# species_source

externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21732#page/280/mode/1up
description:
  14. Cecidomyia sp. 

  A large, globular, mucronate tipped gall of the stem. 5-8 mm. dia. Base varies toward a truncate condition in some specimens. Green throughout the summer; finely pubescent. Chamber large, spherical. A thin membrane is constructed by the larva across the distal end of the chamber. Protective layer thick, nearly half as thick as the wall. Does not extend to apical canal. Nutritive layer relatively thin. The fibro-vascular bundles traverse the protective layer. 

  Riley describes a globular gall, which on "detaching the gall, the base is seen to be truncate and attached to the rib of the leaf by an extremely short, conical style, which is not visible from the sides. Average height, 3.5 mm., dia. at middle, 3.5-4 mm." See No. 32 in Riley's list [Celticecis pubescens]. This gall might be interpreted as an immature specimen of the above [Wells' Cecidomyia sp 13, Celticecis pyriformis]. Sear's number 34 is a variation of the above with the basal one-third developing low irregular ridges. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42358#page/627/mode/1up
description:
  [No name given, later named Cecidomyiaceltis pubescens by Patton]

  32. Cecidomyidous galls on the under side of the leaf, always arising from one of the principal leaf-veins, occurring usually singly, rarely in pairs. In form, sculpture, and pubescence the gall bears a most striking resemblance to that produced by Pachypsylla celtidis-pubescens (see p. 619) but it is much larger, more globular, and at once distinguished by the absence of the cupuliform depression on the upper side of the leaf which is so characteristic of many Pachypsylla galls. A vertical cut through the gall shows a relatively small ovoid cell surrounded by a thick, hard yellowish-white wall. On detaching the gall the base is seen to be truncate and attached to the rib of the leaf by an extremely short conical style which is not visible from the sides. Average height 3.5 mm; diameter at middle, 3.5 mm to 4 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia pubescens 

  Leaf gall resembling that of Pachypsylla pubescens but with no cup-chaped depression on the upper surface of the leaf, diameter 3.5 to 4 mm.


description:
  All sources are listed except those pertaining to Phytophaga texana before it was moved to Celticecis in 1983. See Gagne 2014 for citations. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42358#page/628/mode/1up
description:
  [No name given]

  35. Cecidomyidous galls on the under side of the leaf arising from the leaf-veins, either singly or in groups or in rows, either assuming a vertical position or more or less reclining or even horizontally placed. Gall cylindrical, or very slightly narrowed at base ; at tip always truncate with a median nipple. Color pale yellow, surface opaque, faintly longitudinally striate and usually beset with sparse, long, white hairs, which, however, are easily lost. Average height of gall, 2.5mm; diameter, 1.2 mm. The walls are thin, the cell elongate with the apical side truncate, and the basal end conical. On the upper side of the leaf the gall is barely visible as a small yellowish spot on the veins. 

  This often occurs in company with the preceding species, of which it may possibly be an extreme but constant variety: at least a form which combines the characters of the two is not infrequent. It is intermediate in size, short, conical, with truncate tip and either hairy or glabrous. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21732#page/280/mode/1up
description:
  13. Cecidomyia sp. 

  "Leaf gall, present in great numbers on under side. A "peg-shaped" gall, cylindrical when young, and developing a thickened base as it grows. Pale green, straggling hirsute, 2-3 mm. long. Very common." Sears. 

  The broad, ill-defined ridges which characterize the base of this gall separates it from all others. The protective layer is relatively thick, but does not extend into the wall of the distal end. The nutritive layer is thin. The fibro-vascular bundles pass through the parenchyma basally but approach the protective layer apically. Young specimens of this gall would closely approximate the gall described in Riley's report under No. 30 [Celticecis oviformis]. The expanded condition of the base is not gained until the gall has nearly completed its growth in length. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42358#page/627/mode/1up
description:
  [No name given; later named Cecidomyiaceltis semenrumicis by Patton]

  31. Cecidomyidous galls on the tender twigs occurring either singly or in groups of two, three, four or more specimens; rarely, also, singly on the under side or even the upper side of the leaf. The gall bears a close resemblance to the winged seed-capsule (achenium) of a Rumex, but the wings vary in number from three to five and are often irregularly developed, while the tip always ends in a long curved spine. The wings terminate in a sharp ridge which is sometimes double. Gall opaque, not hairy, sculpture consisting of faint and irregular transverse striae; color pale yellowish-green, at apical third usually of a more decided green and darker. A longitudinal section reveals a single large, regularly ovoid cell surrounded by a thin hard wall. Average height of gall 4.5 mm, excluding the apical spine; generally as wide as high; length of apical spine variable, but usually a little more than half the height of the gall. This gall is easily recognized from its peculiar form. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21732#page/281/mode/1up
description:
  15. Cecidomyia sp. (PI. XVII, Figs. 15, 15a, 15b.) This gall exhibits a remarkable variation from the previously described simpler types. Riley, who first described it, gave a very complete description of it, which will be quoted. "31. Galls on the tender twigs, occurring either singly or in groups of two, three or four or more specimens; rarely also singly on the under side or even the upper side of the leaf. The gall bears a close resemblance to the winged seed capsule (achenium) of a Rumex, but the wings vary in number from three to five and are often irregularly developed, while the tip always ends in a curved, long spine. The wings terminate in a sharp ridge which is sometimes double. Gall opaque, not hairy. Color pale-yellowish green, at apical third usually of a more decided green and darker. A longitudinal section reveals a single large regularly ovoid cell surrounded by a thin hard wall. Average height of gall, 4.5 mm., excluding the apical spine; generally as wide as high; length of apical spine variable, but usually a little more than half the height of the gall." Riley. 

  The histology presents some points of special interest. The fibro-vascular bundles are found in the edge of the wings (PI. XVII, Fig. 15b), from which branches are distributed inwardly to the protective layer. This is better shown in the longitudinal section. Fig. 15a. The protective layer is found, as in most of the preceding galls, to be confined to the proximal two-thirds or three-fourths of the chamber wall. Trichomes line the apical canal to the point where it opens in the chamber. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/126/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia semenrumicis

  Twig galls resembling seed capsules of Rumex, apically with a spine about one-half the length of the gall, the height, excluding the spine, 4.5 mm, the diameter approximately the same.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42358#page/628/mode/1up
description:
  [No name given; later named Cecidomyiaceltis spiniformis by Patton]

  34. Cecidomyidous galls on the under side of the leaf, either singly or in smaller or larger numbers, usually between the leaf-veins, rarely crossing the large ribs. The gall is a more or less stout conical spine arising from a circular base, and either gradually and regularly tapering toward the tip or more suddenly narrowed a short distance from the base, and then with the sides more vertical; tip more or less acute and often slightly curved. Color pale yellowish, surface a little shining, either without distinct sculpture or with faint longitudinal furrows, especially near the base. Average height, 4 mm; average diameter at base, 2.8 mm. The walls of the gall are thin except near the base, where they are thicker; the cell is elongate ovoid, and extends from the base to the tip of the spine. On the upper side of the leaf the gall is visible as a small circular slightly depressed spot of pale color and furnished in the center with a small nipple. While issuing, the perfect insect pushes off the tip of the spine. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/127/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia spiniformis 

  Conical, spine-shaped leaf gall on the under surface and arising from a circular, yellowish base, height 4 mm, diameter 2.8 mm. 

  Cecidomyia unguicula

  Subconical leaf gall, clustered on the under surface, length 3 to 5 mm.


description:
  Cecidomyia unguicola sp. nov.

  Gall.--Somewhat of the shape of a small carpet-tack with the broad part attached to the leaf. The base is rounded at the sides, from which it suddenly becomes narrow, terminating in a sharp point at the apex. Inside it is hollow and contains a single larva. Found in clusters on the under side of the leaf of hackberry (Celtis occidentalis). Length about 3 to 5 mm; width of base about 2 to 3 mm.

  Habitat: OH


description:
  Cecidomyia? pustuloides sp. nov.

  Gall.--Circular, blister-like, and slightly protruding on each side of the leaf. It measures about 4 to 7 mm in diameter. Found in clusters on the leaves of different kinds of oaks (Quercus rubra, coccinea, tinctoria [velutina], nana [ilicifolia], marylandica, in September.

  Habitat.--NC, NJ


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21732#page/275/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia unguicola

  On leaf, under side, a, sharply pointed cone-shaped gall with flaring base. 3-5 mm. high, 2-3 mm. wide. Light green to yellow in color. Smooth, almost shining. Monothalamous, rarely, if ever confluent. Chamber sub-cylindric, with the distal half thinner walled than the proximal. The distal one- third or one-fourth of the gall is delimited proximally by the sudden transition from delicate sub-hyaline tissue to opaque hard tissue. Sooner or later the tip breaks off at this point. Riley states that "while issuing the perfect insect pushes off the tip." This gall is the most common of all the itonid galls of the hackberry; a hundred may often be found upon a single leaf.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21732#page/279/mode/1up
description:
  11. Cecidomyia sp. (PI. XVII, Figs. 11, 11a). On leaf, under side, a small (2-3 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide) sub-cylindric gall with attenuate tip, which is more or less definitely constricted from the body of the gall. Base rounded, light green to yellow, smooth. Thin walled, the chamber approximating the shape of the gall. The galls are commonly tilted over at a sharp angle, particularly when they arise from one of the larger veins. The protective and nutritive layers are distributed much as those of No. 7. Riley first described this gall (No. 35 in his paper [Gagne contradicts this, placing Riley's 35 as C pyriformis]) and called attention to its similarity to C. unguicola Beut. (See No. 8). It differs constantly from that gall, however, in its smaller size and its non-flaring base. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Phytophaga wellsi

  Top-shaped, monothalamous, moderately thick leaf gall, the surface sparsely clothed with whitish, appressed pubescence, the greatest diameter 3 to 4 mm.


description:
  C spiniformis, especially in its early growth phases, is most likely to be confused with C subulata, C conica, and C aciculata. C spiniformis is strongly flared at the base and tapering evenly to its point, larger than 3 mm, and not 5 times longer than wide. 


description:
  C conica is easily mistaken for C spiniformis, especially early in the season. C conica lacks any flaring at its base and never grows more than 3 mm tall.


description:
  C subulata can be distinguished from C spiniformis by its lack of a flared base and a height to width ratio greater than 5. 


description:
  Galls of Celticecis capsularis are commonly misidentified as C acuminata. Gagne states that only C capsularis is present in Texas (though at least two [1](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/57874164) [2](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/34567216) late-season galls lacking ridges have been seen there), but in areas where both occur (Louisiana through Georgia and Florida), check for incipient ridges on young galls, indicating C capsularis rather than acuminata.


description:
  Celticecis oviformis is easily identified with cross-sections but otherwise very easily confused with similar species. Gagne states that Celticecis connata is always hairless, while C oviformis is pubescent, but C connata galls with pubescence have been observed, so this may not be entirely reliable. In general, C oviformis is uniformly spherical, while C connata is irregular in size and shape and tends to be wider toward the stem than at its apex. A cross section will show a thin wall with an open interior if the gall is C oviformis, and thick, woody walls containing multiple larval cells in C connata. 

  C oviformis is more difficult to distinguish from C celtiphyllia early in its development, and some observations may not be conclusively identifiable either way without a cross-section. Both galls are pubescent, often numerous and scattered across stems, petioles, and midribs, and globular with narrow nipples. As the galls develop, C celtiphyllia takes on a distinctive muffin-like shape, and the incipient swelling on the upper half of the gall can often be observed even on young galls. The interior of a C celtiphyllia gall has a bell-like shape distinct from the overall shape of the gall. 


description:
  Early in its development, Celticecis celtiphyllia can easily be confused with C oviformis, which also occurs in numbers along the stem, petiole, and midrib of the leaves, and has a similar globular form and dense pubescence. The most reliable way to confirm an ID of these two species is to take a cross-section. C oviformis has thin walls and its larval cell is the same spherical shape as the exterior of the gall. C celtiphyllia has thick walls forming a bell-shaped larval cell. As the galls develop, C celtiphyllia takes on a distinctive muffin-like shape, and the incipient swelling on the upper half of the gall can often be observed even on young galls, lacking in C oviformis. 

  C celtiphyllia has also been confused with C ramicola, which also occurs along stems. C celtiphyllia can take on a somewhat ribbed appearance as it dries, but it is generally much more pubescent, near-spherical in shape, and its connection to the plant is narrow, where C ramicola attaches to the stem on a pad approximately the width of the gall. 


description:
  The arrangement along the stem and cylindrical shape of this gall are reminiscent of C ramicola, and both galls have cylindrical cells that eventually drop off the plant. C expulsa, however, grows as an integral stem gall until its capsule is mature enough to release, and leaves an empty housing for the cell when it drops, while C ramicola is a detachable gall throughout its life cycle and leaves only a pad when it falls.

  A variant of this gall has been observed that lacks the high confluent base. Instead, the base of the gall attaches much lower on the detachable section and leaves a much shorter pad when the gall dehisces. See [eg this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82148982). The source of this variation is not known and may indicate a distinct species. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31780#page/149/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips tinctoriae, new species

  Gall.--A compressed ovate, brownish gall, the opposite sides of which are keeled; the shell is moderately thick, and internally there is a central kernel held in place by fibrous filaments. Length, 2 cm, diameter less than 1 cm. 

  Two specimens reared October 16, 1871. Found in November 1870 under Quercus coccinea var tinctoria [velutina]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27823#page/323/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta cressoni sp. nov.

  Gall.--Inside the young buds of post oak (Quercus stellata). It is practically nothing more than a minute round and thin shell, invisible from the outside. Diameter 1 mm.

  Habitat.--Austin TX

  Described from a single specimen. The male is not known.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22092#page/88/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus utricula, n. sp.

  Globular, monothalamous galls on the petioles and leaves of Quercus alba. Thin-walled, .15 of an inch in diameter, green or purplish, pubescent. Sometimes entirely preventing the development of the leaf, and appearing on the end of the short petiole. Sometimes found on the end of a vein in a partially developed leaf, and more rarely surrounded by the lamina of the leaf. In the last case it appears on both sides of the leaf, but is most prominent above. It contains no larval cell. In size and in structure it resembles C. q. vesicula found on the same oak, but it is several weeks later and the insects differ materially. The flies appear early in June, and are of both sexes. 

  This species is often quite abundant in the limited space where I have found it. In describing the galls I should have added that the larva is not enclosed in a larval cell.

  Habitat.--CT


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/226481#page/316/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus vernus variety bassettii bisexual form

  Neuroterus pallipes
  Neuroterus bassettii
  Neuroterus pallidipes

  Gall.--Small, slight, one-celled swellings, usually covered with a rather thick, ragged pubesence; on petioles and veins, dwarfing the leaves of Q alba.

  Range.--MA, NY, NJ

  This insect comes very close to being a synonym of exiguus, the slightly larger areolet and the host being the only good characters for distinguishing bassettii. I have seen a paratype female, and males from the type locality, host, and collector. This American Museum material is dated June 2; Beutenmuller says the galls are to be found in May. Probably other tissues are affected, and other forms of galls produced, as well as those now described. The name pallipes which Bassett first applied to this insect is preoccupied by Neuroterus pallipes Schenck, 1862, and Dalla Torre substituted the name bassettii for our insect. In doing so he referred to the Bassett insect as pallidipes, by mistake. It is true that the Schenck insect is not a Neuroterus, but as long as pallipes had ever been previously published in combination with Neuroterus, that name is unavailable for any other insect. Beutenmuller and subsequent authors are in error in considering pallipes still available for Bassett’s insect. 


description:
  Neuroterus pallipes Bassett

  Neuroterus bassetti
  Neuroterus pallidipes

  Gall. On the midrib or principal veins of the leaves of white oak (Quercus alba) in May. Monothalamous. Small, oval, thin-walled swellings covered with a dense brownish pubescence. The affected leaves become distorted and dwarfed.

  Habitat: MA, NY, NJ


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635480#page/86/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus pallipes

  [this species occurs twice, in different places in the key]

  Galls of the leaves (in some cases the leaf itself is aborted and the gall issues from the twig or bud)
  Gall a swelling of the midvein or sometimes of the petiole
  Less abrupt and localized enlargements of midveins (more rarely of lateral veins and the petiole)
  Oval, thin-walled, monothalamous vein swellings covered with a dense, brown pubescence, on Q alba

  Small, thin-walled, globose or fusiform galls, usually marginal, on the leaf and piercing the lamina
  Oval, thin-walled, monothalamous vein swellings covered with a dense, brown pubescence, on Q alba


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42358#page/631/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla venusta

  Generally globular, but often more or less irregularly ovoid, or even elongate. Color varying from pale buff to brown; surface opaque, with scattered, small, flattened postules. Diameter of globular form varying from 7 to 20mm, The gall consists of an outer shell and an inner core, which can easily be separated upon cutting the gall open. The outer shell is very hard and woody, varying in thickness from 1 to 3 mm. The apical portion of the gall has on one side a slit which is deepest and widest at the tip and connects here with the funnel-like, twisted, basal portion of the leaf. This slit exposes to view the inner core, which consists of the very thin and brittle walls of the irregular cells which fill the entire cavity of the outer shell. The number of these cells varies according to the size of the gall, but is rarely reduced to a single one. 

  The full-grown pupa always leaves the gall through the apical opening, and in doing so has to saw its way out through the top of the inner core. 

  The gall usually occupies the entire petiole, but in rare instances a small portion of the latter is visible between the gall and the twig. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42358#page/632/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla (Blastophysa) celtidis-gemma

  This gall is briefly referred to but not named by Osten Sacken (1. c, pp. 422, 423.) It is much smaller than the preceding [Pachypsylla venusta], very variable in size, and of irregular shape, but always bud-like, and looking as if formed by the conglomeration of a number of rounded nodules which are separated from the adjoining ones by shallow furrows. Color varying from light reddish-brown to dark brown or the color of the twig; surface of the young gall usually covered with a dense matting of white woolly hairs, which in the more mature gall are more or less completely lost. As in the preceding species, the gall is hard and woody, but entirely closed. It is usually opaque, rarely a little shining, the surface indistinctly sculptured, but occasionally roughened by adhering particles of the scales of the original bud. It has no inner core, and the cavity is entirely filled with the cells, which vary from one to eight in number. The outer wall is never more than one millimeter thick, often less, while the walls dividing the cells are sometimes very thin and sometimes even thicker than the outer wall. The gall occurs only on one-year-old twigs, and is formed by the young larva? settling on and sinking into such buds as would normally produce a new twig the ensuing year. Each mature pupa saws its way through the wall of the gall in spring and changes to imago immediately after issuing. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42358#page/632/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla celtidis-vesiculum n. sp. 

  This gall appears upon the upper side of the leaf merely as a flat blister of yellowish or reddish-yellow color and of irregular outline. It is generally rounded, but often influenced and limited by the larger leaf nerves, which are rarely crossed by the gall. On the under side of the leaf the gall is still less conspicuous, and is visible only as a discolored spot with a small rounded nipple in the center. The sculpture of the surface of the gall is the same as that of the leaf, and the walls are not thickened. This gall often occurs in very large numbers on one and the same leaf, crowding one another, and often confluent. The full-grown pupae break through the wall of the gall either on the upper or lower side of the leaf. The species is most readily recognized from the very inconspicuous appearance of the gall, and more especially from the fact that it is the only one which is hardly developed on the under side of the leaf, whereas all the other leaf-galls assume there a more or less conspicuous form. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42358#page/632/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla celtidis-asteriscus n. sp.

  This gall, on the upper side of the leaf, is very similar to the foregoing species, i.e., represented only by a barely raised, blister-like spot, distinguished from the surface of the leaf mainly by its lighter color but furnished in the middle with a moderately long spine which is sometimes clavate but readily broken off and often lost when the galls attain maturity or in dried specimens. In this case there is a more or less conspicuous nipple left in the center of the gall. The gall is normally circular in outline, but often irregular and limited by the leaf-nervules. Average diameter, 5mm.; sculpture coarser than, but of the same nature as, that of the leaf. On the under side of leaf it is barely distinguishable as a slightly discolored spot, but the center rises from a thin base and, spreading out, assumes the form of a small flower (resembling somewhat that of a Convolvulus) or a star, and this resemblance to a flower is increased by the presence of a small, rounded, median nipple, which is often surrounded by a circular rim. Average height of this flower shaped excrescence, 1.25mm; diameter at top, 2.50mm. The walls of these galls are a little thicker than the leaf itself, and, as in the preceding species, the cell is a low chamber with a straight roof (i.e., toward the upper surface of the leaf) and the bottom a little convex. The mature pupa makes its way out through an oval slit always on one side of the roof of the gall. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42358#page/633/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus n. sp. 

  This gall occurs on the upper side of the leaf, is regularly circular in outline and abruptly depressed at its outer margin beneath the surface of the leaf. From this outer margin toward the center the gall gradually rises again to about the level of the surface or even above it, the center being furnished with an elongate nipple (frequently broken off). The color in fresh specimens is a little lighter than that of the leaf, but fully developed and dried specimens are more yellow. Surface opaque, either without any decided sculpture, or rugose and with the venation of the leaf still preserved. On the under side of the leaf it is distinctly elevated, averaging 2 mm in height and 5 mm wide, circular in outline, the sides not abruptly elevated but gradually rising, with a larger or smaller shallow depression at top which is often furnished with a small central nipple. Color, yellowish-green in fresh, and more yellow in dried specimens ; surface opaque, rugose. Gall woody and hard, the wall at the bottom about 1 mm in thickness; that of the roof about 0.5 mm. Cell formed as in the preceding species [Pachypsylla celtidisvesicula], but much larger; mode of issuing of mature pupa also as in the preceding. There is no difficulty in recognizing this gall, especially from its appearance on the upper side of a leaf. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42358#page/633/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla celtidis-mamma

  This gall, on upper side of leaf, is represented by a very regular cup-shaped impression, measuring on the average 4.5mm across, with the upper, outer rim always regularly circular, and not, or but slightly, elevated above the surface of the leaf; at the bottom of the cup a small median nipple (often obsolete); walls of the impression greenish, the bottom more yellowish. On the under side of the leaf it is much larger than in any of the other leaf galls, conical, either slightly narrowing apically or, more frequently, slightly enlarged. The sides are vertical or nearly so; the top broadly rounded without median depression or central nipple. Size very variable; averaging in height 6 to 7 mm, and in diameter at base 4 to 5 mm. Color pale greenish yellow, with the tip more brownish; surface opaque, rugosely reticulate; at base often covered with a whitish pruinescence, rarely with a few scattered hairs near the top. The walls of the gall are hard and woody, at the bottom averaging 1.75 mm, at the roof 0.75 mm in thickness. The cell is large, and in cross-section much more crescent-shaped than in the preceding species. The mature pupa issues through an oval slit sawed through the roof, always near the side where the wall is less thick. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21732#page/266/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla vesiculum

  This, the simplest of the psyllid galls, is a small (2-3 mm. dia.) monothalamous "blister" gall of the intervenal tissue, commonly found close to the principal veins of the leaf. They are apt to occur in great numbers. More or less evenly convex above; a small, rounded central papilla can be determined below. The galls, both above and below, become lighter in color than the normal leaf, though very green when young. Easily evident from the latter part of May on through the summer. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21732#page/262/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes sp. 

  This gall, a typical witches-broom, (PI. XIX, Fig. 1) represents a more or less serious disturbance of growth at the nodes. An excessive number (2 or 3 generally) of abnormal (wood reduced, pith increased) branches are produced from the same bud, followed by the development of an indefinite number of buds, all closely sessile in a mass at the node between the "gall" branches (PL XIII, Fig. 1). The subsequent infection of the basal buds of the new branches, the buds nearest to the original node attacked, accounts in great part for the characteristic irregular massing of the branches. If a young "broom" be stripped of its bark, (PL XIII, Fig. la), this relation of the primary and secondary branches is made evident. Often, however, in later years, buds located at the base of the primary "gall" branches will develop a shoot. After a number of years the mass of branches becomes so large as to be very conspicuous and unsightly. The author has investigated new branches growing on old galls without finding any mites. It seems probable that the condition of things grows worse after the primary infection, whether or not the mites are present. The gall proper is altogether confined to the nodes affected, in which region two prominent facts stand out in relation to the histology of the parts affected: (1) The bases of the gall branches have suffered an inhibition of their differentiation; (2) The cortex shows definite hyperplasia. These facts are shown in PL XIII, Fig. Ic, which illustrates the longitudinal section of the part indicated at c, in Fig. la, which is a longitudinal, median section through a primary "gall" branch and the normal twig, from which it has grown out. 

  Kellerman and Swingle (12, 13) have associated a fungus (Sphaerotheca phytoptophila Kell. and Sw.) with this gall. No mycelium was seen in the affected tissues; indeed none would be expected belonging to the fungus named, since its position among the Erysiphaceas would indicate it to be wholly superficial, the haustoria only affecting epidermal cells. Other well known witches-brooms, particularly those of Europe, have been shown to be caused by mites only. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21732#page/264/mode/1up
description:
  Lepidopteron (species undetermined) [this entry is included on the basis of the similarity of the gall; no formal assertion that this is the same species is known] 

  This gall, (PI. XIX, Fig. 2) is an aborted shoot from a lateral bud, developing very rapidly in the early spring, reaching its full size (in Kansas) toward the end of April. 1.5 ~ 3 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide. The nodes near the end of the gall bear small leaves which die early. Affected stems either smooth or pubescent. The larva finishes feeding on the central part of the galled twig and leaves the structure during the early part of May. It always eats out a circular hole near the base to make its exit. (PI. XIII, Fig. 2 a). The gall soon after turns brown and drops from the parent branch. 

  Patton (26) has described a "hollow, elongate, twig swelling" from which he states cecidomyidous flies emerged "about the middle of June." From his brief description it is impossible to state whether his gall is the same as the one here described. The flies noted might have been parasitic on the lepidopteron. 

  Riley reports a tortricid, Proteoteras aesculana Riley, occurring on the hackberry. No mention of any gall is made, however, in connection with this tree, other than that the larvae were found "on short twigs." On the buckeye and maple it "bores in the terminal green twigs, producing a swelling or pseudo-gall." (See Am. Nat. cit. below). This may be the insect concerned in the production of the lepidopterous gall herewith described, but from this mere suggestion of its gall forming habit, it is impossible to be certain. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21732#page/269/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla gemma Riley. Figure 5

  As indicated in the specific name of the insect, this is a gall of the bud. The bud incept suffers extreme modification in its development, an irregular sub-spherical structure being formed, containing from three to eight chambers. When the chambers are numerous the structure takes on a nodular aspect. 3-5 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide. In many specimens faint outlines are present, suggesting the normal scale structure, though in no case are free scales present. The color is lighter than that of the normal buds. Very common. 

  This gall differs from the preceding in that it is uniformly polythalamous and always projects from the stem as a definite (appendicular) modification of the bud. The protective layer does not occur immediately beneath a cork layer, but differentiates beneath a thick zone of tissue, which can be interpreted as the homolog of the outer bud scale. Fundamentally, however, the two galls are similar and they eventually may be shown to be caused by the same species of psyllid. They are here separated for the reason that no transition forms between them have been observed. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21732#page/270/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla mamma

  A short, sub-cylindric gall on the under side of the leaf, 5-8 mm. high, 4.5-5.5 mm. wide at base, almost uniformly arising near a principal vein. The distal end varies from a definitely smaller diameter than that at the base, to a noticeably larger diameter, in the first case the galls are sub-conic with rounded ends, in the second, sub-balloon-shape, with the ends more flattened. On the upper side of the leaf is a conspicuous circular depression or basin, in the center of which a minute conic papilla is evident. This papilla is part of the first gall tissue developed, being the cone which grew up around the larva in the process of embedding it in the leaf tissue. In color the galls are light green, varying to violet and purple tints. Most specimens show a definite bluish bloom. The adult galls are smooth, though when very young they are covered with an array of long acicular trichomes. The galls when fully mature show interiorly a dome-shaped cavity, which extends to the very base of the gall. This cavity is developed through the dehiscence of the middle tissue of the nutritive layer. A secondary chamber, variable in size, though much smaller, is found in the region beneath the papilla. It represents the failure of the tissue above the larva to grow completely together. The walls are firm and brittle. The insects leave the gall about the time of the first frost and as imagoes spend the winter concealed in the bark of the tree. The galls are more or less abundant on hackberry trees everywhere. 

  The discovery of the central, extremely narrow pit or canal in the distal half of this gall, makes it possible to correlate it to such varietal forms as Riley's P. curcurbita, which is smaller and presents a prominent, wide, yet deep, apical pit. If P. curcurbita should ultimately be shown to be a distinct species, it would as such form a transition type between P. vesiculum and P. mamma, though it stands closer to the latter than the former. One P. mamma gall studied failed to exhibit the presence of the distal pit. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21732#page/273/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla venusta

  This gall is a large, hard, asymmetrical, pear-shaped modification of the petiole, variable in size according to the number of chambers found in the gall; the chamber number being directly related to the number of insects concerned in the formation of one gall 1-2.5 cm. long, 8 mm. -18 mm. wide. Surface minutely roughened, destitute of hairs. Yellowish gray to brownish in color. At one side, near the distal end of the gall is always a prominent concavity which is apt to be bordered by the remnants of the leaf blade. Interiorly, radiating from a central core, the walls give rise to conic chambers (PI. XVI, Fig. 7a). This core, however, is attached directly to the wall of the sunken area or sinus, above mentioned. These chambers vary in number from 3 to 14. The radiating walls are very thin near the periphery where they join the hard outer shelL Fig. 7b shows the gall with the side removed. The chambers are nearly filled with a white, flocculent, waxen mass, a secretion of the nymphs. The pupae all emerge through the thin wall of the sunken area in the fall, and after the last ecdysis the insects fly to the bark, where they spend the winter. These galls are not common, the writer's entire collection numbering but a half dozen. They have not been seen in Ohio. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21732#page/281/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia sp. Cecidium nov. 

  A gall of the leaves, stem, petiole or fruit occurring generally in an aggregate condition. An isolated specimen on the stem will be described to elucidate the fundamental unit characteristics (PI. XVIII, Figs. 16, 16a). When found singly, the gall is irregularly conic or sub-cylindric, with a very blunt truncate tip. The chief character is involved in the fact that the gall eventually drops its larval chamber enclosed by the nutritive and protective layers. This central part of the gall which slips out has the shape of a short, blunt horn. The tapering of this structure toward the proximal part of the gall makes possible the easy departure of this larva containing portion when the dehiscence layer surrounding it gives way. The gall aggregates commonly occur at or near the end of the stem, the tissue, after the larval chambers have fallen, dying, turning black, giving the twig an unsightly appearance (PI. XIX, Fig. 6). In the case of a single gall (PI. XIX, Fig. 4) the stem is not killed, but the tissue of the "socket" part is cut off by an abscission layer (Fig. 16a, PI. XVIII). 

  The gall on the fruit (PI. XIX, Fig. 8) possesses exactly the same structure as those on other parts of the plant. The galls shown are not mature, the chamber not having burst through the surrounding supporting tissue. In section (PI. XIX Fig. 4) the galls are seen to project into the ovulary cavity, exhibiting in their entirety the characteristic shape observed in those of the leaf which project from both sides of the leaf. The ovule is aborted. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla mamma

  Mammiform, very large leaf gall without a depression or rim on the top, usually not pubescent, sometimes with a slight down at the base, diameter 4.5 mm.

  Pachypsylla rohweri

  Elevated, mammiform, with a long nipple-like protuberance, diameter 6 mm, on under surface of leaf of C reticulata.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla venusta

  Reniform, large, petiole gall involving the base of the leaf and with an opening, polythalamous.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla umbilicus

  Circular, depressed leaf gall on the upper surface, the outer rim depressed, the central part slightly raised and with a median spine; wartlike on the under surface, much flattened and with a depression in the middle; height 2 mm, diameter 5 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla asteriscus

  Star-shaped or flower-shaped leaf gall and not forming a depression on the under side, on the upper surface blisterlike, height 1.25 mm, diameter 5 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla vesiculum

  Blisterlike, yellowish, monothalamous gall occurring on both sides of the leaf and hardly raised above the surface.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/129/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia sp.

  Subconical, solitary or compound leaf, stem, petiole or fruit gall with a bluntly truncate, dehiscent larval cell, diameter about 4 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21732#page/267/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla sp. (gemma? see next) Figure 4

  This gall is a lateral, oval swelling of the stem, generally found near or involving the nodal region. 5-7 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide. Color and surface texture that of the normal bark. Predominately monothalamous ; confluent cases occur forming a two-chambered and even a three-chambered gall. Very common on the terminal twigs of the hackberry. Remnants of old galls can be made out on stems 5-10 years old. The galls are commonly torn open by birds to obtain the soft insects within, which spend the winter in the galls. One of these nymphs is shown on the gall (PI. XIX, Fig. 3). 

  It is not definitely known whether the imagoes from this gall and those from the next, P. gemma, are identical. The nymphs appear to be identical. The galls, however, are distinct, a difference, however, which may be referable to the plant part affected rather than to any specific behavior on the part of the insects respectively. This matter will be explained after P. gemma has been described. 

  This gall started in a similar manner to that of P. vesiculum, by the larva inducing a cone of tissue to grow over it, burying it in the superficial layer of the young stem. This minute cone early becomes obliterated. 


description:
  Pachypsylla venusta

  Pachypsylla celtidisgrandis
  Pachypsylla tridentata

  Hosts: Celtis occidentalis, tenuifolia, laevigata, reticulata

  Galls spherical and large (1-3 cm) on petiole, usually polythalamous

  All over the hosts ranges, northeast to CT, southwest to AZ, UT, southeast to Georgia, northwest to ID.


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidiscesicula

  Celtis occidentalis

  Galls inconspicuous, blister like, elevated on both upper and under sides of the leaf

  Range: Northeastern US, as for C occidentalis 


description:
  Star gall with upper central spine

  Pachypsylla celtidisasterisca

  Celtis laevigata, reticulata

  Galls rounded, raised on the upper side; star-shaped or flower-shaped on the under side

  Star gall without upper central spine

  Pachypsylla celtidisasterisca

  Celtis tenuifolia, (occidentalis) [parentheses indicate occasional observation]


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus

  Celtis occidentalis

  Galls disc-like or button-like, much flattened; upper depression with an outer rim and the central portion slightly raised with a median spine; under side wart-like, with a depression at middle

  MD, VA, AR, MO, IA, MS


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidismamma

  Celtis occidentalis

  Hairy nipple galls. Galls pubescent on the apical portion of the under side, but hairs easily rubbed off, giving glabrous appearance; upper side a  depression with central spine but no outer rim; under side nipple-like, longer than wide, without obvious central depression 

  Widely distributed in eastern North America, north to Ontario, south to NC, east to CT, NY, west to NE, KS, OK

  Pachypsylla rohweri

  Celtis reticulata

  Hairy nipple galls

  CO, TX, OK

  Conclusions about the status of several additional described nipple gall makers, including P. celtidispubescens, P. rohweri, P. celtidisglobulus, P. celtidiscucurbita and P. celtidiscucurbita var."?", can not be made, since they were not included in this study. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35069#page/502/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla c. inteneris, n. sp.

  Pachypsylla ungulata Caldwell 1938

  Celtis occidentalis, tenuifolia, laevigata, reticulata

  Galls oblong-oval, and are located in the twig or base of the larger limbs, just beneath the bark

  Reported from central and eastern US


description:
  Pachypsylla pallida

  Celtis reticulata

  gall densely pubescent on bud,  usually polythalamous

  Within the bud gallers, allozymes show little geographic variation, even between allopatric gall morphs, which argues against the separate species names, P. celtidisgemma Riley (glabrous bud gall) and P. pallida Patch (hairy bud gall) advanced for these morphs by some authors. However, the gall morphs are associated with differences in wing pattern and host affiliation. Within the petiole galls, there is significant allozyme differentiation among geographic populations on different hosts. The possibility that allopatric populations of the petiole and bud gallers are specifically distinct remains open.

  AZ, NM, OK


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidisgemma

  Celtis occidentalis, tenuifolia, laevigata

  Gall glabrous on bud, usually polythalamous

  Within the bud gallers, allozymes show little geographic variation, even between allopatric gall morphs, which argues against the separate species names, P. celtidisgemma Riley (glabrous bud gall) and P. pallida Patch (hairy bud gall) advanced for these morphs by some authors. However, the gall morphs are associated with differences in wing pattern and host affiliation. Within the petiole galls, there is significant allozyme differentiation among geographic populations on different hosts. The possibility that allopatric populations of the petiole and bud gallers are specifically distinct remains open.

  Central and eastern US


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidisasterisca Riley, 1890

  Pachypsylla celtidis-asteriscus Riley,  1884  [nomen  nudum].  Proc.  Amer. Assoc. Advan. Sci. 32:319.
  Pachypsylla celtidis-asteriscus Riley, 1890. USDA Bull. 7:618.
  Pachypsylla celtidisasterisca:  Riemann,  1966 [emendation]. Ann.  Entomol. Soc. Am. 59:1089.


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidismamma (Riley, 1875) 

  Psylla celtidis-mamma Riley, 1875. Johnson’s New Universal Cyclopaedia vol2, p. 415; fig. 1a-c.
  Pachypsylla celtidis-mamma: Riley, 1883. Can. Entomol. 15:157; fig. 7a-c.
  Pachypsylla c.-mammae [sic]: Patch, 1912. Maine Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 202:224.
  Pachypsylla  rowheri Cockerell,  1910.  Ent.  News  21:180. [synonymized  by Tuthill  1943:537]. 
  Pachypsylla  celtidismamma:  Riemann,  1966  [emendation].  Ann.  Entomol.Soc. Am. 59:1089.


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidisgemma Riley, 1885 

  Blastophysa c.-gemma Riley, 1884 [nomen nudum]. Proc. Amer. Assn. Advan. Sci. 32:319.
  Pachypsylla (Blastophysa) c.-gemma Riley, 1885. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 2:74.
  Pachypsylla gemma[sic]: Wells, 1916. Ohio J. Sci. 16:249-298. 
  Pachypsylla celtidis-gemma: Van Duzee, 1916. Checklist of Hemiptera, p. 87.
  Pachypsylla celtidisgemma: Riemann, 1966 [emendation]. Ann. Entomol. Soc.Am. 59:1089.


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidisinteneris Mally, 1894

  Pachypsylla c.-inteneris Mally, 1894. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 1:138.   
  Pachypsylla inteneris[sic]: Crawford, 1914. USDA Bull. 83:113. 
  Pachypsylla ungulata Caldwell, 1938. Ohio Biol. Surv. Bull. 34:255. [synonymized by Tuthill 1943:541].    
  Pachypsylla celtidis-inteneris: Tuthill, 1943. Iowa St. Coll. J. Sci. 17:540.
  Pachypsylla  celtidisinteneris:  Riemann,  1966  [emendation].  Ann.  Entomol.Soc. Am. 59:1089.


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidisvesicula Riley, 1890

  Pachypsylla c.-vesiculumRiley, 1884 [nomen nudum]. Proc. Amer. Assn. Adv.Sci. 32:319.
  Pachypsylla celtidis-vesiculum: Riley, 1890. USDA Bull. 7:618.
  Pachypsylla celtidis-vesicula: Tuthill, 1943 [emendation]. Iowa State Coll. J.Sci. 17:538.
  Pachypsylla celtidisvesicula:  Riemann,  1966  [emendation].  Ann.  Entomol.Soc. Am. 59:1089.


description:
  Pachypsylla pallida Patch, 1912 

  Pachypsylla  pallidaPatch,  1912.  Maine  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.  Bull.  202:225;  fig.403.


description:
  Pachypsylla venusta (Osten-Sacken) 1861

  Psylla venusta Osten-Sacken, 1861. Entomol. Zeit. Stettin 22:422
  Pachypsylla  celtidis-venusta: [sic]  Riley,  1883.  Can.  Entomol.  15:157-158;fig. 6.
  Psylla celtidis-grandis Riley, 1883. Can. Entomol. 15:157; fig. 6. 
  Pachypsylla venusta: Riley, 1885. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 2:72.
  Pachypsylla tridentata Patch, 1912. Maine Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 202:224; fig.415 [synonymized by Crawford, 1914:110].


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidisgemma Riley, 1885

  Diagnosis. Galls are formed from the buds (Tuthill 1943). They protrude from the stems.
  Distribution. Widely distributed in the eastern USA (Hodkinson 1988).
  Host plants. Celtis occidentalis L. (Cannabaceae).


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidisinteneris Mally, 1894
  Diagnosis. Galls are formed under the bark (Tuthill 1943).
  Distribution. USA: IL, KS, OH (Hodkinson 1988).
  Host plants. Celtis sp. (Cannabaceae).


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidismamma (Riley, 1875)

  Diagnosis. Pachypsylla  celtidismamma sensu Tuthill (1943) is a complex of closely related species with similar adult morphology but strongly differing gall shapes.
  Distribution. Widely distributed in eastern and central North America, adventive in CA (Percy et al. 2012).
  Host plants. Celtis laevigata Willd., C . occidentalis L. (Cannabaceae).


