# species_source

externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/263/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips fulvicollis var gigas
  agamic form

  Philonix gigas 
  Philonix nigra err det Weld

  GALL. — As described for the species, larger than other varieties; prominently pubescent; up to 20.0 mm. in diameter; on the leaves of Quercus lyrata, Q. Michauxii, and Q, Muhlenbergii. Figure 229. 

  RANGE. — Arkansas: Hoxie (Weld, Q. lyrata, types). Missouri: Poplar Bluff ( Q . lyrata, acc. Weld 1922). Kansas: Manhattan and Holton ( Q . Muhlenbergii acc. Weld, 1926). Riley County (Marlatt in Kans. Agric. College and Kinsey coll.). Arkansas City ( Q . Michauxii, R. Voris in Kinsey coll.). Winfield, Cedarvale, Silverdale, and Dexter ( Q . Michauxii, Q. Miihlenbergii, R. Voris in Kinsey coll.). Probably confined to Q. lyrata and to chestnut oaks, in the Ozark area and its immediate extensions. Figure 40. 

  This is an Ozark variety which seems to be isolated from varieties major and vorisi of the same region by its host relations. The types of gigas came from Q. lyrata and I have many insects that appear to represent the same variety from Q. Muhlenbergii and Q. Michauxii. Gigas is closely related to major and vorisi, and occasionally the host restrictions fail and the three hybridize in eastern Kansas. Weld was correct in recognizing lanaeglobuli, from Q. bicolor in Florida, as another relative of gigas. 

  Weld found pupae in the galls on October 10 (in 1917) ; he found live adults in the galls on November 16. The Marlatt material from Riley County, Kansas, was bred in November and January. Weld’s material bred out-of-doors at Evanston gave eight adults on December 1 and three more on December 18, the thermometer having registered — 14° F. between those dates. He found other adults emerging in the next spring, and suggests that “emergence must be distributed over at least two or three seasons, for normal larvae were found when the last of the galls were cut open December 2”, more than two years after collecting. Almost all of the insects I have bred emerged in the first winter after collection, only two emerging the second year in my breeding bags. My records for emergence are December 17, 20, 22, 28, and 24 ; January 4, 5, 7, and 9; and February 6. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/265/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips fulvicollis var lanaeglobuli
  agamic form

  Acraspis lanaeglobuli
  Philonix lanaeglobuli

  GALL. — As described for the species, up to 8.7 mm. in diameter, averaging a little larger than other varieties except gigas and vorisi; on the leaves of Quercus bicolor. 

  RANGE. — Eastern Florida (Ashmead; types). The data are insufficient to suggest further extensions of this range. 

  Nothing is known about this variety beyond the data with the type collection. The insect is distinct, and nigra and gillettei should not be made synonyms of lanaeglobuli as Beutenmuller would have them (1918). Q. bicolor galls which I have from New York (Staten Island) and New Jersey (Broadway) average near the size of the present variety, but until we can study insects from these localities we cannot suggest whether lanaeglobuli occurs thruout the Atlantic Coastal Plain or is confined to an area in Florida. The nearest relatives of lanaeglobuli are the Middle-Western gigas on Q. lyrata and the chestnut oaks, and vorisi on Q, macrocarpa and Q. bicolor. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3073768
description:
  Galls are deformed fruits, 3mm long and 2mm wide.
  Pyriform with large end basal and apex truncate.
  Pale ochreous with some white tomentum.


description:
  An integral bead gall of a lighter shade of green than the surrounding leaf on Ribes, likely R nevadense. Similar galls have been observed on Ribes cereum. These may or may not be the same species. Observed in California in May.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/239303#page/7/mode/1up
description:
  [Fitch speculatively associates these two species as well as [Biarhiza nigra](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/856) with root galls because he found the adults on the ground or snow, and he thought the adults resembled wasps known to induce root galls on oaks in Europe. They are described based on differences in the adult wasp and none of the descriptions mention a gall.]

  Philonix fulvicollis, new species

  Philonix nigricollis, new species


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305399#page/456/mode/1up
description:
  Philonix gigas, new species

  Host: Quercus lyrata

  Gall. — Globular, 15-20 mm. in diameter, produced on the under side of leaves and dropping to the ground in the fall. In appearance and structure they resemble the much smaller galls of Philonix nigra (Gillette). 

  Habitat. — The type galls were collected at Hoxie, Arkansas. Seven flies emerged December 1, 1917; three December 18, 1917; and two March 24, 1919. From galls collected at Poplar Bluff, Missouri, three adults were cut out November 16, 1917. 


description:
  Biorhiza nigra

  Biarhiza nigra
  Biorrhiza nigra
  Xystoteras nigra

  Habitat: NY

  This species is unknown in collections and I do not seem to recognize it from the description [of the adult only; no gall]. The type is lost.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32293#page/149/mode/1up
description:
  Acraspis lanaeglobuli n. sp.

  Host: Quercus bicolor [michauxii?]

  Gall - Round or globular galls, slightly attached to the under surface of the leaf: .30 to .35 of an inch in diameter and covered with a fine, dense, grayish pubescence; internally, of a pithy structure, with a large, thin-shelled kernel in the centre. 

  Described from 8 female bred specimens.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42559#page/29/mode/1up
description:
  Acraspis niger, n. sp.

  Hosts: Quercus alba

  Galls.--Small, brown, globular bodies, densely covered with a grayish pubescence which gives them the appearance of felt on their outer surface, attached to the under surface of the leaves of the white-oak in September and October. Galls exactly similar are very common on the leaves of the bur-oak Quercus macrocarpa, but from these I have not succeeded in rearing the flies. Internally these galls have a fragile central cell surrounded and held in place by a dense growth of dark brown radiating fibres. The galls resemble very closely those in my collection of Acraspis lanaeglobuli Ash. 

  Range: MI, IO


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/347/mode/1up
description:
  Acraspis gillettei n. sp.

  Galls three-tenths of an inch in diameter. Perfectly round, slightly uneven or pimply, each pimple crowned with a tuft of hair- like pubescence. They are of a pale ash gray color, but brown or black if long exposed to the weather. The larval cell is central and is kept in place by a spongy mass that is loosely fibrous on the inner surface of the gall. The cell is oval, .15 by .18. The shell very thin and hard. The galls affect the leaves of Q. alba, and, as a rule, the tops of tall old trees. They are rarely abundant, but occasionally occur in great numbers on an isolated tree or a small grove of oaks. I took this species at first for A. niger Gill., but it differs from that species in several particulars. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/284/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips dugesi var simulatrix, new variety
  agamic form

  Cynips dugesi var C Kinsey

  GALL. — As described for the species. [Thin-shelled, spherical, sessile, dull brown, unspotted, averaging 16.0 mm. in diameter, with the larval cell held centrally by fine, radiating fibers.] Apparently not to be distinguished from other varieties of dugesi, nor from Cynips bella bella which occurs in the same region. On leaves of Quercus undulata, Q. grisea, Q. oblongifolia, Q. arizonica , Q. Gambelii, and probably related oaks. Figure 263. 

