya glabra in Illinois and Missouri, USA; Shimer (1869) also recorded it from C. amara (= cordiformis) in Illinois. 


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera caryaesepta (Shimer)  

  Galls of Carya alba (= ovata) have conical projections both above and below leaf, with nipple-like apices fringed with filaments when mature, the structure on both sides of the leaf somewhat resembling a miniature sea-anemone (diam. 5-12 mm).  Colour of gall varies from pale yellowish green to red.  Alatae emerge in late May-June from upper side of gall (Pergande 1904).  In Illinois and Missouri, USA.  On Carya glabra further east (New York, Virginia), the same or a closely-related species forms galls with a narrower conical structure above and below leaf (P. caryaesepta var. perforans; Pergande 1904).  The life cycle is unknown.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera caryaevenae Fitch   

  Galls on Carya tomentosa and several other Carya spp. are distinctive, usually pale yellowish green, elongate folds along the main veins on the underside of the leaflet, with corresponding ridges or carinae above.  The opening is a slit on the underside.  There is no host alternation.  Galls are mostly dry and empty by mid-August, but no alatae are known; the sexuales are produced from late July by apterous sexuparae in free-living colonies in deep bark fissures on the trunk and branches (Pergande 1904).  Widely distributed in eastern USA, from New York to Florida and as far west as Illinois and Missouri.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera castaneae (Haldeman)  

  Apterae are pale yellow, BL c. 1 mm, on both sides of leaves, especially along the mid-ribs, of Castanea spp. (dentata, mollissima, pumila, sativa) in north-eastern USA (New York, Maryland, D.C., West Virginia).  Infested leaves become much distorted and desiccated.  Stoetzel (1985b) demonstrated host alternation in West Virginia from galls on Carya tomentosa.  The galls and gall generations have not yet been described; the galls are similar to those of P. intermedia (M.B. Stoetzel, pers. comm.).  Alatae from these galls gave rise to large populations on Castanea spp., causing yellow discoloration along the leaf veins. Pergande (1904) drew attention to the fact that most of the immatures on the upper sides of the chestnut leaves were bright orange (as opposed to pale yellow), and had longer tubercles than those on the undersides; his name spinifera is available for this form should it prove to be specifically distinct.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera conica (Shimer)  

  Galls are almost globular, projecting on both sides of the leaf, diameter 3-7 mm in plane of leaf, deep purplish brown, with a roughened or granular surface texture, becoming pubescent and covered with a sticky secretion when mature.  Alatae emerge when the gall splits open underneath in June, and presumably fly to an unknown secondary host.  Originally described from Carya alba (= ovata) in Illinois, USA (Shimer 1869), but the description above is of galls on C, amara (= cordiformis) in Missouri identified as this species by Pergande (1904).  Riley (1875) suggested synonymy with P. depressa, but this does not accord with Pergande's interpretation of the species.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera deplanata Pergande   

  Galls on leaves of Carya tomentosa are circular, diameter 1-5 mm, slightly convex above leaf and more prominent beneath, with an oval orifice fringed with fine hairs.  Their colour is reddish to yellowish or greenish yellow above leaf and purplish to dull greenish yellow beneath.  There is no host alternation; fundatrices produce sexuales in the galls in May, but some alatae may also be produced.  Galls are empty, brown and dry by late June (Pergande 1904).  Only known from D.C., USA.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera depressa (Shimer)  

  Galls on leaves of Carya alba (= ovata) in Illinois, USA are numerous, smooth, diameter 4-6 mm, convex and pale yellowish green above leaf, whiter beneath with a central nipple-like projection and a round opening.  Alatae are present in the gall in late June (Shimer 1869).  The life cycle is unknown.  According to Riley (1875), conifera Shimer is a synonym.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera devastatrix Pergande   

  Clusters of galls occur on young twigs, leaf petioles or flower stalks of Carya illinoensis in southern and south-eastern USA (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Texas), often causing serious economic damage.  The galls are globular, of irregular shape, smooth, green or yellowish green with a reddish tinge before maturity, diameter 3-15 mm.  They open in May-early June by means of a transverse split into four or more broad bracts, releasing alatae that immediately start to oviposit on neighbouring twigs, etc.  There is no host alternation. The eggs develop into dwarf sexuales that mate and lay overwintering eggs under bark or at the base of the tree.  