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidisvesicula Riley, 1890

  Diagnosis. Galls are blister-like (Tuthill 1943).
  Distribution. Widely distributed in the eastern and central North America, adventive in CA (Percy et al. 2012).
  Host plants. Celtis laevigata Willd.


description:
  Pachypsylla venusta (Osten-Saken, 1861)

  Diagnosis. This species is easy to recognize, because it is relatively much larger than the others. It makes large galls in the petioles of the leaves.
  Distribution. Widely distributed in the eastern and central USA (Hodkinson 1988).
  Host plants. Celtis laevigata Willd., C. occidentalis L. (Cannabaceae)


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus Riley, 1890

  Pachypsylla celtidis-umbilicus Riley, 1890. USDA Bull. 7:619.
  Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus: Yang et al., 2001. Zoologica Scripta 30:111.


description:
  A closely related bud galler, Pachypsylla celtidisgemma, may also have white pubescence and otherwise resemble the gall of P pallida. However, this species is at most slightly pubescent, not densely woolly like P pallida. See observation and [comment here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/53687992#activity_comment_395f678e-77af-4d1e-905b-4b8a7586ecf0). According to Riemann 1961, this likely indicates that P pallida and celtidisgemma are endmembers of a gradient from the hairless forms in eastern Texas to the woolly forms in Arizona that could reasonably be considered a single species. 


description:
  Walshomiya cupressi

  No known published resources have been located naming Hesperocyparis forbesii (Tecate cypress) as a known host, however, several examples of similar galls, not confirmed by rearing, have been observed on an isolated population of H. forbesii in San Diego, CA. 

  Examples:
  <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/69187202">Example 1</a>
  <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/75142876">Example 2</a>

  Note as well that the [2021 Gagne & Jaschhof catalog](https://www.gallformers.org/source/287) lists only "Cupressus pygmaea," a synonym for Hesperocyparis pygmaea, as a host.


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidisvesicula is the only "blister gall" caused by a named and formally described insect. Blister gall morphology varies substantially, however, and four additional species have been proposed to account for these differences. Three of these, P [reticulovesicula](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1328), [laevovesicula](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1327), and [rugosa](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1329), were given formal names by Riemann 1961, but because this was a PhD thesis and not a refereed publication, the names are not valid species. 

  These galls are easily distinguished from P celtidisvesicula, and less easily distinguishable from each other, by range, morphology, and host. P celtidisvesicula sensu strictu occurs in the northeastern US, from Minnesota to Quebec, north of DC; forms very small, typically numerous, galls with distinctly raised rings above, and only on Celtis occidentalis. The other three species occur primarily in Texas, with some found in Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Arizona as well, are larger and occur in smaller numbers, occasionally alone; are flat or sunken above; and are found either on Celtis laevigata, reticulata, or both.

  So far, blister galls have been reported only rarely from the southeastern US. Observations from [North Carolina](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/54967486) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/52384174) and [Tennessee](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/93785670) show galls on Celtis occidentalis but lacking the distinct raised circle of celtidisvesicula and with a size and shape more similar to laevovesicula. These may be related to a fourth proposed species, listed as ["? Blister gall with upper central spine"](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3102) by Yang 1995, noted on Celtis laevigata and tenuifolia in VA and LA, but they apparently lack the central spine, so this may be a regional variant of P celtidisvesicula or a different undescribed species. 


description:
  Nipplegall-forming psyllids on Celtis leaves are currently in a state of taxonomic uncertainty. Up to 6 species have been described from galls with distinct morphologies, all at one point synonymized as Pachypsylla celtidismamma. However, as of the most recent enumeration of species in the genus (Thomas, 2012), Pachypsylla celtidiscucurbita,  celtidisglobula, celtidismamma, and celtidispubescens were all still listed as valid. Users on Bugguide and iNaturalist have so far treated them all as synonymous, however (note that the "Pachypsylla celtidismamma complex" on Bugguide is a higher level taxon including other related psyllids, and isn't meant to distinguish the ones listed here). 

  The gall of P celtidismamma sensu strictu is a round-topped nub covered sparsely in white hair and with a powdery glaucous bloom on its surface, making them resemble marshmallows. The gall typically has a slightly mushroom or muffin-like shape, with a wider round top above a narrower cylindrical base. However, this upper flaring is occasionally absent, leaving the gall more nearly a blunt cone, and shape can be irregular in other ways. No scar, nipple, or protrusion occurs at the tip; rarely there is a slight depression. Its color is green-yellow darkening to pink or purple. Hair is considered a definitional trait of this species relative to its cousins, but some are occasionally found with both their hairs and glaucous bloom apparently polished away leaving a shining surface on the upper section of the gall. The depressions each gall makes on the upper side of the leaf are shallow and unrimmed, unlike many of their close relatives.


description:
  Small tufts of long white hairs scattered in numbers between the veins of Tilia americana, more or less symmetrically on both sides of the leaf. They have been observed in [Florida](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77311227#activity_comment_3338efb4-2224-45d1-b903-5e830b2396f7) in May and in [Ohio](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/29783620) in July. Old galls observed in Minnesota in October. The inducer is a midge. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=plaintext&seq=81&q1=perdens
description:
  Callirhytis perdens

  Quercus agrifolia, kelloggii, wislizeni 
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings or cells under bark/cells burst out thru cracks in bark
  Fig 66. Spindle-shaped. Polished laterally compressed cells burst out thru cracks in bark and drop in the fall.

  Fig. 66. Q. agrifolia. Occurs also on Q. kelloggii and wislizeni. The smooth polished cells burst out thru cracks in the bark and drop in the fall. Cells cut out in the fall of 1949 and kept out-of-doors in a cage all winter gave adults Apr. 15, 1950 and Mar.28 and Apr. 14, 1951.


description:
  Calirhytis perdens
  (Andricus perdens)

  Hosts: Quercus agrifolia, kelloggii, wislizeni

  While the gradually tapered galls are bark-colored, the linear black fissures that develop easily distinguish them from other stem galls. 


description:
  Round patches of raised or domed bark scattered along the trunk of a hackberry tree. Emergence holes suggest that either the inducing organism (or at least its parasitoids) are insects. Observed in May in [Texas](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77178654), though emergence holes indicate that the active season of the inducer was earlier. 


description:
  Callirhytis quercusagrifoliae
  (Andricus quercusagrifoliae)

  This cynipid wasp induces bright green, purple, beige, or white, mottled, round, monothalamous bud galls. 

  Hosts:
  Q. Agrifolia (coast live oak)
  Q. wislizeni (interior live oak) 


description:
  Callirhytis quercusagrifoliae
  (Andricus quercusagrifoliae)

  Tiny, 2 mm long, one-celled blister galls develop on leaves, in aborted buds, and on petioles. These galls develop rapidly, and bisexual males and females emerge in April, seven to eight weeks after egg deposition.


description:
  Because of their size, the galls of this generation may be difficult to see. Verifiable visual resources have not yet been established. 


description:
  Callirhytis quercuspomiformis
  (Andricus quercuspomiformis)

  Females [of the bisexual generation] oviposit in stem buds, resulting in the development of the summer, unisexual generation galls, which are large (up to 30 mm across), round, and covered with numerous short (about 2 mm long), prickly spines or projections. Specimens of these galls on coast live oak are often smoother than those on interior live oak.

  Hosts:
  Quercus agrifolia (coast live oak)
  Quercus wislizeni (interior live oak)


description:
  Callirhytis quercuspomiformis
  (Andricus quercuspomiformis)

  When fresh, they resemble goblets or mushrooms, with light green, yellow, red, and pink tones. With age they turn beige. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus agrifolia (coast live oak)
  Quercus wislizeni (interior live oak)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/239303#page/36/mode/1up
description:
  Oak-potato Gall-fly, Cynips Quercus-batatus, new species.

  A large, hard, uneven swelling, three-fourths of an inch thick and twice or thrice as long, resembling a potato in its shape, growing on white oak twigs more distant from their ends than the Oak-tumor.

  This gall might be mistaken for a large example of the Elliptic variety of the one first described ["Cynips quercus-arbos"--Callirhytis clavula?], but at each end the swelling arises much more abruptly from the limb, and on all sides of it, whereby the limb is wholly obliterated. Its surface is coated with a glaucous pale blue bloom. Internally it is of a dense corky texture in which are hard woody spots. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/226481#page/336/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus (Dolichostrophus) batatus (Fitch)

  GALL.--A woody, elongate stem swelling, wholly inseparable. Polythalamous, with a great many larval cells. Of irregular surface and shape, twisted, but in large part cylindrical, tapering gradually to the stem at either end; up to 20 mm in length and 8 mm wide (bisexual forms); but sometimes several galls more or less fused, the surface covered with normal bark, drying brown in bisexual forms, with a whitish or purplish bloom in the agamic forms [this is backwards compared to every other source except Melika et al 1997, who clearly copied their description from Kinsey]. Internally hard and woody, the tissue not considerably modified except by the larval cells, these cells densely packed, largely toward the surface, each with a distinct but wholly inseparable lining. The bisexual form on older stems involving the bases of the petioles; on white oaks. 

  Neuroterus batatus variety batatus 
  bisexual form bisexualis Kinsey 

  Involved, without distinctive name, in most references to the agamic form dated 1865 or later. 

  Gall. — Similar to that of the agamic generation, but much smaller. On young stems of Quercus alba. These galls start growth about the middle of May, the adults emerging, in about equal numbers of the sexes, by the middle of June or later. 

  Neuroterus batatus variety prini, new variety
  bisexual form prini, new form

  Neuroterus noxiosus
  Neuroterus noxiosus form vernalis

  Gall.--Similar to that of noxiosus form vernalis; on Quercus prinus [montana].

  Range.--RI or eastern MA. Probably confined to Q prinus [montana] in a more northeastern part of the US.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16213231#page/582/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus quercusbatatus (Fitch) 

  Cynips Quercus-batatus Fitch 1859: 810. Females and males (type examined). 
  Neuroterus batata Basset: Ashmead 1885a: 296, 303. 
  Neuroterus batatus form bisexualis  Kinsey 1920:  334. 
  Neuroterus (Dolichostrophus) batatus var. batatus form bisexualis  Kinsey  1923: 4. 
  Neuroterus  quercusbatatus: Burks 1979: 1074. 
  Cynips noxiosus Bassett 1881: 108. Females,  males, galls of both  generations (types examined). New synonymy. 
  Neuroterus noxiosus form vernalis Kinsey 1920: 337. Bisexual generation.

  Distribution.-Ontario, Rhode  Island, Connecticut  west to Illinois, Colorado, south to  Florida. 

  Biology.-Alternate bisexual  and unisexual generations  are known. Both  generations  induce  stem-swelling  galls  on Quercus alba L. (Ashmead 1885a, Burks 1979). In  Florida, the galls of the bisexual  generation also develop on Q. chapmanii and Q. margaretta. The  gall is a  woody,  elongate stem swelling. It is polythalamous,  with an irregular  shape and a surface that is covered by normal  bark,  twisted,  but  in  large  part cylindrical, tapering  gradually  to  the  stem at  both ends and up to  20 mm long  and 8 mm wide in  the bisexual form. Sometimes several  galls  can  more or less fuse, drying brown in bisexual forms, or with a  whitish or purplish bloom in unisexual forms [an apparent mistake, copied from Kinsey; these should the other way around]. Internally hard and woody, the tissue is  little modified except by the larval cells which  are  densely  packed,  each  with a distinct but wholly inseparable lining. The bisexual form is on older stems involving the bases of the petioles. The galls of the bisexual  generation are less  woody, usually on younger twigs, and develop in late spring to early summer. The adults  emerge in June and July.


description:
  Galls of Neuroterus quercusbatatus on Quercus alba and Quercus bicolor are fairly distinct, especially in the agamic generation. On Quercus alba, they seem to primarily affect the twigs of the new growing shoots in spring, swelling them into thick, elongated tuber-like swellings with glaucous surfaces, often purple in color later in the season, typically sprouting unaffected petioles and leaves. In the winter, these galls are found without leaves, often pecked open by birds to reveal the densely packed cells inside. 

  On hosts other than Quercus bicolor, because both agamic and sexual generation galls occur primarily on "stems," the two generations can be somewhat difficult to distinguish when no longer fresh. Fortunately this is not necessary for a species-level ID. Beutenmuller's illustrations are not labelled to distinguish the generations so all 8 are included in both pages. 


description:
  Neuroterus quercusbatatus (Fitch 1959)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Sexual generation stem swelling gall found in Florida in the spring.]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/191/mode/1up
description:
  Sex. gen. of Neuroterus batatus (Fitch)

  Stem galls.
  OAK POTATO GALL. Irregularly fusiform, tuber-like stem swellings, 10-40 mm. long by 15 mm. in diameter, deforming the terminal twigs of small trees or sprouts of Q. alba.
  In spring at base of the new growth, fleshy, green, glaucous, the adults emerging the latter half of June.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/272/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus batatus (Fitch)

  The succulent stem galls of the sexual generation on the new growth were seen [in IL and IN] the adults emerging at Evanston June 16-25, 1913, at Michigan City June 26, 1906. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/115/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus quercus-batatus (Fitch)

  Quercus alba
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Sex. gen. Green, covered with pale blue bloom, 15 mm. in dia., on new growth in June.

  [Photo caption]
  Fig 125. On Q. alba. Photo also shows the alternating sex. gen. covered with bluish bloom. Adults emerge June 16-25 (IL), May 21 (DC).

  [Presumed synonyms]
  Quercus breviloba
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  A stem swelling 10 by 30 mm like the summer form of Neuroterus quercus-batatus


description:
  Callirhytis quercussuttoni

  These unisexual-generation monothalamous galls begin their development in summer and continue to grow until the following spring. 

  Hosts:
  Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia)
  Interior live oak (Quercus wislizeni)


description:
  A gall matching potentially matching this description was observed in [Ohio](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/61309148) in September. 


description:
  Callirhytis quercussuttoni (bisexual generation)

  As the leaves unfold in spring, small, 3 mm long, green blisters develop on the petioles and leaf veins.  

  Hosts:
  Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia)
  Interior live oak (Quercus wislezeni)


description:
  Dryocosmus minusculus

  This cynipid wasp induces tiny, 1 mm wide pumpkin-shaped galls on the upper surface of leaves of all species in the black oak group.

  Hosts:
  Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia)
  Interior live oak (Quercus wislizeni)
  California black oak (Quercus kelloggii)


description:
  Dryocosmus minusculus 

  Quercus agrifolia, wislizeni, kelloggii
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Brown buttons with a minute pit in the center above, dropping when mature. On upper of side leaf. Fig 111. Diameter 2.5 mm.

  Fig 111 Q-agrifolia, wislizeni and rarely on kelloggii. Occur in fall on upper side of leaf, dropping when mature. Said to be so numerous some years as to defoliate a tree. Some years not common. Adults out Apr. 17 (Mt. Diablo). The guest fly, Synergus agrifoliae Ashm. often reared from it, varies in color pattern and has been described as Synergus maculatus Full. and as nergus obscurus McC. & Egb. 

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=69&q1=%22dryocosmus%20minusculus%22


description:
  Melikaiella flora (bisexual generation)

  These integral, polythalamous galls of the bisexual generation measure 40 mm long by 10 mm across. Galls show more on the underside of the petioles and leaves than on the upper side, which can be distorted by gall development. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus agrifolia
  Quercus wislizeni


description:
  Melikaiella flora

  A gall matching the description of this species has been frequently observed on trees identified as Shreve oak, Quercus parvula var shrevei, which is known to hybridize with its known hosts. However, this relationship has not been confirmed by rearing to our knowledge.

  Verifiable visual resources have not yet been established.


description:
  Melikaiella flora comb. n.

  Callirhytis flora
  Callirhytis milleri
  Callirhytis essigi

  The asexual form induces acorn galls on Q. agrifolia, Q. californica Cooper [apparently a synonym of Q kelloggii], Q. kelloggii Newb. and Q. wislinzeni.

  The asexual gall (Figs. 15j-k) is a compact stone-hard mass, containing 4-12 cells inside acorns more or less filling the interior of the acorn; the woody mass thus occupies the centre of the acorn instead of cotyledons. The gall occurs in late summer; larvae remain in the galls at least 1.5-2.5 years before pupation (Dailey et al., 1974; Weld, 1922b); adults emerge in late March and April (Dailey et al., 1974; Weld, 1922b)

  Range: CA

  [They also note that there are two distinct varieties, one found on Quercus wislizeni and the other on Quercus agrifolia, which further research may determine to be two distinct species.]


description:
  Melikaiella flora (unisexual generation)
  [Page 96]

  [Females of bisexual generation] deposit their eggs in young acorns. In fall, the aborted galled acorns drop to the ground where the unisexual generation larvae remain in a pre-pupal stage for about a year and a half. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus agrifolia
  Quercus wislizeni


description:
  Callirhytis perfoveata

  This cynipid wasp induces round, monothalamous, integral leaf galls in spring on all species in the black oak group. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus agrifolia
  Quercus kelloggii
  Quercus wislizeni


description:
  Pachypsylla venusta

  Gall: Occurs at junction of leaf blade and petiole, spherical on C. laevigata, sometimes irregularly shaped and lobed on C. reticulata especially in western Texas, outer covering open above forming a cavity over the cells; polythalmic with 1-30 cells, average about 6; size from 3 mm to over 2 cm. The structure of this species and its large size permits it to be readily distinguished from the other species of Pachypsylla.  Its galls are so regularly present and abundant in Central Texas that they are practically a key feature for the hackberries of this region.  Since, however, it is not common in the northern states where most work on Pachypsylla has been carried out only incidental notes have appeared In the literature concerning its biology.

  Range: Tuthill  (1943) states that P. venusta was known at that time from Iowa, Kansas, Colorado, Texas, New Mexico, Ohio, Mississippi, Tennessee, North Carolina, New Jersey, and Con-necticut.  Wells  (1914), however, stated that he had not seen this species in Ohio, and Caldwell  (1938) listed only one locality for this state.  Moser  (1958) did not find it in New York and apparently not in Ohio. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53913200#page/67/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis perfoveata 

  The green, nearly spherical, succulent, monothalamous integral leaf galls (Figs. 5 & 6) were noted by the senior author in the new growth of Q. wislizenii at Folsom Lake, Placer Co., California.


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidisgemma

  Gall:  Formed in the axillary buds of hackberry, usually polythalmic with one to twelve or more cells; sparsely pubescent in the eastern portion of Texas, covered with a dense matt of long white hair in the western part of the state, intermediate forms occurring where the eastern and western forms come in contact. 

  A few problems relative to this species were discovered during the course of this study.  

  There are in Texas two forms of bud galls which are distinctly different in appearance  (Plate VIII).  One of these forms is only sparsely pubescent and most of its pubescence is lost in the course of a season.  This form occurs in Central and East Texas, that is, over the part of the state where C. laevigata is the common species of hackberry.  The other form is covered with a dense matt of long white hair which remains on the galls at least during the current season.  This  form occurs In West Texas in areas where C. reticulata is the most common species.  Also it apparently occurs along the entire length of the Rio Grande River at least below Del Rio. At Brownsville this was the only pachypsyllld gall which was found in large numbers.  In addition bud galls of this form were found on the hackberries in northeastern Oklahoma. 

  Apparently  the two gall forms are not simply modifications due to development on different host trees.  At Austin and at other localities in Central Texas the sparsely pubescent form was found on trees having the characteristics of C. reticulata as well as on C. laevigata.  Also, near Fredericksburg and in Inks Lake State Park near Bertram a few densely pubescent galls were found on trees with leaves typical of C. laevigata.  On the basis of these observations it was concluded that these two types of galls were due to differences in the gallmakers themselves. 

  If the above conclusion is correct it would appear that the gallmakers having a genotype capable of producing densely pubescent galls are adapted to developing on C. reticulata although not limited to trees having the typical features, at least, of this hackberry.  The occurrence of these galls on the population of hackberries along the Rio Grande and on those in northwestern Oklahoma are probably evidence of considerable introgression of C. reticulata characters into the trees of these areas.  This is particularly indicated by the fact that other C. reticulata galls are found on the trees of these regions. 

  In Inks Lake State Park and near Laredo some galls were found which appeared  to be clearly intermediate between the two forms, and even at Austin some galls were pubescent enough to approach the western form in appearance.  However, the two forms have not been studied in the field in enough detail to determine with any considerable accuracy either the boundaries of the ranges of the two forms or the width of the zone of intergradation. 

  Collection records do indicate that in Central Texas the areas of changeover from the eastern to the western form correspond at least roughly to those areas where C. laevigata is replaced by C. reticulata as the most common hackberry.  Further  they indicate that the zone of intergradation between the two forms is relatively narrow.

  The above findings and the fact that no differences were found in the genitalia of specimens from the various collection sites strongly indicates that only a single species of bud pachypsyllld occurs in Texas and, in the opinion of the author, this is probably true for the United States as a whole.  If this can be shown to be true on the basis of later investigations P. pallida and P. dubia, two allied forms described by Patch in 1912 can likely be considered as synonyms of P. celtidisgemma. 

  The most plausible Interpretation of the information available in the literature and the observations made in the course of this study would seem to be that there are in the United States two populations of P. celtidisgemma with distinct galls which intergrade in Texas.  There is an eastern "typical" P. celtidisgemma gall and gallmaker which occurs on C. laevigata and the other eastern hackberries, and a western P. pallida gall and gallmaker which occur principally on C. reticulata. Between the two groups of gallmakers there is a very broad zone of intergradation, while between the galls there is a much shorter zone.  This Intergradation is correlated with inter-gradation in Celtis and could presumably be used to some extent as a measure of this intergradation.  Since the form of the gall is a reflection of the physiology of the gallmakers the relatively narrow zone of Intergradation between the gall forms demonstrates that there is a higher degree of host adaptation in the bud gallmakers than would be indicated just on the basis of their coloration.

  Possibly P. dubia, on which there is no locality data, represents Intermediates between the P. celtidisgemma and P. pallida forms.


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidisinteneris

  Gall: Occurring as Inconspicuous blisterlike elevations of the bark on younger stems of hackberry.  They are monothalmic  and  the psyllld cells occur Just beneath the bark.

  Range: Texas. P. celtldisinteneris has been previously reported from Iowa, Illinois, Kansas and Ohio.


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidismamma  (Riley)  (occidentalis nipple gallmaker)

  Gall. This gall is much larger than those of the other nipple galls.  On the upper leaf surface they are seen as cup-shaped depressions 4 to 5 mm in diameter, in the central part of the cup there is either a short projection or a distinct spine. Below the gall projects usually as a vertical cylinder for 5 to 7 mm, the end may be truncated or somewhat irregularly pointed.  Texture rugose reticulate.  Color greenish yellow at maturity, not shining. 

  Hosts and distribution:  In view of the numerous forms with which this species has been confused the distribution records for it are somewhat unreliable, but probably it occurs throughout the range of its known host C. occidentalis.  I have seen specimens which could be readily determined as P. celtidismamma from Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, New York and Delta, Manitoba, and rather definite records are available for it from Ohio and several other midwestern states.  The Texas specimens were collected near the Panhandle towns of Canadian, Miami and Wheeler.

  P. celtidispubescens and P. celtldismamma are sympatric  in  northwestern  Oklahoma and adjacent areas of Texas where they often occur on the same trees.  


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidisgemma [Riemann considers P pallida a variant of this species]

  Gall:  Formed in the axillary buds of hackberry, usually polythalmic with one to twelve or more cells; sparsely pubescent in the eastern portion of Texas, covered with a dense matt of long white hair in the western part of the state, intermediate forms occurring where the eastern and western forms come in contact. 

  A few problems relative to this species were discovered during the course of this study.  

  There are in Texas two forms of bud galls which are distinctly different in appearance  (Plate VIII).  One of these forms is only sparsely pubescent and most of its pubescence is lost in the course of a season.  This form occurs in Central and East Texas, that is, over the part of the state where C. laevigata is the common species of hackberry.  The other form is covered with a dense matt of long white hair which remains on the galls at least during the current season.  This  form occurs In West Texas in areas where C. reticulata is the most common species.  Also it apparently occurs along the entire length of the Rio Grande River at least below Del Rio. At Brownsville this was the only pachypsyllld gall which was found in large numbers.  In addition bud galls of this form were found on the hackberries in northeastern Oklahoma. 

  Apparently  the two gall forms are not simply modifications due to development on different host trees.  At Austin and at other localities in Central Texas the sparsely pubescent form was found on trees having the characteristics of C. reticulata as well as on C. laevigata.  Also, near Fredericksburg and in Inks Lake State Park near Bertram a few densely pubescent galls were found on trees with leaves typical of C. laevigata.  On the basis of these observations it was concluded that these two types of galls were due to differences in the gallmakers themselves. 

  If the above conclusion is correct it would appear that the gallmakers having a genotype capable of producing densely pubescent galls are adapted to developing on C. reticulata although not limited to trees having the typical features, at least, of this hackberry.  The occurrence of these galls on the population of hackberries along the Rio Grande and on those in northwestern Oklahoma are probably evidence of considerable introgression of C. reticulata characters into the trees of these areas.  This is particularly indicated by the fact that other C. reticulata galls are found on the trees of these regions. 

  In Inks Lake State Park and near Laredo some galls were found which appeared  to be clearly intermediate between the two forms, and even at Austin some galls were pubescent enough to approach the western form in appearance.  However, the two forms have not been studied in the field in enough detail to determine with any considerable accuracy either the boundaries of the ranges of the two forms or the width of the zone of intergradation. 

  Collection records do indicate that in Central Texas the areas of changeover from the eastern to the western form correspond at least roughly to those areas where C. laevigata is replaced by C. reticulata as the most common hackberry.  Further  they indicate that the zone of intergradation between the two forms is relatively narrow.

  The above findings and the fact that no differences were found in the genitalia of specimens from the various collection sites strongly indicates that only a single species of bud pachypsyllld occurs in Texas and, in the opinion of the author, this is probably true for the United States as a whole.  If this can be shown to be true on the basis of later investigations P. pallida and P. dubia, two allied forms described by Patch in 1912 can likely be considered as synonyms of P. celtidisgemma. 

  The most plausible Interpretation of the information available in the literature and the observations made in the course of this study would seem to be that there are in the United States two populations of P. celtidisgemma with distinct galls which intergrade in Texas.  There is an eastern "typical" P. celtidisgemma gall and gallmaker which occurs on C. laevigata and the other eastern hackberries, and a western P. pallida gall and gallmaker which occur principally on C. reticulata. Between the two groups of gallmakers there is a very broad zone of intergradation, while between the galls there is a much shorter zone.  This Intergradation is correlated with inter-gradation in Celtis and could presumably be used to some extent as a measure of this intergradation.  Since the form of the gall is a reflection of the physiology of the gallmakers the relatively narrow zone of Intergradation between the gall forms demonstrates that there is a higher degree of host adaptation in the bud gallmakers than would be indicated just on the basis of their coloration.

  Possibly P. dubia, on which there is no locality data, represents Intermediates between the P. celtidisgemma and P. pallida forms.


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidispubescens Riley, 1890

  Pachypsylla celtidis-pubescens Riley, 1890. USDA Bull. 7:620.
  Pachypsylla  celtidispubescens:  Riemann,  1966  [emendation].  Ann.  Entomol.Soc. Am. 59:1089.


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidisglobula Riley, 1890

  Pachypsylla celtidis-globulus Riley, 1890. USDA Bull. 7:621.
  Pachypsylla celtidisglobula: Yang et al., 2001 [emendation]. Zoologica Scripta 30:98.


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidiscucurbita Riley, 1890

  Pachypsylla c.-cucurbita Riley, 1883 [nomen nudum]. Can. Entomol. 15:158.
  Pachypsylla celtidis-cucurbita Riley,  1884  [nomen  nudum].  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc. Advan. Sci. 32:319. 
  Pachypsylla celtidis-cucurbita Riley, 1890. USDA Bull. 7:621.
  Pachypsylla cucurbita [sic]:  Smith  &  Taylor,  1953.  J.  Kansas  Entomol.  Soc.26:103.
  Pachypsylla celtidiscucurbita Riemann, 1966 [emendation]. Ann.  Entomol.Soc. Am. 59:1089.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42358#page/635/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla celtidiscucurbita n. sp. 

  This gall, on the upper side of the leaf, forms a cup shaped impression, deeper than in P. c.-mamma., but less deep and with the walls less vertical than in P. c.-globulus ; the cavity is also not widened internally. The outer rim is not sharply limited and not elevated except in one specimen, where it is thickened and bulging as in P. c.-pubescens. The walls and the bottom of the cup are not distinctly sculptured and of a greenish-yellow color (in dried specimens), the rim being reddish yellow and rugose. Average diameter, 1.75 mm. 

  On the under side of the leaf it arises from a rather slender, but not stylate, base and widens gradually to the middle, thence gradually narrowing toward apex. When viewed from the side the outline of the gall is therefore oval, but the top is always truncate. The sides near the top are furnished with short ribs, which are separated from each other by wide shallow depressions; the apex is formed by an acute rim, which surrounds a cup-shaped depression varying in size and depth according to specimens. Surface neither pubescent nor shining, but finely and indistinctly strigose. Color (dried specimen) rather bright yellow, brownish near center. Average height of gall, 4 mm; diameter, 3.3 mm. Cell as in P. c.mamma, the bottom wall at center much less thick than at sides. 

  Pachypsylla celtidis-cucurbita var. ? 

  Gall as seen on the upper side of leaf either as in P. c.-cucurbita, or more often as in P. c.-globulus, i. e., the impression is vertical and widening internally, but the upper rim is either barely or not at all elevated. On the under side of the leaf it is always sessile, not oval in outline, but depressed and button- shaped ; the disk being greatly flattened and with a shallow depression having a small central nipple and surrounded by two concentrical rims, the inner one often obsolete, the outer one rarely so. The sides of the gall have either faint longitudinal furrows or are irregularly rugose. Size very variable ; average height, 1.75 mm; width, 3 mm. 

  Whether or not this form is specifically distinct from the typical P. c.-cucurbita can not yet be decided. Of the latter I have not many specimens, all from Missouri; while of the variety I have numerous specimens from Missouri and Texas. No specimens strictly intermediate have yet been found. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla cucurbita

  Globose, not pubescent, sessile leaf gall, wider than high, much flattened on the top and usually with two concentric, elevated rims and a central nipple.


description:
  Pachypsylla sp. (laevigata nipple gallmaker)

  Gall: As seen above a circular depression, usually widening internally, bottom of depression flattened with a very short central projection; below the longer galls appear as short cylinders arising from a constricted, shorter ones appear button-like; distal end depressed from an outer rim in center of which there may be a small elevation.  Color tan at maturity, glabrous, shiny.  Size variable, width 3 to 4 mm, length 2 to 4 mm. As previously stated this is thought to be the gall Riley (1890) described as P. celtidiscucurbita variety?

  Hosts and distribution:  During this study the galls of this species were found in abundance at only one site, Palmetto State Park, near Luling.  Scattered galls were noted at numerous other sites in Central Texas including around Austin, and a few specimens were found at a site 15 miles west of Oklahoma City. With the exception of some at Palmetto State Park  (Table II) all of these were on trees considered  to be C. laevigata.  In  the case of this exception the morphology of the galls was essentially the same on both hosts.

  Some galls rather similar to those occurring on C. laevigata were collected by Dr. John Moser in Maryland from trees thought to be C. tenuifolla.  They differ most markedly (Plate XXX) from the c. laevigata form in being more oval as seen from the side and fit rather well Riley's description of P. celtidiscucurbita.

  The C. laevigata and the C. reticulata nipple galls have not yet been found together in a single locality.  Galls of the C. laevigata species were found near Oklahoma City and further collections may demonstrate  that the range of this gallmaker overlaps those of the other nipple galls In this region.


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidiscucurbita [not listed in the key in which Yang provides gall descriptions, included in Table 1-2 listing described species without endorsing their validity or updating info]

  Host: Celtis tenuifolia

  Gall: Glabrous nipple gall

  Range: Northeastern US, eg MD, VA, MO, MS


  P. sp. Riemann 1961 (probably=P celtidiscurcurbita var ? Riley 1890)

  Celtis laevigata

  Gall: Glabrous nipple gall

  Southern US, eg MO, TX

  Conclusions about the status of several additional described nipple gall makers, including P. celtidispubescens, P. rohweri, P. celtidisglobulus, P. celtidiscucurbita and P. celtidiscucurbita var."?", can not be made, since they were not included in this study. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42358#page/634/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla celtidis-pubescens n. sp.

   This gall on the upper side of the leaf is represented by a small circular cup-shaped impression, surrounded by a rather wide, thickened, and elevated margin, and furnished at the bottom with a small, usually star- shaped, median nipple. The bottom and sides of the impression are smooth and shining, and occasionally beset with a few scattered hairs; the elevated margin is coarsely rugose-plicate, and usually also shining. Average diameter of gall, including elevated rim, about 3 mm; without the latter, nearly 2mm. On the under side of leaf it is usually semi- globular, entirely sessile, sometimes more flattened, rarely more globular and then less sessile. Surface more or less rugose, not shining, and covered with long but not densely placed white woolly hairs. There is sometimes a small apical nipple surrounded by a slight depression. Average diameter, 3 mm. Color pale greenish-yellow. The walls are very thin, but much thicker than the leaf itself; the roof is straight and the cell comparatively large and crescent-shaped in a cross- cut. Mode of issuing of mature pupa as in the preceding. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42358#page/635/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla celtidis-globulus n. sp. 

  A gall on the upper side of the leaf represented by a very circular hole with vertical walls near the top and widening internally; the rim is not thickened, but is vertically elevated above the leaf surface around the opening. The walls and bottom of the excavation are without decided sculpture and of a lighter color than the leaf; the elevated rim is of the same color as and not thicker than the leaf. Average diameter 1.75 mm. On the under side of the leaf the gall is globular or slightly more pyriform and almost stylate, or slightly more flattened and more sessile. There is a larger or smaller shallow apical depression without central nipple, but sometimes limited by a raised rim. Surface a little shining, finely rugose and not pubescent, rarely furnished with a solitary hair. Average diameter 3.3 mm. I have only a single leaf covered with these galls received from Columbia, S. C, collected in the month of September. No imago has been reared therefrom. This is at once distinguished from the preceding species by the very deep vertical impression on the upper side of the leaf and its globular smooth form on the under side of the leaf. 


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidispubescens

  Gall: Above a simple cup-shaped pubescent depression; below spherical, 2 to 3 mm in diameter, covered with white hairs even when the leaf is nonpubescent, green in color until fall then brown.

  Hosts and distribution:  This species appears to be essentially restricted  to the range of C. reticulata.  A few galls were found on C. laevigata; these had the same morphology as those found on C. reticulata.  As mentioned  these galls were found to be very numerous on the introgressed hackberries of northwestern Oklahoma, again with typical morphology  in both the galls and the gallmakers.

  In Texas galls of P. celtidispubescens were collected at widely separated sites in the western part of the state from Alpine to the Panhandle.  In these collections it was found in large numbers only in the Davis Mountains and In that part of Texas adjoining northwestern Oklahoma as well as at a few other scattered sites.  In many collections it was not found at all or in very low numbers.  For example only a very few specimens were found in the areas around Amarlllo and Lubbock.  It was not found in the area of Austin nor in other areas where C. laevigata is the common  type of hackberry. 

  P. celtidispubescens and P. celtldismamma are sympatric  in  northwestern  Oklahoma and adjacent areas of Texas where they often occur on the same trees. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla pubescens

  Subglobular, sessile, smaller leaf gall with long hairs and with a smooth, shining impression on the upper surface, diameter 3 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla globulus

  Globular, subsessile, small leaf gall with a small impression at the top, not pubescent.


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidisglobulus

  Celtis tenuifolia

  Glabrous nipple gall. Galls glabrous; upper side forming a cup-like depression with an outer rim; under side rounded, nearly as long as wide or wider than length, apple-like, with a central depression

  Northeastern US, eg MD, VA, MO, MS

  Though more evidence is needed, it is probable that in addition to the blister galler, the three species named by Riley but synonymized by others (e.g. Crawford, 1914; Tuthill, 1943) , i.e. P. ,celtidisumbilicus (disc galler), P. celtidisglobulus (glabrous nipple galler) and P. celtidisasterisca (star galler), should be revived. 

  Conclusions about the status of several additional described nipple gall makers, including P. celtidispubescens, P. rohweri, P. celtidisglobulus, P. celtidiscucurbita and P. celtidiscucurbita var."?", can not be made, since they were not included in this study. 


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidispubescens [not listed in the key in which Yang provides gall descriptions, included in Table 1-2 listing described species without endorsing their validity or updating info]

  Celtis reticulata

  Southwestern U. S., e.g. TX, OK, CO, MS.

  Conclusions about the status of several additional described nipple gall makers, including P. celtidispubescens, P. rohweri, P. celtidisglobulus, P. celtidiscucurbita and P. celtidiscucurbita var."?", can not be made, since they were not included in this study. 


description:
  This species was declared a synonym of Pachypsylla celtidismamma by Tuthill and others and has been treated as such by users on Bugguide and iNaturalist. However, it is listed as valid in Thomas 2012, apparently the most recent listing of species in the genera.

  Of all the debated synonyms of P celtidismamma, this species seems to resemble it most closely. Galls apparently conforming to this description have been observed in [AZ](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/28962020) [2](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/28962030) and [NM](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/12551549) [2](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/56700268) have definitely raised upper cups and are apparently smaller and longer-haired than P celtidismamma in the northern and eastern US, but differ most obviously in their range. 


description:
  This species was declared a synonym of Pachypsylla celtidismamma by Tuthill and others and has been treated as such by users on Bugguide and iNaturalist. However, it is listed as valid in Thomas 2012, apparently the most recent listing of species in the genera, and its gall is readily distinguished from Pachypsylla celtidismamma sensu strictu.

  Pachypsylla celtidisglobula galls are narrow near the leaf but expand to a blunt, wide tip that resembles the bottom of a particularly squat apple in the way it pulls in to a central scar. This scar is the most reliable way to distinguish it from Pachypsylla celtidismamma sensu strictu. However, when the latter is hairless and its glaucous coat is rubbed off, it tends to be shiny, while celtidisglobula galls are never glacous and generally matte. The galls are green-apple green in the summer, fading to tan-brown by the fall or sometimes blush red-purple on the outer face. Two galls occasionally grow together, forcing each to bend at an angle. 

  It is not clear how to distinguish them from P celtidiscucurbita.


description:
  This species was declared a synonym of Pachypsylla celtidismamma by Tuthill and others and has been treated as such by users on Bugguide and iNaturalist. However, it is listed as valid in Thomas 2012, apparently the most recent listing of species in the genera.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/280/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus fugiens, new species

  Host.--Quercus macrocarpa

  Gall (fig 29).--A lens-shaped thickening in the parenchyma of a leaf always adjacent to a vein. Single or more or less confluent in a row. Most conspicuous from the lower side where rose-red hairs show against its translucent white background. On upper surface showing a very slight swelling only and only a slightly lighter green color. Exit hole above where wall is thinnest. Causes wrinkling and deformation of the leaf if numerous. Occurs in spring when young leaves are about one-third grown. 

  Habitat. — The type material is from galls collected on Q. macrocarpa at Willow Springs, IL., May 24, 1919, when some of the cells contained larvae and others pupae. The adults issued by May 30. The galls were seen also at Evanston. 

  Biology. — On June 16, 1916, empty galls on burr oak were seen at Evanston and on the same stump sprouts were found half-grown galls of the saltarius described above suggesting that this is the alternating generation of that species. On May 28, 1916, at Evanston on the small lower branches from the trunk of a tree of Q. bicolor these galls were found, some with exit holes and others containing pupae. Adults apparently from these galls were seen ovipositing on the under side of the leaves which were then about 3 inches long. Unfortunately none of the flies was preserved. Old leaves on the ground bore evidence of the presence of the jumping gall the previous fall. Experimental proof of this suggested life history is needed as the adults seem to go in the subgenus Diplobius., created for species whose alternating galls are practically identical. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505980#page/199/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus fugiens

  Cells lenticular, adjacent to a vein in rows, more conspicuous on lower side which is covered with sparse rosy hairs, the wall thinner above. In early spring when leaves are one-third grown on Q macrocarpa. Adults emerged May 30. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/20253#page/228/mode/1up
description:
  Pachypsylla rohweri n. sp. 

  Galls crowded on underside of leaf of Celtis reticulata Torrey; about 6 mm. diameter, elevated, mammiform, with a long nipple-like protuberance. Mr. S. A. Rohwer collected the galls at Boulder, Colorado (where I have also found them), and bred the adults August 30, 1907. 


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidisvesicula (occidentalis regular blister gallmaker) 

  Gall: Flat, inconspicuous; cell circular, 1 to 2 mm in diameter; slightly elevated above with a slight central protuberance; be-low also slightly projecting with a definite small central nipple. 