  RANGE. — New Mexico: Magdalena ( Q . grisea, acc. Weld in Kinsey coll.). Near Alamogordo at 7000 ft. (galls, Q. undulata and Q. arizonica, Kinsey coll.). Highrolls (galls, Q. undulata, Kinsey coll.). Hillsboro (types, Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.). Kingston (galls, Q. grisea and Q. Gambelii, Kinsey coll.). Soledad Canyon in Organ Mts. (galls, Q. grisea, L. H. Bridewell in Kinsey coll.). Arizona: Prescott ( Q . grisea, Kinsey coll.). Safford, Oracle, and Bisbee (galls, Q. arizonica, Kinsey coll.). Sabino Trail in Santa Cata- lina Mts. and Santa Rita Mts. (Q. oblongifolia and Q. arizonica, Kinsey coll.). Courtland and Fort Huachuca (Q. arizonica, Kinsey coll.). Probably confined to the desert mountain ranges of New Mexico and Arizona (and adjacent Mexico?). Records based on galls alone may involve confusion with Cynips bella bella. Figure 44. Hillsboro (types, Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.). Kingston (galls, Q. grisea and Q. Gambelii, Kinsey coll.). Soledad Canyon in Organ Mts. (galls, Q. grisea, L. H. Bridewell in Kinsey coll.). Arizona: Prescott ( Q . grisea, Kinsey coll.). Safford, Oracle, and Bisbee (galls, Q. arizonica, Kinsey coll.). Sabino Trail in Santa Catalina Mts. and Santa Rita Mts. (Q. oblongifolia and Q. arizonica, Kinsey coll.). Courtland and Fort Huachuca (Q. arizonica, Kinsey coll.). Probably confined to the desert mountain ranges of New Mexico and Arizona (and adjacent Mexico?). Records based on galls alone may involve confusion with Cynips bella bella. Figure 44. 

  This variety, with Cynips bella variety bella , produces the common oak apple of our Southwest. Most of the insects had emerged before I collected the galls in New Mexico late in December (1919) and in Arizona in January (1920), but one female emerged at Prescott, Arizona, as late as January 23.

  The available insect material represents a wide geographic range and a surprising number of hosts, apparently without the isolation of distinct varieties. 

  The single, broken insect which I have of this species from Globe, Arizona, does not agree with typical simulatrix, but the specimen does not warrant description. On the basis of data from other cynipids, we might expect a distinct variety of dugesi in the Pinal Mountains near Globe. 


description:
  Stem Gall Moth
  Symmetrischema sp.

  This moth induces elliptical, gently tapered, integral, monothalamous stem galls on both spring basal shoots and terminal branch growth of box-thorn. 

  Host:
  Lycium cooperi


description:
  Cabbage Gall Midge   Pl. 383
  Contarinia sp.

  The polythalamous, round, axillary bud gall of this midge appears at swollen stem nodes on box-thorn in spring. New galls have a round central larval chamber with an extremely hard, 1 mm thick outer shell surrounded by broad, hairy, leafy, bracts that resemble cabbage leaves. 

  Host:
  Lycium cooperi


description:
  Leaf Gall Organism
  Unknown

  This organism induces integral, round to ovoid leaf and petiole galls on Lycium pallidum var. oligospermum and perhaps other species of Lycium. Galls often distort leaves as seen in the photograph [Russo 2021 pg. 229 Plate 384]

  Host:
  Lycium pallidum var. oligospermum 


description:
  Leaf Gall Midge
  Rhopalomyia sp.
  [Page 230]

  Galls can show on both leaf surfaces but often appear mostly on one side. The bottom end of each gall has a hair-lined depression in the center with a toothed margin. 

  Host: 
  Encelia farinosa


description:
  <b>Distinguishing Contarinia s-greggii-tube-gall from [Tanaostigmodes howardii](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3235)</b>

  It appears that what Russo refers to as the "small thorn or bristle" of the T. howardii gall rises slim and untapered from a basically spherical surface divided into "plates." By contrast, the "bristle" of the Contarinia gall gradually tapers from a fleshy base that is itself tapered. To complicate matters further, the two galls may occur right next to each other.


  Galls have been found in Arizona, southern California, and Nevada, including a Nevada gall reported on [BugGuide](https://bugguide.net/node/view/1767318).


description:
  Stem Gall Moth
  Perploca ceanothiella

  This moth induces integral, spindle-shaped galls on stems of several species of ceanothus, especially deer brush. 

  Hosts:
  Ceanothus integerrimus
  Ceanothus velutinus
  Ceanothus cuneatus

  Range: CA, KS, NY, OR, TX


description:
  Pink to yellowish bean-shaped galls on the stems of Chenopodium album. The galls are covered in fine, mealy pubescence. Observed in New York in October.


description:
  Galls appear as abrupt swellings with hues of green and lavender. 

  Observations of this gall reported on Ceanothus cordulatus in [Idyllwild Pine Cove, CA](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/90627066) and in [Calaveras County, CA](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/60763515).


description:
  Vein Gall Midge
  Asphondylia sp.

  Galls have sparse hairs and nearly obliterate the midrib. Galls measure 7 mm long by 5 mm wide and bulge out more noticeably than those of the midrib fold-gall midge. Each gall has a corresponding lip or slit on the leaf's dorsal surface.

  Host: 
  Ceanothus velutinus


description:
  Asphondylia sp.

  Photos of this gall can be found on [Joyce Gross Photography](https://joycegross.com/images.php?search=2&taxon=Asphondylia+sp.&ph_cname=vein+leaf+gall+midge&ordr=). 


description:
  Midrib Fold Gall Midge
  Contarinia sp.

  This midge induces densely hairy midrib galls on the underside of leaves of deer brush and tobacco brush in California and Oregon. Monothalamous galls often coalesce to form what appears as a single linear fold (polythalamous). The midrib remains prominent along the bottom edge of the galls. 

  Host:
  Ceanothus velutinus
  Ceanothus integerrimus


description:
  Stem Gall Moth
  Eugnosta sp. 

  This new species of tortricid moth induces integral, gently tapered, symmetrical, monothalamous stem galls on the upper sections of cheesebush. 

  Host:
  Ambrosia salsola


description:
  Medusa Gall Midge
  Asphondylia sp. C

  This new species induces white, woolly, monothalamous bud galls on cheesebush, with long, soft, reddish-brown projections protruding from the gall mass. 

  Host:
  Ambrosia salsola 


description:
  Stem Gall Midge
  Neolasioptera sp. A

  The gently tapered galls usually have stunted leafy bracts covering the surface. Most galls appear the same color as new stems. 

  Host:
  Ambrosia salsola

  Range: AZ, CA


description:
  Rosette Gall Midge
  Neolasioptera sp. B

  This midge induces large, monothalamous, leafy rosette galls on lateral branches of cheesebush. The numerous, thin, undivided, leafy bracts radiate outwardly, distinguishing this gall from others on this host. 

  Host: 
  Ambrosia salsola


description:
  Leafy Bud Gall Midge
  Unknown

  The elliptical monothalamous bud galls of this new species, found on cheesebush, are covered with long, leafy, divided bracts that mask the gall bodies beneath. 

  Recent research has shown that polymorphism exists among some gall midges. Based on this possibility, adults of these galls must be compared to determine whether they are separate species or simply one with different gall forms.

  Host:
  Ambrosia salsola 


description:
  Gall Rust
  Gymnosporangium nelsoni [sic]

  This rust gall occurs of the fruit of Pacific Crabapple (Malus fusca) in late spring. 