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera foveata (Shimer)  

  Galls on leaves of Carya amara (= cordiformis)  are small (1.5-8.4 mm diam.), with a dimpled central depression above, opening beneath leaf by a rounded downy orifice.  Alatae were plentiful in late June.  In Illinois, USA (Shimer 1869).  The same leaves carried galls of P. minima and P. caryaesemen.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera foveola Pergande   

  Galls on leaves of Carya glabra in Virginia, USA are circular, yellow-green tinged with pink or red, 3-5 mm diam., convex and rather prominent above leaf with a deep central dimple or depression which is pinkish in colour, part below leaf convex or depressed with a small conical central nipple.  Alatae (BL c. 1.2 mm, with slender, orange abdomen) are mature in galls in late May and most had emerged before June, indicating that there is probably host alternation, but the secondary host is unknown.  Possibly it is a synonym of P. foveata; the emergence time was the principal reason given for separating the two (Pergande 1904), but this might vary according to weather conditions or host plant.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera georgiana Pergande   

  Galls occurred singly or in clusters on tender twigs and petioles of an unidentified Carya sp., presumably at Georgiana, Florida (Pergande 1904).  They were similar to those of Ph. devastatrix; more-or-less globular, with a short nipple, greenish yellow (sometimes reddened on one side), or wholly dark red, 5-10 mm in diameter.  Alatae (BL 0.8-1.0 mm, with orange abdomen) differ from P. devastatrix in characters of the wings and antennae (see Pergande 1904).


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera globosa (Shimer)  

  Galls on leaves of Carya amara (= cordiformis) in Illinois are mostly rather large, globular and projecting equally on both sides of leaf, or conical and projecting only below leaf, with flat circle above ("form conifera"); smooth, leathery, pale yellowish green to dark green, with a small central opening below leaf surrounded by small bracts.  According to Pergande (1904), the smaller galls included in Shimer's (1867) original description were those of Ph. caryeaesemen.  Alatae emerge very late in year, in late September-October.  The life cycle is unknown.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera intermedia Pergande   

  Galls on leaves of Carya alba (= ovata) are circular, reddish or yellowish, 3-6 mm in diameter, convex to conical on upper side of leaf without any trace of a central nipple, paler and almost flat with a small closed nipple on underside.  Alatae emerge in late may-June, mainly from a jagged opening formed by splitting of the upper surface of the gall (Pergande 1904). Locality not stated; probably in vicinity of Washington, D.C. The life cycle is unknown.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera minima (Shimer)  

  Galls on Carya amara (= cordiformis) in Illinois USA are small, round (diameter 1.1-5.0 mm) and numerous, with part protruding above leaf shining brightly, and a small opening beneath.  Alatae, present in the galls in early July (Shimer 1869).  The life cycle is unknown.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera perniciosa Pergande    

  Galls on young twigs, leaf petioles and along midribs of leaflets of Carya tomentosa are elliptical, with a blunt tooth-like or thorn-like projection.  In Maryland, Virginia, D.C. and Pennsylvania; large gall populations in Virginia caused defoliation of trees (Pergande 1904).  Also reported from C. illinoensis in Louisiana and Mississippi (Carpenter et al. 1979), although the identity of these populations with Pergande's species needs confirmation.  Living all year around on Carya, with three generations per year; fundatrices, alate sexuparae and sexuales.  Alate sexuparae emerging from galls in May-early June laid eggs indiscriminately on trees and surrounding vegetation.  Sexuales laid overwintering eggs in June, mostly high in trees on twigs that had been previously galled.  The eggs were preyed upon through the summer by various natural enemies. including mites of six different genera.  Surviving eggs hatched the following April (Pergande 1904).


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera picta Pergande   

  Galls on leaflets of Carya tomentosa resemble those of Ph. intermedia, but have thinner walls, adn a central nipple above as well as below the leaf; colour variable, diam. 3-6 mm.  Alatae emerge from an opening on the upper side in late May-June (Pergande 1904).  Locality not stated; probably in vicinity of Washington, D.C.  The life cycle is unknown.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera pilosula Pergande   

  Galls on leaflets of Carya glabra near Washington, D.C. are flat or with a central depression above leaf and projecting with a well-developed central nipple below leaf; diam. 3-6 mm, pale green to whitish, both sides densely covered with long, soft, glistening, yellowish white hairs.  Alatae emerge from the underside of the gall in early June (Pergande 1904).  The life cycle is unknown.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera querceti Pergande   

  On undersides of leaves of Quercus spp. (alba, dentata(?), macrocarpa) in the vicinity of Washington, D.C. (Pergande 1904), Duncan 1922).  Affected leaves are speckled with small yellow spots, especially near mid-ribs and along smaller veins. 