  Hosts and distribution:  I have seen specimens of this species from Oklahoma, Ohio and Manitoba.  Galls of this type have also been definitely reported from C. occidentalis in Kansas, Ohio, Iowa and New York.  Possibly it occurs to some extent in northern Texas but it has not been there as yet. The adults from all of the three localities mentioned above were found to be very similar In structure.


description:
  Pachypsylla laevovesicula n. sp. (laevigata regular blister gallmaker)

  Gall:  Like that of P. celtidlsvesicula [Flat, inconspicuous; cell circular, 1 to 2 mm in diameter; slightly elevated above with a slight central protuberance; below also slightly projecting with a definite small central nipple] but larger, cells about 2 mm in diameter at the time of gallmaker emergence.

  Hosts and distribution:  This species appears to be essentially restricted to C. laevigata and in Central Texas was found only on trees that could be readily identified as this host.  However, in northwestern Oklahoma it was found on trees having features tending toward C. reticulata and C. occidentalis. 

  In Central Texas P. laevovesicula was found  to be second in abundance only to P. celtidisasterisca among the blade pachypsyllids of C. laevigata and in some environments it was found to be the most numerous one.


description:
  This species is labelled undescribed because the name was proposed in Riemann's 1961 dissertation, which is not considered taxonomically legitimate because it was never officially published. The species has never been formally described since. 

  All observations of this species are currently ID'd as Pachypsylla celtidisvesicula on iNaturalist. However, galls tentatively identified as this species are collected in the Gallformers Code field set, see link below. The majority of blister galls observed in Texas seem to belong to this species. 


description:
  This species is labelled undescribed because the name was proposed in Riemann's 1961 dissertation, which is not considered taxonomically legitimate because it was never officially published. The species has never been formally described since. 

  All observations of this species are currently ID'd as Pachypsylla celtidisvesicula on iNaturalist. However, galls tentatively identified as this species are collected in the Gallformers Code field set, see link below. All blister gall observations on Celtis in Arizona are currently assumed to belong to this species. 


description:
  Pachypsylla reticulovesicula n. sp. (reticulata regular blister gallmaker)

  Gall: Like that of P. celtidisvesicula [Flat, inconspicuous; cell circular, 1 to 2 mm in diameter; slightly elevated above with a slight central protuberance; below also slightly projecting with a definite small central nipple] but larger, diameter of cells 2.5  to 3.1 mm at time of gallmaker emergence.  Toward  the end of the season galls of this species typically turn brown on the upper surface over the cells. 

  Hosts and distribution:  This species appears to be essentially host specific for C. reticulata and was found in almost all areas where its host was found.  In the area of Austin it is the only blade pachypsyllld which occurs on C. reticulata in sizable numbers.


description:
  new sp. 2 Riemann 1961

  Host: Celtis reticulata

  Regular blister gall without upper central spine

  Range: TX, NM, AZ, OK


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidisasterisca Riley (star gallmaker)

  This gall is quite characteristic and readily recognized from Riley's  (1890) description.  Wells  (1920) described in detail the morphology of galls collected near Denton, Texas and included in his paper an excellent drawing of one, apparently the only such illustration which has been published.  

  Gall: Blister-like, somewhat elevated above and below; above with a short central spine 1 to 2 mm in length which is frequently broken off, below with a central projection which, arising from a narrow base spreads out and divides to assume the form of a small flower or star, sometimes the projection does not spread out in the galls found on C. reticulata but instead forms a hollow tube 2 to 3 mm in length.  Cells circular, about 4 mm in diameter at the time of gallmaker emergence. 

  Hosts and Distribution:  In Central Texas P. celtidlsasterisca is the most abundant leaf pachypsyllld  and this is perhaps true for the state as a whole in which it was found in nearly all areas of collection.  This is the only free living species of the Texas blade pachypsyllids which is apparently not host specific for either C. reticulata or C. laevigata. However, in the overlap zone between the two hosts in Central Texas there is a very pronounced host preference for C. laevigata indicating that there are possibly two races of P. celtidisasterisca in Texas.  This will be discussed  in greater detail in a later section.  It was found on trees having major features of C. occidentalis in Oklahoma but as it apparently hasn't been reported from the midwestern and northeastern states it may not extend Into the main part of the range of this hackberry.


description:
  Pachypsylla rugosa n. sp. (rough blister gallmaker) 

  Hosts: Celtis reticulata, laevigata

  Gall: One to several cells occurring together; distinctly elevated above and below; veins over gall enlarged and prominent particularly above over the central part of the cell, below a small central nipple which is often obscured by the enlarged veins. 

  The galls of this species is easily distinguished from those of the other blister gallmakers by their greater elevation and very prominent venation.  Sometimes, however, these galls are closely associated with the galls of another species, such as P. celtidisasterisca, so that they may not be readily apparent.  Unless caution is used in rearing adults from such galls the species may become mixed. 

  Hosts and distribution:  This species appears to be mostly restricted  to C. reticulata although large numbers were found on what appeared  to be C. laevigata near Seymour, Texas.  It was found in many areas of western Texas in the range of its host but it has not yet been found in the Austin area.


description:
  This species is labelled undescribed because the name was proposed in Riemann's 1961 dissertation, which is not considered taxonomically legitimate because it was never officially published. The species has never been formally described since. 

  All observations of this species are currently ID'd as Pachypsylla celtidisvesicula on iNaturalist. However, galls tentatively identified as this species are collected in the Gallformers Code field set, see link below. 


description:
  new sp. 3 Riemann 1961

  Hosts: Celtis reticulata (laevigata)

  Rough blister gall without upper central spine

  TX


description:
  Clusters of 2-4 star-shaped galls on the buds of Quercus rubra in spring. Each gall had 6-7 flat yellow wings sweeping up to a slightly curled point tinged with red. The galls were uneven crusted with a red material but otherwise hairless and smooth. Observed in [NY](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77658003) in May. 


description:
  Small bead galls between the veins on the upper (occasionally lower) side of Liquidambar styraciflua leaves. They strongly resemble the galls induced by Vasates quadripedes on Acer rubrum, and are likely to be confused with that species by those unable to distinguish the hosts. The host record on Acer rubrum reported in Felt and repeated on ScaleNet seems likely to be a mistake. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/92/mode/1up
description:
  Belonocnema treatae [not a formal synonym per Zhang but Weld uses this name to cover root galls of this genus on both Quercus virginiana and geminata. The latter is B fossoria.]

  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  "Root" galls
  Cluster of wedge-shaped, soft, fleshy yellowish galls, 12-19 mm long on rootlets in March. Like Fig 56 [Callirhytis myrtifoliae, a flower gall--typo?]


description:
  Belonocnema fossoria, Weld 1921 Rev. Stat.

  Belonocnema quercusvirens, Burks, 1979 [species inquirenda]

  Host plant: Quercus geminata

  Gall: irregular shaped, multilocular galls often in clusters on the small rootlets

  Biology: The sexual generation emerges from early March to mid-April, corresponding with the timing of leaf flush of their host Q. geminata. 

  Distribution: GA, FL

  [See paper for photos of the galls]


description:
  Belonocnema treatae (Mayr 1881) [according to Zhang, based on hosts given, this must be B fossoria, not treatae]

  Hosts: Quercus geminata, minima

  [Sexual generation galls on roots in the spring.]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/92/mode/1up
description:
  Belonocnema treatae sex.gen.

  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  "Root" galls
  Cluster of wedge-shaped, soft, fleshy yellowish galls, 12-19 mm long on rootlets in March. Like Fig 56 [Callirhytis myrtifoliae, a flower gall on Quercus myrtifolia--a mistake?]

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Q virginiana. Fleshy white galls in a cluster similar to the above [Fig 51, Xanthoteras radicola], in early spring. 


description:
  Belonocnema treatae (Mayr, 1881)

  Belenocnema [sic] treatae Mayr, 1881 sexual generation

  Hosts: Quercus virginiana and (rarely) geminata

  Gall: irregular shaped, multilocular galls often in clusters on the small rootlets. 

  Biology:  Sexual-generation adults emerge from mid-March to end of April, corresponding with the timing of leaf flush of their main host Q. virginiana

  Remarks: Few specimens of this species have been collected from Q. geminata, which is unsurprising given the much later leaf flushing time of Q. geminata

  Distribution: AL, FL, GA, MS, NC, SC


description:
  Belonocnema kinseyi, Weld, 1921, Rev. Stat.

  Belonocnema treatae, Lund et al, 1998

  Host plant: Quercus fusiformis (OK, TX, Mexico) and Quercus virginiana (TX to FL to NC)

  Gall: irregular shaped, multilocular clusters of galls on the small rootlets

  Distribution: LA, MS, OK, TX


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54709#page/775/mode/1up
description:
  Belonocnema treatae, new synonym [reversed by Zhang et al]

  Hosts: Quercus fusiformis

  Locality: TX

  Root galls.--Root galls induced by unisexual females [they seem to be attributing the gall to the parent wasp, not the larvae within, unlike other sources] grow in irregularly shaped, multilocular clusters on small rootlets just below the soil surface. Clusters appear fleshy and yellow and detach easily from the root surface. Sampled galls were composed of from 1 to 28 chambers and measured 5 to 28 mm in length. Developing root galls have been found in early January and at this stage appear yellow-green in coloration. Mature galls (those from which the bisexual generation has emerged in the laboratory) have been collected in mid-February. In the field, emergence holes in root galls were first observed in mid-March 1997, coincident with the appearance of oviposition scars on leaves of the host plant. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/110/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis operator agamic

  Quercus coccinea, ilicifolia, imbricaria, rubra, texana [buckleyi], velutina
  Acorn galls
  A pip gall beside mature acorns in the fall, dropping out in Sept.

  [Photo caption]
  Fig 65 On Q rubra. Also on Q velutina, coccinea, imbricaria, ilicifolia. The original material of this species was collected at Waterbury CT Aug 23, 1871 on Q ilicifolia during Riley's visit to Bassett. Bassett kept his galls a year and rearing nothing threw them away. Riley kept his longer and the second spring appeared the maker "just as the oak buds were bursting." His label bears the date Apr 5 1873. This established an alternation of generations in the cynipidae.

  Fig 66 Female of Callirhytis operator sex.gen. ovipositing in the one-year old acorn of Q velutina on June 26 (IL) to produce the pip gall of Fig 65.

  "Like Callirhytis operator agamic"

  Quercus cinerea [incana], falcata, marilandica, myrtifolia, phellos
  Acorn galls
  Pip gall like Callirhytis operator agamic. Fig 65 beside mature acorn in the fall. Never reared.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28154038#page/832/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus myrtifoliae, sp. nov. 

  Gall.— In clusters on the blossoms of Quercus myrtifolia. Monothalamous. Small, cone-shaped bodies, each containing a single larval cell. When dry the gall is dark brown or almost black. At the point of attachment it is flattened, and from this part it graduallv tapers to a blunt point at the apex. Length 2.5-3 mm. 

  Habitat. — Jacksonville and Palat Ka, Fla. (Lewis H. Weld.). The galls of this species were collected by Mr. Weld in April, 1914, and the flies emerged in a paper package and were all dead when he unpacked his Florida material in July, 1914. Mr. Weld informs me that the galls looked about the same in colour when they were collected, but they may be greenish when they first appear. The male is black with pale, yellowish brown legs and antennae. The latter is 15-jointed, with all the joints stouter, the 3rd excavate beneath. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32798#page/310/mode/1up
description:
  The Woolly Gall of the Water Oak. Cynips q. turnerii n. sp. 

  Galls. — Globular, woolly galls, the size of an oxheart cherry, attached to the aments of Quercus aquatica [nigra]. Externally covered with dense, fine, rather long wool, white at first, but becoming rusty with age; internally consisting of numerous, triangular seed-like kernels, each kernel containing two cells. Length of kernel .12 inch. Diameter of gall one-half inch. 

  Described from three bred specimens which issued from galls April 28th. This interesting gall, I take pleasure in naming after my friend Dr. R. S. Turner of Fort George, Florida, who was the first to bring me specimens. I have, however, since found it quite abundant on several trees in Jacksonville.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22092#page/118/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips noxiosa, n. sp.

  [Cynips noxiosa (Neuroterus quercusbatatus) agamic galls] are invariably preceded by a vernal crop, which affects the leaves only, and which may be described as follows: Gall, an enormous development of the mid-vein of the leaf, often to the extent of an inch in diameter and an inch and a half in length. Green, smooth, but irregular in shape, and succulent and a little harder than a green grape. The blade of the leaf dwarfed and curled, and after the galls mature drying up. In some years these galls are so abundant on certain trees as to affect nearly all the vernal leaves, but a later crop hides the blighted appearance they produce. They are filled with larval cells, from which are produced vast numbers of male and female gall flies, about the 20th of June. Long observation has satisfied me that this is the bisexual generation of C noxiosa. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/226481#page/343/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus batatus variety noxiosus
  bisexual form vernalis Kinsey 

  Involved, without distinctive name, in most references to the agamic form. 
  Neuroterus noxiosus form vernalis

  Gall.--As described for the species; twisted, moderately woody, on young stems, petioles, and leaf-midveins of Quercus bicolor. This gall starts growth in May, the insects emerging from June 12 to July 5.

  Range.--MA, RI, CT, NY, NJ, New Brunswick


description:
  On Quercus bicolor, the gall formerly known as Neuroterus noxiosus causes green swellings on midribs and petioles of the leaves, causing them to curl and bunch substantially, though they typically still reach nearly their full size. In the winter, these deformed leaves persist on the tree, unlike leaves associated with N quercusbatatus on other white oaks.

  The extent of morphological overlap, if any, between these fleshy sexual generation Neuroterus quercusbatatus galls on the petioles and midribs of Quercus bicolor leaves and Andricus quercuspetiolicola, is unknown. Many A q. petiolicola galls are clearly distinguishable by their large size, smooth surface, lack of leaf deformation, and conical shape ending in a pronounced indentation. However, some galls that otherwise seem to match Neuroterus quercusbatatus have fairly regular spherical shapes that could be confused with A q. petiolicola galls, especially after the wasps have emerged and the galls have begun to dry out. 

  Quercus lyrata added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/45557260). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/191/mode/1up
description:
  Sex. gen. of Neuroterus noxiosus (Bass.)

  Midrib or petiole swellings.
  NOXIOUS OAK GALL. Fleshy smooth green swellings of midrib on under side causing the leaves to curl. Developing with the leaves in early spring, full grown during June, adults emerging June 12-July 3. On Q. bicolor. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/272/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus noxiosus (Bassett)

  By May 30 a slight bulging of the midrib of the young leaves then an inch and a half long has been noted and the galls of the alternating generation are full grown by June 30, greatly deforming the leaves. The adults emerged June 12- July 3. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/239303#page/36/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus noxiosus (Bass.) 

  Quercus bicolor, prinus
  Leaf galls, integral
  Sex. gen. Fleshy enlargement of midrib, green, smooth, bare. In May.

  [Photo caption]
  Fig 121. Agamic. On Q. bicolor. The woody galls persist over winter. Photo also shows the smooth fleshy galls of the alternating generation on the leaves. 


description:
  Neuroterusbatatus (Fitch).

  Cynips quercus batatus
  Cynips q. batatus
  Cynips batatus
  Neuroterus batatus

  Gall. On the terminal twigs of young white oak (Quercus alba). Polythalamous, hard, woody, uneven swellings, often resembling a potato in shape. They are usually much longer than broad, and often covered with a glaucous bloom. Green in summer and brown in winter.

  Habitat. Canada; New England and Middle States southward; Ohio; Illinois; westward to Colorado

  There are two annual generations of Neuroterus batatus. The first brood appears early in May, from galls of the preceding year's growth, and the second brood in June, from green galls. The second brood oviposits in the galls from which they were produced. Mr. Bassett states that he reared thousands of Neuroterus batatus of both generations, for a series of years, and always with the same results. The early summer brood from the leaf galls was always made up of both sexes in nearly equal numbers, while the brood from the late summer galls came out in the spring, just as the leaves began to appear, and were all females.


description:
  Neuroterus batatus (Fitch).

  Cynips quercus batatus
  Cynips q. batatus
  Cynips batatus
  Neuroterus batatus

  Habitat. Canada; New England and Middle States southward; Ohio; Illinois; westward to Colorado

  There are two annual generations of Neuroterus batatus. The first brood appears early in May, from galls of the preceding year's growth, and the second brood in June, from green galls. The second brood oviposits in the galls from which they were produced. Mr. Bassett states that he reared thousands of Neuroterus batatus of both generations, for a series of years, and always with the same results. The early summer brood from the leaf galls was always made up of both sexes in nearly equal numbers, while the brood from the late summer galls came out in the spring, just as the leaves began to appear, and were all females.

  Neuroterus obtusilobae (Karsch)

  Diplolepis q. obtusilobae
  Neuroterus obtusilobae

  Gall. On the tip of the twigs of post oak (Quercus minor [stellata]). Polythalamous. Irregularly rounded or ovate with aborted leaves. Hard and woody with gray brown tint. Inside are many larval chambers.

  Habitat: Dallas, TX


description:
  Neuroterus noxiosus (Bassett)

  Cynips noxiosa
  Neuroterus noxiosus
  Neuroterus noxiosa

  Gall. Winter form. (Plate IX, Figs 1-7 [Beutenmuller's Figure 7 seems to clearly depict the sexual generation, so it is included in that page rather than this one]). On the terminal twigs of swamp white oak (Quercus platanoides [bicolor]). Polythalamous. Hard and woody swellings varying greatly in shape and size, but usually tuber-like. Internally there are numerous larval cells. Length, 5 to 100 mm. Width, 4 to 25 mm.

  Habitat. New England and Middle States westward to Iowa

  This species is double brooded, the first brood appearing in May from the large woody galls of the previous year's growth, and the second brood in June from twigs formed on the leaves and tender twigs.


description:
  Neuroterus noxiosus (Bassett)

  Cynips noxiosa
  Neuroterus noxiosus
  Neuroterus noxiosa

  Gall. Vernal form. (Plate IX, Fig 8 [Beutenmuller's Figure 7 is included here as well; it also clearly seems to depict this summer form despite the caption]). The gall is an enormous development of the mid-rib on the petiole of the leaves. It is green, succulent and irregular in shape. The blade of the leaf becomes dwarfed and curled, and after the galls mature the leaf becomes shriveled and dried.

  Habitat. New England and Middle States westward to Iowa

  This species is double brooded, the first brood appearing in May from the large woody galls of the previous year's growth, and the second brood in June from twigs formed on the leaves and tender twigs.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22092#page/118/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips noxiosa, n. sp.

  Galls: Large, woody, polythalamous, terminal or subterminal swellings on the twigs of Q. bicolor, varying greatly in size and form, but usually tuber-like and three or four times as long as thick. They larger specimens in my collection are nearly an inch in diameter and four inches long, and contain a large number of insects. The smallest are almost imperceptible swellings, and have often but a single insect. These galls develop in the summer, and the insects, which are all females, live in the galls over winter, coming out before the leaves appear in the spring. They resemble, both gall and gall-fly, C batata B, and I for a long time, considered them a variety of that species. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3745772#page/704/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus batatus variety noxiosus 
  agamic form noxiosus (Bassett) 

  Cynips noxiosa
  Neuroterus noxiosus
  Neuroterus noxiosa
  Neuroterus consimilis [see ID Notes]
  Neuroterus noxiosus form noxiosus

  Gall.--As described for the species; large, woody, on stems of Quercus bicolor. This agamic gall begins to develop in mid-summer, the insects staying in the galls nine or ten months, emerging from March 24 to early May. Noxiosus has always heretofore been considered a distinct species, no one having pointed out the very close resemblance to batatus. If this is remembered it will help one to understand the distinctness of my other varieties. Noxiosus differs from batatus mainly in slight color characters, the slightly different shape of the abdomen, and the size of the areolet being the total of other differences. To be consistent, some workers should treat noxiosus as a complete synonym of batatus, which no one will do in the face of the patent loss of good host and life history data. 

  Range.--MA, RI, CT, NY, NJ, New Brunswick


description:
  On Quercus bicolor, the agamic and sexual generations of N quercusbatatus are distinct and easily recognizable: agamic galls are found on woody stems and twigs, while sexgen galls are found on leaf petioles and midribs. 

  [According to Kinsey's 1923 treatment](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/226481#page/341/mode/1up) of his species Neuroterus batatus, Bassett's female wasp Neuroterus consimilis is a junior synonym of the agamic generation [Neuroterus batatus var noxiosus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1340). In [his prefatory text](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/226481#page/264/mode/1up), Kinsey insists that his synonymy of this species was synonymized after careful matching of the locality, host, and emergence dates of the two species, as well as adult anatomy. However, the type host of consimilis, and the host listed for it in every other source, is Q alba, while the variety he synonymizes it to is only listed on Q bicolor. Based on Beutenmuller's figure, the galls seem to match quercusbatatus well enough that they would be difficult to distinguish if they were not synonyms. However, the synonymy [is not listed by Melika and Abrahamson.](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16213231#page/582/mode/1up) Krombein lists Neuroterus consimilis as a valid distinct species in the [1979 Catalog of Hymenoptera.](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4144887#page/1092/mode/1up)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/191/mode/1up
description:
  Agamic gen. of Neuroterus noxiosus (Bass.)

  Stem galls.
  NOXIOUS OAK GALL. Irregular woody enlargement at or near the ends of twigs on trees of Q. bicolor, up to 40 mm long by 25 mm in diameter, covered with normal bark, polythalamous, conspicuous on the trees in winter. The adults emerge in early April and oviposit in the buds just as they are beginning to swell.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/272/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus noxiosus (Bassett)

  The woody stem galls of the agamic generation are very conspicuous in winter on certain trees of Quercus bicolor at Evanston IL, the adults emerging April 10-14, April 1, and May 10. They were seen to oviposit in buds, thrusting the ovipositor perpendicularly through the bud scales just as the buds were beginning to swell. On July 22, the young stem galls of the winter form were half grown but still green and succulent with no larvae visible. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/115/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus noxiosus (Bass.) 

  Quercus bicolor, prinus
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Agamic. Woody, covered with normal brown bark, persisting over winter.

  [Photo caption]
  Fig 121. Agamic. On Q. bicolor. The woody galls persist over winter. Adults emerged in April (IL) and were observed ovipositing in buds just as the bud scales elongate enough to show a little green at the base. Photo also shows the smooth fleshy galls of the alternating generation on the leaves. 


description:
  A green or purple leaf ocellate leaf spot on Ulmus alata observed in Texas in [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/74629513) and [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77830064). A similar leaf spot has been observed on Ulmus crassifolia in [Texas in April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/110784080). 


description:
  Andricus chrysolepidicola 

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, durata, engelmanni, garryana, lobata
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings or cells under the bark
  Fig 56. Fusiform, bark thickened. Poly. Cells in the thickened bark.

  Fig.56. Q dumosa, durata, douglasii and lobata. Galls full-grown, cut like cheese, and contain white pupae on November 17 (Colfax). Adults out April 16 to May 18 (Upland). 

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=plaintext&seq=66&q1=andricus%20chrysolepidicola


description:
  Andricus chrysolepidicola (unisexual generation)

  This cynipid wasp induces integral, polythalamous, spindle-shaped stem galls on blue, valley, scrub, and leather oaks. 


description:
  Small clusters of red-orange (rarely green) globular galls densely covered in short white pubescence not obscuring their surface. The outer face of each gall is blunt or flattened, with a definite scar at the apex. They occur in groups of 2-4 scattered along the upper midrib and main veins of unidentified red oak species, sometimes in clusters of up to 25. 

  They have been observed on Quercus velutina in October in Nova Scotia, in September and October in Pennsylvania, and in September in Michigan. A similar gall was seen on Quercus marilandica in September in Ohio. A similar gall was observed on Quercus ilicifolia in Maryland in [August](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/91268281). 

  This species is often identified as Callirhytis piperoides (which lacks its distinctive scar and has much longer hairs) and [Callirhytis furva](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/562). [Another gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1367), possibly a variant of the same species, is commonly observed that shares the same apical scar, but has much longer hairs, arranged in a flat fringe around the apex. Galls have been observed that seem [intermediate](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/62047187) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/60791764) between the two undescribed galls. A cluster has been [observed](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98287930) containing one with longer hair and two with very short hair, suggesting these are variants (possibly inquiline-induced) of the same species. 


description:
  Andricus chrysolepidicola (bisexual generation)

  These ovoid, 2 mm-long bud galls are covered with fine hairs. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus lobata
  Quercus berberidifolia
  Quercus douglasii
  Quercus durata


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53644798#page/263/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus chrysolepidicola (bisexual generation)

  This gall is a single celled, thin walled, light brown bud-shaped gall (fig. 1) which develops on a number of different bud elements: the base of the bud scale, on the stem of the male inflorescence as part of the male flowers, at the base of a developing leaf stem or new twig. 

  Photo caption:
  Fig. 1. Three photographs of the spring gall of Andricus chrysolepidicola (Ashmead). The size of each gall is about 2.0 mm. The first two (left and middle) arise from the stem on which the male flowers (here shriveled by being dried out) develop. The last (right) shows the gall as a swelling at the base of a bud scale.


externallink: http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Diaspidiotus%20liquidambaris/
description:
  Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky, 1903)

  Cryptophyllaspis liquidambaris
  Chemnaspidiotus liquidambaris 
  Diaspidiotus liquidambaris
  Cryptophyllaspis (Diaspidiotus) liquidambaris

  Hosts: Liquidambar styraciflua, Acer rubrum

  Biology: Causing the formation of pit galls on the leaves, each gall being occupied by a single female the scale of which fills the opening of the gall (Ferris, 1938a).

  Structure: Scale flat, white, exuviae central. Scale of the male exposed upon the leaves, white, elongate oval, exuvia toward one end (Ferris, 1938a). Colour photograph by Gill (1997). 

  Distr: AL, CA, CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, IL, IN, LA, MD, MS, MO, NJ, NY, NC, OH, OK, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23810#page/702/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus majalis n. sp

  QUERCUS ALBA. Flat, green, succulent galls, often of a very irregular outline, and from one-fourth to more than an inch in diameter, the vertical diameter from one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch, growing on the leaves of the white oak, and producing, according to the size, from two or three, to more than a dozen gall-flies. The flies escape from the galls in June, through the upper or under surface. The water that enters the cavities the flies have left causes the galls soon to decay and drop off, but a few change to a dry pith-like substance, and remain on the tree through the summer. These might be taken for a different species, as they generally contain larvae, but having reared a few Spalangia (?) from such galls, I infer they are all parasitic. 

  This species is closely related to C. q. irregularis O. S. but grows on a different species of oak, and Baron Osten Sacken to whom I sent specimens, thinks it may be specifically distinct from that species, which I have not yet seen. The imperfect condition of his only specimen of C q. irregularis renders a satisfactory comparison impossible, and acting upon his suggestion, I describe it as C. q. majalis n. sp. Several hundred males and females. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22852#page/85/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus irregularis n. sp.

  QUERCUS OBTUSILOBA [stellata]. Post Oak. Irregular, flattened galls, projecting on both sides of the leaf, yellow, when ripe and dry, and of a substance not unlike soft wood or pith, enclosing several hollow kernels. 

  Cynips quercus irregularis n. sp. 
  The sizie of this gall depends on the number of kernels it contains. 
  One specimen in my possession, about 0.4 long and 0.28 broad, is pierced with 16 holes through which its inmates had escaped; but they may have been small parasites. The average size of these galls is between a quarter of an inch and half an inch in length. Sometimes several of them are packed closely together and separated only by furrows. The color of the galls, when ripe is a light leather-yellow; their substance resembles then the pith of a plant, being softer than wood and still hard enough not to shrink in drying. When examined under a lens of moderate power, the gall appears to be covered with numerous little points or small cones, each bearing a few short hairs on the tip, which under such a magnifying power gives the surface a shaggy appearance. On the 29th of May, when I first discovered these galls, some of them, although yet green, were already pierced with holes. Other galls still contained larvae much later in the season. The only fly obtained from these galls was accidently injured, so that I can give only an incomplete description. 


description:
  Irregular blisters on either side of the leaves of Malvaviscus arboreum, covered in a white fuzz that may be mite erineum. Observed in [Texas](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77418569) in May. 


description:
  Andricus coortus 

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings or cells under the bark
  Terminal or lateral, abrupt, containing from 2-7 vertical cells, each with a thick, hard, dark wall. The whole pubescent. 

  [Undescribed]

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, garryana
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings or cells under the bark
  Terminal club, not so abrupt. June. Mono. Like clavula in the eastern US.

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=plaintext&seq=62&q1=%22andricus%20coortus%22


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7735402#page/21/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus coortus, new species

  Gall (pl. 1, fig. 5). — A bud gall in the fall consisting of 1 to 7 elongated, vertical, parallel cells each with a dense, thick, dark-colored wall, the whole forming an elongated or rounded mass projecting above the bud scales, the surface not smooth, covered with short pubescence.

  Hosts. — Quercus douglasii and Q. dumosa.


description:
  Andricus coortus
  [Page 98]

  This cynipid wasp induces integral, polythalamous, round to globular, club-like galls on the tips of new stems of Oregon, blue, and scrub oaks. These galls form in the spring and measure 13mm high by 8mm wide. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus garryana
  Quercus douglasii
  Quercus berberidifolia 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3043634#page/61/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus quercuscalifornicus

  Polythalamous, sessile on the branches of the Californian White Oak. Sub-globular, but varying much in form and size. A common form is what may be termed balloon-shaped, the upper part perfectly globular, the lower tapering more or less to the sessile base. They often occur of a long compressed oval form : these are placed longitudinally on the branch and the length is two or three times their breadth or thickness. Those of this form are often of monstrous size, being ten or twelve inches in their greatest circumference. 

  The globular galls are from one to two inches in diameter. In color, they are of an opaque white. They are usually smooth, but specimens occur that have a more or less warty surface, and others are found that have slight yellowish-brown ridges. Internally are of a uniform, dense cellular structure, and the not very numerous larval cells (from one to a dozen) lie closely embedded in this cellular substance.


externallink: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-010-9956-0
description:
  Andricus quercuscalifornicus

  The cynipid gall-inducer, A. quercuscalifornicus, induces a 5–250 cc (often apple-sized), multilocular (many wasps per gall) gall on the twigs of valley oak (Quercus lobata), a California endemic, where galls become apparent on twigs with bimodal peaks of development which occur in the late spring and mid summer (Rosenthal and Koehler 1971b). It has also been collected from closely-related oak species, Q. douglasii, Q. berberidifolia, and Q. garryana (Weld 1957). Gall abundances vary widely between individual trees, and extremely high gall densities of more than 50 galls per cubic meter of canopy may be supported by some trees. The range of A. quercuscalifornicus spans most of California with the extremes of southern Washington and northern Mexico (Russo 2006).


description:
  Andricus quercuscalifornicus
  [Page 98]

  New galls are succulent, green or red, smooth, and glossy. By late summer, these lightweight solid galls turn creamy white and occasionally have a few short knobs or wart-like protuberances. 

  Hosts:
  This species occurs on nearly every species of white oak in the Pacific States.


description:
  Disholcaspis canescens 

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, durata
  Stem galls, detachable from the twig
  Globular bullet, dia. 10 mm., single, surface slightly tuberculate with mealy bloom when fresh. Adults in Feb.

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=plaintext&seq=63&q1=%22disholcaspis%20canescens%22


description:
  Disholcaspis canescens
  [Page 100]

  This cynipid wasp induces densely hairy, monothalamous, detachable, round, silvery, slightly mottled bud galls on blue and scrub oaks. The silvery-gray bloom that covers the galls rubs off easily. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus douglasii
  Quercus berberidifolia


description:
  Disholcaspis conalis 

  Quercus garryana
  Stem galls, detachable from the twig
  Fig 90. Conical, 12-15 mm. high, in fall.

  Fig.90. Q-garryana • Adults issued and died in box before October 1. 

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=plaintext&seq=66&q1=%22disholcaspis%20conalis%22


description:
  Disholcaspis conalis

  This cynipid wasp induces pointed, conical, glabrous, monothalamous stem galls on Oregon oak. These detachable galls develop in summer and occur singly or in groups, separated along the length of a branch. 

  Host:
  Quercus garryana


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610693#page/305/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis conalis, new species

  Conical, 10-18 mm. high, with a clasping base 8-12 mm. in diameter, the tapering apex often lopsided, single or in small clusters on small twigs in the fall. Greenish when growing and covered with dense short white pubescence which rubs off after the galls begin to harden. They start to develop late in May and mature in September. Old galls are tan-colored. The interior consists of dense cellular tissue with a transversely placed larval cell, not separable and without a distinct lining wall.

  Host:
  Quercus garryana

  Habitat. — The type material was collected September 8, 1922, in Sequoia National Park, Calif., just above the Cedar Creek checking station on the road from Kaweah to Giant Forest. Some flies issued and died in the packet before October 1, while others died inside, not being able to chew out of the hard galls. 


description:
  Disholcaspis corallina 

  Quercus douglasii
  Stem galls, detachable from the twig
  Fig. 78. Rugose bullet gall. Dia.8.0 mm. 

  78. Q douglasii. Grace H Cole collected galls at Fair Oaks on Oct 20 and when examined on Nov 17 one had an exit hole in it and a living adult was in the box. This is the first record of a normal emergence date.

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=plaintext&seq=62&q1=%22disholcaspis%20corallina%22


description:
  Disholcaspis corallina

  This cynipid wasp induces round, monothalamous, orange, yellow, and reddish, detachable stem galls in summer on blue oaks. 

  Host:
  Quercus douglasii 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16270737#page/375/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis corallina

  Pale yellowish, globular galls, about 12 mm. in diameter, found on the twigs of Quercus douglasii. The galls are pointed at the poles and the surface is roughened by irregular ridges, or bears short, blunt tubercles giving it the appearance of coral.

  Habitat. Mt. Diabalo, California. 


description:
  Disholcaspis eldoradensis 

  Quercus dumosa, garryana, lobata
  Stem galls, detachable from the twig
  Fig 86. Ellipsoid, rugose, 7 mm.

  Fig.86. Q.lobata, dumosa, durata and garryana. Adults were cut out Nov. 10 (Lebec). Emerged Jan. 8-25 (Los Gatos). While growing from August to Nov 1 they secrete honeydew and a bee-keeper at Cottonwood reported that his bees made 50-1,0 pounds of honey per hive from this source. Altho a pure plant product it can not be sold as honey - it rotates the plane of polarization the wrong way. But bees winter successfully on it. 

  Ellipsoid, rugose, 7.0 mm

  Hosts:
  Quercus dumosa
  Quercus garryana

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=plaintext&seq=64&q1=%22disholcaspis%20eldoradensis%22


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16270734#page/373/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis eldoradensis

  Small, brown, cushion-shaped galls, sessile on twigs of Quercus kelloggii and Quercus lobata, hard and woody with the base broadly inserted in a slit in the bark. The top is flat and much pitted. Length about 4 mm., breadth about 3 mm., height about 3mm.

  Hosts:
  Quercus lobata
  Quercus berberidifolia
  Quercus durata
  Quercus garryana


description:
  Disholcaspis eldoradensis
  [Page 101]

  This cynipid wasp induces round to elliptical, monothalamous, detachable stem galls on valley, scrub, leather, and Oregon oaks in summer. These are galls of the agamic, or unisexual, generation. 


description:
  Disholcaspis spongiosa could be confused with D quercusvirens, which has a similar habit of round segments clumping together on oak stems. D quercusvirens clusters are composed of more regularly wedge-shaped individual galls fitted more loosely together, and occur on live oaks, not white-group oaks.


description:
  This gall is what Kinsey called Neuroterus saltatorius; he mentions that the species is found on Quercus alba but doesn't name a variety associated with that host. Weld seems to have disagreed with Kinsey's assessment and did not use the name for this gall and only mentioned his varietal name N saltatorius australis for the [gall on Quercus stellata](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1076). Kinsey specifically notes that this gall is found on "white oaks except the chestnut oaks" but Weld lists his undescribed gall on several chestnut oaks.

  Galls observed on Quercus montana [(eg)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98747423) have shown discolored spots on the leaf above the gall, similar to those often observed with [N saltatorius](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1720) in California. These spots are typically but not universally absent with the galls on Quercus alba.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13762219#page/225/mode/1up
description:
  Biorhiza rubinus n. sp.

  Quercus alba

  Galls: When the leaves begin to turn in October, subglobular juicy galls about two or three mm in diameter and rosy in color are found attached to the under side of the leaves. From a number of these galls collected in October 1887, four were selected and opened October 15 1888, from which one fully developed female cynip and three plump white larvae were obtained.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/239303#page/8/mode/1up
description:
  Biarhiza nigra, new species

  [listed in the "affecting the root" section on "Quercus alba, etc" but not specified where it was collected or what if any association it might have with any galls. Section description implies the adult wasps leave galls in the roots, climb the tree, mate on the snow, and return to the roots to oviposit.]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8589333#page/223/mode/1up
description:
  Biorhiza rubinus

  The galls are small, globular, juicy bodies from two to three inches [original description says mm] in diameter, occurring upon the leaves of Q alba in October. Flies emerge the following summer. MI, IO


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635490#page/96/mode/1up
description:
  Biorhiza rubina

  Globose, rosy, juicy leaf galls on the upper surface, diameter 2 to 3 mm, on Q alba.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610707#page/319/mode/1up
description:
  Biorhiza rubina

  White or rosy translucent depressed spherical galls 2-3 mm in diameter on under side of leaves of Quercus alba in fall, agreeing with the original description of the galls of this species, have been noted [in IL, MO, NY, VA]. Similar galls have been seen on the rock chestnut oak, Q montana, [in VA]. The writer has not reared the adult. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505984#page/203/mode/1up
description:
  Biorhiza rubina

  Spherical but depressed, pure white, bare, 3-4 mm in diameter. On under side of leaf of Q alba in the fall, dropping before the leaf. Adult probably emerges the second spring.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32322#page/93/mode/1up
description:
  Acraspis politus n. sp.

  [Wasp described without gall]

  Washington County, MO

  I have no galls, and am not informed whether they were captured at large or reared from galls.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505984#page/204/mode/1up
description:
  Undetermined species

  Galls less than 5 mm in diameter
  Globular, pure white, bare, smooth, 1.5 mm in diameter, scattered on under side of leaf of Q alba in the fall.


description:
  This species was described from a wasp. No gall was apparently associated with it by Weld's 1928 book, and it's not clear when if ever the gall was described. Weld's 1959 catalog lists the wasp associated with a fall leaf gall on Quercus alba he describes as a "depressed sphere . . . with a white bloom." This description is accompanied by a drawing that suggests a thick-walled spangle gall broadly similar to Phylloteras [poculum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/857) or [rubinum.](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/858) Weld's drawing differs from P rubinum in being placed between rather than on veins and in having its larval cell at the apex rather than base of the gall. If galls like Weld's drawing have been observed, they have been identified as P poculum. The [gall specimens](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/858) labeled as Phylloteras nigrum (Fitch, 1859) in the US NMNH collection do not agree with Weld's drawing and seem to be galls of [Atrusca quercuscentricola](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/583). Several specimens are labeled as coming from hosts not listed for P nigrum, and some galls seem labeled as such. In the absence of reliable museum specimens or recent observations of plausibly matching galls, this species seems dubious. 


description:
  It's not currently clear how white galls of this species can be distinguished from those of [Phylloteras nigrum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/856). Weld's drawing depicts Phylloteras rubinum on veins, with a larval chamber just above the attachment point to the leaf and a clear demarcation between distinct tissue types on the lateral edges and the center of the gall. Every gall we have observed that seems to resemble one of these two species has conformed to rubinum on these traits. 


description:
  The phenotype of this gall seems to vary by region. In the northeastern US, it is almost uniformly a loose tuft of tan wool. On Quercus macrocarpa in the central US, it often shows red, purple, and orange coloration, sometimes but not always alternating with tan in bands. On Quercus stellata in Texas, galls are more tightly felted around the larval cells and tend to be tan-orange in color. 

  Quercus lyrata added tentatively as a host based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/91371090), not confirmed by rearing. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505984#page/203/mode/1up
description:
  Undetermined species

  Spangle gall. Concave above with no papilla in center, convex below without ring-like ridge, covered with whitish bloom, 3 mm in diameter. On Q bicolor and macrocarpa in August. Not reared.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610707#page/323/mode/1up
description:
  Xystoteras volutellae Ashmead [According to Lyon, Weld was mistaken about the loss of Ashmead's types, and the wasp he replaced them with is P lyratum, not volutellae]

  This species, the genotype of Xystoteras, was described from a single specimen from Manhattan, Kans., from Quercus macrocarpa. The type galls are in the National Museum, but the type fly can not be found there, nor did Ashmead return it to Manhattan, as he is known to have done with certain species sent him from there. The writer has collected galls which agree with the Ashmead types, and reared flies which agree with the original description except that balsam mounts show a tooth on the tarsal claws, which were described as simple. As the type seems to be lost it seems advisable to designate this series of reared flies as neotypes, and to add a few notes on the species to supplement the original description. The galls were collected in October, 1917, at Texarkana, Ark., on Q. lyrata; and, when a few were opened on November 21, some contained pupae and others living adults. The flies emerged (out- of-doors at Evanston, IL.) on February 19, March 20, April 6, May 23, June 14 and 21, 1918. The same galls were seen at Poplar Bluff, Mo., on Q. lyrata. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/124/mode/1up
description:
  Xystoteras sp.