  Host: 
  Malus fusca

  Range: AK, WA


description:
  Stem Gall Midge
  Lasioptera ephedrae

  Galls are stem-green, taper gently, and show a dimple of thinner, beige tissue about midway along their length, where the larval chamber is located. 

  Host:
  Ephedra californica
  Ephedra nevadensis
  Ephedra trifurca

  Range: NM, CA


description:
  Stem Gall Midge
  Lasioptera ephedricola

  This midge induces wrinkled or furrowed integral stem galls on desert teas. Galls are normally darker green than the rest of the stems when fresh and appear like dead tissue with age. 

  Host:
  Ephedra californica
  Ephedra nevadensis
  Ephedra trifurca


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1612528#page/170/mode/1up
description:
  L. ephedricola 

  Gall a resinous, elongate, lateral, brown swelling on the twigs of Ephedra trijurca.


description:
  Many small, green, hairless leaf spots on a leaf of Quercus velutina, causing a slight contraction in a darker green ring around a light-green thickening of the lamina of the leaf a tiny green-to-black papilla at the center on the upper side. On the under side a very slight downward swelling is visible. The galls are approximately 1 mm in diameter. Observed in Michigan in October on all 7 leaves of a young seedling. 

  This may be Polystepha [pustulata](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1199), [simpla](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1202), or [sobrina](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1203), but is markedly smaller than the reported size of any of those species. 


description:
  The galls of this species are often associated with spots of yellow-red discoloration on the leaf near their attachment point. 


description:
  Gnorimoschema powelli
  [Page 245]

  The integral stem galls of this moth develop on the spring growth of desert broom. These bark-colored, monothalamous galls are stout and spindle-shaped. 

  Host:
  Baccharis sarothroides


description:
  Desert Broom Gallfly
  Aciurina thoracica

  This tephritid fly induces club-shaped to elliptical, integral, monothalamous stem galls on Desert Broom in southern California. Vegetative shoots and flower stalks project out of the galls.

  Host:
  Baccharis sarothroides


description:
  Rhopalomyia sulcata
  Tube Gall Midge
  [page 247]

  This midge induces columnar or tubular, glabrous, monothalamous leaf galls on several species of Baccharis, particularly Desert Broom in the Mojave Desert, California. These blunt-tipped galls are usually found growing at an oblique angle out of the middle of the long, linear leaves or from the tips. 

  Host:
  Baccharis sarothroides

  Range: California, the Southwest, Mexico


description:
  Russo states that galls of this species occur on "several species of Baccharis," however only specifically lists Baccharis sarothroides as a host. Baccharis pilularis has been added as a host based on likely observations from [Coyote, CA](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/46932746) and [Pacifica, CA](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/91193951). Baccharis salicifolia has been added based on [another California observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/256560256). 

  Host:
  Baccharis sarothroides
  Baccharis pilularis


description:
  Quercus ellipsoidalis added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/46990066). 


description:
  Succulent, tuber-like galls on the roots of Artemisia ludoviciana. The galls are succulent, monothalamous and tan with hints of purple. They are also bumpy, with various brown 'scales' covering them. These galls bear a resemblance to the European Rhopalomyia baccarum. Observed in Texas in October.


description:
  Quercus marilandica added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98756935). 

  Quercus velutina added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88450432). 

  Quercus phellos added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/95338727). 

  Unpublished COI barcoding from the Forbes lab suggests this is related to Zapatella quercusphellos.


description:
  Quercus ellipsoidalis added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96028089).


description:
  Quercus ellipsoidalis added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96028090).

  Quercus hemisphaerica added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/135941521).

  Quercus pagoda added as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/99494663).


description:
  A short, flat-topped, green, integral leaf gall on Quercus marilandica. Similar to Polystepha globosa but on the upper side of the leaf, shorter in stature, and with a wider flat whitish cap. Showing a flat scar below similar to those of Polystepha pilulae or pustuloides. Observed in Texas in October. 


description:
  Galls of this generation are often overlooked because they are minimally visible beneath the acorn cup. Removing the cups of acorns in the fall may reveal a much higher abundance of this gall than otherwise apparent. 


description:
  Numerous red, conical galls on the upper leaf of Vitis tiliifolia. Each gall is covered in fine, white pubescence. They may be of the genus Ampelomyia. Observed in Hidalgo in October.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  Quercus arizonica, reticulata [rugosa], subturbinella [turbinella]
  Bud galls
  Smooth, green, in rosette of narrow bracts, in fall. Fig. 29.


description:
  Quercus laceyi tentatively added as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/99050246). 

  Quercus havardii added tentatively as a host based on that and [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98536399).

  Quercus muehlenbergii added tentatively as a host based on that and [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/136899415).

  A gall matching either C vaccinii or [Russo's rosy-tube-gall wasp](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1726) was observed on Quercus havardii x stellata in Texas in [October.](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/4548167) 

  The taxonomic history of this species is confused by several mistaken associations and synonymies. The gall was first described by Osten Sacken, location not given. A wingless wasp was reared by Ashmead from similar galls collected in North Carolina and Florida. Ashmead first gave this wasp the name Acraspis vaccinii, then later transferred it to the newly established genus Zopheroteras, as the type species of that genus. That wasp was also at one point transferred to Trigonaspis by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, a move reverted by Beutenmuller, who reported the species from New England to Florida and Texas. 

  Beutenmuller later described a different wasp collected in Texas, with no associated host or gall, as Andricus lustrans. Beutenmuller also described a third wasp, Andricus impositus, from pustulate galls collected in the New York City area. Weld synonymized these three galls under the name Callirhytis lustrans, based on his conclusion that the wingless fly Acraspis/Zopheroteras vaccinii was not associated with this gall (this wasp remains a valid species not associated with any gall), that lustrans was the correct inducer, and that it was morphologically consistent with impositus. For some reason, Weld's 1959 catalog lists both C lustrans and Zopheroteras vaccinii as distinct wasps inducing identical galls on Quercus stellata. 

  The [1979 Krombein catalog lists](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24831#page/1126/mode/1up) Callirhytis vaccinii as the valid name, with lustrans as a junior synonym. Our nomenclature follows that listing. 

  Ashmead's name "vaccinii" comes from Osten Sacken's observation that the galls resemble huckleberry flowers. However, a different fall cluster gall on post oak, now called [Andricus robustus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/578), was originally described as Cynips vacciniiformis (reared from gall collected in Texas) because of its likeness to huckleberry fruits. Text descriptions of the two galls can be somewhat difficult to distinguish, and they may have been confused at least once, and possibly many times, in the literature. It also seems to be the case that the two galls come to resemble one another more closely as they mature.

  Kinsey synonymized Beutenmuller's vacciniiformis as Andricus dimorphus var verifactor, but notes that his adult wasps (reared from gall collected in Texas) do not agree with Beutenmuller's and accuses Beutenmuller of mistaking the origin of his wasps. Weld, however, seems to have disagreed with this interpretation. He reduced Kinsey's wasp Andricus dimorphus var verifactor to a junior synonym of Callirhytis lustrans, but implies that Kinsey was incorrect to associate it with Beutenmuller's vacciniiformis gall. Instead, Weld describes a new species of wasp, Andricus robustus, which he asserts to be the inducer of this gall. Once again Weld's 1959 catalog compounds the confusion by listing both Andricus robustus and Adleria vacciniiformis as valid and distinct wasp species forming identical galls on Quercus stellata. 