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera reticulata Duncan   

  Apterae are bright orange-yellow, with reddish eyes; BL c. 0.8 mm.  On undersides of leaves of Quercus kelloggii in California, USA, dispersed along veins.  Only apterae are described (Duncan 1922), and they have not been recorded since.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera davidsoni Duncan   

  Apterae light orange to yellowish brown; BL c. 0.7 mm.  Immatures are pale yellow, alatae orange with black thorax.  On undersides of tomentous young leaves of Quercus engelmanni in California, USA (Duncan 1922).  The life cycle is unknown.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera rileyi Riley   

  Apterae are dark brown with dorsal tubercles almost black (but paler forms mat occur); BL c. 0.6 mm.  On undersides of leaves of Quercus alba and Q. obtusiloba (= stellata) in Missouri, causing white or yellow circular spots.  Apparently there is no host alternation; alatae are produced from late July to October, and those of later generations are presumably sexuparae, because sexuales are recorded laying overwintering eggs on twigs (Riley 1875, Pergande 1904, Duncan 1922).


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera rimosalis Pergande   

  Galls on Carya tomentosa in eastern USA (Washington, D.C.) are fairly large and conspicuous (diam. 3-11 mm), pale green sometimes tinged with red, usually on terminal leaves of young shoots; flat to slightly convex above leaf, more prominently convex with a central nipple beneath.  Alatae (BL c. 1 mm, with pale orange abdomen) emerge in late May-June through a round opening on the underside (Pergande 1904).  The life cycle is unknown.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera russellae Stoetzel   

  Galls on Carya illinoensis in southern USA are circular, flattened, diam. 3.2-7.2 mm, with a reticulate surface pattern.  They project from both sides of a leaflet with an opening on the underside marked by white pubescence.  Galls mature and break open in May.  No alatae are known.  There is no host alternation; apterous sexuparae produce sexuales which develop in the gall in May and produce overwintering eggs in galls, on twigs, etc. (Stoetzel 1981).  Heavy populations of galls can cause defoliation.  Calcote (1985) studied resistance of pecan clones to P. russellae.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera spinuloides Pergande   

  Galls on petioles or at bases of main veins of leaflets, of an undetermined Carya species in Florida, USA, were globular (diam. 5-15 mm), with a dense covering of long fleshy filamentous outgrowths; usually encircling the petiole and causing it to bend or curve.  Colour uniformly greenish yellow, or brownish yellow on one side.  Galls opened in late March, releasing alatae (BL 0.6-1.8 mm, with brownish wings and orange abdomen).  Life cycle is unknown, although the early departure of alatae suggests host alternation.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera stellata Duncan   

  Apterae (BL c. 0.5 mm, colour unrecorded) caused brown spots on undersides of leaves of a Quercus sp., margaretta (= stellata or alba, in mid-August in Texas, USA (Duncan 1922). Other morphs and life cycle are unknown.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera symmetrica Pergande   

  Galls on leaves of Carya tomentosa and other Carya spp. are variable; typical form is circular and almost flat above leaf, protruding as a thick-walled pale cone below leaf, basal diam. 2-5 mm.  Alatae (BL 0.9-1.2 mm, with orange abdomen) emerge in late May-early June through a small opening in the apex of the cone, after which the galls become dry and brown.  In vicinity of Washington D.C., USA.  Life cycle is unknown.  Pergande (1904) described variants from the typical form of gall ("vasculosa" and "purpurea") differing in colour, size and shape, which he considered to be due to differences in hatching time of the fundatrices and developmental stage of the leaf at onset of feeding.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera texana Stoetzel   

  Galls on leaves of Carya illinoensis are globular, projecting mainly on upper side of leaf, with a small point below; diameter 4-6 mm (Stoetzel 1981).  Alatae (BL 1.0-1.6 mm, with golden yellow abdomen) emerge in mid to late May through a large opening in the top of the gall, which splits into bracts.  In Texas, USA.  Host-alternating; alatae from galls colonised undersides of leaves of Quercus spp. (falcata, virginiana), these colonies producing both alatae and apterae in June (Stoetzel 1985b).  The return migration to pecan has not been observed.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera tuberculifera Duncan   

  Apterae (BL c. 0.5 mm, colour unrecorded) caused brown spots on undersides of leaves of Quercus havardii in Texas, USA, in August (Duncan 1922).  Other morphs and life cycle are unknown.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxerina
description:
  Phylloxerina nyssae (Pergande)   

  Galls are usually crescent-shaped, yellowish-white, formed in spring by rolling, scalloping and swelling of edges of leaves of Nyssa sylvatica (Stoetzel 1993). Later in the year (September), lemon-yellow apterae, BL 1.0-1.3 mm, completely covered in white wax wool, occur together with sexuales in bark crevices of young trees, particularly in cavities caused by dropping out of dead twigs about 2 m above ground level. Apparently there is no host alternation. In Maryland and Washington D.C., USA (Pergande 1904).