  Quercus lyrata, macrocarpa
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Galls like this figure [218-219] from Quercus macrocarpa, Manhattan KS gave adults in Feb, May, and June and were erroneously designated and distributed as neotypes of Xystoteras volutellae Ashm whose type turned up, later in the Beutenmueller collection and bears Ashmead's label: "X volutellae Ashm Jan Riley Co Kan Marlatt."

  [Photo caption]
  These galls collected on Q lyrata at Texarkana AR in Oct 1917 produced adults May 23-June 14-21 1918 and were erroneously designated and distributed as neotypes of Xystoteras volutellae Ashm the type fly of which turned up in the Beutenmueller collection in 1935 labeled: "Jan Riley Co Kan Marlatt. X volutellae Ashm." The type gall however is much like Fig 247 in structure.


description:
  The host relationships and morphological distinctions between Phylloteras spangle galls found on Quercus bicolor, lyrata, and macrocarpa are still somewhat unclear. Galls found on these three hosts vary substantially in shape, without any apparent pattern across hosts. Per Lyon, no spangle species had been conclusively identified from Q bicolor, P volutellae only occurs on Q macrocarpa, and P lyratum only on Q lyrata. Our assumption is that P volutellae is a reasonable identification for galls on Q bicolor, given the other galls shared by those closely related oaks, and the similarity in galls observed. 


description:
  Galls matching this description have occasionally been reported on hosts identified as Quercus bicolor. Because Acraspis echini is the only Acraspis gall listed by Weld on that host, they were initially identified as that species. However, this host association appears to be mistaken, leaving Q bicolor with no known Acraspis galls. Acraspis galls on Q bicolor could be a new host relationship for A villosa (perhaps on hybridized oaks?) or simply A villosa galls on misidentified Q macrocarpa trees.  


description:
  Host association with Q muehlenbergii determined from iNat observations [(eg)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/17425211) with confirmed host IDs. Not verified by adult wasp anatomy. Observations on Quercus montana [1](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/58655124) [2](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/61617761) are broadly similar but not definitive. 


description:
  Galls similar to those of the grape tube gallmaker, Ampelomyia viticola, differing in their placement exclusively on the lower leaf, their blunt, squat, rounded shape, and their apparently permanent yellow color, never turning red. They have been observed on Vitis mustangensis in Texas as early as May, persisting through June, beginning to drop in July, and having completely fallen off the leaf by September, leaving circular gaps in the pubescence of the leaf containing small scars at the attachment point.

  Similar galls have also been observed on Vitis labrusca.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/288/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis capillata, new species

  Host.--Quercus alba

  Gall.--Cluster of 2-12 on midrib on under side of leaf in fall, usually on the lower leaves of strong stumps from sprouts. The individual galls are whitish or tan-colored, somewhat globular, 2-3 mm in diameter, but slightly distorted by mutual pressure, covered with sparse short pubescence which does not hide the outline of the gall.

  Habitat.--The type material was collected at Fort Sheridan, IL., October 3, 1914. Nothing emerged before September, 1915, but when the breeding cage was next examined on November 2, 1915, six dead adults were found in the cage and a gall contained a full-grown larva, and a larva was found when another gall was opened June 2, 1916. The galls were also seen at Highland Park, IL. ; Kimmswick, Ironton, and Poplar Bluff, Mo. ; Hot Springs and Texarkana, Ark. ; Bluemont, Va., and Washington, D. C. A similar gall without the long scattered hairs was observed on Q. montana at Washington and Bluemont. Galls collected at East Falls Church, Va., in October, 1923, gave adults December 12, 1924. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32293#page/155/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta carolina n. sp.

  galls on White Oak (Quercus alba)

  Gall. — A small, hard cellular, finely pubescent globular gall, .20 inch in diameter, slightly attached to the petiole of a leaf. 

  Described from two specimens reared in February from galls collected in Asheville, K. C, October, 1886. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/290/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis carolina (Ashmead)

  Described from two adults from Asheville, N. C, from galls on Quercus alba. The writer reared two flies which agree with the types from galls collected on Q. stellata at Ironton, Mo. in October, 1917, the flies emerging June 1, 1918. The galls occur in clusters of 2-4 on the midrib and nearly always on upper side of the leaf but sometimes on the lower. They are 5-6 mm. in diameter, with a smooth surface just visible with hand lens between clumps of stellate hairs. The galls were seen at Hoxie, Hot Springs, and Texarkana, Ark. ; Palestine, Houston, Boerne, College Station, and Arlington, Tex. ; Madison and Ocala, Fla. What seems to be the same gall occurs at Boerne and Austin, Tex., on shin oak, Q. breviloba, and on Q. chapmani at Carabelle, Clearwater, St. Petersburg, and Daytona, Fla. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/358/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus gillettei n. sp.

  Gall. — A pustule like enlargement of the petioles and mid-veins of the leaves of Quercus obtusiloba [stellata]. Polythalamous and quite irregular in size and form. My dry specimens are much shrunken and distorted. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/360/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis gallaestriatae, new species

  Host.--Quercus maxima [rubra], red oak

  Gall.--The gall was described by Miss Stebbins in 1910 but she failed to rear the adult. The galls are spindle-shaped with a long tapering base, the largest measuring 31 mm. long by 4 mm in diameter, longitudinally ridged with from 9-12 rounded ridges. They are found in late summer sticking out at an angle of 45° on the twigs, produced from weak lateral buds toward the base of the current season's growth, greenish at first and often tinged with red, later turning brown and dropping to ground early in September. 

  Habitat. — The type material was collected at Ravinia, IL., September 15, 1917. Galls were opened at intervals and on September 2 and March 25, 1919, those opened contained full-grown larvae. On June 9, 1919, the dead adult was found in the last of the galls in the cage. Date of normal emergence unknown. These galls were also collected at Evanston, Fort Sheridan, and Glen Ellyn, IL. William Beutenmueller has collected them at New York City. There is a similar gall on Q. texana at Boerne, Tex.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/27/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus? gallaestriatae, n.s.

  Striate oak gall
  A spindle-shaped gall developed from a very small bud near the base of last season's twig, projecting from the tip of the bud. Top blunt with inserted tip. Comparatively thick-walled, the one larval cell filling the space, with a mere suggestion of supporting fibers at either end. Stem longer than remainder of the gall. (Gall about 2 cm. long, 2 mm. wide. Green yellow with each of the 7-10 longitudinal ridges tinned with red. more strongly on one side of the gall than on the other. On scarlet oak, Quercus coccinea. September. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32422#page/64/mode/1up
description:
  New Observations on the Gall of CYNIPS QUERCUS PALUSTRIS, 0. S. 

  Among the oak galls described in my previous articles, one of the most singular is the gall I named Cynips quercus palustris, from its frequent occurrence on Q. palustris, the pin-oak, although it is also occasionally found on other oaks of the red-oak group. This gall is especially remarkable on account of a small, cocoon-like body, containing the pupa, which rolls freely about in a comparatively large cavity, without being connected in any way with the walls of this cavity, or, in other words, with the substance of the plant upon which the gall is growing. An examination of the shell of this cocoon-like body (which, for brevity's sake, I will call ovule) proves that it does not consist of animal, but of vegetable matter, in other words, that the ovule is not a cocoon, although it contains the larva and afterwards the pupa. The growth of these galls is so sudden that, although I have seen thousands of them, I do not remember having seen one which was not full grown as far as the size is concerned. Once or twice only I discovered specimens arrested in their growth by some unknown agency and withered in that state; and in such specimens I observed the ovule still connected, by a short stem, with the leaf or branch upon which the gall was growing. It would seem, therefore, that the ovule is nothing but the usual kernel, existing in many other galls, but which here, during the growth of the gall, becomes disconnected from its shell. 

  During my rambles in the Central Park, in New York, in May, 1869, among numberless galls of this kind on the pin-oak, I observed a good many which were double, that is, consisted of two galls soldered together. Such galls instead of globular were oblong, sometimes slightly narrowed in the middle. Usually, there was no partition on the inside between the two galls ; in the cavity thus formed was the likewise double ovule. The coarctation in the middle of the ovule was generally much more marked, than that of the gall. The double ovule contained two well-formed pupae without any partition between them, and hence almost in contact with each other. 

  Such double galls showed different degrees of coalescence, and the coalescence of their ovules was always in exact proportion to the coalescence of the outer shells of the galls. Sometimes the galls, although coalescent externally, were still separated by a partition internally; then each gall contained its own ovule. But whenever there was no inner wall between the galls, the ovules were also coalescent. In one case I observed the inner wall only partially removed, the cavities communicating by a rather small opening ; the ovules were in this case coalescent by a small portion of their surface, otherwise retaining their rounded shape and thus almost representing the figure eight. 

  In one of the galls I observed a small green caterpillar with yellow stripes, which had taken its abode in it and eaten up a part of the ovule, and perhaps also sucked out the larva. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32422#page/65/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus notha, n. sp.

  Still more remarkable, perhaps, than the preceding observation, is the discovery, among large numbers of the gall of C. q. palustris, of another gall, constructed on the same principle, that is, with a moveable ovule on the inside, but entirely different in the details of its organization. This gall, growing on the same trees and in exactly the same situation with that of C q. palustris, often alongside with it, is, however, much more rare. Its shell is not globular but oblong, much thinner and hence less succulent than that of C. q. palustris. Its green surface shows some longitudinal, semitransparent veins, of which there is no trace in the other gall. The ovule likewise is different; instead of round it is elongated, rounded at one end, pointed at the other, resembling a seed very much; its outer shell is much harder, smooth and shining. One of these galls had coalesced with a gall of C. q. palustris, just in the same manner as the above mentioned double galls of the latter kind. And, singular enough, the ovule of this double gall showed, by its unsymmetrical shape, that it was the compound of the ovules of the two different kinds. (I have preserved the specimen in my collection.) I obtained several specimens, male and female, from these galls, which showed no perceptible difference from C. q. palustris. What the different shape of the gall means, is a mystery to me. Until this is solved, I propose to call the gall Quercus notha, in order to distinguish it from the other. It may be that the flies themselves, upon , closer examination, would show some specific differences. Both galls excluded their flies between the 20th and the 30th of May. 


description:
  A small, nearly flat disc at the edge of an unidentified red oak leaf. It resembles the California endemic Acraspis guadaloupensis, and its raised rim forms a tight seam against the leaf, suggesting that like A guadaloupensis it might be detached from the leaf, but is in fact integral, showing the same seams on both sides. The center of the disc bulges out from either side as if vacuum-sealed around its contents (presumbly the larval cell). Every gall of this type observed so far has been found directly abutting the edge of the leaf. 

  A fresh gall matching this description was seen on Quercus rubra in Michigan in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/80202597) and [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82105330) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82120850). Insects (inducers or parasitoids) had already emerged from galls found in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/52389190) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/52389251) in Pennsylvania. Emergence holes were seen on the upper or lower side of the leaf. Old galls have also been seen in Pennsylvania in [October](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63354611).


description:
  Galls matching this description seem to occur on Quercus palustris and velutina as well as rubra, and possibly other red-group oaks. They are often tan rather than or in addition to red and have erineum on both sides of the leaf. These may not all be the same mite species. 


description:
  Galls matching this description have been observed on Quercus phellos in April in [Arkansas](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/75416880) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77071328) [(3)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77071331) and in [New Jersey](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77887718) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79770992). Similar galls have been seen in Ohio on Quercus imbricaria in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77962989) and [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/81501721) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/81502734) and in May on Quercus [rubra](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/46886386).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/251/mode/1up
description:
  DISHOLCASPIS BREVINOTA. new species. 

  Host. — Quercus breviloba Sargent. 

  Gall. — A bullet gall at base of sprouts similar to those of Disholcaspis terrestris Weld on Quercus stellata Wangenheim [D terrestris description: Globular bullet galls up to 17 mm. in diameter in clusters on runner sprouts or sprouts from stumps at surface of ground hidden by loose debris. When fresh finely mottled with red, but when dry almost uniformly red and finely wrinkled. Inside is a distinct thin- walled central cell in the center of spongy brown tissue.] 

  Type locality. — Austin, Texas. Collected a few galls October 30, 1917. Cut out three living flies and one pupa November 13. Collected galls also at Boerne, Texas, October 27, and one gall opened on that date contained a pupa which transformed before November 10. The normal emergence is probably in the late fall. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/252/mode/1up
description:
  DISHOLCASPIS TERRESTRIS, new species.

  Plate 28, fig. 3.

  Host. — Quercus stellata Wangenheim and Quercus margaretta Ashe. 

  Gall. — Globular bullet galls up to 17 mm. in diameter in clusters on runner sprouts or sprouts from stumps at surface of ground hidden by loose debris. When fresh finely mottled with red, but when dry almost uniformly red and finely wrinkled. Inside is a distinct thin- walled central cell in the center of spongy brown tissue. 

  Type locality. — Ironton, Missouri. Type galls collected on Q. stellata, October 5, 1917, when a few of best developed contained adults and the rest pupae. The flies issued in breeding cage out of doors at Evanston, Illinois, November 6, November 11, and December 1, 1917, and living adults were also found in cage February 19 and March 11, 1918. Galls were also collected at Poplar Bluff, Missouri, October 8, 1917, and 18 flies were found alive in cage on December IS, the thermometer having registered — 14° F. on December 10. Collected galls at Webster Groves, Missouri, September 9, 1915, and cut out living adults November 2. Have collected these galls also at Hoxie, Hot Springs, and Texarkana, Arkansas; and at Palestine and Trinity, Texas; Dothan, Alabama; Marianna, Tallahassee and Madison, Florida — all on Q. stellata. In the United States National Museum are galls from Shovel Mount, Texas, collected by F. G. Schaupp on roots of post oak, with the label "Issued Febr. '97," but there are no flies with the galls. The same species occurs on runner sprouts of Q. margaretta. A large number of the galls containing pupae were collected at Ocala, Florida, October 30, 1919, and adults began to issue in the breeding cage in early December. Galls at Green Cove Springs, Florida, contained adults on November 23. Flies from galls on margaretta are a little smaller (average of 24 was 4.1 mm.) than those from stellata (average of 65 was 5.1 mm.). 


description:
  Disholcaspis pruniformis, new species

  GALLS.-About the size and shape of a small plum (Figs. 44 and 45), yellow to reddish brown. Monothalamous. Somewhat elongate, broadest nearer the apex, more pointed toward the base, about 2.8 X 2.1 cm., light yellowish brown, broadly tinged with reddish brown, most likely entirely smooth while alive, but the thin skin becoming slightly rough by shrivelling on drying. Internally filled with a compact, not solid mass of yellowish, crystalline, sawdust-like material, only slightly approaching a woody fiber structure around the larval cell which is central in the gall, thick-shelled, and closely imbedded (at least in the dried gall) in the surrounding tissue. Attached on the side of the young twig, at the one-year node, on"post-oak."

  RANGE.-Texas

  The galls, though bearing separate numbers, had been placed together with galls of Amphibolips gainesi, and the galls of the species are superficially similar, but the gall of D pruniformis differs in not being perfectly round and in being colored yellowish and reddish brown. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22092#page/86/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus mammula, n. sp.

  Galls: Hard woody knots at the base of the young shoots on thrifty young white oak trees, Q alba. They affect both the lateral and terminal branches, and as they are of a hemispherical form, and of large size when compared with the branch which always grows out of their summit, they suggest the name above given. They are polythalamous, and the larval cells are arranged as though the eggs had been deposited around the bud before the leaves appeared. The white, thin-walled larval cells are imbedded in woody tissue from which it is almost impossible to detach them. The galls formed around the lateral buds are from one-half to three- fourths of an inch in diameter, but those around the cluster of terminal buds are often an inch in diameter, and instead of a single branch, several are often found growing out of a single gall. They do not seem to affect the growth of the branches the first year, but must seriously injure the tree the following year when the perforated galls begin to decay. This species was very common last year in a thicket which I have searched for galls every season for the last fifteen years without discovering it. The flies are of both sexes and they leave the galls in July. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37074622#page/147/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis mamillana

  A globular bullet gall drawn out at apex into a distinct blunt point like the pointed bullet gall of the Eastern States. Wall thick, central larval cell not separable. Covered when young with very dense, short pubescence which weathers away in late fall.

  Host: Quercus douglasii 


description:
  Disholcaspis mamillana 

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa
  Stem galls, detachable from the twig
  Fig 162. Pointed bullet gall, when young covered with dense short pubescence. Larval cell not separable. Dec.

  Fig 162. On Q-douglasii and dumosa. Pointed bullet gall. Wall thick, larval cell not separable. The short, dense pubescence when young weathers away. Contain adults in December (Stanford). 

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=87&q1=%22disholcaspis%20mamillana%22


description:
  Disholcaspis mamillana

  This cynipid wasp induces round, monothalamous, finely hairy bud galls on blue and scrub oaks, The light beige galls may have a rose flush near the base. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus douglasii
  Quercus berberidifolia


description:
  Disholcaspis mellifica 

  Quercus garryana
  Stem galls, detachable from the twig
  Fig 134. Bursts out of cracks in the bark in rows and secretes copious honeydew when fresh, top flat, rugose.

  Fig. 134. In rows on current year's growth in fall, secreting copious honeydew. Adults were dead when cut out in March. (Sequoia National Park). 

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=66&q1=%22disholcaspis%20mellifica%22


description:
  Disholcaspis mellifica

  This cynipid wasp induces elliptical, flat-topped galls that appear to burst out of cracks in stems of scrub, leather, and Oregon oaks. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus berberidifolia
  Quercus durata
  Quercus garryana 


description:
  Disholcaspis simulata

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, engelmanni, garryana
  Stem galls, detachable from the twig
  Fig 72. "Dried peach" gall. Cell free.

  72. Q dumosa, douglasii, engelmanni, garryana. Adults have been cut out in November and others issued and died before Feb 14 (San Bernardino Mts). Galls contained adults on Nov 22 and Jan 5 (Stanford).

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=82&q1=%22disholcaspis%20simulata%22


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387570#page/142/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis simulata, new species

  Hosts: Quercus dumosa, garryana

  Gall. Rounded bullet gall with a nipple tip. Monothalamous. Fairly globular, averaging 12.-15. mm. in diameter, some specimens larger or smaller, bearing at the summit a short, blunt point; colored light brick red or yellowish brown, weathering dark; the surface is very rough, but finely so. Internally densely but not compactly woody, likely solid when young, becoming hollow when mature, but with the walls still thick; containing a thin-walled, hard-shelled, entirely loose larval cell averaging 3. mm. in diameter by 4.2 mm. long. Galls attached by a tongue in the concave base; laterally on twigs of white oaks.

  RANGE: Oregon, California. Probably wherever oaks occur on the Pacific Coast.

  Disholcaspis simulata variety simulata, new variety

  GALL. — Mostly colored light brick red to a darker purplish red, becoming lighter and browner on aging, or weathering dark; on twigs of Quercus dumosa. 

  RANGE. — California: Fallbrook, Sorrento, San Jacinto Mountains, Upland, Pasadena, Santa Barbara, Paso Robles. Probably occurs thru- out the southern Sierras and their extensions, from El Portal south. 

  Galls collected in February and March, 1920, contained live adults in November and December 1920 and in March 1921 ; several adults had emerged before March 1921. It is not unlikely that it is a year and a half or more after hatching before the adult emerges from the gall. Externally some specimens, duller-colored, of this gall will be confused with less distinctly colored specimens of Disholcaspis plumbella Kinsey; both species occur in enormous abundance on the same host, Quercus dumosa; the adults of the two are very distinct. 

  Disholcaspis simulata variety vancouverensis, new variety 

  GALL. — Mostly colored light buff to yellowish brown, in part tinged rose red (not brick red!) when younger, weathering darker; on twigs of Quercus garryana. 

  RANGE. — Oregon: Roseburg, Grants Pass, Ashland. California: Yreka. North of the other varieties. 

  Tho structurally the two varieties are very much alike, their distinct color, correlated with the distinct hosts and ranges makes it important to distinguish two separated tendencies in evolution. This variety is likely confined to the geographic area of the more northern Pacific coast called **Vancouveran" by Van Dyke (1919, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., XII, p. 4) . Another variety occurs on Q. douglasii in central California, and still another distinct variety in the San Bernardino Mountains, but I have not seen adults from galls of these. 


description:
  Disholcaspis simulata
  [Page 104]

  This cynipid wasp induces monothalamous, round, densely hairy stem galls on scrub, leather, blue, Oregon, and Englemann oaks. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus berberidifolia
  Quercus durata
  Quercus douglasii
  Quercus garryana
  Quercus englemanni


description:
  Disholcaspis simulata

  This gall can be easily confused in outward appearance with Disholcaspis mamillana (Bullet Gall Wasp). The best way to determine that you've found D. simulata is to inspect the gall internally to confirm the presence of a single free-floating larval chamber. 


description:
  Disholcaspis washingtonensis 

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, durata, garryana, lobata
  Stem galls, detachable from the twig
  Fig 70. Diameter 8 mm.

  70. Probably on all the white oaks. Just starting Mar. 16 (Santa Ana Mts.), Apr. 12 (Paso Robles). Adults were found in galls Sept 21 (San Jacinto Mts), two were out and dead by Nov 9.

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=82&q1=%22disholcaspis%20washingtonensis%22


description:
  Disholcaspis washingtonensis

  This cynipid gall wasp induces detachable, monothalamous, solid stem galls on blue and valley oaks that are sometimes confused with the galls of the fuzzy-gall wasp (Besbicus conspicuuus). The outer surface of the 8-10 mm-wide gall is usually covered with short, beige to rusty brown hairs. Longer, whitish hairs may be sparsely interspersed with the short hairs.

  Hosts:
  Quercus douglasii
  Quercus lobata


description:
  Two (or potentially variants of one) undescribed gall species are commonly identified as Callirhytis furva. Both are found in the same arrangement scattered along the upper leaf veins of various red-group oaks in summer and fall. [The first](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1367) shares C furva's long, straight hairs but only in a flat fringe around an apical scar. [The second](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1344) has the same apical scar but only short pubescence, not obscuring their red-orange surface and globular shape. 

  Quercus rubra added as a host based on many unconfirmed observations and on Weld's assertion that C furva is found on "probably on all the red oaks."


description:
  Galls matching this description have been seen in Pennsylvania on Q coccinea in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78385320) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/46532388), on Q ilicifolia in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/46298439), on Q rubra in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/81201170) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/81201093), and on an unidentified red oak in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/46514828) and others in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/53650923) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/53650688). 


description:
  Besbicus conspicuus

  Quercus lobata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 69. Wrinkled bullets, 6.7 mm in diameter.

  Fig.69. Q lobata. Fresh galls full-grown August 20, red and succulent (Calistoga). Adults have been cut out on December 10 and February 9 (Stanford).

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=68&q1=%22Besbicus%20conspicuus%22


description:
  Besbicus conspicuus
  [Page 105]

  This cynipid wasp induces round, fuzzy, detachable, monothalamous stem galls on almost all white oaks in the Pacific States. 


description:
  These detachable galls can be found on stems and leaves of white oaks in the Pacific States. Galls are bumpy or wrinkled in texture and can be found singly or in clusters. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84930#page/29/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus caepuliformis sp. nov.

  Gall. — In clusters around the twig of black oak (Quercus velutina). Monothalamous. Rounded with the apex pointed, and the sides longitudinally grooved. The rounded part is hollow and rather thin walled, and the base of the gall is imbedded in a cavity in the twig. Rose colored, hard and woody (when dry). In general appearance the gall resembles a very small seed onion. Length 5-8 mm. Width 4-5 mm. 

  Habitat.--IN


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41967356#page/652/mode/1up
description:
  Sphaeroteras caepuliforme n. comb.

  Gall on several red oaks

  Biorhiza caepuliformis

  IN, IL, MO, AR, TX, NY, MD, VA, FL


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562932#page/260/mode/1up
description:
  Biorhiza caepuliformis

  Andricus caepuliformis

  The galls of this species occur singly or in clusters of as many as 30 at the base of young vigorous saplings or sprouts from stumps, usually hidden by debris and often inclosed in a cylindrical case made by ants about the cluster, as the galls give off an exudate when young of which the ants are fond. They burst out through a crack in the bark and when detached leave a characteristic cup-shaped cavity in the bark. Fresh galls are full grown about Chicago by August 1 and contain pupae by September 12 and the adults by October 3. In breeding, cages the flies emerged November 23-26 and in greater numbers by December 2. In Florida pupae were seen October 10, 17, and 23, the earliest adults in the galls November 20 and the earliest emergence was December 1. The alternating generation is unknown. 

  The species was originally described from Quercus velutina Lamarck from Indiana. The writer has taken it on Q. velutina at Poplar Bluff and Ironton, Missouri; Hot Springs and Texarkana, Arkansas; and Falls Church, Virginia. He has also taken it on eight other host oaks as follows: On Q. rubra Linnaeus at Fort Sheridan, Ravinia, Winnetka, Evanston, River Grove, Glenn Ellyn, Willow Springs, and New Lenox, Illinois, and at Tuskahoma, Oklahoma; on Q. marilandica Muenchhausen at Hot Springs, Arkansas; Palestine, Texas; and Marianna, Florida. On Q. texana [buckleyi] Buckley at Boerne and Kerrville, Texas. On Q. falcata Michaux at Dothan, Alabama. On Q. laurifolia Michaux at Daytona and Gainesville, Florida. On Q. catesbaei [laevis] Michaux at Marianna, Florida. On Q. brevifolia Sargent at Marianna, Madison, Jacksonville, Ocala, and Gainesville, Florida. On Q. myrtifolia Willdenow at Carrabelle and Daytona, Florida. About Chicago these galls seem to be much more abundant some seasons than others. From these galls come only agamic females. The galls are largest on Q. rubra.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505966#page/185/mode/1up
description:
  Biorhiza caepuliformis

  Clustered at base of vigorous sprouts, up to 30 in a group, onion-shaped, 5-8 mm long, pointed at apex, longitudinally striate, brown, hard and brittle when mature in the fall, monothalamous. Often enclosed in a "shed" by ants which are fond of the honeydew the growing galls secrete. On Q rubra and velutina. Adults emerge in the late fall, Nov 23-Dec 2.


description:
  Acorn Cup Gall Wasp (Unknown #1)

  This cynipid wasp induces galls that cause acorn cups on black oak to bulge out into distinct, rounded segments, each a monothalamous gall. Galled acorns stand out readily from non-galled acorns. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus kelloggii


description:
  Acorn Cup Gall Wasp

  This cynipid wasp induces bulging, round galls on the cups of acorns on Quercus kelloggii. 

  Photographs and drawings of this undescribed gall are currently available in both the 2006 and 2021 versions of Ronald Russo's field guides, however additional verifiable images are not currently available. 

  Russo mentions that this gall has only been observed on California black oak (Quercus kelloggii) in Mount Shasta, CA, however may be possible on other oaks within this group. 

  Quercus agrifolia added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/99764487). 


description:
  Acorn Cup Gall Wasp

  Oaks examined in mid-July on Mount Shasta in northern California were thoroughly affected by this gall insect. 

  Host:
  Quercus kelloggii


description:
  Pachypsylla venusta 

  Psylla venusta
  Psylla celtidis-grandis
  Pachypsylla tridentata

  The galls are large (ave 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter), more or less spherical, not completely closed on one side and form on the leaf petioles. They remain attached to the tree usually, the mature insects emerging in the spring when the temperature becomes sufficiently high. They may be brought out during the winter by bringing them into a warm room. The last stadium nymph crawls from the gall and emerges as the adult very shortly thereafter. The galls are polythalamous. 

  Known from Iowa, Kansas, Colorado, Texas. New Mexico Ohio Mississippi, Tennessee, North. Carolina, New Jersey, and Connecticut: It is undoubtedly much more widespread throughout the range of its host


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidis-mamma

  Psylla celtidis-mamma
  Pachypsylla rohweri

   The, galls formed by this species occur on the leaves of hackberry, developmg into a more or less mammiform growth on the underside of the leaf. On the upper surface of the leaf a depression forms, cupping down into the gall. The shape of the gall itself is quite variable, often with a nipple-like tip, sometimes conical, glabrous or pubescent, etc. Usually they are monothalamous. 

  The adults emerge in the fall, overinter in crevices of bark, etc.; early In the spring they fly to the twigs, and after mating, the females begin to deposit eggs about as soon as the leaves begin to appear. The nymphs feed on the lower side of the leaves and are soon enclosed in the fall. There is but one generation per year, the nymphs reaching maturity in September.

  The type of Pachypsylla rohweri Cockerell (No. 18476) is in the Natronal Museum and is m my opinion identical with celtidis-mamma

  Riley, apparently assuming that the shape of a  gall was an extremely accurate and highly constant specific character (even more so than the structure of the insect) proposed names for a species of Pachypsylla for each different shape of gall that he found. With these names he described the galls in detail but made no mention whatsoever of the insects. In a. preliminary statement, however, he said "the yet undescnbed species are all so closely allied to P. c-mamma that they can only be distinguished with difficulty." Elsewhere (Can. Ent. 15: 158) he says of one of them "P. c-mamma so closely resembles another species (P. c-cucurbita M. S. mihi), however, that without the galls it would be difficult if not impossible to separate them-a not uncommon occurrence among gall-making species." Anyone rearing these insects from the galls and not blinded by the above assumption of infallible gall specificity must soon come to the conclusions reached by Mally (1849) that, the shape and size of the gall is not at all constant .  .  . It was found that P. c.-mamma occurred in all the different variations, thus showing that these variations are not of specific importance." Fortunately, the series of names proposed by Riley stand as nomina nuda. Some few of them have cluttered up the literature of galls, however, and do until the present time. 

  I have seen specimens of this very abundant animal from, or definIte records are available of its occurrence in, the following states and provinces: Colorado, Texas, Arizona, Utah, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, and Ontario. It undoubtedly occurs, however, throughout the range of Its host species, hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.).


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidis-vesicula

  Pachypsylla celtidis-vesiculum

  The gall formed on the leaves of the hackberry is of a quite different type from that of celtidis-mamma; it is blister-like and more prominent on the upper than on the lower surface. Very many galls are frequently found on the same leaf, and they are found on the same leaf with celtidis-mamma galls. This species is extremely abundant. It over-winters in the adult stage as does its relative and in company with it sometimes becomes a household nuisance in the fall. 

  It is known from Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arizona, Louisiana, Ohio, New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. It doubtlessly occurs throughout the range of its host (Celtis).


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidis-gemma

  The adults appear in the spring (April and May in Iowa), having overwintered as nymphs in the galls. The galls are formed from the axillary buds on the twigs, usually they are polythalamous.

  Specimens are at hand from Maryland, New Jersey, St. Catharine's Island, Georgia, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana. It is also recorded from Virginia, District of Columbia, New York, Connecticut, Ohio, and Missouri. 


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidis-inteneris

  Pachypsylla inteneris
  Pachypsylla ungulata

  The adults emerge in the spring from the galls which are located beneath the bark on the twigs or bases of the larger limbs.

  Range: IO, IL, OH


description:
  Pachypsylla pallida

  Numerous specimens are at hand from several localities in Arizona and New Mexico which seem undoubtedly to be this species. Two of them, from Organ Mountains, New Mexico, are accompanied by galls. The latter are on the twigs and appear to be very densely pubescent; on closer examination this pubescence seems to be a dense growth of sporangiophores of a white fungus, completely covering the galls. There is no evidence to indicate whether this is accidental or whether there is some significance to this association.


description:
  Galls matching this description have been seen in Texas on Quercus shumardii in [October](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63593060) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63186535)  [(3)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/62219266) and [November](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64680789) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64743654)  [(3)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64680614).


description:
  Host association with Quercus macrocarpa inferred from unconfirmed observations. 
  Host association with Quercus prinoides inferred from [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82086638). 


description:
  This gall is often identified as Callirhytis furva, but is distinct from it in having long hairs only arranged in a flat fringe around a scar at its apex, not uniformly obscuring its surface. It is found on similar hosts (various red-group oaks including at least Q phellos, velutina, ilicifolia, rubra, and palustris but likely many others) and in a similar arrangement (scattered in small clusters along the upper leaf veins). It also closely resembles [this undescribed gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1344), which differs only in that it lacks any long hairs. Galls have been observed that seem [intermediate](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/62047187) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/60791764) between the two undescribed galls. 

  Observations are collected in [this page on Bugguide](https://bugguide.net/node/view/356574) and in Callirhytis furva on iNaturalist. 

  Quercus ellipsoidalis added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/59173808).


description:
  Besbicus heldae

  This cynipid wasp induces hard, spiny, detachable, monothalamous bud galls on Oregon and valley oaks. The spines covering the globular galls are flattened laterally, platelike, and often bent over and twisted rather than erect.

  Hosts:
  Quercus garryana
  Quercus lobata


description:
  Besbicus heldae 

  Quercus lobata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Midrib cluster on basal third like [Fig 69.](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1365)

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=plaintext&seq=68&q1=%22besbicus%20heldae%22


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41966767#page/641/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips spongifica (Osten Sacken)

  Cynips q spongifica
  Cynips spongifica
  Cynips q coccineae
  Amphibolips carolinensis
  Amphibolips longicornis
  Trissandricus maculipennis

  Gall on Q coccinea, velutina, marilandica

  Ontario to IL; south to VA. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516685#page/235/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips multipuncatata var heldae
  agamic form

  The agamic galls of all of the species of the genus are produced on the veins of the leaves of white oak, with the single exception of Cynips heldae, which occurs either on leaf veins, petioles, or young stems of the oak.

  GALL:
  Generally spherical (as seen in cross-section), but so distorted with peculiarly irregular ridges and spines on the surface as to appear very irregular, even cubical; up to 10.0 mm. in diameter, completely covered with an irregular, often twisted mass of broad, blunt spines which are usually flattened and often ridged; the surface of the gall smooth, naked, with a microscopic scurf on the younger galls, this scurf more or less lost on the older galls; young (but fully grown) galls light reddish-brown in color, often lighter gray because of the scurf, the older galls dark, dirty brown. Internally solid with a compact, crystalline substance which is not as hard as in Cynips echinus and which contains more compacted, branched fibers; the larval cell large, up to 4.0 mm. in diameter, central or asymmetrically placed. Occurring singly or in compacted, distorted masses of as many as 8 galls, on the twigs (terminally or laterally), on the leaf petioles, or on the veins on the upper or under surfaces of the leaves of Quercus lobata. Figures 195, 205-206. 

  Occurring singly or in compact, distorted masses of as many as 8 galls, on the twigs (terminally or laterally), on the leaf petioles, or on the veins on the upper or under surfaces of the leaves of Quercus lobata. 

  RANGE:
  California: Probably confined to a limited area including parts of Mendocino Lake, and northern Sonoma Counties, and rimming at least the northern part of the Sacramento Valley. The remarkable gall of this species is, apparently, not rare in the Mendocino-Lake County area, but it is as far as we know confined to that part of California. While often occurring on the twigs of the Valley oak, one of the two instances of a true Cynips gall in this location, it is by no means confined to the twigs as Weld suggests, for I have specimens from petioles and from leaf veins, both on the upper and under surfaces of the leaf. 

  The remarkable gall of this species is, apparently, not rare in the Mendocino-Lake County area, but it is as far as we know confined to that part of California. While often occur- ring on the twigs of the Valley oak, one of the two instances of a true Cynips gall in this location, it is by no means con- fined to the twigs as Weld suggests, for I have specimens from petioles and from leaf veins, both on the upper and under surfaces of the leaf. Oviposition is evidently not so unlike oviposition with other agamic forms of Cynips. Weld records fully grown galls containing immature insects as early as August. Thru the courtesy of Miss Schulthess and Mr. Leach, I have series of the galls and of the adults from a number of localities. Galls collected at Kelseyville on September 25 (in 1926) were fully grown but contained very small larvae. The galls collected at the same locality on October 4 (in 1925) contained larvae that were still not mature. The galls collected at Yorkville on October 22 and at Clover dale on October 26 (both in 1922) contained live adults in November. Adults emerged from Kelseyville material, bred at Bloomington, Indiana, from January 22 to February 5, 1926, at a season when we were having freezing tempera- tures every night and a zero temperature on one occasion. Some of the adults had already escaped from the material collected at Cottonwood by Gambs in January, but others emerged on January 23. Old galls of the previous year’s growth may be found as late as October 25 (as at Clear Lake in 1923), together with the fully-grown galls of the new generation. From one small gall I cut an adult 1.5 mm. in length. It is a miniature of the normal insect except in having fewer spots in the wings, and in being generally less hairy. Heldae has usually been considered one of the most distinct species on our Pacific Coast, and this judgment is well applied to the gall produced by this insect. But the insect, as far as I can see, and as Fullaway pointed out in his original description, is practically identical with C. multipunctata conspicua. The two occur on the same species of oak, and they alone, among all species of Cynips, produce galls on the petioles and young twigs as well as on the leaves of the oak. Conspicua is unknown and there is no other Besbicus except heldae on Q. lobata in the Mendocino-Lake County area. The galls of conspicua and heldae (see figs. 195 and 198) are identical in plan, altho they do differ so much in superficial form. These several considerations lead me to believe that heldae and conspicua are derived from the same stock, and represent the closest of existent relatives of that stock. 


description:
  Amphibolips ilicifoliae

  Cynips quercus ilicifoliae
  Cynips ilicifoliae

  Gall. On the upper side of the leaves of scrub oak (Quercus nana [ilicifolia]), standing erect or nearly so, sometimes entirely preventing the development of the leaf and apparently growing out of the petiole. Dark green, elongated, fusiform with the apex rather longer and more slender than the basal portion, and often curved. The outer shell is thin, smooth, and opaque. Internally with a larval cell held in position by radiating fibers as in Amphibolips inanis. Length 25 to 55 mm; width 7 to 20 mm.

  Habitat: CT, NY, NJ, PA, DE, MD

  Galls may be found in May and June and the adults emerge during the latter month.


description:
  Andricus albicomus 

  Quercus garryana
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 155. Covered with stellate hairs, 5 mm.

  Fig 155. Q. garryana. On under side of leaf, 5.0 mm. in diameter covered with stellate whitish hairs. Adults emerged Apr. 1, 1950 from galls collected Oct. 14, 1948 (Caves Junction, Oreg.).

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=87&q1=%22andricus%20albicomus%22


description:
  Amphibolips coelebs

  Cynips quercus coelebs
  Cynips coelebs

  Gall On the edge of a leaf of scarlet oak (Quercus cocinea) and red oak (Quercus rubra). Sometimes also found on young and tender twigs. Elongated or fusiform, narrow, with the apex prolonged into a point; base usually with a long pedicel, inserted on the edge of the leaf and being the prolongation of the leaf-vein. Pale green with a thin outer shell. Internally there is an oblong thin larval cell, held in position by radiating fibers. Length 20 to 25 mm; width 4 to 8 mm.

  The gall makes its appearance from about the middle of May to early in June, and the adult emerges during the latter month.

  Habitat: NY, NJ, DC


description:
  Amphibolips melanocera

  Gall Issuing from the bud axilis of water oak (Quercus nigra). Globular or elongate oval, sometimes with a very short nipple at the apex. Greenish brown and yellowish green when fresh. Coffee brown and very glossy when dry. The outer shell is very thin, and internally there is a central kernel held in place by some very thin hair-like filaments. When dry the gall is very brittle, and may be easily crushed with the fingers. Diameter 7-15 mm.

  The gall is constructed on the same plan [as Amphibolips citriformis] but is rounded or elongate oval and without a long pointed terminal prolongation at the apex.

  Habitat: FL


description:
  Amphibolips cinerea

  Cynips quercus cinerea

  Gall. Attached to the twigs and limbs of blue-jack or upland willow oak (Quercus brevifolia [incana]). Large, spherical or elongate oval, with a small nipple at the apex and of a dark crimson, mottled with small spots of a lighter color. The outer shell is rather thick, and when old it is brown, hard and brittle. Internally there is a central larval cell held in position by very dense brownish spongy filaments. Length 24 to 35 mm; width 20 to 30 mm.

  Habitat: FL


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15672477#page/370/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus albicomus, new species

  Gall:
  A thin-walled conical gall about 5 mm. in diameter on the underside of a leaf in the fall, densely covered with pedicelled, stellate grayish-white hairs. Inside is a transverse basal larval cell with a distal cavity opening at apex. 

  Host: 
  Quercus garryana


description:
  Amphibolips cooki

  Amphibolips cookii

  Gall. Issuing from a bud on the terminal twigs of red oak (Quercus rubra) in September and October. Almost globular and usually with a small nipple at the apex. Green and succulent and spotted with red when fresh, and with the outer shell moderately thick. Internally with a central larval cell held in position by radiating fibers. When old the gall becomes brown and shriveled in appearance. Diameter about 16 to 18 mm.

  The gall somewhat resembles that of A inanis, but differs by being smaller, a thicker outer shell and much stouter radiating fibers. It is an autumnal species and the galls readily break off when touched, or it falls with the leaves or before them. It is a bud gall, while that of A inanis occurs on the leaves in spring. The adult emerges late in August and early in September. 