  Our study of iNaturalist observations is difficult to square with much of this literature, if taken at face value. Galls matching Beutenmuller's drawing of Zopheroteras vaccinii (with cylindrical apexes resembling huckleberry flowers) have been reported exclusively in Texas. Galls matching Weld's photos of Andricus robustus (globular with a flat scar at the apex) have been reported across the Eastern US, from Texas to Chicago to Florida to New Jersey. It is possible that vaccinii has simply not been observed yet outside of Texas, or that the distribution of the species has reduced considerably, but it seems most likely that the galls reported outside of Texas were in fact either Andricus robustus or the gall Weld lists as "[Callirhytis sp.](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1080)" forming clusters of pentagonal galls on Quercus stellata, which resembles [vaccinii](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/58677858) when [young](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/94368838). 

  Under this hypothesis, Weld would have been mistaken to extend the name lustrans as a senior synonym of Beutenmuller's name Andricus impositus, and impositus may have described Weld's pentagonal gall as well as Osten Sacken and Ashmead's galls. However, confirmation of this hypothesis will require examination of adult wasps. 

  [Melika et al 2021](https://www.gallformers.org/source/396) described the undescribed gall "like Callirhytis lustrans" Weld reported on Quercus chapmanii as a new species, [Andricus chapmanii](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3489). 


description:
  Diplolepis triforma Shorthouse and Ritchie

  Diplolepis triforma was first described from galls collected near Sudbury, Ontario (Shorthouse and Ritchie 1984). It was given this name because three types of galls can be induced by larvae from the same female. They are found on R. acicularis throughout the Aspen Parkland Ecoregion and R. woodsii on the prairies and in southern British Columbia. This species is found across southern Canada and the Yukon and is usually sparsely distributed. 

  Immature galls are green swellings at the base of the apical meristem and usually are covered with dense spines. Galls are initiated in the early spring. Mature galls are conspicuous, woody, and firmly attached to twigs. Most galls are pear-shaped without distal stem growth (Fig. 38). However, about one-quarter of the galls have some distal growth and a few are fusiform swellings of a twig distal to its base. The gall is multi-chambered and the chambers are close to the surface (Fig. 39). They remain on their hosts over the winter. 

  Wiebes-Rijks and Shorthouse (1992) provided data on the inhabitants associated with a large population of galls near Sudbury, Ontario, for which the most common parasitoids were Eurytoma spp, Pteromalus, Torymus sp., and Orthopelma sp. Periclistus are not associated with this gall.


description:
  Diplolepis bicolor (Harris)

  Diplolepis bicolor was first described from galls collected at an unidentified locality in the northeastern United States (Harris 1841). It has a wider distribution in southern Canada than D. polita, being found from British Columbia to Nova Scotia but not in Newfoundland. Earlier workers have recorded the gall from Calgary (Weld 1926) to Alabama (Thompson 1915). 

  Mature galls are spherical, averaging 7.0–11.0 mm in diameter. They usually occur in dense clusters averaging eight galls per cluster and are clothed with sharp, stiff spines (Fig. 18). Galls are induced on the adaxial surface of leaflets but usually grow in a dense mass firmly attached to the shoots. Galls often remain on the shoots over the winter. They occur on all three species of prairie roses but are most common on R. woodsii. 

  Galls are single-chambered (Fig. 19) with walls much thicker than those of D. polita. Immature galls are either leaf green, yellow, or bright red. Most galls turn yellowish-brown as they mature, although some are bright red until they dry. Eggs are deposited in early May on the adaxial surface of immature leaflets (Shorthouse et al. 2005). Periclistus-modified galls are larger than inducer-inhabited galls. 

  Because populations of D. bicolor galls are usually widely scattered, it is difficult to obtain sufficient numbers to assess the community. However, a large population of galls found about 25 km east of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, provided this information. The galls were heavily attacked by Periclistus (Fig. 44B), which is always the most abundant inhabitant. About 59% of the immature galls were inhabited by Periclistus and about 28% of the mature galls by the end of the season (Table 5). Inquiline-modified galls contained an average of 9.3 chambers (Table 4). By fall, only 5.5% of the inhabitants were inducers (Fig. 44B), which is typical throughout the range of this species. Parasitoids constituted about 32% of the remaining inhabitants (Fig. 44B), the most common being Eurytoma sp. and Pteromalus sp. About 39% of the Eurytoma sp. exited in the current year (Table 3), as did some of the Torymus and Pteromalus.


description:
  Diplolepis rosaefolii (Cockerell)

  Diplolepis rosaefolii was first described from galls collected in Colorado (Cockerell 1889). It has the widest distribution of all Nearctic Diplolepis, being found from British Columbia to Newfoundland and from the Yukon and Alaska to Colorado. It is a common species on the prairies and in southern British Columbia. 

  Diplolepis rosaefolii is one of the smallest adults in the genus, along with D. fusiformans, averaging about 2 mm in length. Galls are lentil-shaped (Fig. 20), 2.0–2.5 mm thick, and 3.0–5.5 mm in diameter and protrude from both the adaxial and abaxial surface of leaflets. Galls usually occur scattered over the leaf, although sometimes they are densely packed and coalesced. They are usually the same colour as the host leaflet when immature but turn either pale yellow or bright red when mature. They are single-chambered with the larva lying parallel to the leaflet surface (Fig. 21). Immature galls appear from late spring to late summer, indicating the adults have a lengthy activity period. 

  This species appears to be the least host specific of all Diplolepis in Canada, being found on the three prairie species of Rosa. Galls are most common on short, bushy R. woodsii growing in dry sites in the Mixed Grassland Ecoregion. Most galled leaves abscise in mid-fall, but heavily galled leaves sometimes remain on the plants over the winter. 

  Galls of D. rosaefolii from coulees of the South Saskatchewan River near Langham, Saskatchewan (west of Saskatoon), illustrate the community typical for this species (Fig. 44C). Commonly, 50–75% of all inhabitants are inducers throughout the range of this species. Periclistus are also common, frequently accounting for 12–25% of all inhabitants. Eurytoma, Pteromalus, and Glyphomerus stigma are the most common parasitoids (Fig. 44C). The percentage of galls inhabited by Periclistus is high in mid-season but drops to less than 15% by the end of the season (Table 5). Fewer Periclistus larvae occur per gall than in the galls of other species (Table 4). About one-third of the Eurytoma exit galls in the year of induction, as do over half of the Pteromalus (Table 3).


description:
  Diplolepis ignota (Osten Sacken)

  Diplolepis ignota was first described from galls collected at undisclosed locations in the eastern United States (Osten Sacken 1863). Beutenmüller (1907) and Kinsey (1920) provided descriptions of the adults. This species has been recorded in Minnesota (Olson 1964), the eastern United States (Beutenmüller 1907), and as far south as Florida (Thompson 1915). It is found in the Mixed Grassland Ecoregion across the driest regions of southern Alberta and Saskatchewan. 