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Phylloxera
description:
  Phylloxera glabra (von Heyden) 

  Living without host alternation mainly on Quercus robur.  Fundatrices feed in spring from main veins, sometimes causing inward curling of leaf-edge as in Ph. confusa.  Subsequent generations include yellowish orange apterae (BL 0.7-0.85 mm), which lay circular clusters of eggs on the underside of the leaf, and both apterous and (later) alate sexuparae (Grassi 1912).  Feeding causes necrotic spots on leaves.  In Europe (England, France, Germany, Italy), and introduced to New Zealand, where it is recorded from Q. dentata (Sunde 1984). A record from Turkey (Şenol et al. 2014c) requires additional confirmation. Anholocyclic overwintering may occur; Lubiarz (2007) observed overwintering of immature stages of P. glabra (and/or P. coccinea) in bark crevices in Poland. 


description:
  Irregularly globular Polystepha galls on the lower surface of leaves of Quercus imbricaria, in numbers in the fall. Red-brown in color and surfaced in polygonal sections. 


description:
  A globular gall on the upper surface of Quercus marilandica leaves in Texas resembling Polystepha pilulae but with a distinct flat top. A similar gall has been observed on Quercus myrtifolia in [Florida](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66495524) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66495539).


description:
  A similar egress hole has been observed on the petiole base of Quercus [velutina](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/92815535) and [rubra](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/99233971).


description:
  Two galls have been observed conforming to the description of this species which appear to have false chambers near their attachment point to the leaf [1](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/58106480) [2](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/60283292). According to Dr Gage (personal communication), these "may be due to the partly separated plug that is holding the gall onto the leaf. When the leaf senesces, the plug also dries up, allowing the gall to drop off the leaf."


description:
  A tapered stem swelling on Drymocallis lactea, covered in short hairs not obscuring the mottled green-red surface. Observed in California in July.


description:
  The fact that this gall can occur on flowers is tentatively inferred from the fact that it is apparently profligate it its oviposition, and based on observations like [this one](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/46837266), which are not confirmed to be induced by P perniciosa. 


description:
  A severe multilobed upward curling of leaves of Quercus palustris, along the midrib, accompanied by a slight swelling of the midrib below. Observed in Pennsylvania in August.


description:
  Dr Hamilton's key places P notabilis exclusively adjacent to the midrib of leaves, but other sources state it can be found on major side veins as well, and in practice galls that seem to best fit this species appear scattered across the leaf, their relationship to the midrib or other veins not especially obvious. 


description:
  Neolasioptera fontagrensis

  Irregularly swollen root or stem
  Larvae overwinter in the gaall

  Host: C. scandens
  Distr: MA, NY


description:
  Ametrodiplosis dulichii

  Larvae in fruit
  This species was reportedly reared from fruit.

  Host: D. arundinaceum

  Distr: MA


description:
  Asphondylia [Hemiasphondylia] mimosae

  Flower bud gall
  Found in clusters on flower peduncles
  Thin-walled, greenish-pink, 7 mm long by 3 mm in diameter.

  Host: M. "fragrans".
  Distr: TX


description:
  "Rhopalomyia" castaneae

  Bud or leaf galls
  Enlarged, clustered buds

  Host: C. dentata
  Distr: NY, WV, NC


description:
  Cecidomyiid

  Swollen petiole
  All that is known of this species is that it forms an irregular gall about 12 mm in length.

  Host: C. pumila


description:
  Dasineura dentatae

  Flat, circular, warty growth, usually between veins
  Small, roughened blisters
  A single larvae lies between both gall halves and presumably drops to the ground to pupate

  Host: C. dentata

  Distr: MA, ON, OH


description:
  Contarinia sp.

  Fold between and sometimes across veins, without conspicuous invagination on opposite sides of leaf
  These galls distort unfolding leaves in early spring
  Narrow, longitudal or diagonal folds

  Host: C. dentata
  Distr: MA, NY to NC