  Habitat: CT, NJ, NY, NC, PA, MI, IO


description:
  Amphibolips tinctoriae

  Gall. Issuing from a bud on quercitron or yellow oak (Quercus velutina) and red oak (Quercus rubra) in autumn. Almond-shaped, acuminate, at tip, compressed with the opposite sides keeled. Green or red when fresh and brown when old. Rather thick shelled and smooth. Internally it is hollow with a central larval cell held in position by radiating fibers. Length 12 to 20 mm. 

  The gall is a deformation of a bud and the characteristic keel shaped sides and compressed form, separates it at once from all other known galls of Amphibolips.

  Habitat: CT, NJ, PA


description:
  Amphibolips nubilipennis

  Cynips nubilipennis
  Callaspidea nubilipennis
  Cynips quercus sculptus
  Cynips quercus sculpta
  Amphibolips sculpta

  Gall. Attached to the under side of leaves of red oak (Quercus rubra) and scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea). Globular or oblong oval and the color of a green grape sometimes with a tinge of pink, succulent and translucent. Internally there is a single cell which can be seen when held up to the sunlight. Diameter 6 to 18 mm.

  The galls of this distinct species may be found fully developed from about the middle of June to early in July, the fly appearing during the latter month.

  The gall when fresh is almost exactly like a green grape and is sometimes partly or wholly pinkish. It is juicy and soft with a hard central larval cell. 

  When dry the gall is shriveled, and very distorted in shape. It is then hard and woody and contains a rounded larval cell in surrounding substance. 

  Habitat: NY, NJ, CT, MA, PA, MI, IO, IN, IL


description:
  Amphibolips racemaria

  Cynips quercus racemaria

  Gall. On the under side of leaf of laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) in April and May. Globular or spherical, crisp, sour and succulent. Green when fresh, and brown and shriveled when dry. Internall with a reddish larval cell. Diameter 8 to 10 mm. 

  The gall very much resembles that of Amphibolips nubilipennis.

  Habitat: FL


description:
  Galls resembling Amphibolips racemaria and nubilipennis have been found on a variety of oaks and places (especially Texas) outside of the ranges listed by Beutenmuller. Weld extended the host list of racemaria to include Q phellos, myrtifolia, and nigra, and the range to include Georgia. However, he lists nubilipennis on "all the red oaks," and found as far south as DC. At the moment, south of North Carolina (including Texas) have been identified as racemaria and all others as nubilipennis. However, the actual bounds geographically and in host relationships are not clearly established. Some of the galls found in Texas are found on oaks like Quercus shumardii, which are not closely related to the group known to host racemaria. 


description:
  Galls resembling Amphibolips racemaria and nubilipennis have been found on a variety of oaks and places (especially Texas) outside of the ranges listed by Beutenmuller. Weld extended the host list of racemaria to include Q phellos, myrtifolia, and nigra, and the range to include Georgia. However, he lists nubilipennis on "all the red oaks," and found as far south as DC. At the moment, south of North Carolina (including Texas) have been identified as racemaria and all others as nubilipennis. However, the actual bounds geographically and in host relationships are not clearly established. Some of the galls found in Texas are found on oaks like Quercus shumardii, which are not closely related to the group known to host racemaria. 

  Quercus hemisphaerica added as a host based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/112800624) and its close relationship with Quercus laurifolia.


description:
  Amphibolips prunus

  Cynips quercus juglans
  Cynips juglans
  Cynips quercus prunus

  Gall. On acorn cups of red oak (Quercus rubra), scrub oak (Quercus nana [ilicifolia]), quercitron oak (Quercus velutina) and scarlet oak (Quercus cocinea) in August and September. Bright red, more or less globular, smooth, and sometimes looking almost like a marble. When fresh it is solid but fleshy and of a pink color inside, shading into yellow toward the middle, where there is a single large larval chamber. Subsequently it becomes mature and it turns blood red, and when old and dry it becomes so hard as to be cut with difficulty. Diameter 15 to 25 mm.

  Habitat: New England and Middle States, south to GA, and west to CO.


description:
  Amphibolips gainesi

  Gall. Attached by a small point to the side of an acorn cup of black jack oak (Quercus marilandica). Perfectly round and smooth and of a dense corky substance. Internally it is rusty brown, contains a large central larval chamber, which is firmly imbedded in, and adherent to the surrounding mass. Diameter 24 to 42 mm.

  The gall is considerably larger than that of A prunus [quercusjuglans] and does not shrivel up like prunus.

  Habitat: TX


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56375553#page/181/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus atrimentus (unisexual generation)

  Gall:
  Monothalamous, conical, flat-based, detachable, on lower leaf margin. Sides nearly straight, flaring slightly at base. Basal larval cell oval in side view, 1.6 mm in diameter, 0.8 mm high, pubescent. Upper surface of larval cell coriaceous with sparse pubescence; brown, darker towards center. Red and yellow striped. 

  Host:
  Quercus douglasii


description:
  Amphibolips fuliginosa

  Cynips quercus fuliginosa

  Gall. On the twigs or possibly on the acorns of willow oak (Quercus laurifolia) in August. Rounded or spherical, smooth, and of a corky texture, with a central larval cell. Reddish brown and rather hard when dry. Diameter 8 to 12 mm.

  The gall has the appearance of a miniature gall of Amphibolips prunus [quercusjuglans] and is similar in structure. WH Ashmead states that the galls drop from large trees in August and that he was unable to find out whether they grow on the twigs or leaves. I am of the opinion that it is an acorn gall owing to the resemblance of the adult and structure of the gall to that of A prunus.

  Habitat: GA, FL


description:
  Amphibolips trizonata

  Gall. On the young twigs of a species of oak in June. Almost or entirely globular with a moderately thick outer shell. Yellowish and almost smooth. Internally it is completely filled with a soft, pithy substance like Amphibolips palmeri. Centrally there is a larval cell which is fastened to the surrounding mass. Diameter 20 to 35 mm.

  According to WH Ashmead, the gall is said to grow on the blossoms of an oak.

  Habitat: AZ


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56375553#page/183/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus atrimentus (bisexual generation)

  Gall:
  By mid-March the integral leal galls of the bisexual generation usually reach full size and the outer white layer develops its pink-tinted tissue paper texture. The blue-black larval cell is connected to the outer layer by numerous blue-black filaments which become white distally.

  Host:
  Quercus douglasii
  *similar galls noted on Quercus dumosa [berberidifolia?] and Quercus turbinella californica [john-tuckeri], but not confirmed by reared insects. 


description:
  Andricus atrimentus (bisexual generation)
  [Page 107]

  Bisexual generation galls are bulbous and hollow, with a thin, felty and web-like, transparent skin. 

  Host:
  Quercus douglasii


description:
  Andricus atrimentus (unisexual generation)

  These volcano-shaped, cream-colored galls with red stripes are flat-bottomed and flared at the base and measure 4 mm high and 4 mm wide. 

  Host:
  Quercus douglasii


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32307#page/321/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus fuliginosa n. sp.

  Galls on the willow oak--Quercus laurifoliae

  Gall.--Brown, mottled, globular galls, .35 inch in diameter, hard, of a fine corky texture with a central kernel.


description:
  Andricus bakkeri

  This cynipid wasp induces beige-pink monothalamous galls on the underside of leaves of Oregon and scrub oaks. These detachable galls usually occur in large numbers per leaf and appear as though they are pinched inward, like pursed lips. 

  Range:
  Observed by Russo near Cave Junction, OR, although they were described from a site in southern CA. 

  Host:
  Quercus garryana
  Quercus berberidifolia


description:
  Given the scant available descriptions and images, it's hard to be certain how to distinguish A quercusfuliginosa galls from small or otherwise atypical galls of A quercusjuglans. However, a set of galls previously identified as A quercusjuglans but differing in their smaller size, lighter color and smaller spots, and blunt, clasping end rather than a pointed attachment, has been tentatively identified as A quercusfuliginosa, and the gall photo has been drawn from these. 

  See observations [collected here.](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/identify?reviewed=true&quality_grade=needs_id%2Cresearch&verifiable=true&preferred_place_id=1&locale=en-US&ident_taxon_id=1239630)

  Q. falcata added as host based on numerous observations on iNat from this host.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56448726#page/307/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus bakkeri

  Gall:
  A monothalamous, cup-shaped leaf spangle, 3-3.5 mm in height. The larval cell occupies the base of the cup whose margins are collapsed at maturity. The galls appear on the leaves during the early summer months and grow rapidly until they reach full size in August. At this time the galls are red and contain small larvae. Pupation occurs in late October and early November.

  Hosts:
  Quercus dumosa 
  Quercus engelmanni
  Quercus garryana

  Range: La Crescenta CA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/70/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips fuliginosa

  Globose, smooth, corky, reddish brown twig or acorn gall, with a large central cell, diameter 8 to 12 mm, on Q laurifolia.

  Globose, small, red, smooth, corky, probably acorn galls, diameter 8 to 12 mm, on Q laurifolia.

  [Felt reproduces Beutenmuller's figures]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305399#page/478/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips fuliginosa

  The galls of this species were described as dropping from trees of Q laurifolia in August. The type flies were found dead in a box of galls put away four years earlier, so date of emergence was not known. The type locality is Jacksonville, Florida. The writer has collected galls on Q. phellos as well as on Q. laurifolia and at the following places: Jacksonville, Live Oak, Lake City, River Junction, Tallahassee, Carrabelle, Gainesville, Ocala, Clearwater, and Daytona, in Florida ; Savannah, Georgia ; Poplar Bluff, Missouri ; and Rosslyn, Virginia. A pupa was found inside a gall on October 22 and an adult December 1. An adult emerged in breeding cage May 1. Transformation takes place in fall and the flies remain in the galls during the winter to emerge the next spring. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/104/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips tinctoriae

  Almond-shaped, pointed, keeled bud or twig gall, green or reddish, becoming brown, smooth, rather thick-shelled with a central, fiber-supported cell, length 12-20 mm, on Q velutina and rubra in autumn.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/96/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips nubilipennis

  Globular or ovate, green, sometimes tinged with pink, succulent, translucent leaf gall, diameter 6 to 18 mm, on Q rubra and coccinea.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/96/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips racemaria

  Globose, crisp, sour and succulent, green, becoming brown, leaf gall, internally with a reddish larval cell, diameter 8 to 10 mm, on Q laurifolia in April and May.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/100/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips acuminata

  Fusiform, tapering, the apex usually somewhat curved, yellowish brown twig gall, internally spongy, with a hard larval cell, length 3 to 5.5 cm, diameter 1.5 to 3 cm, on Q marilandica in May and June.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/100/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips longicornis

  Globose, monothalamous, very thin-shelled leaf and twig gall, internally soft, light, spongy, not unlike A confluens form spongifica, diameters 3.5 and 3 cm.

  Amphibolips carolinensis

  Globular leaf gall resembling that of A confluens form spongifica, and A cinerea, but the surface is more coarsely reticulated and less glossy and the larval cell much darker in color, diameter 2.5 cm, on midrib near base of leaf, on Q ?minor


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/102/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips cinerea

  Globose or ovate, slightly nippled, dark, crimson with lighter mottlings and becoming brown, thick-shelled twig gall with filament-supported larval cell, length 2.5 to 3.5 cm, diameter 2 to 3 cm, on Q brevifolia [incana].


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/102/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips melanocera

  Globose or ovate, yellowish green or brown, glossy when dry, thin-shelled, slightly nippled, axillary bud gall, diameter 7 to 15 mm, on Q nigra.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/102/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips citriformis

  Fusiform to subglobular, pointed, yellowish, thin-shelled twig gall with a fiber-supported cell, length 12 to 24 mm, diameter 6 to 12 mm, on Q phellos.


description:
  Globular or bullet-shaped swelling on upperside of leaflets along veins, opening on lower surface of the leaflet ... *Dasineura pellex* (Osten Sacken)

  Galls may be green, purple, or black. The white larvae drop to the soil in about the second week of June in Maryland and overwinter there. Adults have not been reared. ...Host: *Fraxinus* sp. Distr.: throughout eastern North America.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/102/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips ilicifoliae

  Elongate, fusiform, dark green leaf gall, usually arising from the petiole, internally an ovate, fiber-supported cell, length 25 to 55 mm, diameter 7 to 20 mm, on the upper leaf surface of Q nana [ilicifolia].


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/104/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips cookii

  Globose, slightly nippled, green, spotted with red, becoming brown, moderately thick-shelled twig or bud gall, with a fiber-supported, central cell, diameter 16 to 18 mm, on Q rubra in September and October.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/119/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips coelebs

  Elongate or fusiform, pointed leaf or twig gall, usually with a long pedicel, the prolongation of a leaf vein, pale green, thin-shelled and with an oblong, thin larval cell supported by radiating fibers, length 20 to 25 mm, diameter 4 to 8 mm, on Q coccinea and rubra.


description:
  Canada (Ontario), USA (Michigan to Maine, S to Maryland); immigr.: USA (California). Fraxinus sp. (Oleaceae)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114064#page/141/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips murata, new species 

  Belongs in a group that emerges from bud galls in late fall or in early spring from galls that have overwintered. 

  Hosts. — Quercus myrtifolia Willd., Q. pumila Walt., Q. laurifolia Michx., and Q. cinerea=Q. incana Bartr. 

  Gall: A smooth, tan bud gall in the fall, from 8-12 mm. in diameter, tapering slightly to point of attachment, the thin-walled larval cell not free and separated from the thick, dense outer wall by a thin layer of spongy tissue (not radiating fibers). Adults are cut out of the galls in November; the only emergence records are December 4, December 8, and April 11. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32293#page/154/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta cinereae n. sp.

  Quercus cinerea [incana]

  (The Upland-willow Oak Spangle Gall.) 

  Galls. — Small, semispherical galls, sessile on the under surface of the leaves; internally there is a loose kernel which moves freely about. 

  While the fly of this species might easily be confounded with those of the others, the gall easily separates it; it does not project above the upper surface of the leaf as do the other species. Very rare. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635490#page/96/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta cinereae

  Subglobose, greenish gray, somewhat longitudinally ribbed, rugose, sessile galls; internally, with a loose kernal, diameter 4 mm, height 3.25 mm, on Q cinerea [incana]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610671#page/291/mode/1up
description:
  DIPLOLEPIS CINEREAE (Ashmead) 

  Dryophanta cinereae 

  Andricus (Callirhytis) saccularius 

  Cinereae was described as a rare species on Quercus cinerea at Jacksonville, Fla. ; saccularius from Q. coccinea and velutina in Connecticut. They seem to the writer to be the same. The galls have been noticed on the following oaks also: Q. rubra, imbricaria, marilandica, and phellos, and at the following localities : Evanston, Glencoe, Ravinia, Fort Sheridan, Waukegan, Palos Park, and Moline, IL.; North East, Pa.; East Hampton (C. R. Crosby) and Medina, N. Y.; Plummer Island, Md.; Washington, D. C; Rosslyn and Waterford, Va.; Poplar Bluff, Mo.; Trinity, Tex.; Fairfax, S. C. ; and Jacksonville, Gainesville, and Ocala, Fla.

  Flies were emerging at Waukegan from galls on red oak, Q. maxima on May 27, 1911. The National Museum has a fly from Washington that emerged May 19, 1918. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610671#page/295/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis notha

  Galls were collected at Evanston, Winnetka, Glencoe, Fort Sheridan, and Waukegan, IL. Adults issued June 7, 1909, before June 4, 1913. June 3, 1915. At Washington, D. C, flies issued on May 18 from galls on Q. palustris. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32322#page/82/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus (Callirhytis) pusulatoides n. sp.

  Blister-like galls on the points of the acute lobes of the leaves of Q. coccinea, each tipped with the long hair-like point that terminates each lobe. They are ovate-acuminate, and look as if a bubble of air had separated the upper and under lamina of the leaf They are about one-third by one-fifth of an inch in diameter, sometimes a little depressed vertically. The walls are very thin, the color the same as the leaf. Each contains a free, oblong-oval, thin walled larval cell, whose length is fully twice its diameter. The free larval cell of Dryophanta palustris, the only species with which this can be confounded, is perfectly round, and the gall is larger, thicker, and rarely found in the same position. 

  This is not a common species, though I have met with a few individuals nearly every year for many years past. They are the prey of parasites to such an extent that I have never reared more than two or three true gall-flies, and I have now but a single female fly, of whose identity I am sure, and from which the above description is made. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32322#page/84/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus (Callirhytis) saccularius n. sp.

  Small, hemispherical, pouch-like galls, attached by their full diameter to the underside of the leaves of Q. coccinea, the largest not more than three-sixteenths of an inch through. An ordinary ring net for catching insects will give a good idea of the form of this gall as seen on the underside of the leaf. The flat upper surface is formed of the upper lamina of the leaf and is sometimes slightly depressed below and rarely raised above the general surface of the leaf It appears on this side as a circular scar whose outline equals the diameter of the gall. The gall walls are green like the leaf, and extremely thin, and in each there is a free, oval larval cell like that of A. pusulatoides described in this paper, except that it is a short oval, while the other is very long. I was inclined to consider these two as identical, but an examination of the only fly, a male, that I have reared from these galls ; their shape, and the larval cell, and the position of the galls on the leaves show it to be a distinct species. I have a number of the galls, and each contains the empty larval cell, showing that my specimens were gathered too late. 

  One male specimen from Connecticut.  


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/197/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis cinereae

  Hemispherical sessile blister

  Hemispherical, slightly elongated, sessile by its flat face on the lower side of leaf of Q rubra in spring. Greatest diameter 6 mm, wall very thin, green, veiny and translucent. Flies emerge about the last of May.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/197/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis notha

  Elongated, pointed blister at edge [of leaf]

  Elongated, blister-like, at edge of leaf, the conical tip prolonged on upper side of leaf into a sharp point, the walls very thin, green, veiny and translucent. In May on Q rubra, velutina, and coccinea. The flies emerge early in June.


description:
  A similar gall has been observed on Quercus phellos in April in [Ohio](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/74397548). 

  Quercus laurifolia added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/112585518). 


description:
  Quercus hemisphaerica added as a host based on [iNaturalist observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63874100) and its close relationship to other known hosts. 


description:
  Andricus brunneus

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, garryana, lobata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 124. On midrib, thick-walled. September.

  Fig 102. Midrib cluster on Q. dumosa. Thought to be the same as Fig.124 on Quercus douglasii 

  Fig 124. It is from these galls that adults have been reared that agree with the Fullaway types. His types were evidently associated with the wrong gall, namely one of Dros atrimentum (Kinsey) Fig. 98. From galls collected at Ukiah in October 1959 adults emerged Nov. 14, 1940. Fig. 102 of galls on Q-dumosa are thought to be this species • Brunneus occurs on Q-lobata and garryana also. 

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=plaintext&seq=85&q1=%22andricus%20brunneus%22


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16270747#page/386/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus brunneus, n. sp.

  Gall:
  Thin-shelled, subglobular galls on leaves of Quercus douglasii, about the size of a pea, pointed at opposite poles.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15672476#page/369/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus brunneus

  These galls are 3-5 mm. in diameter, in a cluster of 4 to 6 on the underside of the leaf. Tan, slightly mottled, slightly pubescent, thick-walled without any radiating fibers or free central cell, dropping in September. 

  Host:
  Quercus douglasii


description:
  Andricus brunneus

  This cynipid wasp induces round, monothalamous, hairy galls on the ventral midrib of leaves of most white oaks along the Pacific Coast. Galls usually occur in clusters, although single specimens can be found. 


description:
  Andricus confertus

  This cynipid wasp induces convoluted, brain-like midrib clusters of detachable, monothalamous galls with fine hairs on the underside of leaves of valley oak. 

  Host:
  Quercus lobata


description:
  Andricus confertus

  Quercus lobata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 105. Midrib cluster below, pubescent.

  Fig 105. Q. lobata. Galls start to develop in July. Those collected Nov. 21, 1955 contained pupae Oct.10, 1956 and adults emerged Mar. 20, 1957 (Kelseyville). 

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=plaintext&seq=68&q1=%22andricus%20confertus%22


description:
  Andricus crystallinus (unisexual generation)

  This cynipid wasp induces caterpillar-like masses of bristly-haired galls on the ventral side of leaves of blue, scrub, leather, and Oregon oaks in late spring and early summer. 

  Each gall usually has a slightly curved beak at the apex and a sparse coating of crystalline hairs. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus douglasii
  Quercus berberidifolia
  Quercus durata
  Quercus garryana


description:
  Andricus crystallinus (bisexual generation)
  [Page 109]

  Noticeable green, conical, slightly curved, monothalamous galls with cottony fibers develop on the upper surfaces of leaves. These galls of the bisexual generation superficially resemble individual galls of the unisexual generation. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus douglasii
  Quercus berberidifolia
  Quercus durata
  Quercus garryana


description:
  Andricus crystallinus (unisexual generation)

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, durata, garryana
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 94. Dense cluster, brittle pink fibers.

  Fig 94. Q dumosa, douglasii, garryana, durata. Adults emerged from dumosa galls Mar. 1,2,5,7,10, 18 and Apr. 5 (Boulevard); from douglasii galls Apr. 8–17 (Angels Camp). The brittleness of the red fibers indicates a high tannin content. 

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=83&q1=%22andricus%20crystallinus%22


description:
  Andricus crystallinus (bisexual generation)

  Hosts:
  Quercus dumosa
  Quercus douglassi
  Quercus garryana
  Quercus durata

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=83&q1=%22andricus%20crystallinus%22


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53497221#page/218/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus crystallinus

  Gall:
  The galls in which the bisexual generation of Andricus crystallinus develops are found mostly on the upper surface of leaves, singly or in small groups. The color is green with straw-colored apex. The gall has many long cottony, white hairs which project laterally and are longer than the greatest dimension of the gall. The gall is conical in shape, and distinctly canted to one side rather than being erect. The length is approximately 2.5 mm. with the base 1.0 mm. tapering to the tip. The position of the gall is indicated on the opposite (usually lower) side of the leaf by a pale-colored elliptical swelling.

  Emergence takes place from the uppermost side of the slanted, conical gall. The gall has a single chamber.

  Hosts:
  Quercus douglasii
  Quercus dumosa
  Q. garryana


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53497221#page/218/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus crystallinus (unisexual generation)

  The unisexual generation is formed in pinkish, crystalline galls which are so characteristic of this species in the summer months.

  Hosts:
  Quercus douglasii
  Quercus dumosa
  Q. garryana


description:
  Andricus discularis

  Quercus garryana
  Leaf galls, detachable

  Fig 153. Q-garryana. Diameter 6.0 mm. Adults were cut out Nov. 10 from galls collected in early September (Sequoia National Park)

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=plaintext&seq=87&q1=%22andricus%20discularis%22


description:
  Andricus discularis
  [Page 110]

  The striking unisexual galls have been found on the ventral surface of leaves of Oregon oak in October. These flat, disc-shaped galls measure 4-6 mm across and are dull pink to rose. They occur on veins, with one or more galls per leaf.

  Host:
  Quercus garryana


description:
  Andricus fullawayi

  This cynipid wasp induces small, oval galls covered with a dense mat of long, straw yellow to fawn-colored hairs in spring and early summer. 

  Galls occur singly on the ventral midrib of leaves of most white oaks. 


description:
  This gall apparently bears a strong resemblance to [Callirhytis parva](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/960).

  A gall consistent with this description was observed on Quercus phellos in May in [New York](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77804903).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/94/mode/1up
description:
  Diastrophus fragariae

  Fragaria virginiana

  Cylindrical enlargement of the petiole 25-30 mm long by 3-5 mm in dia, containing a single row of 5-20 cells. Found on wild and cultivated varieties. 

  [Photo caption]
  A fusiform enlargement of the petiole.

  On wild and cultivated strawberry. See Fig 320 above. For rearing dig up the plant when the gall is seen in June and transplant to pots or where it can be found in the fall. Adults emerged the next spring June 2 (Chi). Brodie reared the maker May 18-25 at Toronto.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/132/mode/1up
description:
  Diastrophus niger

  Potentilla canadensis

  Spindle-shaped enlargements of the stem containing a dozen or more cells not in a single row.

  [Photo caption]
  325-6 On Potentilla canadensis. The adults emerged the next spring Apr 15-May 1 (Chi); Apr 10-25 (DC).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/132/mode/1up
description:
  Diastrophus tumefactus

  Potentilla monspeliensis var norvegica

  Gall similar to niger [small oval blisters on internodes] but on Potentilla monspeliensis var norvegica from Quebec.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  On Potentilla monspeliensis var norvegica. Types were cut out of galls collected 40 years previously in Quebec.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/132/mode/1up
description:
  Gonaspis potentillae

  Potentilla canadensis
  Axil gall
  Globular, 8-13 mm in dia, green in summer, bearing rudiments of leaves, fleshy, spongy when dry, one-celled.

  [Photo caption]
  327. On Potentilla canadensis. Adults emerged May 15-18 (Chi); July 1 (Me); June 16 (Great Smoky Mts)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/94/mode/1up
description:
  Diastrophus cuscutaeformis

  On Blackberry
  Cluster of seed-like bodies closely set about the stem for several inches, on weaker canes near the ground.

  [Photo caption]
  On wild blackberry. Adults out in May (Chi)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/132/mode/1up
description:
  Diastrophus nebulosus

  Blackberry
  Abrupt, pithy, elongated subterminal stem swelling, 1-3 inches long by an inch in dia, longitudinally grooved, green or reddish-brown, many-celled.

  [Photo caption]
  331. On wild blackberry. Adults out May 5-13 (DC); June 1-11 (MO); guests emerged Apr 12-May 5 (IL)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/94/mode/1up
description:
  Diastrophus bassettii

  Blackberry
  Irregularly globose, half-buried in the ground at tip of running blackberry or dewberry. Adults emergin July 7.

  [Photo caption]
  321. On running blackberry.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/94/mode/1up
description:
  Diastrophus turgidus

  raspberry
  Abrupt stem swelling up to 65 by 30 mm and covered with prickers.

  [Photo caption]
  On wild raspberry. Adults emerged May 1-June 10 (Chi). Brodie reared the maker May 21-27 Toronto


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/94/mode/1up
description:
  Diastrophus radicum

  raspberry
  An irregular "root" gall on black raspberry

  [Photo caption]
  330. On wild raspberry. Adults May 2-21.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/94/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis utahensis

  Rosa sp.
  "Root" galls
  Deeply incised on top, half-buried, up to 55 mm in dia. When mature light in weight, spongy within, the larval cells deeply buried.

  [Photo caption]
  334. On Rosa sp. Adults emerged May 12-June 1 (Chi).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32322#page/70/mode/1up
description:
  Rhodites utahensis n. sp.

  Mr. Siler sent me from Utah, several years ago, some very large rose galls that did not differ, so far as I could see, from R. radicum O. S. It is true they were larger and less regular in form than that species and showed more plainly that they originated in a leaf bud. The largest specimen was three inches in diameter, and one or two others were nearly as large. They appeared to have grown near the surface of the ground, but not under moss or fallen leaves, as is the habit of R. radicum. They were old galls and I reared nothing from them, but on cutting them open I found several perfect insects, evidently Rhodites, and all of the male sex. The females seemed to have made their way out. On comparing them with the males of R. radicum I found them to agree so closely that I was disposed to look upon them as merely a variety of that species. Further study revealed some minor differences, and at least one characteristic that seemed to entitle them to rank as a distinct species. 

  There are species in this genus that resemble each other more nearly than these two, but in such cases the galls are very distinct. If further observations show it to be only a variety it is sufficiently marked to deserve a name. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/132/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis radicum

  Large dark red galls at base of Rosa carolina usually hidden by debris

  [Photo caption]
  332. On Rosa carolina. Adults emerged June 10 (NY); June 2-16 (VA).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/133/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis fulgens

  The species was described from specimens from S Dakota but the galls were lost or confused with others. The types agree with adults reared from this root gall on Rosa blanda in the Chicago area.

  [Photo caption]
  333. On Rosa blanda. Adults May 1-21 and May 15-June 1 (Chi). Brodie reared the maker May 18-29 (Toronto). Similar adults were reared from galls on a cultivated Rosa rugosa on May 17 and June 8-12 (Chi).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/95/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis dichlocerus

  Stem swellings
  Fusiform, up to 50 by 13 mm covered with prickers, rarely smooth.

  [Photo caption]
  322. On stem of wild rose. 

  On a wild rose. Adults out May 22-June 21 (Chi). Some females were liberated on a small wild rose recently transplanted to a greenhouse and having fresh shoots 5-6 mm high. On May 25 a female was seen ovipositing near the top of one of these shoots. On June 5 a belt of glandular hairs at this point was the first evidence of gall formation and by June 18 the gall was 5 mm. in diameter. Adults emerged from this gall in the greenhouse the next spring before March 15. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/95/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis fusiformans

  Stem swellings
  Smaller fusiform or abrupt one-sided corky enlargements of the stem, up to 30 by 7 mm. 

  [Photo caption]
  335. On a wild rose. Adults emerged May 13-23; May 30-June 17 (Chi). Brodie reared the maker from galls on Rosa blanda June 18-20 and June 24-July 7 (Toronto). 


externallink: blandahttps://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/133/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis multispinosa

  Stem swellings
  Abrupt, irregularly lobed, spiny subterminal stem swellings. 

  [Photo caption]
  338.  On a wild rose. Adults emerged May 10-15; Apr.25-May 15 (Chi); May 5 (Wis.); Apr.5-6 and May 20-50 (Minn, on Rosa rugosa). Brodie reared the maker from gall on Rosa blanda June 21; May 5-51; Apr.19-25 and May 19-June 2 (Toronto). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/133/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis nodulosa

  Stem swellings
  Scarcely noticable enlargement at base of lateral branches and bearing many leaf scars, the distal end of the branch dead, containing from one to five cells. 

  [Photo caption]
  323. On Rosa rubiginosa, sweetbrier. Adults emerged May 25 to early June (Chi). 


description:
  Cecidomyia vaccinii

  Gall. Green, cock's comb or oyster-shaped, and fastened to the ribs of the leaf by a hinge and when mature burst open like the valve of a shell. It is hollow inside and contains one or two larvae which leave the gall to transform in the ground.

  The gall is found in September and early in October on the underside of the leaves of Vaccinium stamineum.

  Habitat. DC, NC


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7541947#page/63/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia quercus majalis n. sp.

  Blister-like gall of Cecidomyia on young leaves of the pin-oak (Quercus palustris).

  Generally, these galls occur on the principal ribs of the leaf; sometimes between the ribs. They are oblong, blister-like, hollow; surface somewhat uneven, wrinkled, walls thin; color pale green or reddish. They bulge out on one side of the leaf and have a longitudinal slit on the other. Galls projecting on the under side of the leaf and having the slit on the upper side seem to be somewhat more common than those of the opposite description. The slit can be opened without injuring the gall by gently pulling at the sides. Such galls which grow upon a rib show a trace of it on their longitudinal diameter. The larva, which can be taken out of the slit without lacerating the gall, is rather larger than the majority of the larvae of Cecidomyia, (about 0.2 of an inch long.) and not reddish, as usual, but white, smooth. The larva drops to the ground through the slit at a certain period of its development; hence, empty galls are often found. Found in considerable numbers in the Central Park, N. Y., in May, 1869. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40933081#page/314/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia quercus majalis

  Quercus rubra

  Green or brown, narrowly oval, inflated galls produced along the veins on the under side of the leaves. The surface of the gall is netted with veins. Oak Vein Gall.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26367582#page/74/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia majalis

  Hosts Quercus rubra, coccinea

  A flat pouch-like gall on the under side of the leaf. The opening which extends the entire length of the gall is on the upper side. It is produced by a folding of the blade of the leaf; this fold is parallel with and very close to the midrib or a main vein.

  Along the main line of its attachment to the leaf, diameter 4-7 mm.

  [Photo caption]
  Fig 27. Cecidomyia majalis on the leaf of Quercus coccinea. Section at right angles to the midrib. The folding of the leaf is shown and the uniform character of the mesophyll of the gall. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/21941224#page/21/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia majalis

  Cecidomyia quercus majalis

  Quercus rubra

  An oblong blister-like gall along the principal veins, usually on the under side of the leaf. It opens by a slit on the opposite side which may be opened by pulling the leaf. Green becoming brown. Sometimes veins show on the gall. Thin-walled. The larva drops to the ground to transform. Common on scarlet oak, black oak, red oak, and pin oak. (Quercus coccinea, velutina, rubra, and palustris).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33339993#page/64/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia quercus majalis

  Pod-shaped oak apple. Gall of same type as Cecidomyia niveipila but more thin-walled and bladder-like and never tomentose.

  Massachussets. June.


description:
  Similar galls have been observed on Quercus [ilicifolia](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/62443086), [falcata](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78115425), and [imbricaria](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78367641); host relationships added tentatively.

  The typical presentation of this gall is a bulging, wedge-shaped pocket emerging distinctly to one side or the other of a vein, sometimes,  as seen in Stebbins' photo, occurring in pairs on either side of the vein, but not disturbing the vein itself. However, this trait is not mentioned in the descriptions in the literature, and many galls have been observed in the spring that otherwise fit the description that do form directly on veins. Such galls often have elongated veins extending from their tips. This form more closely resembles Macrodiplosis niveipila, and may even be lightly pubescent if the host leaf is pubescent, though never as densely hairy as that other species. Galls with the same wedge-like form are also occasionally observed between veins (or perhaps on minor, less visible veins). These are all presumed to be Macrodiplosis majalis but further research may reveal additional species. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/95/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis verna

  Wild rose
  Stem swellings
  Rounded swellings on small branches described from the DC area. Nodulosa is probably a synonym of it

  Fig 324 On stem of a wild rose.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/95/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis mayri

  Rose
  Stem swellings
  A specimen reared from a gall on a rose in a nursery in NJ was determined as this European species. Similar adults have been reared from a lobed terminal stem gall on Rosa rubiginosa in Ohio, the adults emerging May 12-18. 

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  A single female determined as this European species was reared in May from a rose of European origin in nursery in New Jersey. Others from galls on Rosa rubiginosa at Dayton OH were reared May 12, 13, 15, 18.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/95/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis rosae

  Leaf galls
  On sweetbriar [Rosa rubiginosa] and occasionally on Rosa rugosa. An European species on an introduced European host plant. Brodie records that the galls first appeared at Toronto in 1868.

  [Photo caption]
  337. On Rosa rubiginosa, the sweetbriar rose. Adults emerged Apr 27-May 4 (Chi). Brodie reared adults May 21; May 25; May 24 (Toronto). An European species on an introduced European host.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/95/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis bicolor

  Leaf galls
  Spherical, 7-10 mm in dia, covered with spines about as long as diameter of the gall, the leaf obliterated if the cluster is large.

  [Photo caption]
  336. On Rosa blanda. In the Chicago area galls are full-grown but still succulent the last of June, turning brown in July, after which they may be gathered for rearing. Kept in greenhouse adults emerged Apr 30, May 17, May 20.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/133/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis nebulosa

  Leaf galls
  Similar [to D bicolor] but smaller, 5-6 mm in dia, the spines weak, on under side of leaf.

  [Photo caption]
  339. On a wild rose. Determination is questioned for the description says galls are 5-6 mm in dia and close to midrib on the under side of the leaf. Galls of this sort on rose in summer need further study. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/95/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis pustulatoides

  Leaf galls
  Similar [to D nebulosa and bicolor] but smaller, 4-5 in dia, wall thin, on upper side of leaf and dropping with it.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  On a wild rose. Adults out May 24.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/95/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis ignota

  Leaf galls
  Mealy Rose Gall. Globular, up to 15 mm in dia, several often coalescing itno a mass, covered with a mealy white bloom, hard, many-celled, attached on under side of leaf.

  [Photo caption]
  341. On a wild rose. Adults began to emerge Apr 15 (Chi); May 14-25 (NY)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/95/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis gracilis

  Leaf galls
  Regal Rose Gall. Globular with a flattened top like a patty-pan squash, single or in cluster on under side of leaflets, dropping with leaf in fall.

  [Photo caption]
  340. On a wild rose. Adults emerged the next spring May 15-June 10 (Chi).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/95/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis rosaefolii

  Leaf galls
  Rose Lentil Gall. Lentil-shaped thickenings of parenchyma, more conspicuous on under side, single or in small group, 3 mm in dia, dropping with the leaf.

  [Photo caption]
  342. On a wild rose. Adults emerged May 11-June 14 (Chi). Brodie reared adults from galls on Rosa blanda in June.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/95/mode/1up
description:
  Liposthenes glechomae

  Nepeta hederacea
  Globular, green, fleshy, 8-11 mm in dia, turning brown in August. An introduced European species on an introduced European host plant, Nepeta hederacea, Gill-over-the-ground.

  [Photo caption]
  344. On ground ivy, Nepeta hederacea. Larvae transform in the fall. Adults emerged Apr 8-15 (VA); Apr 13 (MD); Apr 2-7 (VA) the next spring.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/95/mode/1up
description:
  Antistrophus laciniatus

  Silphium laciniatum
  Galls hidden among the disk florets in flower head and found only when the head is broken open.

  [Photo caption]
  348. On Silphium laciniatum. Adults emerged the next spring.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/95/mode/1up
description:
  Antistrophus rufus

  Silphium laciniatum
  Cells hidden in stem [shares its description and photo with A minor]

  [Photo caption]
  347. On Silphium laciniatum. Adults emerged May 15- June 24.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/95/mode/1up
description:
  Antistrophus minor

  Silphium laciniatum
  Cells hidden in stem [shares its description and photo with A rufus]

  [Photo caption]
  347. On Silphium laciniatum. Adults emerged May 15- June 24.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/95/mode/1up
description:
  Antistrophus silphii

  Silphium perfoliatum
  Club-shaped subterminal stem swelling on stem of Silphium perfoliatum.

  [Photo caption]
  353. On Silphium perfoliatum. The adults emerged May 2-June 12 (Nebr).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/96/mode/1up
description:
  Antistrophus bicolor

  Described from one specimen from Normal IL. Type dated July 6 1884. Accession catalogue says: From Silphium integrifolium."


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/96/mode/1up
description:
  Gillettea taraxaci

  Fusiform enlargements of petiole, along midrib or at base of peduncle. An European species on an introduced European host plant, Taraxacum officinale. 

  [Photo caption]
  343. On wild dandelion, Taraxacum officinale. Green and fleshy in June, becoming brown and pithy later. The maker emerged the next spring.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/96/mode/1up
description:
  Aulacidea tumida

  Fusiform pithy stem swellings high on the stem of Lactuca canadensis, bearing many leaves or branches. Dia up to 30 mm.

  [Photo caption]
  345. On Lactuca canadensis. Adults emerged May 15-27; May 25-27 (DC).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/96/mode/1up
description:
  Aulacidea annulata

  From Sharon Mass. Doubtfully distinct from the above [Aulacida tumida]

  [Photo caption]
  346. On Lactuca. Adults emerged June 5-12, 1912, Sharon MA. Probably a synonym of [A tumida]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/96/mode/1up
description:
  Aulacidea podagrae

  Knotty enlargements scattered along stem at bases of leaves. On Lactuca canadensis.

  [Photo caption]
  352. On Lactuca canadensis. The adults emerged the first week in June (Chi); in May (VA). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/96/mode/1up
description:
  Aulacidea harringtoni

  HL Viereck "could see no difference between the type, captured at Ottawa, and paratypes of mulgegiicola "reared from cells in the pith of Lactuca villosa [floridana].

  [Photo caption]
  350. On Lactuca canadensis. Adults emerged the first week in June (Chi). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/96/mode/1up
description:
  Aulacidea abdita

  This species was described from adults cut out of cells in the pith of Lactuca elongata from Quebec. Doubtfully distinct from the above [A harringtoni].

  [Photo caption]
  351. On Lactuca elongata. Types were cut out of 40 year old galls from Quebec. Probably a synonym of the above. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/96/mode/1up
description:
  Antistrophus pisum

  Pea-shaped galls scattered along stems of Lygodesmia juncea in autumn in ND, SD, KS, NE, WY, MO, CO.

  [Photo caption]
  349. On Lygodesmia juncea. Adults emerged from galls from North Dakota on Apr 10. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/96/mode/1up
description:
  Aulacidea nabali

  Abrupt, hemispherical swellings just below surface of ground at base of plant so grouped often as to surround the stem. Has consistency of a raw potato in summer, pithy in fall.

  [Photo caption]
  354. On Prenanthes alba. Adults emerged the next spring June 8-11 (Chi).


description:
  A bulge-like swelling at the base of Silphium terebinthinaceum seeds in the fall. Observed in November in [Illinois](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64616547) [2](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64625834) [3](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64621493) [4](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64619345) [5](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64619275) [6](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64616619). 


description:
  Small, globular galls attached to the lower side of Quercus imbricaria leaves in the spring, containing an ovate free-rolling cell. The outer surface is more translucent than similar Dryocosmus galls, appearing nearly colorless with shades of green and pink. Little to no evidence of the gall was detectable from the upper side of the leaf. 