  Galls are found on the abaxial surface of leaflets and are variable in shape and size. Single galls are spherical, but they usually coalesce to form irregularly rounded, often reniform masses (Fig. 24). Two or three masses commonly form in one large elongated cluster that causes host leaves to droop. Galls are single-chambered (Fig. 25), but when they coalesce, they appear multi-chambered. Single-chambered galls when mature average 6–9 mm in diameter. Reniform galls average 15–20 mm in length. Mature galls become hard and woody when they dry but are soft and spongy when wet. They have a smooth surface without spines or protuberances. Galls are initiated in early August. Mature galls are light tan and remain attached to their hosts. 

  Galls are found only on R. arkansana in Alberta and Saskatchewan, especially on those species growing sparsely on the flood plains in river valleys in areas without overgrowth or in open prairies without other shrubs. Beutenmüller (1907) and Kinsey (1920) reported galls on R. blanda, R. carolina, R. virginiana, and R. nitida in eastern North America. 

  Three populations of D. ignota galls are included here for an overview of the component communities. One population (Fig. 44E) was found on the flood plain of the Oldman River north of Coaldale, Alberta. Rosa arkansana here were growing among patches of R. woodsii on which galls of D. nebulosa and D. bassetti were common. The second site was a pure stand of R. arkansana about 2 km away on the level prairie above the flood plain (Fig. 44F) and was chosen to compare two communities near one another. The third site was an isolated patch of R. arkansana growing on native shortgrass prairie about 20 km north of Maple Creek, Saskatchewan. This circular patch of roses was about 50 m in diameter and most plants were galled. Galls at all three sites were collected in the spring and returned to the laboratory to emerge the adults. 

  Low numbers of inducers were present at the two Coaldale sites (Fig. 44E and F), but 23.5% of the inhabitants were inducers at the Maple Creek site (Fig. 44G). Few Periclistus were among the inhabitants at all three sites. Parasitoids constituted 75.8–92.5% of individuals recovered at each site. Aprostocetus was the most dominant parasitoid, followed by Eurytoma and Orthopelma. Communities at the two Oldman River sites were remarkably similar, whereas the Maple Creek site had more inducers. The reason for the differences could be that the Maple Creek site was more recently established and the parasitoids had yet to become established. 

  From a typical population of galls east of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 11.4% of galls in mid-season were inhabited by Periclistus and 5.8% by the end of the season (Table 5). The mean number of Periclistus larvae per gall was 2.9 (Table 4), with only 1.9% of the Eurytoma exiting in the year of gall induction (Table 3). Similar data were not obtained from the sites used for the communities summarized in Fig. 44.


description:
  Diplolepis bassetti (Beutenmüller)

  Diplolepis bassetti was first described from galls collected near Corvallis, Oregon (Beutenmüller 1918). However, the gall illustrated by Beutenmüller is that of the European multi-chambered gall of D. rosae, whereas galls of D. bassetti are single-chambered. Because D. rosae is established in Oregon, this early report likely confused the two species. Kinsey (1922) provided a detailed description of the adults and recognized two subspecies. However, he also appears to have confused the galls of D. bassetti and D. rosae. 

  Diplolepis bassetti induces mossy, monothalamous galls (Figs. 28 and 29) on the adaxial surface of the leaflets of R. woodsii in open habitats in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan and in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia. Diplolepis bassetti is also sparsely distributed across southern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan. 

  Galls are usually found in dense clusters. Their surface is covered with soft filamentous hairs (Fig. 29) that are green to red when immature, turning brown when mature. Galls are initiated in mid-summer. The chambers rarely coalesce and the individual galls can be easily separated. Galls average 4–5 mm in diameter. They commonly remain attached to the host plant throughout the winter. 

  Two large populations of mature galls collected in the spring were chosen to illustrate community composition. One collection was made on the flood plain of the Oldman River north of Coaldale at the same site as the D. ignota galls (Fig. 44E). The second was made from several large patches of roses from Kelowna to Osoyoos, British Columbia. No data were obtained on the seasonal changes of Periclistus attack, the number of Periclistus per modified gall, or the percentage of parasitoids exiting galls in the fall. 

  Inducers were by far the most abundant inhabitants (Fig. 44I) at the southern Alberta site. Galls here also had few Periclistus, representing 2.8% of the community. Only 19.6% of the remaining inhabitants were parasitoids, with the most abundant being Pteromalus (7.8%) and G. stigma (7.5%). In contrast, galls from southern British Columbia (Fig. 44J) had fewer inducers (16%) and Periclistus were much more abundant (28.4%). Parasitoids constituted 55.3% of the emergents, with the most abundant being Aprostocetus (46.9%) and Eurytoma (5.5%).


description:
  Diplolepis variabilis (Bassett)

  Diplolepis variabilis was first described from galls collected in North Dakota (Bassett 1890). Beutenmüller (1907) and Kinsey (1922) reported galls from Washington to Texas. In Canada, D. variabilis is found only west of the Rocky Mountains and is very common on tall R. woodsii from Kelowna to Osoyoos, British Columbia. Galls of D. variabilis are found on the leaves of the upper branches and are usually larger and denser than galls of D. ignota. 

  Galls are single-chambered and spherical and are found on the abaxial surface of leaflets. However, most galls coalesce to make clusters irregularly rounded and globular to ovate (Fig. 30). Single-chambered galls are about 8 mm in diameter, whereas coalesced galls are often 2 cm in diameter. They have a smooth surface and internally are pith-like with the consistency of packed sawdust. The chambers are located at the centre, deep within the galls (Fig. 31). Galls are green when immature but turn tan to brown when mature. They are often so dense that branches droop with the combined weight of the galls. They remain on the host plants over winter. Galls are initiated in late summer. 

  Inhabitants were reared from a large population of galls collected in the fall near Oliver, British Columbia. Of recovered insects (Fig. 44K), 7.7% were inducers, 23.2% were Periclistus, and 69.3% were parasitoids. The most abundant parasitoids were Aprostocetus at 47.5% and Eurytoma at 17%.


description:
  Diplolepis fusiformans (Ashmead)

  Diplolepis fusiformans was first described from galls found in Colorado (Ashmead 1890). They have also been found in Ontario, Illinois, Nebraska, and Arizona (Beutenmüller 1907; Kinsey 1922; Burks 1979; Caouette and Price 1989). Diplolepis fusiformans is one of the smallest wasps in the genus, with females averaging 1.5–2.5 mm in length. 

  Galls of D. fusiformans are small, fusiform, and found along the terminal parts of the current-year stems (Fig. 32) of R. woodsii. Galls may be a gentle swelling or may be swollen to about twice the size of the host stem (Fig. 32). Galled stems are smooth and often have a split in the epidermis. The gall is multi-chambered with a series of chambers, usually about five in a row, along the length of the stems (Fig. 33). Galls are internally woody, soft, and porous and the chambers are inseparable. Chambers containing Periclistus are also found along the lengths of the stem (Fig. 33). 

  Adults of D. fusiformans exit their galls in late June and oviposit in new sucker shoots about 5 cm in length. In contrast to all other species of Diplolepis, D. fusiformans deposits its eggs on the exposed surface of the stems (Shorthouse et al. 2005). The galls form after the larvae enter the stem. 