  Observed in May in [Ohio](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78899158) and [Iowa](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/12772660). 


description:
  This gall resembles [Antistrophus silphii](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1423) in its external morphology and shares the same host plant (Silphium perfoliatum) but is considered likely to be distinct based on phenology and chemical ecology. Old galls have been observed in Indiana in [November](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64770047).


description:
  [Tooker and Hanks list Antistrophus rufus and minor emerging in numbers from both Silphium laciniatum and terebinthinaceum in the spring.]

  Antistrophus species overwintered in dead Silphium stems and pupated in the early spring. We did not rear enough A. minor in cages to allow a reliable estimate of emergence time.


description:
  [Tooker and Hanks list Antistrophus rufus and minor emerging in numbers from both Silphium laciniatum and terebinthinaceum in the spring.]

  Antistrophus species overwintered in dead Silphium stems and pupated in the early spring. A. rufus adults began emerging from S. laciniatum in mid-May and from S. terebinthinaceum in mid-June 2000. Although adults of both sexes have fully developed and functional wings, they did not fly readily but rather walked, with occasional hopping flights to nearby plants. On both plant species, males emerged first and were present only on dead stems of the previous year. There they guarded areas of stem where females later emerged, driving off other males by charging or butting with the head (N> 10 observations). Females mated immediately upon emerging and then moved to nearby developing Silphium stems (N> 10). As many as 20 females oviposited in one stem at the same time. Oviposition usually lasted less than 1 min (N> 10). Females oviposited in axils of S. laciniatum before bolting, but in S. terebinthinaceum they oviposited in the internodes after bolting, accounting for the greater proportion of emergence holes near stipules of S. laciniatum.

  Adult A. rufus emerged in cages from S. laciniatum about 1 month earlier than from S. terebinthinaceum.

  Densities of galls were significantly greater in S. laciniatum than in S. terebinthinaceum, perhaps due to its thicker stems. Galls were concentrated in the basal portions of S. laciniatumstems, but at high densities there was a greater proportion of galls in stem tops. Most galls in S. laciniatum were in proximity to stipules, which is consistent with oviposition behavior of A. rufus females. Thick clasping stipules may offer ovipositing females protection from predators and refuge for larvae from parasitoids, but offer no protection from fire (Tooker and Hanks 2004a). Galls in S. terebinthinaceum were more evenly distributed along stems, suggesting that the thinner stipules of this species provide no refuge from natural enemies


description:
  Antistrophus laciniatus

  Hosts: Silphium laciniatum, gracile, integrifolium

  Range: KS, IL, WI, TX

  [Texas record on S gracile is from a museum specimen without associated gall]


description:
  Antistrophus bicolor Gillette, 1891

  Feeds on: May induce galls on Silphium integrifolium Michx. but claim is unsubstantiated

  Distribution: United States: Illinois


description:
  Antistrophus chrysothamni (Beutenmüller, 1908) 

  Nomenclature: Aulax chrysothamni Beutenmüller, 1908

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Chrysothamnus Nutt. [C viscidiflorus listed as a placeholder]

  Distribution: United States: Arizona


description:
  Antistrophus laciniatus Gillette, 1891 

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Silphium laciniatum L.

  Distribution: United States: Illinois, Kansas, Wisconsin


description:
  Antistrophus jeanae Tooker & Hanks, 2004 

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Silphium perfoliatum L.

  Distribution: United States: Illinois


description:
  Antistrophus lygodesmiaepisum Walsh, 1869 

  Nomenclature: Antistrophus pisum Ashmead, 1885 | Ascepiadiphila stephanotidis Ashmead, 1897

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Lygodesmia juncea D. Don ex Hook

  Distribution: United   States:   Colorado,   Iowa,   Kansas,   Nebraska,   Texas;   Canada: Alberta, Saskatchewan


description:
  Antistrophus meganae Tooker & Hanks, 2004 

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq.

  Distribution: United States: Illinois


description:
  Antistrophus minor Gillette, 1891 

  Nomenclature: Aulax Gillettei Kieffer, 1902

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Silphium laciniatum L. and possibly other Silphium

  Distribution: United States: Illinois


description:
  Antistrophus microseris (McCracken & Egbert, 1922) 

  Nomenclature: Aylax microseris McCracken & Egbert, 1922

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Microseris D. Don

  Distribution: United States: California


description:
  Antistrophus rufus Gillette, 1891 

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Silphium laciniatum L.

  Distribution: United States: Illinois


description:
  Antistrophus silphii Gillette, 1891 

  Nomenclature: Antistrophus leavenworthi Bassett, 1900

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Silphium integrifolium Michx. and S. perfoliatum L.

  Distribution: United States: Illinois, Wisconsin


description:
  Aulacidea abdita Kinsey, 1920 

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Lactuca canadensis L. and possibly additional  Lactuca L.species

  Distribution: Canada: Québec


description:
  Aulacidea acroptilonica Tyurebaev, 1972 

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Acroptilon repens (L.) DC.

  Distribution: United States: Colorado, Montana, Wyoming


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/96/mode/1up
description:
  Aulacidea ambrosiaecola

  "Issued Oct 18 and Jan 15." No galls were sent with the types to the US Natl Mus. From Kirkwood MO. No cynipid gall has since been found on this host plant.


description:
  Aulacidea ambrosiaecola (Ashmead, 1896) 

  Nomenclature: Aulax ambrosiaecola Ashmead, 1896

  Feeds on: May induce galls on Ambrosia L. sp. but claim is unverified

  Distribution: United States: Missouri


description:
  Aulacidea annulata Kinsey, 1920 

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Lactuca L. sp. or possibly Prenanthes

  Distribution: United States: Massachusetts, Nebraska


description:
  Aulacidea harringtoni (Ashmead, 1887) 

  Nomenclature: Aulax harringtoni  Ashmead, 1887 |  Aulax bicolor  Gillette,   1891  |   Aulax   mulgediicolaAshmead, 1896 | Aulax cavicola Ashmead, 1896

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Lactuca floridana L.

  Distribution: United States: Connecticut, District of Columbia, Illinois, Massachusetts,Missouri, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Oklahoma; Canada: Ontario


description:
  Aulacidea nabali (Brodie, 1892) 

  Nomenclature: Aulax nabali Brodie, 1892

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Nabalus altissimus (L.) Hook

  Distribution: United States: Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York; Canada: Ontario


description:
  Aulacidea pilosellae (Kieffer, 1901) 

  Nomenclature: Aulax beijerinckii Kieffer, 1899 | Aulax pilosellae Kieffer, 1901

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Pilosella Hill spp. [P officinarum added as a placeholder]

  Distribution: United States (Possibly introduced)


description:
  Aulacidea podagrae (Bassett, 1890) 

  Nomenclature: Aulax podagrae Bassett, 1890

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Lactuca canadensis L.

  Distribution: United   States:   District   of   Columbia,   Illinois,   Kansas,   New   York,   Ohio,Pennsylvania, Virginia


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32798#page/320/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus racemaria n. sp.

  The Grape-producing Cynips. This is a very remarkable Cynips producing galls on the under surface of the leaves of Quercus laurifolia, which very much resemble small white grapes. They make their appearance early in April, but the flies do not escape until the middle of May. 

  Galls. — Spherical, crisp, sour and succulent, attached to the under surface of the leaves, in size and color resembling a small white grape and in consistency not unlike a green gooseberry, with a single reddish kernel in the centre. Diameter .35 to .40 inch 


description:
  Aulacidea subterminalis Niblett, 1946 

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Hieracium L. spp. [H canadense added as a placeholder]

  Distribution: United   States   (Possibly   introduced);   Canada:   British Columbia (Introduced)


description:
  Aulacidea tumida (Bassett, 1890) 

  Nomenclature: Aulax tumidus Bassett, 1890 | Aulax sonchicola Ashmead, 1896 | Aulacidea solidaginis Girault, 1903

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Lactuca canadensis L.

  Distribution: United States: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Virginia


description:
  Liposthenes glechomae (Linnaeus, 1758) 

  Nomenclature: Cynips Glechomae Linnaeus, 1758 | Diastrophus similis Bassett, 1881 | Aulax Latreillei Kieffer, 1898

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Glechoma hederacea L.

  Distribution: United   States:   Connecticut,   Delaware,   Iowa,   Illinois,   Indiana,   Kansas, Massachusetts,   Maryland,   Michigan,   Minnesota,   Nebraska,   New   Jersey,   New   York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont


description:
  Diastrophus austrior Kinsey, 1922 

  Nomenclature: Diastrophus kincaidii var. austrior Kinsey, 1922

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rubus parviflorus Nutt. and R. nutkanus Moc. ex Ser.

  Distribution: United States: California


description:
  Diastrophus bassettii Beutenmüller, 1892 

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rubus procumbens Muhl. and R. hispidus L.

  Distribution: United States: Connecticut, Massachussets, North Carolina, New Jersey,New York, Rhode Island


description:
  Diastrophus cuscutaeformis Osten Sacken, 1863 

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rubus L. spp.

  Distribution: United   States:   Illinois,   Indiana,   Massachusetts,   Maryland,   Maine, Michigan,   Minnesota,   Missouri,   North   Carolina,   New   Hampshire,   New   Jersey,   New York,   Ohio,   Pennsylvania,   South   Carolina,   Tennessee,   Virginia,   Vermont;   Canada: Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario


description:
  Diastrophus fragariae Beutenmüller, 1915 

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Fragaria virginiana Duch.

  Distribution: United States: Michigan, Minnesota; Canada: Ontario


description:
  Diastrophus kincaidii Gillette, 1893 

  Nomenclature: Diastrophus minimus Bassett, 1900

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rubus nutkanus Moc. ex Ser. and R. parviflorus Nutt.

  Distribution: United States: California, Idaho, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Oregon,Washington, Wisconsin; Canada: British Columbia, Ontario


description:
  Diastrophus fusiformans Ashmead, 1890 

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Potentilla L. sp.

  Distribution: United States: Colorado, Washington


description:
  Diastrophus nebulosus (Osten Sacken, 1861) 

  Nomenclature: Cynips (Diastrophus?) nebulosus Osten Sacken, 1861

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rubus corchorifolius L. f. (=villosus)

  Distribution: United   States:   Arkansas,   Connecticut,   District   of   Columbia,   Delaware,Georgia,   Illinois,   Indiana,   Kentucky,   Louisiana,   Massachusetts,   Maryland,   Michigan,Missouri,   Mississippi,   North   Carolina,   New   Jersey,   New   York,   Ohio,   Oklahoma,Pennsylvania,   South   Carolina,   Tennessee,   Texas,   Virginia,   Vermont,   West   Virginia;Canada: Ontario


description:
  Diastrophus niger Bassett, 1900 

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Potentilla canadensis L.

  Distribution: United   States:   Connecticut,   Massachussets,   Minnesota,   New   Jersey, New York, Rhode Island


description:
  Diastrophus potentillae Bassett, 1864 

  Nomenclature: Gonaspis potentillae (Bassett, 1864)

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Potentilla canadensis L. and P. simplex Michx.

  Distribution: United States: Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Maine, Minnesota, NorthCarolina, Ohio; Canada: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia


description:
  Diastrophus radicum Bassett, 1870 

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rubus corchorifolius L. f. (=villosus) and R. occidentalis L.

  Distribution: United States: Colorado, Michigan, North Carolina


description:
  Diastrophus tumefactus Kinsey, 1920

  Feeds   on: Induces   galls   on   Tridophyllum   norvegicum  (L.)   Greene   (= Potentillamonspeliensis var. norvegica) 

  Distribution: Canada: Ontario, Québec


description:
  Diastrophus turgidus Bassett, 1870 

  Nomenclature: Diastrophus turdigus [sic] Bassett, 1870

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rubus strigosus Michx.

  Distribution: Canada:   Manitoba,   Newfoundland   and   Labrador,   Ontario,   Québec; United States: Colorado, Maine, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Vermont


description:
  Diplolepis arefacta (Gillette, 1894) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites arefactus Gillette, 1894

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa L. sp. [Rosa woodsii added as a placeholder]

  Distribution: United States: Colorado, Utah


description:
  Diplolepis ashmeadi (Beutenmüller, 1918) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites ashmeadi Beutenmüller, 1918

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa nutkana C. Presl

  Distribution: United States: Oregon


description:
  Diplolepis bassetti subsp. bassetti (Beutenmüller, 1918) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites bassetti Beutenmüller, 1918

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa nutkana C. Presl and R. woodsii Lindl.

  Distribution: United     States:     Oregon;     Canada:     Alberta,     British     Columbia,Saskatchewan

  Diplolepis bassetti subsp. lucida Kinsey, 1922 

  Nomenclature: Diplolepis bassetti var. lucida Kinsey, 1922

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa nutkana C. Presl

  Distribution: United States: Idaho, Oregon


description:
  Diplolepis bicolor (Harris, 1841) 

  Nomenclature: Cynips bicolor Harris, 1841

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa woodsii Lindl. and R. arkansana Porter

  Distribution: United States: Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana,Kentucky, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, North Carolina,New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Washington, Wisconsin;Canada: Albertam British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scota, Ontario,Québec, Saskatchewan


description:
  Diplolepis californica (Beutenmüller, 1914) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites californicus Beutenmüller, 1914

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa L. sp. [R californica added as a placeholder]

  Distribution: United States: California


description:
  Diplolepis dichlocera (Harris, 1841) 

  Nomenclature: Cynips dichlocera Harris, 1841

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa L. sp.

  Distribution: United States: Massachusetts; Canada: Ontario


description:
  Diplolepis fulgens (Gillette, 1894) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites fulgens Gillette, 1894

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa rugosa Thunb.

  Distribution: United States: Illinois, New York, South Dakota


description:
  Diplolepis fusiformans subsp. fusiformans (Ashmead, 1890) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites fusiformans Ashmead, 1890

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa arkansana Porter,  R. woodsii Lindl., and  R. blanda Aiton

  Distribution: United States: Arizona, Colorado, Illinois, Minnesota, Nebraska; Canada:British Columba, Ontario

  Diplolepis fusiformans subsp. mendocinensis Kinsey, 1922 

  Nomenclature: Diplolepis fusiformans var. mendocinensis Kinsey, 1922

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa L. sp.

  Distribution: United States: California

  Diplolepis fusiformans subsp. minuta Kinsey, 1922 

  Nomenclature: Diplolepis fusiformans var. minuta Kinsey, 1922

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa L. sp.

  Distribution: United States: California


description:
  Diplolepis gracilis (Ashmead, 1897) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites gracilis Ashmead, 1897

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa L. sp.

  Distribution: United States: Minnesota, Wisconsin; Canada: Alberta, British Columbia


description:
  Diplolepis ignota (Osten Sacken, 1863) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites ignota Osten Sacken, 1863 | Rhodites carolina Ashmead, 1887

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa arkansana Porter, R. blanda Aiton, R. carolina L., and R. nitida Willd.

  Distribution: United States: Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Iowa, Illinois,Indiana,   Massachusetts,   Montana,   North   Carolina,   New   Jersey,   New   York,Pennsylvania, Washington; Canada: Manitoba, Saskatchewan


description:
  Diplolepis inconspicuis Dailey & Campbell, 1973 

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa californica Cham. and Schltdl.

  Distribution: United States: California


description:
  Diplolepis lens Weld, 1952 

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa nutkana C. Presl

  Distribution: United States: California, Oregon, Washington


description:
  Diplolepis mayri (Schlechtendal, 1877) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites mayri Schlechtendal, 1877

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa rubiginosa L.

  Distribution: United States: New Jersey


description:
  Diplolepis nebulosa (Bassett, 1890) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites nebulosa Bassett, 1890

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa blanda Aiton and R. rubiginosa L.

  Distribution: United States: Connecticut, New York; Canada: Ontario


description:
  Diplolepis neglecta (Gillette, 1894) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites neglecta Gillette, 1894

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa L. sp. [R woodsii added as a placeholder]

  Distribution: United States: Colorado


description:
  Diplolepis nervosa (Curtis, 1838) 

  Nomenclature: Diplolepis centifoliae (Hartig, 1840) | Rhodites centifoliae Hartig, 1840 | Rhodites andreiKieffer,   1904   |   Rhodites   dispar  Niblett,   1943   |   Rhodites   kiefferi  Loiselle,   1912   |Diplolepis rosarum (Giraud, 1859) |  Rhodites rosarum Giraud, 1859 |  Cynips nervosaCurtis, 1838 

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa canina L. and R. rubiginosa L.

  Distribution: United States: Oregon; Canada: Ontario, Québec


description:
  Diplolepis nodulosa (Beutenmüller, 1909) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites nodulosus Beutenmüller, 1918

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa woodsii Lindl., Rosa virginiana Mill., and  R. blanda Aiton; possibly     induces     galls     on Rosa     carolina   var.      lucida   (Ehrh.)     Farw.[unsubstantiated]

  Distribution: United States: Illinois, Massachusetts; Canada: Alberta, British Columbia,Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan


description:
  Diplolepis oregonensis (Beutenmüller, 1918) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites oregonensis Beutenmüller, 1918

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa nutkana C. Presl

  Distribution: United States: Oregon


description:
  Diplolepis ostensackeni (Beutenmüller, 1918) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites ostensackeni Beutenmüller, 1918

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa nutkana C. Presl

  Distribution: United States: Oregon


description:
  Diplolepis polita (Ashmead, 1890) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites polita Ashmead, 1890 | Rhodites occidentalis Beutenmüller, 1922

  Feeds on: Induces   galls   on   Rosa   californica  Cham.   &   Schltdl.,   R.   woodsii  Lindl.,   R.acicularis Lindl., and R. arkansana Porter

  Distribution: United   States:   Alaska,   California,   Colorado;   Canada:   Alberta,   BritishColumbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon


description:
  Diplolepis pustulatoides (Beutenmüller, 1914) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites pustulatoides Beutenmüller, 1914

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa L. sp.

  Distribution: United States: Indiana


description:
  Diplolepis radicum (Osten Sacken, 1863) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites   radicum  Osten   Sacken,   1863   |   Tribalia   batatorum  Walsh,   1864   |   Rhoditesatahensis  Bassett,   1890   |   Diplolepis   radicum  var.   johnsoni  Kinsey,   1922   |   Diplolepisradicum  var.   plana  Kinsey,   1922   |   Diplolepis   radicum  var.   divergens  Kinsey,   1922   |Diplolepis radicum var. angustior Hunter, 1923

  Feeds on: Produces galls on Rosa carolina L.,  R. nutkana C. Presl, and  R. woodsiiLindl.

  Distribution: United   States:   Colorado,   Connecticut,   District   of   Columbia,   Illinois,Indiana,   Massachusetts,   Minnesota,   North   Carolina,   New   Jersey,   New   York,   Ohio,Oregon, Pennsylvania, Washington; Canada: British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario


description:
  Diplolepis rosae (Linnaeus, 1758) 

  Nomenclature: Cynips rosae Linnaeus, 1758

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa rugosa Thunb.,  R. cinnamoea L.,  R. rubiginosa L.,and R. blanda Aiton

  Distribution: United States: California, Colorado, District of Columbia, Idaho, Illinois,Kansas, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Montana, North Carolina, New Hampshire,New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, Virginia,Vermont,   Washington,   West   Virginia;   Canada:   Alberta,   British   Columbia,   NewBrunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec


description:
  Diplolepis rosaefolii (Cockerell, 1889) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites rosaefolii Cockerell, 1889 | Rhodites lenticularis Bassett,

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa acicularis Lindl., R. woodsii Lindl., and R. arkansana Porter

  Distribution: United   States:   California,   Colorado,   Illinois,   Pennsylvania;   Canada:British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan,Yukon


description:
  Diplolepis similis (Ashmead, 1896) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites similis Ashmead, 1897

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa L. sp. [R woodsii selected as a placeholder]

  Distribution: United States: Wyoming


description:
  Diplolepis spinosa (Ashmead, 1887) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites   spinosa  Ashmead,   1887   |   Rhodites   spinosissima  Gillette,   1889   |   Rhoditesmultispinosa Gillette, 1890

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa rubiginosa L., R. woodsii Lindl., and R. blanda Aiton

  Distribution: United     States:     California,     Colorado,     Florida,     Idaho,     Illinois,Massachusetts,   Maine,   Minnesota,   Washington;   Canada:   Alberta,   British   Columbia,Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan


description:
  Diplolepis terrigena Weld, 1952 

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa L. sp. [R californica selected as a placeholder]

  Distribution: United States: California


description:
  Diplolepis triforma Shorthouse & Ritchie, 1984 

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa acicularis Lindl.

  Distribution: United   States:   Minnseota;   Canada:   Alberta,   Manitoba,   Ontario,Saskatchewan


description:
  Diplolepis tuberculator (Cockerell, 1888) 

  Nomenclature: Diplolepis   tuberculatrix  (Cockerell,   1888)   |   Rhodites   tuberculator  Cockerell,   1888   |Diplolepis   tuberculatrix  var.   coloradensis  form   coloradensis  Kinsey   &   Ayres,   1922   |Diplolepis tuberculatrix var. coloradensis form subcoloradensis Kinsey & Ayres, 1922 |Diplolepis   tuberculatrix  var.    wasatchensis  Kinsey   &   Ayres,   1922   |    Diplolepistuberculatrix  var.    versicolor  Kinsey   &   Ayres,   1922   |   Diplolepis   tuberculatrix  var melanderi  Kinsey   &   Ayres,   1922   |   Diplolepis   tuberculatrix  var.   rubriderma  Kinsey   &Ayres,   1922   |   Diplolepis   tuberculatrix  var.    sierranensis  Kinsey   &   Ayres,   1922   |Diplolepis tuberculatrix var. descansonis Kinsey & Ayres, 1922

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa L. sp. [R californica selected as a placeholder]

  Distribution: United States: California, Colorado, North Dakota, New Mexico, Oregon,Utah, Washington


description:
  Diplolepis tuberculosa (Osten Sacken, 1861) 

  Nomenclature: Cynips (Rhodites?) tuberculosa Osten Sacken, 1861

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa L. sp. [R blanda selected as a placeholder]

  Distribution: United States


description:
  Diplolepis tumida (Bassett, 1890) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites   tumidus  Bassett,   1890   |   Diplolepis   tuberculatrix  var.   tumida  form   xerophilaKinsey and Ayres, 1922

  Feeds on: Produces galls on Rosa L. sp. [R woodsii selected as a placeholder]

  Distribution: United States: Utah


description:
  Diplolepis variabilis (Bassett, 1890) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites variabilis Bassett, 1890 | Rhodites globuloides Beutenmüller, 1907

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa woodsii Lindl.

  Distribution: United   States:   Colorado,   Itado,   Texas,   Utah,   Washington,   Wyoming;Canada: British Columbia


description:
  Diplolepis verna (Osten Sacken, 1863) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites verna Osten Sacken, 1863

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa blanda Aiton

  Distribution: United States: District of Columbia, New York


description:
  Diplolepis weldi (Beutenmüller, 1913) 

  Nomenclature: Rhodites weldi Beutenmüller, 1913

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Rosa L. sp. [R californica selected as a placeholder]

  Distribution: United States: California


description:
  Andricus gigas (bisexual generation)
  [Page 111]

  By April, bisexual-generation galls develop on the staminate flowers and leaves. These galls are conical, tan, and about 3 mm in high. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus douglasii
  Quercus berberidifolia
  Quercus engelmannii


description:
  Andricus gigas (unisexual generation)

  The saucer-like unisexual-generation galls are narrowly attached at the base and have thin, flaring edges that are either smooth or toothed (crenate). 

  Hosts:
  Quercus douglasii
  Quercus berberidifolia
  Quercus engelmannii


description:
  Phanacis hypochoeridis (Kieffer, 1887) 

  Nomenclature: Aulax hypochaeridis Kieffer, 1887

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Hypochaeris radicata L.

  Distribution: United States: California, Oregon; Canada: British Columbia


description:
  Phanacis taraxaci (Ashmead, 1897) 

  Nomenclature: Gillettea taraxaci Ashmead, 1897

  Feeds on: Induces galls on Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg.

  Distribution: United States: Minnesota, Pennsylvania


description:
  Synergus lignicola (Osten Sacken, 1862)  

  Nomenclature: 
  Cynips (Synerges [sic]) lignicola Osten Sacken, 1862 
  Synergus davisi (Beutenmüller,1907) 
  Andricus davisi Beutenmüller, 1907 
  Synerges [sic] rhoditiformis Walsh, 1864

  Feeds on: Inquiline of: galls of Andricus quercuslaurinus Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2009; galls     of Callirhytis     cornigera   (Osten-Sacken,     1865);     galls of Callirhytis quercusgemmaria  (Ashmead,   1885);   galls   of  Callirhytis   quercuspunctata  (Bassett,1863); undetermined galls on Quercus incana and other Quercus sect. Lobatae spp.

  Distribution: United   States:   District   of   Columbia,   Indiana,   Michigan,   Missouri,   NewJersey, New York, Virginia


description:
  Antistrophus pisum

  Lygodesmia juneea Pursh (Skeleton weed). (Figure 5, a-h.) As shown in Fig. 5, three different galls were produced on Lygodesmia juneea Pursh by the gall maker, Antistrophus pisum Walsh. The typical gall is pea-shaped; another is a root gall; the third is a stem gall.
   
  Figure 5. Galls on Lygodesmia juneea (Pursh) from which Antistrophus pisum Walsh emerged: a) Normal condition. b) Extreme crowding of galls. c) Root gall. d) to g) Fusiform galls. h) Normal galls with emergence holes through stems. 


description:
  These flat, circular galls are found on the leaf lamina of various *Smilax* species, including *S. bona-nox* and *S. rotundifolia*. Gall midges of the genus *Meunieriella* have been reared from them. Outside of the southern tip of Florida, where black mangroves occur, these seem to be the only members of the genus found in North America, and most observations in the genus on iNaturalist belong here. It is also [listed on Bugguide](https://bugguide.net/node/view/680400). 


description:
  Similar galls have been observed in August in [Minnesota](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/31622363) on a plant tentatively identified as Lactuca biennis and in August in [Kansas](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/57574706) on Lactuca floridana.


description:
  A large, abrupt, globose stem swelling on Morella cerifera (wax myrtle), often found at the intersection of several branches. It is covered in stretched and cracked bark. 

  The gall (not necessarily fresh) has been observed in August in [Louisiana](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/15340456), in Georgia in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/89731905), and in May in [Florida](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78386670) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/76796940). 


description:
  Aceria caryae (Keifer, 1939)

  Eriophyes caryae

  Hosts: Carya illinoiensis, cordiformis

  Relationship: The mites cause Leaf edge rolls on upper leaf surfaces and live in the spongy tissue inside the rolls.

  Damage is figured by Felt, 1917, N. Y. State Mus. Bul. No. 200, pl. 15.
  The mite on Carya cordiformis appears to be a different species. 

  Range: Type locality Brownwood Texas; GA, KS, NY, TX, WV


description:
  The larva of this moth seems to cause a round stem swelling directly above the petioles of [Helianthus grosseserratus](https://bugguide.net/node/view/891701/bgimage), accompanied by an uneven opening filled with frass. Similar swellings have been observed on other asters, including [Heliopsis](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63271647), [Echinacea](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/59378895), and [Eutrochium](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/71838804). We aren't certain whether these are caused by the same species of moth. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/254618#page/205/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus gigas 

  Field observations and rearings have shown the bisexual generation of Andricus crenatus Weld (1952) is Andricus gigas Kinsey (1922). Because Kinsey erroneously described a toothed tarsal condition, Weld (1951) transferred A. gigas to Dryocosmus Giraud. Due to the actual toothed tarsal claws of both generations, the species is now returned to the original placement in Andricus Hartig. The valid name again becomes Andricus gigas.

  Host:
  Quercus douglasii


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/254618#page/205/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus gigas

  The tan, conical, bisexual generation galls produced occurred on the staminate flowers and occasionally in leaves (Fig. 1). Those at the base of staminate flowers were often hidden by bud scales. 

  Field observations and rearings have shown the bisexual generation of Andricus crenatus Weld (1952) is Andricus gigas Kinsey (1922). Because Kinsey erroneously described a toothed tarsal condition, Weld (1951) transferred A. gigas to Dryocosmus Giraud. Due to the actual toothed tarsal claws of both generations, the species is now returned to the original placement in Andricus Hartig. The valid name again becomes Andricus gigas.

  Host:
  Quercus douglasii


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16270744#page/382/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus kingi

  Small, pink, cone-shaped galls on the underside of leaves of Quercus lobata, about 5mm. high and 4 mm. across the base, which is broad and rather saucer-shaped. The outer portion of the gall is conical, the sides curved inwards slightly. The larval chamber is near the apex, where the exit hole is found. 


description:
  Andricus kingi

  Quercus douglasii, lobata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 144. Red or striped, on the upper or lower surface of the leaf in numbers in August and September, cell basal.

  Fig 144. On Q lobata. Occurs on Q douglasii also Red or striped, on upper or lower surface of leaf in numbers in August and September. Drop in November. Adults were cut out Nov.22 (Middletown), emerged Feb. 9 (Chico). 

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=plaintext&seq=86&q1=%22andricus%20kingi%22


description:
  Andricus kingi

  The red, monothalamous, detachable, cone-shaped galls occur on both sides of the leaves of blue, valley, and Oregon oaks. The apex of the gall, although pointed, is blunt-tipped. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus douglasii
  Quercus lobata
  Quercus garryana


description:
  Andricus opertus

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, durata, garryana, lobata
  Stem galls, bud galls
  Cell different and adult different from [above](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2141)

  Andricus fimbrialis 

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, lobata
  Leaf galls, integral
  Fig 114. Globular, dia 2 mm, in young leaf. 

  Fig 114. in early spring. Adults emerged in May (Palo Alto).

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=plaintext&seq=85&q1=%22andricus%20fimbrialis%22


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22107#page/112/mode/1up
description:
  Diastrophus turdigus, N. Sp.

  Looking over my collection of galls, I find a gall from the stalk of Rubus strigosus and several gall insects reared from the same. The gall is an inch long, and three-fourths of an inch thick — an abrupt swelling involving the whole circumference of the stalk. Quite a large number of insects seem to have escaped from it, though many of them were parasites, 1 have only five specimens of the true gall-fly, and these are all females. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22107#page/111/mode/1up
description:
  Diastrophus radicum, N. Sp.

  Galls. On the roots of Rubus villosus [flagellaris], of very irregular shape, and varying in size from those of the shape and size of a pea to those two inches or more in length, and nearly an inch in diameter, and containing few or many larvae according to size. The galls are occasionally found on the part of the stalks of the blackberry which is below the surface. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40940272#page/281/mode/1up
description:
  Diastrophus turgidus

  A large reddish-brown polythalamous, tubercular or irregular gall, about 1 to 1.75 in long and .5 in in average diameter, arising abruptly on the stem. Green in summer, darkening towards winter. Chambers are very numerous, oval in shape, 1.5 to 2 in in width and 2.3 in deep. The gall has a number of prickles scattered over it which are about 2 to 3 mm long and appear to be enlarged stem prickles.


description:
  Andricus opertus
  Bisexual generation

  Andricus fimbrialis Weld, new synonymy

  [Photos of this gall appear on page 4 of the pdf]

  Galls: Galls appear as reddish swellings on the midrib of the leaf, mostly on the upper surface when the leaf is about three-quarters grown. Soft fimbriate dark red spines soon develop, usually growing diagonally away from the leaf base. Galls vary from single ovate cells, about 2 mm long, with little swelling or spinulation, to several cells over most of the leaf length, with individual gall length up to 15 mm; on young terminal growth, the whole stunted leaf may be utilized. Galls are most common on small slow-growing trees, but also occur on larger more robust trees. Often many galls are restricted to a few trees which are apparently the same as other, uninfested trees in the same area. Adults emerge amid the spines of the gall, leaving a fuzzy pale-brown mass of chewed fiber at the exit holes. Leaves with dead galls usually fall with the other leaves. 

  Range: from southern Oregon to central California

  Adults of the bisexual generation emerge during late May through July. Oviposition occurs within 5 days in the small lateral buds on new growth. Galls and immature adults are fully formed by mid-September

externallink:
  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-entomologist/article/abs/alternate-generations-of-gall-cynipids-hymenoptera-cynipidae-on-garry-oak/2C1A55FDA766653C05B65896CC288EC0


description:
  Andricus opertus

  This cynipid wasp induces small, monothalamous galls on the tips of new spring leaves of scrub, leather, blue, and valley oaks. These are the galls of the bisexual generation formerly known as A. fimbrialis. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus berberidifolia
  Quercus durata
  Quercus douglasii
  Quercus lobata

  [Photo caption]
  Spring gall of Andricus opertus on Oregon oak.


description:
  Oaks have occasionally been seen with an unusual density of buds. persisting on the tree through the winter. On oaks definitively identified as Quercus macrocarpa in [Manitoba](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/72136716) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68233995), these buds resembled normal buds except int their number and clustering. On an unidentified white-group oak in [Pennsylvania](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/75466093), many of these buds had egress holes suggesting cynipinid wasps had inhabited them. These may not be the same species, and the Manitoba symptom may not even be a gall per se. 


description:
  Stem  galls  of  cecidomyiid  flies  were  regularly  found  in some  populations  over  the  course  of  this  study,  but  they  were  never common, and single ramets rarely contained more than one or two galls. These galls consist of small swellings on the main stem, lateral stems, or on  racemes  between  fruits.  Only  4  of  the  960  plants  in  the  transplant experiment  were  galled.  All  of  the  individuals  I  have  reared  from  these galls  were  Lasioptera  solani,  though  a  species  of  Neolasioptera is  reported to be more common in horsenettle (Gagné 1989). Rearing of these gall midges proved difficult because the vast majority of galls were parasitized by proctotrupoid wasps. The small size of the galls and low densities  of  these  gall  midges  suggest  that  they  are  likely  to  have  relatively little impact on horsenettle.


description:
  Andricus parmula

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, durata, engelmanni, garryana, lobata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 112. Red spangle, 2 mm, on under side. 

  Fig 112 On all the white oaks. Contain adults in November and December. Emerged Apr. 5 (Boulevard), Apr. 26 (Monrovia). 

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=73&q1=%22andricus%20parmula%22


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16270744#page/383/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus parmula

  Very small, flat, reddish, disc-shaped galls on the under side of leaves of Quercus lobata, about 3 mm. in diameter, slightly elevated in the center. 


description:
  Andricus parmula

  This cynipid wasp induces monothalamous, flat, disc-shaped, glossy, detachable galls on both sides of leaves of most white oak species. Galls measure up to 3 mm in diameter and have a narrow base of attachment and a smooth edge. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32307#page/309/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus quercifoliae

  Galls. Succulent, round gall on the leaves of Quercus catesbaei [laevis], with a loose, whitish kernel; constructed in the same manner as Dryophanta aquaticae, but much smaller in size. 

  Bred from galls in May. The galls are rare, and the flies difficult to raise. 


description:
  Similar galls are induced by [Andricus femoratus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/615). These species are likely closely related and may either be synonymized or divided into more than two species after revision. 


description:
  Dryophanta quercifoliae 

  Andricus quercifoliae
  Diplolepis querci-foliae

  Gall: On the leaves of turkey oak (Quercus catesbaei [laevis]) in April and May. Succulent, round, green, with a loose, whitish kernel. Constructed in the same manner as Dryophanta aquaticae, but much smaller.

  Habitat: FL

  Closely allied to D palustris. The gall is longer and somewhat cup-shaped.


description:
  Dryophanta confusa

  Cynips quercus confusa
  Neuroterus confusa
  Diplolepis quercus-confusa

  Gall: Attached to the principal vein on the under side of the leaf of laurel oak (Quercus laurifoliae) in April. Small, globular, succulent, yellowish-green. Hollow inside with a pupa-like kernel. Diameter transversely, 1.5 mm; vertically, 2.5 mm.

  Habitat: FL


description:
  Dryophanta notha

  Cynips quercus notha
  Andricus notha
  Callirhytis notha
  Callirhytis quercus-notha
  Andricus pustulatoides
  Neuroterus notha
  Callirhytis pustulatoides

  Gall: Singly on the points of the acute lobs of the leaves of scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), red oak (Quercus rubra), and pin oak (Quercus palustris), in May. Monothalamous. Blister or bubble-like, oblong, thin-shelled and succulent. It is green and the surface shows some longitudinal semitransparent veins. Hollow inside, containing a free seed-like kernel in which the larva lives. This kernel is oblong oval, rounded at one end and somewhat pointed at the other.

  Habitat: MA, CT, NY, NJ, PA

  The flies emerge late in May and early in June.


description:
  Dryophanta cinereae

  Diplolepis cinereae

  Gall: On the under side of the leaves of upland willow oak (Quercus brevifolia=cinerea [incana]) in April and May. Monothalamous. Greenish gray, somewhat longitudinally ribbed and rugose. Hemispherical or bag-shaped, thin-shelled, containing a loose kernel which rolls around freely. On the upper side the gall is indicated by a slight discoloration of the leaf. Diameter at base, 4 mm; height 3.25 mm.

  Habitat: FL

  The gall of D cinereae is practically the same as that of Callirhytis saccularia and it is possible that the latter species will prove to be a synonym of D cinerea. 


description:
  In May 2018, three samples of wild garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata, Brassicaceae) were collected from a private garden in Koenigslutter, Germany. While sample EPV_18_002 was asymptomatic apart from slight yellowing, samples EPV_18_003 and EPV_18_004 showed stunting, yellowing, necrosis and severe crinkling. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22092#page/115/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips pigra, n. sp.

  The galls of this species answer perfectly to Baron Osten-Sacken's description of C. q. tumifica. They are large irregular swellings on the midrib of the leaves of Q. tinctoria [velutina], always on the under side and usually on the lower half of the leaf. Sometimes two distinct galls are found on the same leaf. Their presence is only indicated on the upper surface by a widening of the midrib and a slight depression of the leaf at that point. They are often an inch in length and in the middle half an inch in diameter, tapering more or less towards the ends. They are of a dense cellular tissue, with the woody fibre of the midrib along the axis. The cellular portion contains a large number of larval cells, which are inseparable from the enveloping substance. Having discovered a young oak nearly all of whose leaves had these galls upon them early in June last year, I made frequent visits to it to watch the development of the larvae. Quite sure that they would prove to be Cynips q. tumifica, I expected to find the insects fully matured early in July, but at that time the larvae could scarcely be seen in the soft, immature vegetable cells that surrounded them, and it was late in autumn when the perfect insects made their appearance. This extremely slow development suggested the specific name. The gall flies are all females, and differ widely from C. q. tumifica O S. 


description:
  A large profusion of irregular woody/corky polygons on the buds of Salix interior. Old galls observed in [Minnesota](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/72065336) in March.


description:
  Tapered stem swellings on twigs of Physocarpus opulifolius. Old galls observed in May in [Illinois](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78881654).


description:
  Small patches of peeled epidermis covering the upper side of Reynoutria japonica leaves in the spring. The patches are yellower than the rest of the leaf and are often marked by white rolls of peeled epidermis. They typically cover the entire leaf incompletely but more or less uniformly. The lower side of the leaf is unaffected.

  Observed in April in [Washington](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/55074990), in May in [New York](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78919245) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78919373), [New Jersey](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/44820080) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/45012517), [Vermont](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/80301376), and [Michigan](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/45735644), and in June in [New Jersey](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/50150640) and [Pennsylvania](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/49247236).


description:
  Quercus ellipsoidalis and texana added with some confidence as a host based on Weld's assertion that this gall occurs on "all red oaks" and substantiated by [these unconfirmed observations on ellipsoidalis](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78930892) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78930895) and [this one on texana](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/114768683).  

  Galls resembling D quercuspalustris have been observed on an undetermined cultivated red-group oak in [New Mexico](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77310160).


description:
  Abrupt globular or elongated stem swellings on twigs of Spiraea tomentosa. Old galls seen with many emergence holes in February in [Quebec](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/69898981).


description:
  A gall matching this description was observed on Quercus laurifolia in April in [Florida](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/73126760). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15672479#page/367/mode/1up
description:
  Liodora comata, new species

  Host.--Quercus alba

  Gall (pl. 16, fig. 11). — Conical, 3.0 by 1.4 mm., tan, thin walled, covered with crinkly white matted hairs. Produced singly at edge of leaf in early spring when leaves are only an inch or so long. 

  Habitat. — Type locality East Falls Church, Va. Adults emerged April 26 and May 4-15. 


description:
  Andricus comata

  Consequently,  three  Liodora species  known  from  North  America  must  be  transferred  to  Andricus: comata (Weld), comb.  nov.


description:
  Neuroterus clarkeae sp. nov.

  Gall On the edges of the leaf of white oak (Quercus alba) in May. Monothalamous. Light brown, bud-like and covered with short wool. It is thin-shelled, fragile, and contains no separate larval cell. Length 2-3 mm.

  Habitat: MA

  The flies emerge during the latter part of May and early in June.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885311#page/384/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus clarkeae

  Light brown, budlike, thin-shelled, marginal leaf gall covered with short wool, length 2 to 3 mm, on Q alba.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/20/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes betulae n. s.