  Galls are found throughout the grasslands of the prairie provinces and southern British Columbia on R. woodsii. They have not been reported on R. arkansana or R. acicularis. In Ontario, D. fusiformans forms galls on R. blanda but not on R. acicularis. No data on the component communities associated with this gall were obtained.


description:
  Diplolepis nodulosa (Beutenmüller)

  Diplolepis nodulosa was first described from galls collected in the northeastern United States (Beutenmüller 1909). A detailed description of adults was provided by Brooks and Shorthouse (1997). Galls of D. nodulosa are tiny swellings at the tips of stems of R. woodsii and are barely perceptible (Fig. 34). 

  Mature galls are single-chambered, fusiform, and spineless (Fig. 34). They average 3.1 mm in diameter and are commonly circumscribed by a series of stunted leaflets. Galls are green when immature but frequently turn red when mature. Larvae are usually found in a vertical position within their chambers (Fig. 35). 

  Periclistus greatly enlarge inhabited galls (Fig. 36), making them highly visible and indicating that D. nodulosa is in the area. Galls modified by Periclistus (Figs. 36 and 37) are multi-chambered, spherical structures averaging 12 cm in diameter, with some galls being 20 mm in diameter. Galls found near Sudbury, Ontario, contained an average of 17 Periclistus per gall (maximum of 146) (Brooks and Shorthouse 1997) and prairie galls are likely similar. Immature Periclistus-modified galls are initially green but turn mottled red- brown in the fall and are gray-tan by the following spring. 

  A closely related species, D. inconspicuous Dailey and Campbell, has been found in California on R. californica (Dailey and Campbell 1973). Its galls are identical to those of D. nodulosa, but the adults are morphologically distinct (Brooks and Shorthouse 1997). Diplolepis inconspicuous is apparently restricted to the west coast of the United States, whereas D. nodulosa is found throughout eastern and midwestern North America (Shorthouse and Ritchie 1984), east to the north shore of Prince Edward Island, and west to British Columbia. It is found on R. blanda in Ontario, R. virginiana on Prince Edward Island, and R. woodsii in British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. 

  For a large population of galls near Sudbury, Ontario, Periclistus killed 65% of the inducers and parasitoids killed an additional 17%. Communities of prairie galls are likely similar (Brooks and Shorthouse 1997).


description:
  Diplolepis spinosa (Ashmead)

  The first report of Diplolepis spinosa was in Florida (Ashmead 1897), where the species was named from the characteristics of the gall. Gillette (1890) provided the first description of D. spinosa females but under the name Rhodites multispinosus. Burks (1979) recognized R. multispinosus as a synonym of D. spinosa. Beutenmüller (1907) and Kinsey and Ayres (1922) provided a more detailed description (as D. multispinosus) and illustrated the galls, as did Shorthouse (1988, 1993). 

  Galls of D. spinosa are one of the most conspicuous galls on the grasslands. They are spherical or irregularly rounded and often the size of a golf ball (Fig. 40). They appear attached to the main stem but are formed from a leaf bud (Figs. 9–12). They are firmly attached to their hosts and often can be removed only with snips. 

  Galls of D. spinosa are found from eastern Ontario to the Okanagan Valley and northeastern British Columbia. They are found only on R. woodsii on the prairies and in British Columbia and only on R. blanda in Ontario. They are never found on R. acicularis. Galls are usually weakly spined to smooth on the spiny R. woodsii on the prairies but always heavily spined on the smooth-stemmed R. blanda in Ontario. They average about 23 mm in diameter in Ontario (Bagatto and Shorthouse 1994) and those on the prairies are similar. 

  Galls are multi-chambered (Fig. 41), with most chambers located in a cluster near the centre. Immature galls are yellowish-green, soft, and usually clothed with slender spines. Mature galls are reddish-brown or dull purple, hard, and woody. Galls on wild roses from central Ontario have an average of 16.5 larval chambers per gall (Bagatto and Shorthouse 1994). Those on the prairies and in British Columbia are likely the same.

  Galls collected in the spring from southern Saskatchewan in the Great Sand Hills are used here to illustrate a typical component community. Commonly, 20–30% of the inhabitants associated with populations of this gall are inducers (Fig. 46L). Periclistus sp. make up about 21.3% of all inhabitants, whereas parasitoids form about 50% of all inhabitants. The most abundant parasitoid was Eurytoma sp. at 47.1% of all inhabitants.


description:
  Diplolepis radicum (Osten Sacken)

  Diplolepis radicum was described from galls in the central United States (Osten Sacken 1863). Adult females are among the largest of the genus, averaging 3.0–4.0 mm in length. Kinsey (1922) and Shorthouse (1988) provided additional information on the adults. 

  Galls of D. radicum are by far the largest of all Diplolepis galls, ranging in size from 2.5 to 6.0 cm, with some 10 cm in diameter. They are found throughout the grasslands of the prairies and in southern British Columbia. However, they are difficult to locate, especially when partially buried in the ground or hidden by vegetation. They are formed at the tips of adventitious shoots (Fig. 1) just below the surface of the ground. Although galls of this species are commonly referred to as root galls because of their location, they are stem galls (Fig. 42). 

  Females crawl down cracks in the ground at the base of roses in early spring to locate adventitious shoots before they protrude above the surface. Large numbers of eggs, sometimes numbering 200–350, are laid within the shoot tips and the resulting larvae produce irregularly rounded, tomato-shaped, multi-chambered galls (Fig. 43) of variable size. Galls are soft and succulent when growing, with the larval chambers packed throughout the mass of the gall (Fig. 43). They always have a smooth surface and are reddish-brown throughout all stages of development. 

  Diplolepis radicum appears to be as widely distributed as D. spinosa. Diplolepis radicum has been recorded from Ontario to North Carolina on R. carolina and west to Colorado and north to Oregon and Washington State on R. nutkana and R. woodsii (Beutenmüller 1907, 1914; Weld 1926). Galls are found on R. woodsii across the prairies and appear to be most abundant where the soils are sandy. Galls are found on R. woodsii in southern British Columbia. 

  Less is known about the community of inhabitants associated with this gall than about those of other species. For inhabitants of 40 galls collected in the fall from the Great Sand Hills of Saskatchewan, 27.2% were inducers, 2.9% were Periclistus sp., and the rest were parasitoids. Eurytoma sp. and Pteromalus sp. were the most abundant parasitoids.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/55015#page/77/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis quercussuttoni (Bassett)

  Description of the Gall (figs. 1C, D, E, F). The adults of the bisexual generation develop in small, monothalamous, blisters that appear mostly on the leaves or leaf petioles. They are 3-4 mm in length and the young galls are the same color as the leaves; thus in the early stages of development they are very difficult to detect. At maturity they are larger and easier to locate since the thickened cell can be contrasted with the thin leaf blade. Exit is made either through the upper or lower surface of the leaf. A few galls develop in the stems or buds of the staminate flowers. This leaf blister had been known to others although its maker had never been reared. Photographs of it appear in Weld's "Cynipid Galls of the Pacific Slope," figures 125 and 129. It is quite similar to the gall produced by the bisexual generation of Callirhytis quercusagrifoliae (Bassett) however, the latter develop earlier in the year, are reddish-green during development and tan at maturity. 

  Host: Quercus agrifolia Nee. 

  Habitat: The types were reared from galls produced on oaks in containers at La Canada, California. Additional specimens were reared from galls collected on the native oaks in the Los Angeles area. 