  Without scientific name, Hagen, Can. ent., 1885, v. 17, p. 25. 
  Eriophyes, sp., Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario 1906, p. 59, pl. A, fig. 6. 

  Betula lutea [alleghaniensis]

  An abnormal growth of the buds, the terminal growth being checked, forming considerable masses of undeveloped buds. On yellow birch, Betula lutea. Common. 


description:
  A tapered stem swelling on black birch, covered with cracking and peeling normal bark. Old galls observed in March in [Massachusetts](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/71486036). Cf [Lampronia fuscatella](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/lepidoptera/monotrysia/adeloidea/prodoxidae/lampronia/lampronia-fuscatella/), known only from Europe.


description:
  A tapered, elongated stem swelling on Quercus geminata causing long, rough splits in the bark along the length of the twig. An old gall was observed in October in [Florida](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63936785). 


description:
  An externally similar gall was observed on Quercus imbricaria in [Ohio](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/91472860). 

  Quercus hemisphaerica added as a host based on its relationship with Quercus laurifolia and tentatively supported by this [observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/87735383). 


description:
  Amphibolips femoratus

  On the basis of diagnostic characters given above, 6 species from the genus Andricus herein  are  transferred  to  Amphibolips: A. femoratus Ashmead,  1887,  comb. nov.


description:
  Asphondylia autumnalis sp. nov.

  Gall.--Globular or irregularly rounded with a number of aborted leaves at the apex, and elations of the stems of the plant at the sides. It is green outside and white inside. Interior rather soft, pithy and somewhat succulent, causing the gall to shrivel up and decay after the flies have emerged. Inside are a number of cells in which the larvae live. These transform in the gall and the flies emerge during the latter part of August and early in September. The gall measures from 20 to 30 mm in length and from 15 to 30 mm in width. It occurs on Helenium autumnale. 

  Habitat.--Valley of the Black Mountains, NC


description:
  Asphondylia patens sp. nov.

  Gall.--An accumulation of aborted leaves, forming a rosette-like body, measuring from 10 to 20 mm in length. In the center it is bud-like, and inhabited by a single larva. The gall is formed on the tips of branches of a tall, pale, purple-flowered aster (Aster patens) and is caused by the arrest of growth of the terminal buds. 

  Habitat: NC

  The gall is quite common during the latter part of August. The larva pupates in the bud-like chamber and the adult emerges in September.


description:
  Asphondylia conspicua

  Asphondylia rudbeckiae conspicua

  The gall of this species is found on Rudbeckia triloba and Rudbeckia laciniata. The adult and gall were described by Osten Sacken and the gall is figured here for the first time. I have taken it in the valley of the Black Mountains, North Carolina, in August, and have also received it from Miss Alberta Field from Ashtabula, Ohio. The adults emerge late in August and early in September. 


description:
  Asphondylia globulus

  Asphondylia helianthi globulus

  The gall of this species is found on the giant sunflower (Helianthus giganteus) and sawtoothed sunflower (Helianthus grosse-serratus) in August and September. The pupa, gall and adult were briefly described by Osten Sacken and again in detail by Martin. The adults emerge in September and October.


description:
  Cecidomyia ulmii sp. nov.

  Gall.--This is made by folding and growing together of the small, immature, terminal leaves or leaf-buds of the American elm (Ulmus americana), causing them to swell into galls.

  Habitat: NY

  The gall may be found during June and July. The imago emerges during the same months.


description:
  Cecidomyia nyssaecola sp. nov.

  Gall. This is made by a narrow upward and inward fold of the margin of the leaf of sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica) and measures about .3 to 1 mm in diameter and from about 2.5 to 3.5 mm in length. Sometimes only a few of the folds occur on a leaf and again the entire margin on both sides of the leaf is covered with them, causing the leaf to become scalloped. The gall is pale yellowish or yellowish green and contrasts with the dark green leaf, making it a rather conspicuous object, readily detected. The galls are sometimes more or less contiguous when occurring in numbers on the same leaf. When dry the gall becomes brown. 

  Habitat: VA, KY, IL, NY, NJ, PA, NC

  Very common everywhere in the vicinity of New York, from which locality my specimens were obtained. The gall may be found in June and the fly emerges in July.


description:
  Apparently the fly Beutenmuller described as Cecidomyia nyssaecola is a predator or inquiline, and the gall is formed by a phylloxeran. 

  Can be confused with Aceria dina, which makes similar leaf edge rolls on Nyssa sylvatica but at a much finer scale. The different between Aceria dina and Phylloxerina nyssae can be seen clearly in the first picture of [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/83246314). Aceria dina is the densely curled gall found in various places around the edge of the leaf, of the same color as the leaf. P nyssae is the section where the leaf is more deeply incised to form one smooth yellowish fold.


description:
  Additional hosts in subsection Phellos tentatively added based on unconfirmed observations:
  [Quercus laevis](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/74246227)
  [Quercus incana](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/74311459)
  [Quercus hemisphaerica](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/41049584)
  [Quercus marilandica](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/156444189)

  Unlike [A quercusostensackenii](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/584), a similar gall found on other red-group oaks, femoratus rarely extends above the upper side of the leaf, and often makes a flat surface slightly sunken below the leaf, similar to the upper side of galls of [Amphibolips quercusrugosa](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/820).

  Thompson's claim that this gall is found on Quercus rubra and velutina, which are not in subsection Phellos, is likely due to misidentification of [A quercusostensackenii](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/584).


description:
  Cecidomyia pudibunda

  Gall.-- Consists of a fold between the ribs on the leaf of hornbea (Carpinus caroliniana) with the opening on the underside of the leaf. It is usually red above and pale green beneath. In length the galls vary from 4 mm to the width of the leaf from the midrib to the margin. Usually several or many galls are found upon a single leaf. Formed in June and the larva leaves the gall to pupate on the ground. The adult appears in July. 

  Habitat: NY


description:
  Cecidomyia? chinquapin sp. nov.

  Gall.--Consists of a small irregular swelling in the burr of chinquapin (Castania pumila). It contains a single larva which leaves the gall to pupate in the ground.

  Habitat.--NC

  The gall may be found during the latter part of September.


description:
  Cecidomyia? vernoniae sp. nov.

  Gall.--Green, sometimes tinged with red, rounded or elongate, and of the texture of the stem of the plant. Inside it is soft, fleshy, and contains a single larva in an elongated narrow channel. Length about 7 to 12 mm; width 5 to 9 mm.

  When dry the gall becomes brown and pithy inside and somewhat resembles a cherry-pit. It is usually situated on the mid-rib of the leaf of ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis).

  Habitat: NC, NY, IN

  The gall is quite common during September, and the larvae overwinter and transform in the gall.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885299#page/372/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus femoratus

  Globular, very thin-shelled leaf gall containing a fiber-supported cell, diameter 8 mm, on Q laurifolia.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610732#page/342/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus femoratus Ashmead 

  Described from a female reared in Max from gall on Q. laurifolia from "Florida,'' the type is labeled Jacksonville. The writer collected galls on Q. laurifolia and phellos at Jacksonville, Daytona, Gainesville, River Junction, and Tallahassee and secured a couple of adults which emerged some time after April 7. 


description:
  Liodora dumosae 

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, engelmanni [listed as detachable], garryana, lobata
  Leaf galls, integral
  Fig 152. Black when dry, 2-5 mm. long, at [leaf] edge.

  Fig 152. Q-dumosa, douglasii, lobata, engelmanni. Adults emerged May 10. 

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=73&q1=%22andricus%20pattersonae%22


description:
  Andricus pattersonae (unisexual generation)

  Quercus douglasii, garryana, lobata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 119. Crenate, very flat spangle. 6-9 mm.

  Fig 119. Partly grown in August (Calistoga). Collected on fallen leaves in December and adults were cut out February 9 (Stanford). 

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=73&q1=%22andricus%20pattersonae%22


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27865291#page/364/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus pattersonae (unisexual generation)

  Thin, flat, disc-shaped galls from leaves (presumably) of Quercus douglasi, about 6 mm. in diameter, greenish gray with lilac center, the margin irregular; upper surface a trifle wrinkled but otherwise smooth.


description:
  Andricus pattersonae (unisexual generation)
  [Page 113]

  This cynipid wasp induces thin, flat, detachable, monothalamous galls on the underside of leaves of most white oaks. The summer galls of the unisexual generation are usually light greenish yellow and measure 7-9 mm in diameter and 1mm thick.


description:
  Andricus pattersonae 
  Bisexual generation

  [Photos of this gall appear on page 12 of the pdf]

  On the margins of young leaves, occasionally submarginally, more frequently on the basal section of the leaf, rarely on the leaf stem; more commonly on the lower leaves of small trees. Individual galls about 3x1 mm, eccentrically fusiform-ellipsoidal, apex attenuated and curved; the surface densely micro-spinose. Immature galls pale green, maturing to dark red. Single monothalamous, but sometimes in groups of 2-4, possibly 8 or 9 on a leaf. Emergence hole is at the upper end of the gall, below the apex. Parasitized galls are often more globular and variable in size, usually brighter red. 

  Range: west-central CA

  Adults of the bisexual generation emerge during late May to early June, and females oviposit on the undersides of leaves. Galls that are too crowded develop at an uneven rate and many do not mature. The agamic females may emerge the following spring, late March to early April; however, a diapause within the gall for 1 or 2 years is common. 

externallink:
  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-entomologist/article/abs/alternate-generations-of-gall-cynipids-hymenoptera-cynipidae-on-garry-oak/2C1A55FDA766653C05B65896CC288EC0


description:
  Andricus pattersonae (bisexual generation)

  The 2-3 mm-long spring bisexual generation galls are pear-shaped, reddish or black with age, and form at leaf margins. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=86&q1=pedicellatum
description:
  Dros pedicellatum

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, garryana [listed as detachable], lobata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 145. Prolonged vein at leaf margin. 

  Fig 145. On Q-lobata (above) and Q-dumosa and douglasii. Occurs on Q-garryana also. In early spring. Types emerged April 20 (Stanford). Issued May 15- June 2 (Santa Barbara), April 25–28 (Paso Robles), out and dead by May 26 (Lakeport). 


description:
  Andricus pedicellatum

  This cynipid wasp induces thin, horse-hair-like, stalked, monothalamous, pointed galls along the margins of leaves on blue, valley, scrub, and Oregon oaks. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus douglasii
  Quercus lobata
  Quercus berberidifolia
  Quercus garryana


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32293#page/150/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus longipennis n. sp.

  Quercus laurifolia

  Swellings surrounding the base of new shoots or twigs; hard, woody, structure. Small size. 

   Galls. — Small, oblong, irregular, woody swellings, surrounding the base of new shoots, from .35 to .40 of an inch in length, by from .14 to .16 inch in diameter. 

  Described from eight specimens bred May, 1886. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=87&q1=stellaris
description:
  Andricus stellaris 

  Quercus douglasii, garryana
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 158. Hemisperical, rugose, on under side.

  Fig 158. Q-garryana, douglasii. On under side leaf in fall, 2–5 mm. in dia., whitish, often tinged with red. Galls collected at Willits in October contained living adults the next February. 


description:
  Andricus stellaris

  This cynipid wasp induces convex, round, monothalamous galls with radiating crystalline projections on the underside of leaves of blue and Oregon oaks. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus douglasii
  Quercus garryana 


description:
  A gall observed on Quercus falcata in May in [Virginia](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77092926) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77944270) [(3)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79477694) appeared to be two Amphibolips acuminata galls grown together, with two distinct points and a long suture where the two galls had fused. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610830#page/352/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus stellaris, new species

  A hemispherical gall, 3-4 mm in diameter and 2 mm. high, covered with short, blunt crystalline protuberances with a circle of 12-15 longer, broad and flat projections at the base resembling an open specimen of a many-rayed species of the fungus. Attached singly or scattered in small numbers on the underside of the leaf in the fall. The galls are yellowish-white, often tinged with red. The larval cell lies transversely in the very base of the gall and above it is a cavity above which the crystalline wall of the upper part of the gall is very thick.

  Host:
  Quercus garryana


description:
  A similar gall has been observed on Quercus phellos in May in [Virginia](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78399217) and in June in [Maryland](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82898471).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23927#page/371/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips CLAVULA Bassett in litt. (Syn. C.q. tuber Bassett, non Fitch). (Q. alba). 

  This insect, described by Mr. Bassett (Proc. etc. III. p. 685) as C. q. tuber Fitch, could not retain this name, as Mr. Bassett himself proves that it is not the insect described by Dr. Fitch, the latter being a guest-fly. I have therefore adopted the name C. clavula, suggested to me in a letter by Mr. Bassett himself. Although this insect has a pubescent thorax, like Cynips in the restricted sense of Hartig, I am not sure whether it is to be referred to this genus. According to this author's opinion (1. c.) this gall and that of C. q. arbos Fitch are produced by the same insect. Both C. q. tuber Fitch and C, q. arbos Fitch are guest-flies; compare below, the genus Ceroptres). 

  [Ceroptres arbos Fitch](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23927#page/390/mode/1up)
  Syn Cynips quercus arbos

  [Ceroptres tuber Fitch](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23927#page/390/mode/1up)
  Syn Cynips quercus tuber

  Mr. Bassett has shown (Proc. etc. Ill, p. 687) that both galls, de- scribed by Dr. Fitch under the above-mentioned names are produced by the same gall-fly, which was not known to Dr. Fitch, and that this gall-fly occurs only on soft, green shoots of the same year's growth, whereas the galls of the last year's growth, the only ones described by Dr. Fitch, always give guest-flies. These guest-flies, as I have had occasion to observe myself, belong to the genus Ceroptres. We can take it for certain, therefore, that Cynips q. arbos Fitch, the male of which is said to have 15-jointed antennae, is a Ceroptres. Whether C. q. tuber Fitch, belongs to the same genus, is somewhat doubtful, as it is said to have 14-(male) and 12-(female) jointed antennae. Whether this statement is based upon a mistake, or whether Ceroptres male sometimes has 14-jointed antennas (which would agree with Hartig's statement), or, finally, whether C. q tuber Fitch, belongs to some other inquilinous genus, I do not pretend to decide. The last hypothesis, however, seems to me the most improbable of all. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23810#page/705/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus tuber [contains the [first description](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23810#page/705/mode/1up) of the anatomy of the true inducer]

  Nine specimens. 

  I have a single male gall fly reared from the same galls, but it differs so much from the female that I am inclined to think it belongs to a different species. 

  Though the galls are very much alike, the venation of the wings, the pleurae, and several other points of difference mark it as a distinct species from C q. similis. Dr. Fitch has figured the gall of his C. q. tuber which he found "quite common particularly upon the soft and tender limbs of young (white oak) trees" (N. Y. Rep., Vol. 2d, No. 309). He describes (1. c. No. 310) the galls of C. q. arbos as "swellings similar to that above described, growing on the tips of the limbs of aged and large white oak trees." 

  My galls, which are probably identical with his C. q. tuber, were gathered from low, shrubby white oak bushes, though I have often Been precisely similar ones on large trees. Dr. Fitch's descriptions of the flies from C. q. tuber or C. q. arbos will apply, so far as they go, to either the gall flies, or to the guest flies as the inquilinae are termed by Mr. Walsh. For the reasons that follow, I am led to think that the species he described under the above names are both inquilinious species. 

  1st. My galls were gathered about the 20th of June, and were then green and soft like the wood of the young shoots on which they grew. The insects were then in the pupa state, and the imago came out early in July. The gall from which Dr. Fitch's C. q. arbos was reared was found in March, and were of the preceding year's growth, as were also those of C. q. tuber, if we may judge from his description of the color of the gall, which will only apply to the galls long after the true gall- flies have left them. 

  2nd. My galls gathered from young white oaks, and which answer perfectly to his figure and description of C. q. tuber, produced females with 13-jointed antenna?, while his have but 12 antennal joints. 

  3rd. I have gathered several hundreds of these galls in the autumn, winter and early spring within the last two or three years, but have never reared from them one true gall-fly, though they have produced large numbers of male and female guest-flies — the male answering perfectly to Dr. Fitch's description of C. q. arbos. The female he had not seen.

  4th. The galls I collected in June have not yet produced any guest- flies, but cutting open several to-day I found in one a large living larva — the others were empty or contained dead gall-flies that had not been able to eat their way out of the dried gall. From the above facts I am forced to believe that the galls C. q. tuber and arbos Fitch are both produced by the same fly, and that it is the same species that I have described above and for which I retain Dr. Fitch's name, C. q. tuber. Dr. Fitch has, no doubt, described two distinct flies, for Mr. Walsh, who has devoted much attention to the guest-flies of the oak galls, finds that not only do some species live in several different species of galls, but that the same kind of gall may produce more than one species of guest-fly. (Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. Vol. 2d, p. 465.) 

  Mr. Walsh, in the article referred to, mentions other of Dr. Fitch's , species which he is satisfied are inquilinae, and not the producers of the galls from which they were reared. (See pp. 464-5, 484 and 494.) His remark that "C. q. tuber Fitch is in all probability a guest-fly," escaped my notice till this moment. 


description:
  Andricus stellulus

  This cynipid wasp induces stalked, cuplike, monothalamous galls on leaves of Nuttall's scrub oak and shrub live oak, but for the latter host, only in the southwestern Mojave Desert near Twentynine Palms, California. 

  There may be some delay with the onset of gall formation to avoid the extremes of summer, or simply two cycles for this wasp: one pulse of gall growth in spring and a second in fall, as both old and fresh galls have been seen in November in the southern Mojave Desert, California. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus dumosa
  Quercus turbinella 


description:
  Cecidomyia? semenivora sp. nov.

  Gall. Green, globular or irregularly rounded with a small nipple at the apex and it is attached by a short stalk to the base of the plant. Inside it is hollow and contains many larvae which feed upon the deformed seeds. The gall is about the size of a pea or gooseberry and measures from 6 to 14 mm in diameter.

  The gall is a malformation of the seed capsules of apetalous or cleistogamous flowers of stemless or acaulescent violets (Viola cucullata, palmata, affinis, septentrionalis and probably other species).

  The specimens from which my descriptions were made were collected by Mr W DeW Miller at Plainfield New Jersey. According to Mr Miller the gall may be found from July until late in October. The larvae when mature spin cocoons inside the gall and hibernate in this state. The adult is unknown.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53913490#page/313/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus stellulus

  Distinctive star-headed gall. Never protruding to the opposite surface, mature galls are typically associated with a brown necrosis around the point of attachment which extends laterally to the leaf-blade margin.

  Pedicellate, monothalamous, occurring singly (infrequently clumped) on either dorsal or ventral surface. Exterior of stalk rugose, delicately reticulate to glabrous on disc; green with occasional red and yellow markings when fresh, brown or black at maturity. Disc: four to six points around perimeter, supported by slender stalk, reticulate with fine striations radiating from central darkened spot on upper surface; varies from ovoid to cupped in profile; centrally supported on stalk. Attached to leaf-blade vein by slightly enlarged basal ring. Galls usually stand upright on leaf surface. 

  Host:
  Quercus dumosa 


description:
  Cecidomyia? eupatoriflorae sp. nov.

  Gall. Green, succulent and pubescent. Globular or irregularly rounded, with or without a depression at the apex around which are deformed petals of the flowers. It is usually on a short stalk, like the flowers of the plant. Inside it is soft, watery, and is inhabited by several larvae, which live in separate chambers. Length from about 10 to 16 mm; width about 8 to 15 mm. The gall grows singly or in clusters among the flower-heads of Eupatorium ageratoides [Ageratina altissima], in September. 

  Habitat: NC, NY


description:
  Cecidomyia? ramuscula sp. nov.

  Gall. This is a fusiform swelling on the branches of aster (Aster [Symphyotrichum] dumosus and patens). Inside is an elongate, narrow chamber, inhabited by a single larva, which remains in the gall to pupate. Length 10 to 20 mm; width 5 to 8 mm.

  Habitat: NC in September


description:
  Cecidomyia impatientis

  Gall. Baron Osten Sacken described only the gall of this species, as a succulent swelling at the base of the flower of Impatiens fulva [capensis] in September. Walsh and Riley described the gall and larva in detail, with figures of the gall and breast bone of the larva. They also give Impatiens fulva [capensis] as the host plant. I have taken the gall at Pine Hill, Catskill Mountains, NY, and in the valley of the Black Mountains, NC, in September, on Impatiens pallida. The gall is very succulent and soon decays after the larvae have escaped from it.


description:
  Andricus wiltzae

  Quercus dumosa, lobata
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings or cells under the bark
  Fig 71. Terminal rosette, cells not deciduous. 

  71. Q lobata. On Q dumosa also. Adults have been cut out in November and others issued and died before Feb 14 (San Bernardino Mts). Galls contained adults on Nov 22 and Jan 5 (Stanford).

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=82&q1=%22andricus%20wiltzae%22


description:
  Andricus wiltzae

  This cynipid wasp induces leafy, terminal, polythalamous bud galls on valley oak. 

  Host:
  Quercus lobata


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16270747#page/385/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus wiltzae n. sp.

  Polythalamous galls formed in the buds of Quercus lobata, distinguished by the thickly compacted cluster of aborted leaves.


description:
  Cecidomyia persicoides

  Gall. The gall only was described by Osten Sacken and subsequent writers. It is variable in size, round and covered with short down-like hairs. It occurs on the underside of the leaves of different kinds of hickory. The adult is unknown.


description:
  Cecidomyia umbellicola

  Cecidomyia sambuci umbellicola

  The gall of this species was found by Osten Sacken on the red-berried elder (Sambucus pubens [racemicola]). I have taken it in June on the common elder (Sambucus canadensis). The larva and adult are unknown.


description:
  Cecidomyia? racemicola

  Rhopalomyia racemicola

  Gall. Green, smooth, rounded, tapering to a point at the apex, giving it a bud-like appearance. Inside it is hollow and contains a single larva. Length about 3 mm and 2.5 mm in diameter.

  Found singly, or in clusters, among the racemes of different kinds of goldenrod (Solidago canadensis [sense unknown], puberula, serotina [gigantea] and probably other species). 

  Habitat: NC, NY, DC

  The galls may be found in September and are somewhat difficult to detect, owing to their resemblance to the buds of the goldenrod flowers. The larvae leave the gall in autumn and enter the ground to transform.


description:
  Lasioptera tumifica sp. nov.

  Gall. This is an irregular, rounded, elongate, or kidney-shaped, gnarly, leather-like swelling, usually on one side of the stalk of goldenrod (Solidago rugosa). Sometimes it almost or entirely encircles the stem. It is leathery outside and rather soft and pithy inside, containing many orange larvae. It is found from close to the ground where the roots begin everywhere along the stalk to nearly the middle of the plant, but usually near the lower part. The gall measures from 8 to 24 mm in length and from 5 to 15 mm in width.

  Habitat: NY

  The larvae transform in the gall and the adults emerge in May.


description:
  Lasioptera cornicola sp. nov.

  Gall. Woody swellings on the twigs, branches or trunks on the dogwood (Cornus stolonifera [sericea]), measuring from about 6 to nearly 150 mm in length. When situated on the twig, the gall is considerably smaller than those on the larger branches and trunk. It sometimes gnarls the trunk from about one to six inches or more in length. Inside it is hard, woody, with many elongate chambers, each containing a larva. 

  Habitat: NY

  The gall is rather common and may be found during all seasons of the year. The larvae overwinter and pupate in the galls, and the adults emerge during May and June.


description:
  Lasioptera asterifoliae sp. nov.

  Gall.--Circular, flattened, eye-like blotches on the leaf of a species of aster, measuring about 5 mm in diameter. Purplish with a sordid whitish centre and margin. Underside dull whitish. Found singly or in numbers, all depending upon the size of the leaf.

  Habitat: NC

  The larva pupates within the gall and the fly emerges during the same year in August and early in September.


description:
  Lasioptera clavula

  Cecidomyia clavula

  Gall.--On the terminal twigs of dogwood (Cornus florida). It is club-shaped and about 0.5 to 1 inch long. Inside is an elongate channel inhabited by one or more larvae.

  The larvae leave the gall in September and October and enter the ground to transform. They overwinter and the adults emerge during May and June.


description:
  Lasioptera sambuci

  Cecidomyia sambuci

  This species was heretofore known from the larva and gall only, and the adult is here described for the first time. The gall is an irregular gnarly swelling on one side of the stem of the elder (Sambucus canadensis). The larvae overwinter and transform in the gall, and the adults emerge the following May and June. The gall is very common in the vicinity of New York.


description:
  Lasioptera nodulosa sp. nov.

  Lasioptera farinosa [partial synonym; retained as valid species for other galls]

  Gall.--Knot-like or gouty, elongate or rounded swelling on the smaller terminal branches of blackberry (Rubus villosus [flagellaris]). Often there are several galls upon a single twig. Inside there is an elongate chamber inhabited by a single larva. The larva transforms in the gall and the adults emerge in May and June.

  Habitat: NY, OH, NJ

  The galls are larvae were described and figured by Professor John B Smith and FM Webster as Lasioptera farinosa but they belong to the new species here described. The gall is quite common everywhere in the vicinity of New York City; it somewhat resembles the swellings produced by the larvae of Agrilus ruficollis, which is found on the large stalks of blackberry.


description:
  Lasioptera farinosa

  Cecidomyia farinosa
  Diplosis farinosa

  Gall.--Irregularly rounded and situated on the underside of the midrib or on the petiole at the base of the leaflet of blackberry (Rubus villosus). It is covered with a farinaceous powder and when fresh is rather soft and fleshy, but becomes hard and woody when old. Inside are several cells inhabited by the larvae. These overwinter in the gall and the adults emerge in May and early June. The gall measures from 6 to 12 mm in diameter.

  Habitat: NY; NJ; NC; Canada

  This species was known heretofore only by the gall described very briefly by Osten Sacken. It is quite common locally in the vicinity of New York City and may be distinguished easily from Lasioptera nodulosa, with which it has been confounded by certain writers. L farinosa always occurs on the leaves and petiole of the blackberry while L nodulosa is a gouty swelling on the stems of this plant. 


description:
  Lasioptera viburnicola sp. nov.

  Gall.--Gnarly, elongate swellings on the larger branches of arrow-wood (Viburnum dentatum). It is soft, pithy inside, and the larvae make long deep channels in the wood of the branch, beneath the pithy portion of the gall. Length 30 to 75 mm; width 10 to 25 mm.

  Habitat: NY

  The larvae overwinter and transform in the gall.


description:
  Lasioptera? linderae sp. nov.

  Gall.--Gnarly, elongate, woody swellings on one side or surrounding the smaller twigs or branches of spicebush (Lindera benzoin). It is hard and woody inside with a number of elongate, narrow chambers, in which the larvae live. Length 15 to 60 mm; width 7 to 10 mm.

  Habitat: NY

  The larvae overwinter and transform in the gall. The adult is unknown.


description:
  This may be Kinsey's [Neuroterus dubius](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3164), including but not limited to his [variety clarkeae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/868).

  Small, tan-brown galls alone or in pairs on the lower midrib of white-group oaks as the leaves emerge in early May, causing distinct bends in the leaf at the attachment point.  Their shape varies from round and nut-like to long and narrow. They are sparsely covered in white hairs swept toward the tip of the gall, not obscuring the surface. 

  The galls are of a similar size and shape to those of [Neuroterus clarkeae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/868) and [Andricus comata](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/869) on Quercus alba, but differ in their placement at the midrib and the deformation of the leaf they cause. They match the descriptions given of [Neuroterus bassetti](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/863) in every respect except in being clearly distinct from the midvein, not a swelling of a vein. These galls may represent more than one species, possibly the undescribed sexual generations of one or more known species. Their form is close to a bare, unadorned larval cell, a reduced and therefore less distinctive gall than other cynipid galls.

  Several distinct types have been observed, which may or may not represent different species. 

  Another, found on Quercus alba in [Michigan](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79345594) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79458540) [(3)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79345599) [(4)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79458545) [(5)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79345601) [(6)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79458542) [(7)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79345604) [(8)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79725458), [Virginia](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79709957) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/80178794),  and [Pennsylvania](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/81612650), and on Quercus macrocarpa in [Minnesota](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/84681617) and [Manitoba](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/81719142) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/81719298), has an ovate shape and appears both on the edge of the leaf and on the midrib, its distortion of the leaf somehow eliminating the lamina of the leaf between the gall and midrib. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/186/mode/1up
description:
  Undescribed species

  Cell in the tissue of the cup and not separable from it directly underneath the acorn causing it to become lopsided. On Q bicolor in the fall.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/186/mode/1up
description:
  Undescribed species

  On Q velutina and rubra in fall on acorns of the current season. Globular, green to tan, 3-4 mm in diameter.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/187/mode/1up
description:
  Undetermined species

  On Q alba. Similar, less common [to Callirhytis lapillula: On Q bicolor. Cells in a group of as many as 15, shaped like apple seeds, underneath or slightly to one side of the cotyledons, causing the acorn to bulge somewhat on one side. Occurs in fall in large acorns. Flies issue Apr 25-May 16 the second and third springs.]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/187/mode/1up
description:
  Pea-shaped, smooth, green, bare, fleshy, scattered in small numbers along the flower axis, dropping with the flowers in late May or early June. Contain 4-5 cells. Flies emerge early in June of the same season. On Q rubra and coccinea.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/189/mode/1up
description:
  Undescribed species

  Melon-shaped, with longitudinal grooves like some types of cantaloupe, 3-4 mm, rose-pink, with a small tuft of hairs at the apex. On Q velutina. Found but once-on May 1. Not reared.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/190/mode/1up
description:
  Undetermined species [tentatively presumed to be the same gall later named C glomerosa]

  Similar [to Andricus mamillaformis] on Q rubra in the fall


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/190/mode/1up
description:
  Undetermined species

  Similar [to [Andricus mamillaformis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/842)] on Q coccinea in early spring, smooth, polished, tan-colored, scarcely protruding.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/190/mode/1up
description:
  Undetermined species [unlike other undescribed species in this source, Weld does not list this species in his 1959 book]

  Found under large trees of Q. coccinea in May and probably bud galls. Globular, slightly compressed, with a scar and short stalk at base, a linear indentation at the apex, no nipple, 3 by 4 mm., brownish or purplish, mottled. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/196/mode/1up
description:
  Undetermined species

  Swollen base of the petiole of Q imbricaria, 6 mm long by 2 mm in diameter, remaining attached to the twig during the winter.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/199/mode/1up
description:
  Undetermined species [tentatively associated with N niger. N niger isn't otherwise listed in this source.]

  Cells separate but in more or less definite rows along the midrib or a main vein, more prominent on upper side, a faint papilla in center below, round in outline, about 1.5 mm. in diameter. Exit hole on the lower surface. On Q. alba in the fall. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/48/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia? parthenocissi n. s. 

  On under side of midrib of woodbine Parthenocissus quinquefolia, opening by slit on upper side of leaf. About 9 mm. long, 6 mm. wide, others about 5 cm. X 7 mm. Highest in middle. Red and green.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/203/mode/1up
description:
  Undetermined species [tentatively associated with D albidus]

  Similar [to Phylloteras rubinum], depressed, pure white, 4 mm in diameter on under side of leaf of Q coccinea in fall, dropping in October.


description:
  Swellings are thick-walled, turgid, usually about 15mm long, and can be found throughout the summer. Larvae are gregarious within the folds and reportedly drop to the soil when full grown. Host: P. quinquefolia. Distr.: Massachusetts to Ontario, south to Maryland. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/204/mode/1up
description:
  Undetermined species

  Globular, red, finely pubescent with a scar at apex, 1 mm in diameter, very numerous on under side of leaf of Q alba in fall.


description:
  Sphaeroteras trimaculosum

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, garryana, lobata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 147. Red-brown, spiny, under.

  Fig 147. On Q-lobata. Occurs on dumosa, douglasii and garryana also. Reddish-brown, on under side, in late fall, covered with crystalline spicules. "Adults emerged in late summer" (Stanford)

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=86&q1=%22sphaeroteras%20trimaculosum%22


description:
  Sphaeroteras trimaculosum
  [Page 116]

  This cynipid wasp induces round-ovoid, monothalamous, solid, bristly galls on the ventral midrib and lateral veins of valley, scrub, blue, and Oregon oak leaves. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus lobata
  Quercus berberidifolia
  Quercus douglasii
  Quercus garryana


description:
  A hole bored out of a partially-opened Quercus ellipsoidalis catkin bud in May in [Michigan](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78930890) may have been caused by this species. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23810#page/701/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis quercus ventricosa n. sp.

  Galls growing in clusters from three or four to a dozen together on the limbs and occasionally on the trunks of young shrub oaks. They are cone-shaped, truncate at the base, the apex often prolonged in a slender, recurved point. They are from four to five- eighths of an inch long, and from one-fourth to three-eighths in diameter at the base. When green, often of a deep red color; when dry, brown or black; very hard, enclosing a nearly free larval cell like that of C. q. globulus. Fitch. 

  My galls were collected in June. The flies were found to be fully developed in October. They were cut out, else they would probably have remained in the galls until spring. 


description:
  The gall of Antron douglasii (Ashmead) appears on either leaf surface, and is a more-or-less star-shaped, red to purplish, structure with blunted horns.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31780#page/151/mode/1up
description:
  Holcaspis douglasii, new species

  Gall.--The construction of this gall is on the same principle as the other Holcaspian galls, but instead of being globular it resembles a diminutive squash, the ridges surrounding the margin being prolonged into irregular tubercles, usually from 7 to 10 in number.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15672464#page/373/mode/1up
description:
  [This description may, in whole or in part, refer to [Grahamstoneia humboldti](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2707) rather than A projectus; see ID Notes]

  Bursting out far beyond the bud scales in the fall, cylindrical, bare, smooth, greenish with a light tan apex. When detached the base is darker, with a depressed scar at the truncated end, 7.0 mm. long by 2.1 mm. in diameter. Monothalamous. Usually occurs at tip of strong sprouts from stumps.


description:
  A large, green, globose swelling at the growing tip of Smallanthus (likely but not definitely S uvedalia). Observed in Florida in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77455888). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/37925#page/18/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus fragilis

  Host: Quercus virens (?) [sic]

  Gall spherical, hemispherical or conical, usually succulent, and consisting of a wall that encloses a chamber in which the larval cell lies free; some of these galls are loosely attached to the leaf, but more often they are imbedded in the blade.


description:
  Callirhytis quercusoperator (Osten Sacken 1861)

  Hosts: Quercus inopina, myrtifolia

  [Asexual generation acorn gall found in Florida in the fall.]


description:
  This mite induces swollen, pit galls with a central depression (erineum) on the thin. needle-like leaves of California sagebrush. These round to irregularly shaped galls occur singly or in clusters in the middle of leaflets, often distorting and bending them. Individual galls measure 2 mm in diameter. The erineum is usually lined with brown hairs. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610802#page/339/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus chrysobalani, new species

  Consists of a larval cell horizontally placed inside of and in very base of young acorns in midsummer. Affected acorns are those of the current season whose growth has been so retarded that they are undersized (10-18 mm.), often lopsided, with the cup more or less distorted. The cotyledons do not develop inside. The exit hole is in the top of the acorn and the cup is not involved.


description:
  Aceria vaga

  Eriophyes sp. cecidium nov
  Eriophyes vaga

  Carya illinoinensis, cordiformis

  Along veins on lower leaf surface, causing discolored spots; on Bitternut Hickory, it causes vein angle galls on lower leaf surface containing scores of mites and eggs.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/21941260#page/15/mode/1up
description:
  Rhabdophaga strobiloides

  Cecidomyia strobiloides
  Cecidomyia salicis-strobiloides

  Cone-shaped gall consisting of a deformed terminal bud, the leaves closely overlapping. Monothalamous. 2-3 cm. long. Very abundant on willows. Fully grown in July. Insect emerges the following spring. On several species of willows, Salix.


description:
  A gall like Macrodiplosis niveipila but found on Prunus umbellata. A large pocket-like swelling along the midrib on the lower side of leaf, covered in pubescence, with a linear opening above fringed with pubescence. Observed in May in [Texas](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77917564). 


description:
  A small elongated succulent swelling on the lower veins of Quercus rubra in early spring as leaves are emerging from the buds. They are typically found toward the edge of the leaf, often near the end of a lobe and with an elongated "pin" extending the vein. The walls are somewhat thick and succulent but open onto a large hollow space containing white larvae resembling those of the genus Macrodiplosis. The galls are of a similar shape to those of Macrodiplosis niveipila but lack pubescence (though some hairs can be present from the host leaf, the surface is not obscured). They apparently occur at an earlier phase of leaf development than Macrodiplosis majalis, which is similar but always found to one side of the vein or the other, leaning supine against the leaf and leaving the vein unmoved. The present gall is generally symmetrical around the vein, swelling perpendicular to the leaf and directly displacing the vein. They seem to deform more rapidly and severely than those of M majalis as well. 

  Fresh galls have been observed in April in [Virginia](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/75373888) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/75268831), in May in [Texas](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77494825), [Michigan](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78784742) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78301720) [(3)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78301721) [(4)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78301719), [Ontario](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/13010873), [Maine](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79631945), [Ohio](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78247073) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77980513) [(3)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77931863) [(4)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77923962), [New York](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77843364), [New Jersey](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77815356)

  Old galls have been observed in May in [New Jersey](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79339083), [Ohio](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79075452) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77818151), June in [Ohio](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/48945151), November in [Ohio](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64883689) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64634186)  and [Connecticut](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64306152)

  A similar gall was observed on Quercus imbricaria in May in [Ohio](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78367641) and on Quercus palustris in May in [Ohio](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77964232) and [New York](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78177839). Quercus velutina in Michigain in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/47123195). Quercus falcata in North Carolina in [April.](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/111880376)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636642#page/92/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia viscidolium Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya ovata, tomentosa, glabra, texana

  Gall (Figs. 25, 43-45): Occasional, found on Eucarya hickories; on upper leaf surface, between veins; 3.0-4.1 mm in height, spheroidal, longer than wide, base broadly rounded to truncate in profile, apex with small central nipple surrounded by extensive areola that eventually separates from gall; surface resinous, especially on young galls, sticky, smooth except for scattered minute resin dots, areola paler than surrounding surface; base with wide, deep, circular indentation; wall firm, brittle, al- most uniformly thin, larval chamber glabrous, with longitudinal ridges. This gall and that of the unrelated C. turbanella are the only Caryomyia galls that occur exclusively on the upper leaf surface of hickories. For notes on galls of related species, see under C. cilidolium. 

  Affinities. — See under C. cilidolium. [C cilidolium: Caryomyia cilidolium, C. hirtidolium, C. tuberidolium, and C. viscidolium form similarly shaped, spheroidal, thin walled galls (Figs. 43-52). At their apex is a large, circular areola surrounding a small central nipple. With a little pressure the circular apex can be broken off as a unit from the rest of the gall and forms the exit from which pupae emerge in spring. Galls of C. cilidolium occur only on bitternut of the Apocarya section of Carya, usually on the lower surface, and are covered with sparse, fine, short hairs. The other three species of this group occur on the Eucarya section. Galls of C. hirtidolium are hairy, much more so than those of C. cilidolium, so that the long hair obscures the gall surface. Galls of C. tuberidolium and C. viscidolium are both sticky, the former very much so and also bumpy and more spherical, the latter merely slightly resinous and smooth. A major difference between these two last species is that C. tuberidolium occurs on the underside of the leaf (except for one example known to me) while C. viscidolium occurs on the upperside. This difference indicates a different egg-laying strategy by the female. The pupal stages are known for all except C. hirtidolium, both sexes for C. cilidolium and C. viscidolium, and the female for C. tuberidolium.]

  Biological notes. — Pupae break out of the weak cap at the gall's apex. Emergence occurs in April. 

  Range: AR, CT, IL, IN, KY, MD, MA, MS, NH, NJ, NY, NC, OH, PA, VA, DC,WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/26/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia aggregata Gagne, new species

  Hosts: Carya tomentosa, texana, ovata, glabra, laciniosa

  Gall (Figs. 21a-b, 156-157): Common, on most Eucarya hickories; on lower leaf surface on vein, usually clustered in a row along major vein and often in such close aggregation as to partially coalesce; 3.0-5.0 mm in height, spheroid to bilaterally compressed, sometimes pointed at apex, when coalesced bearing two or more larval chambers in an apparently single gall; covered with thick, mostly brown hair obscuring gall surface; base with small, irregular, shallow, central to off-center excavation; wall woody, thick, especially above, larval chamber irregularly ovoid, glabrous, green to brown. The gall of this species can be confused with several other spheroid- conical, densely hairy galls, but its position along the major veins and usual crowding sets it apart from galls of the other species, e.g., C. holotricha and C. purpurea. Galls were described in Osten Sacken (1862) as a variant of typical galls of C. holotricha, but galls of the latter always have an apical intrusion of hairs in the larval chamber and occur between instead of on the veins.

  Affinities. — The closest relative of this species among the C. caryae species group is not apparent. Galls of this species and those of C. guttata are the only ones known to grow so closely together, coalescing at times. 