  In February and March of the past two years, mature, agamic females emerged from rearing cages and were placed on young Quercus agrifolia growing in large containers. The insects were allowed to move freely on the trees and were not confined to the cloth bags that have frequently been used in this work. Some of the insects flew off the plants but a number immediately began to oviposit in the tightly packed, unopened leaf buds. Most females remained on the buds for periods of 20-25 minutes, moving from bud to bud and remaining on the tree for most of the day. All sites of oviposition were carefully marked. 

  When the new leaves opened in early March, there were no signs of gall growth and another month passed before it became evident that tiny, green blister galls were developing in the leaf veins and on the leaf petioles. On the mature oaks in the field, these blister galls could also be located on the stems of the staminate flowers. The galls were completely mature in May and the males and females of the bisexual generation emerged from May 7 to May 26. Mating took place immediately and the females began to explore the trees in search of appropriate twigs for oviposition. They invariably selected small twigs, 3-5 mm in diameter, preferably green twigs of the previous year's growth; however, some females laid their eggs in the older growth. The ovipositing females remained all day in one location, moving spirally around the twig as they deposited their eggs. 

  Nearly all twigs, both new and older ones, subsequently developed galls. Shortly after the bisexual generation has oviposited into the twigs, the inquiline Euceroptres maritimus Weld emerges from the old twig galls and places its eggs in the stems at the same places. This inquiline develops in the gall along with the gall maker and may be a predator feeding on its host, rather than a "guest." When the new galls appear in the fall, they are parasitized by the chalcid Eudecatoma isis, and the adults of this parasite can often be observed as they deposit their eggs in the thickened tissue of the developing galls.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/55015#page/75/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis quercussuttonii (Bassett)

   The cynipid wasp, Callirhytis quercussuttonii (Bassett) produces one of the most conspicuous of the large twig swellings that occur on the black oaks of the Pacific Slope region. Its galls appear as abrupt, woody twig enlargements on the oaks, Quercus agrifolia Nee, Q. wislizenii A. DC, and Q. Kellogii Newb. The galls vary considerably in size and shape, some appearing as stem enlargements, 25-100 mm long, with diameters of 15-40 mm. Others are shorter and more globular attaining diameters of as much as 60 mm (figs. 1 A, B). The gall is polythalamous and its size is determined by the number of tubular, larval cells that extend from the center to the outer bark. Development begins in late summer and continues throughout the fall with the galls growing rapidly until they reach full size during the spring months of the following year. Larval growth is completed in late spring and early summer with pupation occurring in late summer and early fall. Mature adults can be cut out in November and December; however, normal emergence takes place in late January, February and early March of the second year. 

  The species was originally described by H. F. Bassett (1881:54). Callirhytis polythyra Kieffer is a synonym (Weld, 1951:652). Kinsey (1922:137) described a variety lustrior that occurred on Quercus wislizenii. At the present time, the species is known from descriptions of the agamic or unisexual females only. No males have been described. 

  The galls of this species are sometimes quite destructive to the host oaks, particularly Quercus agrifolia, when growth is very heavy on single, isolated trees. When species of oaks occur as part of a natural woodland and the individual trees are not widely separated, the gall-producing cynipids usually distribute themselves rather evenly through the area without heavy infestation of the individual trees. When individual trees or small groups of trees become isolated, gall infestation frequently becomes very heavy since the wasps are not as inclined to fly to other trees. For this reason, single ornamental oaks, growing in parks or estates are sometimes damaged by the galls of Callirhytis qucrcussuttonii. The chalcid wasp Eudecatoma isis (Girault) is the most common parasite and is usually reared from mature galls along with the gall maker. Woodpeckers frequently open the galls along with those of other species, in order to reach the developing insects. Chalcids, under natural conditions, seem to be the most important control factor. 


description:
  Neuroterus consimilis 

  [males and females described]

  Gall. On the young terminal twigs of white oak (Quercus alba) in midsummer. Polythalamous. Hard and woody, irregularly rounded with aborted buds and leaves. It is a greatly fore-shortened and enlarged branchlet and measures from about 4 to 12 mm in diameter. 

  The figure of the gall was made from one of the type specimens.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/60/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus consimilis

  Irregularly rounded, woody, aborted leaves and buds on young terminal twigs, diameter 4 to 12 mm, on Q alba. 


description:
  [According to Kinsey's 1923 treatment](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/226481#page/341/mode/1up) of his species Neuroterus batatus, Bassett's female wasp Neuroterus consimilis is a junior synonym of the agamic generation [Neuroterus batatus var noxiosus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1340). In [his prefatory text](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/226481#page/264/mode/1up), Kinsey insists that his synonymy of this species was synonymized after careful matching of the locality, host, and emergence dates of the two species, as well as adult anatomy. However, the type host of consimilis, and the host listed for it in every other source, is Q alba, while the variety he synonymizes it to is only listed on Q bicolor. Based on Beutenmuller's figure, the galls seem to match quercusbatatus well enough that they would be difficult to distinguish if they were not synonyms. However, the synonymy [is not listed by Melika and Abrahamson.](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16213231#page/582/mode/1up) Krombein lists Neuroterus consimilis as a valid distinct species in the [1979 Catalog of Hymenoptera.](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4144887#page/1092/mode/1up)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505971#page/190/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus escharensis

  Stem galls
  Cells in the twigs, no deformation evident
  Cells in the tissue of the twig under leaf scar, the tip protruding so slightly as to be scarcely visible until the adult begins to chew its way out in the latter half of April. Sometimes two cells under the same leaf scar. Near the terminal cluster of buds on Q bicolor.


description:
  A slight tapered swelling at the base of new growth twigs on Quercus alba. Polythalamous, containing multiple larvae with no apparent larval cells. The exterior of the gall is unusual in nearly always being marked by one or more splits or divots, sometimes concealed by atypically persistent bud scales. Observed containing larvae in Michigan in October. 

  This gall bears some resemblance to those ascribed to [Lasioptera querciperda](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3218), also known on Quercus alba, but differs from descriptions and illustrations of that species in being apparently confined to the area just above the base of new growth. Additionally, larvae extracted from this gall seem to be cynipids rather than cecidomyiids. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/239303#page/46/mode/1up
description:
  Figites chinquapin, new species

  Arising perpendicularly or obliquely from the upper surface of the leaves of the Chinquapin oak (Quercus chinquapin), like pins inserted therein, little slender club-shaped galls nearly a half inch long, formed of a pale green elliptic head like a minute pod, tapering into a slender dull brown stalk twice as long as the head, the surface thinly clothed with fine short hairs ; producing a small black gall-fly with bright tawny yellow antennae and legs, its length 0.10. These singular little galls are met with in May, one or more growing upon the same leaf. The walls of the little pod at their summit arc exceedingly thin and the fly comes out through around hole which it gnaws near the upper end. It is remarkably large in comparison with the small delicate gall in which it is nurtured. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505984#page/203/mode/1up
description:
  Xystoteras poculum

  White oak spangle gall. Button-shaped, 3-4.5 mm. in diameter, with a heavy rounded ring of tissue on under side between pedicel and rim, concave above with a slight nipple in center, covered with a whitish bloom. In large number on under side of leaves of Q. alba, dropping in the fall. The flies emerge in late March the second spring. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305407#page/451/mode/1up
description:
  Xystoteras poculum, new species

  Host. — Quercus alba.