  Biological notes. — Small, tan, white haired galls in tight or loose rows along midrib were found with first instars in central Maryland on May 26. In mid-June galls were full-sized with second instars. In mid-July, third instars could be found but until mid- August most galls contained second instars. By late August all galls contained third instars. 

  Range: AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, KY, IN, IL, MD, MA, MO, NH, NY, NC, OH, PA, TN, VA, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28363390#page/226/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia holotricha n. sp [partial synonym for a variant]

  I have observed two modes of occurrence of these galls; either they are scattered in numbers, as many as a hundred on the same leaflet, or they grow in a row along the midrib of the leaflet; in the latter case they are generally larger, and being packed close together, assume an irregular shape. It is very probable that these two forms belong to two different species, and in this case I would retain the above name for the first form. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21732#page/49/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes? sp. Cecidium nov.

  Small galls in the axils of the lateral veins of the leaflets. Above marked by a light colored angular area 1-1.5 mm dia. Below a small mass of tissue (the gall proper) fills the angle, covered by a fine close pubescence. Chamber within of small diameter, irregular in shape. The characteristic mites were definitely observed. They are white in color. On some leaflets every angle made by the midvein branching into the lateral ones was occupied by a gall. On H cordiformis, in Athens County Ohio, August.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21732#page/49/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes? sp.

  Leaf edge gall; edge inrolled involving little more than the teeth. Variable in length from .5-2 cm. or longer, 1 mm. -2 mm. thick. Outer surface of affected area finely roughened; color of under side of the leaf. Thompson states that mites live within the fold. His report is the first one on this gall. Species of hickory on which specimens were found not determined. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/37925#page/61/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes. Margin-rolled gall. Carya. Mass. July. Margins of leaf rolled toward upper face and much crinkled. Mites live within the fold.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/28/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia albipilosa Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya tomentosa, glabra, cordiformis

  Gall (Figs. 39-40): Common, a spring gall, on both Apocarya and Eucarya hickories; found singly or in groups on lower leaf surface between veins; 3.5-5.0 mm in height, elongate-conical, narrowing gradually from base to pointed apex; surface whitish green, eventually turning brown, obscured except at apex by white hairs longer than gall diameter; gall base shallowly concave; wall uniformly thin, becoming brittle; larval chamber rough with weak longitudinal ridges. This gall differs from that of C. striolata only in having a thick covering of long, white hair. 

  Affinities. — Except for the presence of white hair covering the gall, I can detect no difference between this species and that of C. striolata. These are the only strictly spring-occurring galls in this genus. That the galls of these two species appear in spring and dehisce soon after further separates them from remaining Caryomyia spp. 

  Biological notes. — In central Maryland this species is one of two spring galls with larvae developing between late April and early June. A series of adults emerged from caged previous year's galls on 16-18 April when hickory leaves were unfurling. A specimen of Lestodiplosis, a predaceous cecidomyiid, was reared with this series of adults. Very small, unidentifiable galls were evident on May 17, 2005. Circled with a marker, these traces were full-grown galls of C. albipilosa with full-grown larvae on May 24. Galls still on the leaves after mid-June are parasitized or contain dead larvae. See under C. striolata for more details on timing of galls. 

  Range: CT, MD, NY, VA, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/28/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia ansericollum Gagne, new name 

  Hosts: Carya cordiformis

  Caryomyia caryaecola Felt 1921: 114. Junior secondary homonym of Cecidomyia caryaecola Osten Sacken; Gagne 2004: 100, as new junior synonym of Caryomyia caryaecola (Osten Sacken) to avoid coining new name for C. caryaecola (Felt). 

  Gall (Figs. 147-148): Infrequent, known only from bitternut of the Apocarya section; usually in closely set series, attached to vein on lower leaf surface, occasionally so recurved as to break through leaf surface to upper surface; 4.1-9.0 mm in height, upright, leaning, or recurved, base spheroidal, abruptly narrowed to elongate, narrow, curved or sinuous neck, the apex digitate; with short to long, crinkled, white to light brown hair not obscuring gall surface; green, turning brown, not sticky; base with irregular, shallow, central depression; larval chamber basal, ovoid, white, surrounded by thick, green tissue turning brown and woody; a bundle of fibers present between larval chamber and gall apex. 

  This is the only gall on bitternut with thick, woody tissue; the others are thin-walled and brittle. Felt (1921) redescribed C. caryaecola Osten Sacken as a new species because he did not consider Osten Sacken's name to be valid, Osten Sacken having described it on the basis of the gall only. Unfortunately, Felt misidentified Osten Sacken's species, so Felt's homonym must be renamed here. Felt (1921) had a broad concept of the gall of this species that included three kinds of conical galls shown here to yield three separate Caryomyia spp. 

  Affinities. — This species is one of three found only on bitternut; each one appears more similar to species on the Eucarya section than to one another. 

  Range: IN, MD, NJ, NY, PA, VT, VA, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/28/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia antennata Felt 

  Caryomyia antennata Felt 1909: 292. 

  Hosts: Carya ovata, laciniosa, glabra, tomentosa

  Gall (Figs. 158-159): Occasional, on Eucarya hickories; on or closely adjacent to veins of lower leaf surface; 3-6 mm in height, spheroidal, usually tapered to conical apex, covered with moderate to thick, white to tan hair not quite obscuring gall surface; base with central hemispherical pedicel fitting into corresponding leaf depression, some short exfoliation of leaf surrounding connection; wall woody, uniformly thick, larval chamber narrowed at both ends, with longitudinal ridges. This gall could be mistaken for one of the less hairy C. holotricha or C. aggregata galls, but galls of those species have a basal excavation rather than the prominent hemispherical connection to the leaf of the present species. The larval chamber of this gall is unique in that it ex- tends into this connection.

  Affinities. — The gall of this species is unique for the larval chamber extending into the conical basal connection with the leaf. 

  Biological notes. — First noticed as full-size, hard galls in eastern West Virginia in early July, all were inhabited by second instars. By early August galls contained either a second or third instar. Full-grown larvae fully fill the larval chamber. 

  Range: AR, CT, IL, GA, IN, KY, MD, MA, NH, NY, TN, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/31/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia arcuata Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya tomentosa, texana

  Gall (Figs. 141-142): Rare, on Eucarya hickories; found singly on lower leaf surface between veins; 2.5-2.7 mm high, base lunulate, its sides flared toward apex and surrounding base of central, apically pointed cone; hairless, not sticky, brown to purple; base with shallow, central excavation; larval chamber located at base of gall, ovoid, lined with yellowish membrane, contrasting with brown to purple, large-celled, spongy, viscous tissue surrounding larval chamber, a bundle of longitudinal fibers present between larval chamber and gall apex. This gall shows some resemblance to that of C. sanguinolenta from which it differs in the sides of the gall being conspicuously flared upwards around the apical cone. 

  Affinities. — See under C. sanguinolenta, from which this species differs in the shape of the gall. [C sanguinolenta: Galls of this species resemble closely enough those of several other species, C. biretta, C. conoidea, C. lunata, C. marginata, and C. stellata, to indicate some relationship among them, given other similarities of adult and larval characters. These species differ only in the shape of their galls, which are conical with their extensive soft, large-celled tissue eventually collapsing. Between that tissue and the larval cell is a pellicle that is at first soft but eventually hardens into a brittle covering. The soft tissue mostly deteriorates during the winter. The base of the galls, through which pupae eventually escape, is shield- like and smooth, even on otherwise hairy galls. The conical galls only superficially resemble those of C. persicoides and C. turbanella. Galls of these last two deteriorate differently and pupae break out of the side of the gall rather than the base. Also, the male antennae and genitalia of these two species place them in another group.]

  Range: AL, FL, IL, LA, MO, SC


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/28/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia asteris Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya tomentosa, ovata

  Gall (Figs. 32, 100-101): Rare, on Eucarya hickories, not found east of the Appalachian Mountains or Ohio, except for one specimen from near the South Carolina Coast; on lower leaf surface, between veins; 2.0-2.5 mm in height, short-obconic, the apex almost flat, expanded laterally into flat, circular, horizontal disk with raggedly serrate edge, with small, central umbo at apex usually still bearing thin, circular, disk (the ephemeral cut-out leaf lamina beneath which gall issued; easily detachable and often no longer present) equal to more than 1/3 expanded gall diameter; surface covered with fine, short, brown hairs not obscuring gall surface; base tapering to small, conical pedicel, leaf with some irregular exfoliation surrounding connection with gall and showing discolored, slight convexity on reverse side of leaf; wall thin, becoming brittle, larval chamber glabrous, longitudinally striate. The architecture of this gall is generally similar to that of C. inanis except that the extraneous tissue surmounting the larval chamber is disposed horizontally rather than vertically and is more papery in C. inanis. 

  Affinities. — See under C. inanis. [C inanis: This species and C. asteris are similar for their fusiform larvae with raised, but asetose papillae. An important difference between the two is the presence in only C. asteris of setae on the dorsal and pleural papillae of the second instar. Galls of the two also are generally similar, the main difference being that the exfoliate part of the gall beyond the larval chamber is vertical and continuous in C. inanis but horizontal and starlike in C. asteris.]

  Range: IL, IN, MS, OH


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/33/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia biretta Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya ovata, laciniosa, tomentosa

  Gall (Figs. 16, 144): Rare, on Eucarya hickories, but not E of Appalachian Mrs.; on lower leaf surface between veins; 2.5-3.0 mm high, depressed-spheroid, broad apical surface flat to slightly concave with central elongate nipple; hairless, not sticky, green to purple; base with central, shallow, central excavation, the leaf slightly convex and discolored on reverse side; larval chamber basal, depressed-ovoid, lined with yellowish membrane, contrasting with purple, woody tissue surrounding larval chamber, especially laterally. Exteriorly this gall simulates that of C. inflata except that the latter does not have the tassel at the apex. The internal shape of these two galls is very different with the larval chamber of C. biretta being surrounded by thick walls and that of C. inflata being thin walled and surmounted by a false chamber. 

  Affinities. — See under C. sanguinolenta, from which this species differs in the shape of the gall. [C sanguinolenta: Galls of this species resemble closely enough those of several other species, C. biretta, C. conoidea, C. lunata, C. marginata, and C. stellata, to indicate some relationship among them, given other similarities of adult and larval characters. These species differ only in the shape of their galls, which are conical with their extensive soft, large-celled tissue eventually collapsing. Between that tissue and the larval cell is a pellicle that is at first soft but eventually hardens into a brittle covering. The soft tissue mostly deteriorates during the winter. The base of the galls, through which pupae eventually escape, is shield- like and smooth, even on otherwise hairy galls. The conical galls only superficially resemble those of C. persicoides and C. turbanella. Galls of these last two deteriorate differently and pupae break out of the side of the gall rather than the base. Also, the male antennae and genitalia of these two species place them in another group.]

  Range: CT, GA, IL, MA, NH, OH


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/33/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia caminata Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya ovata, glabra

  Gall (Figs. 7, 108-109): Rare, on Eucarya hickories; on lower leaf surface, between veins; 5 mm in height, columnar, widest near base, tapering to apex, a small aperture present at apex; matte, hairless, green, turning brown; base of gall truncate, leaf with slight exfoliation around connection forming short, tubular socket, a corresponding convexity present on opposite leaf surface; two-chambered, the basal larval chamber about 1/4 length of gall, ovoid, smooth, longitudinally ridged, the apical false chamber also ridged and open or closed apically, the partition between chambers with minute, central perforation. This gall is known from only two specimens, one a figure in Wells (1916). 

  Affinities. — The gall vaguely resembles an- other bicameral gall, that of C. ovalis, but the wall of the latter is thicker and shiny, not brittle, foliaceous, and matte as in the present species. The gall of C. tubicola is also elongate-cylindrical and set into a leaf socket, but it does not have a false chamber; also the larva of C. tubicola has only 4 dorsal abdominal papillae, while the present species has 6. 

  Range: IN, OH


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/34/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia caryae (Osten Sacken) 

  Diplosis caryae Osten Sacken 1862: 191; Felt 1909:293 (Caryomyia). 
  Hormomyia arcuaria Felt 1908: 388; Felt 1918: 46 (Caryomyia). New synonym. 

  Hosts: Carya ovata, glabra, tomentosa, laciniosa, texana, floridana, pallida

  Gall (Figs. 18, 20-20a, 55-58): Common, found on Eucarya hickories; single or clustered, on lower leaf surface, usually between veins but may occur on vein; 2.5-3.5 mm in height, spheroidal, sometimes bulging out to one side at midlength, apex with short umbo, less often gall subcylindrical and constricted near basal third; green or yellow, becoming tan to red or brown, hairless, more or less sticky, variably covered with small resin glands; base with weak to prominent conical pedicel in center of circular indentation, leaf in most specimens slightly exfoliate surrounding base of gall, in subcylindrical form more conspicuously so; wall firm, brittle, of uniform thickness, usually thin, larval chamber shaped as for gall, yellow, brown, or purple, glabrous, with longitudinal ridges. This gall is generally similar to that of C. shmoo, but the gall of the latter is conspicuously narrow at its apical third, while the present gall is more evenly spheroidal. 

  Affinities. — As mentioned in the gall description, two intergrading kinds of galls are formed by C. caryae as defined here (compare Figs. 55-56 with 57-58). This species is apparently related to C. hirtiglobus and C. shmoo because of the general conformation of the gall with its acute-conical connection to the leaf. 

  Biological notes. — In central Maryland, galls were first noticed in late May when they contained first and second instars, but the galls were immature, soft and very sticky. Small, barely noticeable adjacent galls with first instars were recognizable but smaller and stickier. Through the first week of August most galls are brittle and contain second instars, but during this period occasional galls may contain a third instar. After early August galls usually contain third instars. Adults were reared in early April the following year. 

  Range: AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, IL, KY, LA, MD, MA, MS, MO, NH, NY, NC, OH, OK, Ontario, PA, SC, TN, Tamaulipas, TX, VA, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/37/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia caryaecola (Osten Sacken) 

  Cecidomyia caryaecola Osten Sacken 1862: 192; 
  Felt 1915: 222 (Caryomyia). 

  Hosts: Carya glabra, laciniosa, texana, tomentosa, ovata

  Gall (Figs. 12-13, 70-71).— Common, on Eucarya hickories; single or in groups, attached to vein on lower leaf surface; 4.8-8.0 mm in height, onion-shaped, upright to leaning, tapered from rounded base to pointed apex; hairless, glabrous, green or yellow, becoming tan to brown; base broadly rounded with large, central conical pedicel in deep, circular indentation; wall hard, of uniform thickness, larval chamber shaped as for gall, glabrous, with longitudinal ridges. This gall vaguely resembles those of C. caryae and C. shmoo in its connection to the leaf and its hard, hairless surface, but it is definitely onion-shaped and, un- like the other two, it is always attached to veins instead of the lamina.

  Affinities. — This species may be related to C. caryae (q.v.) and its two close relatives. The gall of the present species shares with the other three a similar recessed, conical base and thin, but hard wall. 

  Biological notes. — In central Maryland, galls appear by May 23. At first they are light green and soft, but grow very quickly so that by June 9 and until June 15, galls are mostly full-size, green, and brittle, and still contain first instars. By June 17, most galls are hardened and contain second in- stars. Until the second week of August most galls still contain second instars, but an occasional gall contains a third instar. Adults emerge in spring from a subapical hole near the thinnest part of the gall. In Sallisaw, Oklahoma, I saw hundreds of partially developed galls that contained dead, dried first instars. All apparently died of the same cause and gall growth was terminated. Those partially developed galls correspond to the gall drawn in Wells (1916, Fig. 13), a stunted example of the one of the same species he drew in his Fig. 12. 

  Range: AL, AR, CT, GA, IL, IN, KY, ME, MD, MA, MS, MO, NH, NY, NC, OH, OK, TN, VA, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/38/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia cilidolium Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya cordiformis

  Gall (Figs. 51-52). — Occasional, known only from C. cordiformis of the Apocarya section; found singly, usually on lower leaf surface, rarely on upper, usually between but occasionally on veins; 3.1-3.9 mm in height, spheroidal, slightly longer than wide, base broadly rounded to truncate in profile, apex with small central nipple surrounded by extensive areola that with pressure can separate from gall; surface not sticky, occasionally slightly bumpy, tan to brown, with few to many short, fine, white hairs not obscuring surface, areola usually paler than surrounding surface; base with deep, wide, circular indentation; wall firm, brittle, almost uniformly thin, larval chamber glabrous, with longitudinal ridges. For notes on galls of related species, see below under affinities. 

  Affinities. — Caryomyia cilidolium, C. hirtidolium, C. tuberidolium, and C. viscidolium form similarly shaped, spheroidal, thin walled galls (Figs. 43-52). At their apex is a large, circular areola surrounding a small central nipple. With a little pressure the circular apex can be broken off as a unit from the rest of the gall and forms the exit from which pupae emerge in spring. Galls of C. cilidolium occur only on bitternut of the Apocarya section of Carya, usually on the lower surface, and are covered with sparse, fine, short hairs. The other three species of this group occur on the Eucarya section. Galls of C. hirtidolium are hairy, much more so than those of C. cilidolium, so that the long hair obscures the gall surface. Galls of C. tuberidolium and C. viscidolium are both sticky, the former very much so and also bumpy and more spherical, the latter merely slightly resinous and smooth. A major difference between these two last species is that C. tuberidolium occurs on the underside of the leaf (except for one example known to me) while C. viscidolium occurs on the upperside. This difference indicates a different egg-laying strategy by the female. The pupal stages are known for all except C. hirtidolium, both sexes for C. cilidolium and C. viscidolium, and the female for C. tuberidolium.

  Biological notes. — In mid-June in the eastern panhandle of West Virginia fresh galls were green and brittle and with either second or third instars. In London, Arkansas, galls collected on Sept. 14 still contained second instars.

  Range: AR, CT, MD, MO, NJ, NY, PA, TN, VT, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/40/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia conoidea Gagne, new species

  Hosts: Carya glabra, ovata, tomentosa, laciniosa

  Gall (Figs. 137-138): Occasional, on Eucarya hickories; single or in groups, on lower leaf surface between veins; height 3.8-5.0 mm, generally conical, edge at base rounded, base adjacent to leaf uniformly hard, conical and often with cylindrical extension at apex, sides developing longitudinal ridges and furrows upon maturity; green to red or brown surface smooth, with sparse, short, erect, white to tan hairs not obscuring surface; base with central, circular, shallow depression, leaf with short, irregular exfoliation surrounding basal connection to gall; larval chamber basal, depressed-ovoid, lined with yellowish membrane, contrasting with brown to purple, large-celled, spongy, viscous tissue surrounding larval chamber that shrivels with age and traversed by bundle of fibers between larval chamber and gall apex. This gall is most similar to that of C. sanguinolenta, q.v. for remarks.

  Affinities. — See under C. sanguinolenta, from which this species differs in the shape of the gall. [C sanguinolenta: Galls of this species resemble closely enough those of several other species, C. biretta, C. conoidea, C. lunata, C. marginata, and C. stellata, to indicate some relationship among them, given other similarities of adult and larval characters. These species differ only in the shape of their galls, which are conical with their extensive soft, large-celled tissue eventually collapsing. Between that tissue and the larval cell is a pellicle that is at first soft but eventually hardens into a brittle covering. The soft tissue mostly deteriorates during the winter. The base of the galls, through which pupae eventually escape, is shield- like and smooth, even on otherwise hairy galls. The conical galls only superficially resemble those of C. persicoides and C. turbanella. Galls of these last two deteriorate differently and pupae break out of the side of the gall rather than the base. Also, the male antennae and genitalia of these two species place them in another group.]

  Biological note. — In spring the pupa emerges from the base of the gall (as in Fig. 136). 

  Range: CT, KY, ME, MD, MA, NH, NY, NC, OH, Ontario, PA, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/41/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia cucurbitata Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya tomentosa, ovata, texana

  Gall (Figs. 149-151): Infrequent, on Eucarya hickories; on lower leaf surface, single or in row along major vein; length 3.0-5.0 mm, spheroidal at base, abruptly narrowed to slender neck of variable length, digitate at apex; yellow with spherical, red, resinous dots and sparse long or short white hair not obscuring surface, the neck brown or black, with white hairs; base with circular, shallow, central excavation; larval chamber basal, ovoid, white, surrounded by green tissue turning brown and woody; a bundle of fibers present between larval chamber and gall apex. The gall shows some similarity with that of C. ansericolla but the latter is not covered with resinous dots and occurs only on bitternut. Also generally close in shape is the gall of C. echinata but the latter is covered with long, stiff, straight hairs and occurs on the leaf lamina rather than the vein. 

  Range: AL, AR, KY, MD, MO, NC, OH, TN, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/42/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia cynipsea (Osten Sacken) 

  Cecidomyia cynipsea Osten Sacken 1862: 193; 
  Felt 1918: 47 (Caryomyia); 
  Gagne 2004: 276, as unplaced sp. of Cecidomyiinae. 

  Hosts: Carya ovata, tomentosa, glabra

  Gall (Figs. 162-164): Rare, on Eucarya hickories; on lower leaf surface, along midrib; 2.6-5.0 mm in height, irregularly spheroid, smooth, hairless, yellow turning brown; base with irregular, shallow, central excavation; woody, polythalamous, with numerous, discrete, irregularly ovoid, smooth walled, larval chambers. This is the only polythalamous gall formed by a Caryomyia. Some other species, e.g., C. aggregata, may appear to be so because their galls will occasionally be found so crowded as to be partially fused, but below each larval chamber will be a basal connection to the leaf. The gall of C. cynipsea has a single connection to the vein. 

  Affinities. — This species forms the only polythalamous gall in the genus. 

  Biological notes. — In Spencerville, MD, on July 7, 2004, two separate young galls were found, each containing many first instars in discrete chambers, showing that the gall is truly polythalamous (Fig. 162). Third instars were found in galls from the same site the same year in mid-September. The following spring 3 females were reared, all emerging from separate exit holes from one of the galls. 

  Range: GA, MD


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/43/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia deflexipili Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya texana, tomentosa, laciniosa, pallida, ovata

  Gall (Figs. 66-67): Occasional, on Eucarya hickories, but not east of the Appalachians, except for New England and on the Georgia Piedmont; single or dispersed, on lower leaf surface between veins; 2.8-3.7 mm in height, spherical with small umbo at apex; green, becoming tan to brown, surface matte, non-sticky, with short, sparse, white, decumbent hairs not obscuring surface; base with small conical pedicel, leaf irregularly exfoliate surrounding base of gall; wall firm, brittle, uniformly thin, enclosing glabrous, longitudinally ridged larval chamber of same shape as gall. This gall is most similar to that of C. glauciglobus (Fig. 68), which, instead of having a sparse covering of deflexed hairs, is naked and covered with a bluish bloom. 

  Affinities. — In many ways it is most like C. glauciglobus, but adults have not yet been reared for the latter species. Both have similarly-shaped galls but with distinctively different surfaces, that of the present species with short, decumbent hairs, that of C. glauciglobus without hairs and glaucous. 

  Biological notes. — Pupae exit from the side of the gall in April and May after winter diapause.

  Range: AR, CT, GA, IL, IN, KY, ME, MA, MS, MO, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, TN, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/44/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia echinata Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya tomentosa, ovata, pallida, texana

  Gall (Figs. 14, 152-153): Rare, on Eucarya hickories west of the Appalachian Mts; on lower leaf surface, between veins; length 2.4-5.0 mm, spheroidal at base, tapering abruptly to long, narrow neck, 2-4 parted apically; covered with long, stiff, brown hairs mixed with short, soft brown hairs, surface obscured; base with circular, shallow, central depression; larval chamber basal, ovoid, white to violet, remainder of gall made up of green tissue turning brown and woody; a bundle of fibers present between larval chamber and gall apex. See under C. inclinata for similar species. This gall is the only woody Caryomyia gall that is covered with very long, stiff hairs and occurs between instead of on veins.

  Range: AR, IL, MS, MO, OH, TX, Ontario


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/44/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia eumaris Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya tomentosa, ovata, glabra, pallida

  Gall (Figs. 9a, 88-89): Common, found on Eucarya hickories; usually single or scattered, attached to small veins on lower leaf surface; 2.2-2.7 mm in length, recumbent, subovoid except for apical, curved, tapered extension; rough textured, white, green, to tan, with short, sparse, white hairs not obscuring surface; base of gall with short, central conical projection surrounded by shallow, circular indentation; wall firm, brittle, uniformly thin, larval chamber glabrous with longitudinal ridges following gall axis from leaf vein connection to recurved apex. This gall is most similar to that of C. recurvata but has a rough surface with sparse hair. The gall of C. recurvata has a hairless, smooth, glaucous surface. 

  Affinities. — Galls of several other species, C. procumbens, C. recurvata, C. spinulosa, and C. supina, have similar attachments to leaf veins, grow horizontally, are thin-walled but brittle, and have longitudinally ridged larval chambers. Larvae of all are generally similar with narrow but two- toothed spatulas and only four dorsal papillae on each abdominal segment. The adult stage has been reared for only two species of this group, the female for C. eumaris and the male for C. recurvata. 

  Biological notes. — In mid-June in central Maryland, galls are small to full-grown, green and soft, and contain first instars. By end of June through August, most galls examined contained second instars but a few still had first instars. By end of August galls mostly contained third instars and many galls were turning or had turned red. 

  Range: AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, IL, KY, LA, MD, MA, MS, MO, NY, NC, OH, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA, DC


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/51/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia holotricha (Osten Sacken) 

  Cecidomyia holotricha Osten Sacken 1862: 193; Felt 1909: 293 (Caryomyia). 
  Dirhiza caryae Felt 1907: 47; Felt 1921: 101 (Caryomyia, as synonym of C. holotricha); Gagne 2004: 100, as junior synonym of C. caryae (Osten Sacken). 

  Hosts: Carya ovata, texana, pallida, glabra, tomentosa

  Gall (Figs. 116-117): Common, on Eucarya hickories; usually clustered, on lower leaf surface between veins; 2.5-4.5 mm in height, from depressed-spherical with slight peak to onion shaped; with long, thick, brown hair obscuring gall surface; base with circular, deep, central excavation, leaf without exfoliation surrounding connection; larval chamber basal, ovoid, floccose, green to brown, occasionally with slight violet hue, a tuft of brown hairs issuing from apex of larval chamber at end of fibrous bundle that terminates at gall apex; gall wall thick, woody. Galls are superficially similar to those of C. aggregata and C. purpurea because of their dense hair covering. Osten Sacken (1862) described two kinds of galls for this species. One kind is limited here as C. holotricha by the designation of the lectotype that shows a characteristic intrusion of hairs from the gall apex into the larval cavity. The other kind presumably belongs to C. aggregata but none of Osten Sacken's galls of that sort remain. Unlike galls of C. holotricha that are usually discrete and grow between veins, those of C. aggregata appear in closely packed rows along the midrib. It is not always possible to differentiate the more onion-shaped galls of C. holotricha from those of C. purpurea without opening them to see whether there is an apical intrusion of hairs that C. purpurea galls do not have. In addition, the inside surface of the C. purpurea galls is almost always purple instead of green to brown. 

  Affinities. — Galls of this species and of C. thompsoni are the only ones with hairs intruding into the larval chamber from the apex of the gall. The two species are alike in most particulars of adults, pupae, and larvae, but galls of C. holotricha lack the basal intrusion into the larval chamber present in C. thompsoni galls and are almost al- ways conical rather than spheroidal. 

  Biological notes. — In central Maryland, soft, whitish-green galls were first noticed on June 9 and contained first instars. On June 15, galls were nearing full size and contained first instars. By June 17, some galls were hard and contained second instars, as well as young hymenopterous parasitoids. By June 22 and through July 16, all galls were at full size and hard. On August 3, galls contained large second instars. By August 31, more than 2/3 of the galls contained third instars. The full-grown larva is opaque white and practically fills the larval chamber. The exit tunnel is made to one side of the gall. 

  Range: AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, IL, IN, KY, LA, MD, MA, MS, MO, NH, NY, NC, OH, OK, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42072666#page/528/mode/1up
description:
  Itonida taxodii (Felt) makes the cypress leaf gall, a conical, globular or elongate deformation of the leaf.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/46/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia flaticrustum Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya ovata, tomentosa, glabra, laciniosa, texana, pallida

  Gall (Figs. 16a, 78-81): Common, on Eucarya hickories; on lower leaf surface between veins, usually clustered; 2-4 mm in height, usually longer than wide, conical to cylindrical, deeply concave apically, walls encircling concavity flared outwards, cylindrical, or ingrown toward apex as to form nearly complete false chamber, base of concavity with short central umbo; green at first, drying to tan or brown, walls surrounding concavity soft, eventually turning mucilaginous and contracting to form circular brown crust atop basal portion of gall; leaf with only slight exfoliation surrounding conical base of gall; lateral wall of larval chamber firm, brittle, thin apical wall usually thicker, larval chamber glabrous, with longitudinal ridges. When dried this gall simulates that of C. melicrustum but the gall of the latter is surrounded basally with an extensive, thick leaf exfoliation. 

  Affinities. — Caryomyia flaticrustum, C. levicrustum, C. melicrustum, and C. striolacrustum are four common, widely distributed species on the Eucarya section with diminutive, more or less discoid galls with conical bases (Figs. 78-87). The main differences among the four species are in the shape and surface texture of the galls. That of C. flaticrustum, has a soft, sticky, concave apex that eventually contracts to form a thick crust. These mature galls simulate somewhat galls of C. melicrustum, except that galls of the latter are subtended by a definite exfoliation of the leaf. Larvae of all four species are generally similar with a fairly smooth integument and cruciform spatula. The spatula tooth is barely notched in three species, but acutely pointed in C. levicrustum. 

  Range: AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, IL, IN, KY, ME, MD, MA, MO, MS, MO, NH, NJ, NY, NC, OH, OK, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/48/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia glauciglobus Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya tomentosa, ovata, laciniosa, glabra

  Gall (Figs. 68-69): Occasional, on Eucarya hickories; single or dispersed on lower leaf surface, between veins; 3.6-4.2 mm in height, spherical with small umbo at apex, green becoming tan to brown, smooth, not sticky, hairless, covered with blue-gray powdery bloom; base with small conical pedicel, leaf with irregular exfoliation around base of gall; wall firm, brittle, uniformly thin, larval chamber glabrous with longitudinal ridges. This gall appears superficially similar to those of C. deflexipili and C. caryae because of their spherical shape without conspicuous hairs. Galls of C. deflexipili have deflexed, fine hair that is detectable with a hand lens, while galls of C. caryae are sticky to the touch and not glaucous. 

  Affinities. — See under C. deflexipili. [C deflexipili: In many ways it is most like C. glauciglobus, but adults have not yet been reared for the latter species. Both have similarly-shaped galls but with distinctively different surfaces, that of the present species with short, decumbent hairs, that of C. glauciglobus without hairs and glaucous.]

  Range: CT, GA, IN, KY, ME, MD, MA, MS, NY, OH, TN, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/48/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia glebosa Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya ovata, tomentosa, glabra

  Gall (Figs. 130-131): Rare but widespread, on Eucarya hickories; on lower leaf surface on vein; 3.0-3.2 mm in height, conical, hairless, brown to blood-red, bumpy, the bumps sometimes yellow; base with narrow, circular, shallow, central excavation; larval chamber basal, ovoid, lined with yellowish pellicle, remainder of gall tissue large-celled, blood-red, viscous, traversed between larval chamber and apex of gall by bundle of long fibers. The gall of this species is the only soft, conical Caryomyia gall that is hairless and covered with bumps. 

  Affinities. — Galls of this species resemble somewhat those of C. turbanella because of the conical shape and at least partly bumpy surface. Larvae of the two species are similar, but adults of C. glebosa are not yet known. 

  Range: AR, CT, IL, MD, MO, NC, TN, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/49/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia guttata Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya floridana

  Gall (Figs. 154-155): Found commonly but only on the central Florida endemic, scrub hickory, of the Eucarya section; on lower leaf surface on vein, occasionally on leaf rachis, usually clustered in a row along major vein and often coalescing in series; 3-6 mm in height, spheroid basally, usually teardrop shaped, the apex tapering to a point; surface rugose, covered with tiny, red-brown and /or gold, resinous dots (as is the tree) and sparse setae; base with circular to irregular, shallow, central excavation; wall woody, thick, larval chamber basal, irregularly ovoid, glabrous, green to brown, a bundle of fibers present between apex of larval chamber and gall apex. This is the only hickory gall with such a local distribution and the only one known to occur sometimes on the leaf rachis. Galls resemble most those of C. aggregata and C. holotricha in shape but lack a dense covering of long hair and have no intrusion of hairs into the larval chamber. As are galls of C. aggregata, galls of C. guttata are found in close series along leaf veins.

  Range: FL


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/49/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia hirtidolium Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya tomentosa, glabra, ovata

  Gall (Figs. 49-50): Occasional, on Eucarya hickories; on lower leaf surface, between veins; 3.0-3.9 mm in height, spheroidal, slightly longer than wide, base broadly rounded to truncate in profile, apex with small central nipple surrounded by extensive areola that with pressure can separate from gall; covered with long, silvery brown to brown hair obscuring surface, the hair denser and longer, rosette-like, on areola; base with wide, deep, circular indentation; wall firm, brittle, almost uniformly thin, larval chamber glabrous, with longitudinal ridges. For notes on galls of related species, see under C. cilidolium. 

  Affinities. — See under C. cilidolium. [C cilidolium: Caryomyia cilidolium, C. hirtidolium, C. tuberidolium, and C. viscidolium form similarly shaped, spheroidal, thin walled galls (Figs. 43-52). At their apex is a large, circular areola surrounding a small central nipple. With a little pressure the circular apex can be broken off as a unit from the rest of the gall and forms the exit from which pupae emerge in spring. Galls of C. cilidolium occur only on bitternut of the Apocarya section of Carya, usually on the lower surface, and are covered with sparse, fine, short hairs. The other three species of this group occur on the Eucarya section. Galls of C. hirtidolium are hairy, much more so than those of C. cilidolium, so that the long hair obscures the gall surface. Galls of C. tuberidolium and C. viscidolium are both sticky, the former very much so and also bumpy and more spherical, the latter merely slightly resinous and smooth. A major difference between these two last species is that C. tuberidolium occurs on the underside of the leaf (except for one example known to me) while C. viscidolium occurs on the upperside. This difference indicates a different egg-laying strategy by the female. The pupal stages are known for all except C. hirtidolium, both sexes for C. cilidolium and C. viscidolium, and the female for C. tuberidolium.]

  Range: AL, AR, CT, GA, MD, OK, SC, VA, DC


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/50/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia hirtiglobus Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya tomentosa, pallida, glabra, texana, ovata

  Gall (Figs. 53-54): Occasional, found on Eucarya hickories; single or clustered, on lower leaf surface between veins; 2.5-3.0 mm in height, depressed-spherical, occasionally weakly conical apically; covered with short, thick, brown hair obscuring gall surface; base of gall at center with short, conical pedicel at center of circular indentation, the corresponding leaf connection surrounded by inconspicuous exfoliation of the leaf; wall firm, brittle, uniformly thin except slightly thicker at apex; larval chamber of same shape as gall, without conspicuous extension into basal pedicel, glabrous, green to purple, with longitudinal ridges. In outward appearance the gall of this species is generally similar to those of other spherical, hairy galls, especially those made by C. purpurea and C. holotricha, but when cut longitudinally, the gall's uniformly thin wall and its conical connection to the leaf will serve to distinguish it from otherwise superficially similar galls. 

  Affinities. — This species forms a natural group with C. caryae and C. shmoo because of the general shape of the gall. See under C. caryae for further discussion. [C caryae: As mentioned in the gall description, two intergrading kinds of galls are formed by C. caryae as defined here (compare Figs. 55-56 with 57-58). This species is apparently related to C. hirtiglobus and C. shmoo because of the general conformation of the gall with its acute-conical connection to the leaf.]

  Biological notes. — Galls of various sizes were first noticed on June 16 in central Maryland, with first instars in the smaller galls, second instars in the larger. The hair covering the gall is at first white, turning to brown by the time the gall is full size. Galls cut open on July 27 contained either second or third instars, both instars very active when touched. Their ventrally situated heads are closely appressed to the gall tissue so that the leading edge of the larva as viewed dorsally is the prono- tum. Small specimens of third instars seen on August 19 were closely appressed to the curved gall interior. By mid-September fully-developed third instars are opaque white and stout with expanded segments, and are no longer so closely appressed to the larval chamber surface. 

  Range: AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, KY, MD, MA, MS, MO, NY, NC, OK, TN, VA, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/54/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia inanis Felt 

  Caryomyia inanis Felt 1909: 292. 

  Hosts: Carya tomentosa, ovata, laciniosa

  Gall (Figs. 8, 98-99): Occasional, on Eucarya hickories, not found east of the Appalachian Mts (Map 2); found singly or in groups on lower leaf surface, between veins; length 2.5-4.0 mm, spheroidal at base with short to long, foliate, papery, lateral extension forming partial false chamber, the distal opening broadly agape to nearly closed; apex of closed part of gall slightly convex with central nipple often bearing thin, horizontal, flat disk (the leaf surface beneath which gall issued) equal to more than 1/3 gall diameter; green to brown with sparse, long, white or brown hairs not obscuring gall surface; base with prominent conical projection in center of circular indentation, leaf with thin exfoliation surrounding gall base; larval chamber ovoid, wall firm, brittle, uniformly thin, smooth with longitudinal ridges. This gall has a similar structure to that of C. asteris, although that is not at first apparent. The foliate extension of the gall of C. inanis is vertical and tubular, while that of C. asteris is horizontally disposed.

  Affinities. — This species and C. asteris are similar for their fusiform larvae with raised, but asetose papillae. An important difference between the two is the presence in only C. asteris of setae on the dorsal and pleural papillae of the second instar. Galls of the two also are generally similar, the main difference being that the exfoliate part of the gall beyond the larval chamber is vertical and continuous in C. inanis but horizontal and starlike in C. asteris. 

  Biological notes. — In mid-June in eastern West Virginia, galls were almost full grown and light green with the exfoliate part still easily pliable and contained second ins tars. In early July, galls were still green but with third instars that were very active when the galls were opened. In August the galls had turned brown. 

  Range: CT, KY, ME, MA, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, TN, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/55/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia inclinata Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya laciniosa, tomentosa, ovata

  Gall (Figs. 145-146): Occasional, locally common but not east of Appalachian Mts, on Eucarya hickories; on lower leaf surface, on veins; length from center of base to tip 3.3-7.0 mm, leaning, irregularly conical, base prolonged and irregularly lobed opposite direction of incline, the apex with short or long taper, digitate when long; sparsely covered with short, white hair not obscuring green, red, to brown surface; base at center flat or tapered to short-conical pedicel; larval chamber basal, green, with longitudinal ridges, remaining gall tissue woody. Galls are most like those of C. ansericollum, but in that species the base is not conspicuously flattened and outspread to one side opposite the direction of the cone.

  Affinities. — Galls of a group of five species are conical, woody, and have more or less digitate apices, but are still distinct in shape and vestiture. 

  Biological notes. — Between June and beginning August in eastern West Virginia, young and full-grown galls can be found, containing first and second instars, respectively. By the first week of August galls contain either second or third instars. Pupae emerge through the side of the gall near the base. 

  Range: AR, CT, IL, IN, KY, ME, MA, NH, NJ, NY, NC, OH, Ontario, Tamaulipas, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/56/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia inflata Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya pallida, tomentosa, laciniosa, glabra, ovata

  Gall (Figs. 5a, 102-103): Occasional, on Eucarya hickories, but not found on Atlantic side of Appalachians NE of central Georgia (Map 2); usually clustered, on lower leaf surface between veins; 2.2-4.0 mm in height, obconic, the apical cap convex early, becoming flat or slightly depressed at maturity, with central umbo; green, occasionally red, turning gray or brown with age, smooth, hairless, not sticky; base tapered to conical pedicel, leaf with slight exfoliation around connection forming short, tubular socket and on reverse side showing discolored convexity; inside are a basal ovoid larval chamber and apical, equal-sized to larger and much broader, closed, false chamber, the basal larval chamber separated from apical chamber by thin wall with central umbo, walls thin, elastic at first, becoming brittle, both chambers longitudinally striate. This gall is most similar to that of C. tumida. The two are similarly shaped except that the gall of C. tumida is completely covered with short, decumbent hair. 

  Affinities. — This species and C. tumida come from similarly shaped, two-chambered galls, but that of C. inflata is smooth, the other thickly covered with short, decumbent hairs. Beyond that, the galls have certain similarities to that of C. asteris. Although the latter gall is not two-chambered, second instars of all three species have setose dorsal and pleural papillae. The rays of the C. asteris gall may indicate some midpoint development of a strictly two-chambered gall. 

  Biological note. — Pupae emerge from a hole at the base of the gall next to the leaf connection. 

  Range: AL, CT, GA, IL, IN, KY, ME, MA, MS, NJ, MY, OH, TN, WV