  Galls. — Popularly known as "spangle " galls and first described by Fitch in 1859, these common objects have an extended literature under the name of Cecidomyia poculum, with good figures by Glover, Beutenmueller, Stewart, Thompson, and Felt, but they have not hitherto been reared. Osten Sacken suspected that they were due to a Cynipid.

  The galls are attached in groups on the underside of mature leaves, and they are found in September and October. They are button-shaped, 3-4.5 mm. in diameter, covered with a whitish bloom, slightly concave above, with a low elevation in center, the edge sharp and becoming less upturned as the larval cavity develops, attached by a short slender pedicel, between which and the rim on the under side is a prominent heavy rounded ring of tissue. The larval cavity is centrally placed, transverse, with no false chamber. 

  Habitat. — The type material was collected at Ironton, Missouri, on October 5, 1917, and living flies were found in the out-of-door breeding cage at Evanston, Illinois, on March 24, 1919, indicating that the emergence is very early the second spring. This delayed emergence probably accounts for the failure of other students to rear it. The writer has seen these galls in Virginia, New York, and Illinois also and museum specimens from Vermont and New Hampshire, indicating a widespread distribution of the species. There is a precisely similar gall in Q. prinus, which will no doubt prove to be due to this species. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3784333#page/372/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips fusiformis

  8. This insect somewhat resembles C. petiolicola,and, as I possess only a single specimen of it, the difference indicated in the analytical table may not be a constant one ; I will try, therefore, to point out some others. (Compare also below, No. 56, about the possible relationship between this gall and that of Figites chinquapin Fitch). 

  56. Spindle-shaped galls, inserted like pins on the leaves of Q. prinoides, described by Dr. Fitch (Rep. IT, No. 320). He bred from it an insect which he calls Figites chinquapin. The description of the gall answers that of C. fusiformis very well; that the insect obtained from it by Dr. Fitch is the real author of the gall is possible, but uncertain. Likewise it does not appear why Dr. Fitch calls this gall-fly a Figites. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22852#page/81/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus fusiformis, n. sp.

  Quercus alba. White oak. Elongated, fusiform gall on a pedicel. mostly on the margin, sometimes on the surface of the leaf. 

  Resembles the preceding [[quercuscoelebs](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/593)], but is much smaller. The pedicel is 0.2 or 0.8 long, the fusiform body about 0.15 or 0.2 and ends in a point. The pedicel is a prolongation of one of the leaf-veins. The color of the gall is that of the leaf, that is, it is green as long as the leaf is green and fades with it. This gall was first communicated to me by Mr. T. Grlover, at the Maryland Agricultural College. He had obtained a parasitical Hymenopteron from it. In May 1861 I found several specimens of the same gall on a young white oak and succeeded in rearing the gall-fly. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610801#page/338/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus chinquapin

  Figites chinquapin
  Cynips fusiformis
  Cynips capsula

  The two type galls of chinquapin in the National Museum from Q. prinoides are similar to those of capsula from Q. bicolor (another chestnut oak) and the two type flies of capsula sent by Bassett can not be separated from Fitch's type fly which, however, lacks the abdomen. 

  The holotype of fusiformis in the Museum of Comparative Zoology has not been compared directly with the above types but flies bred from the precisely similar gall on Q. alba can not be separated from them and the writer concludes that these three names all refer to one species making galls on different white oaks. This view has also been expressed by William Beutenmueller in letter. 

  The writer has taken the gall on Q. montana, rock chestnut oak, at Ithaca, N. Y. ; Alexandria and Great Falls, Va. ; Washington, D. C, where a fly ready to emerge was cut out of gall on May 31. On Q. alba at Evanston, New Lenox, (fly emerged June 7), and Fort Sheridan, IL.: Ironton, Mo.; Falls Church and Rosslyn, Va.; Plummer Island, Md. ; Washington, D. C. Barlow collected them at Cadet, Mo., Miss Howe at Ithaca and Crosby at Farmingdale, X. Y. On Q. bicolor common at Wilmette and Evanston, IL., where flies emerged June 15-23, 1909. and June 10-16, 1912. At Washington galls contained pupae May 6, 1914. These galls have also been seen on Q. macrocarpa at Winnetka, IL. and on Q. stellata at Rosslyn, Va. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22092#page/111/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips capsula, n. sp.

   Galls: Monothalamous, on slender pedicels on the margins of the leaves of Quercus bicolor, rarely more than one on a leaf. The pedicels are from one-half to three-fourths of an inch long. The galls are three- eighths long and one-eighth of an inch in diameter, oval and resemble very closely the capsules of certain mosses. Surface rough, and with the pedicel finely pilose, or rather, pubescent. The pedicel is usually, but not invariably, the extension of a lateral leaf vein. The whole is of the color of the under side of the leaves of this species of oak. Most of the leaves which bear galls are fully developed, but a part are more or less imperfect and occasionally a gall is found on what is but the merest rudiment of a leaf. 

  The galls appear with the leaves and the insects come out early in June. This little gall is a true larval cell and its thin walls offer slight obstacle to the attacks of parasites. 

  The gall flies are of both sexes. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27609#page/409/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips seminator

  One of our smallest gall-flies may be called Cynips seminator, or the sower. She lays a great number of eggs in a ring-like cluster around the small twigs of the white oak, and her punctures are followed by the growth of a rough or shaggy reddish gall, as large sometimes as a walnut. When this is ripe, it is like brittle sponge in texture, and contains numerous little seed-like bodies, adhering by one end around the sides of the central twig. These seeming seeds have a thin and tough hull, of a yellowish white color; they are egg-shaped, pointed at one end, and are nearly one eighth of an inch long. The gall-insects live singly, and undergo their transformations, within these seeds ; after which, in order to come out, they gnaw a small hole in the hull, and then easily work their way through the spongy ball wherein they are lodged. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8589331#page/221/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus (Callirhytis) seminator

  The gall of this species is a brown woolly mass from one to two inches in diameter and enclosing a large number of seed-like bodies each one of which contains an insect. Always occurring on the twigs of Q alba. Iowa, MI, FL. Eastern US.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505973#page/192/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis seminator

  A globular or elongated woolly or spongy white mass often tinged with spots of pink, 20-30 mm. in diameter, consisting of numerous slender fusiform bodies attached by one end to a common point on the twig —probably a bud gall morphologically. Each seed-like body contains one larval cell and the distal part bears the white filaments. Occurs on trees of Q. alba, starting about the middle of May, the adults emerging June 29-July 12. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4257880#page/21/mode/1up
description:
  WOOL SOWER GALL Callirhytis seminator (Harr.) 

  The wool sower is composed of a large number of small hairy galls attached to a common point on twigs of the white oak, Quercus alha, thus forming a compact woolly mass. [Subfigure] A represents a single gall. 

  Color: white, often tinged red, turning brown. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16658332#page/20/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis seminator

  Quercus alba

  A showy and attractive gall growth on oak twigs. The large number of small, hairy galls are attached to a common point to form this pinkish-white, wooly growth. A gall with a similar appearance may be found on several other species of oak. The Wool Sower was called by E. P. Felt ". . . one of the finest of natural objects." 

  [photograph included]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/21941235#page/32/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis seminator

  Cynips seminator
  Andricus seminator

  These small seed-like monothalamous galls are massed together on the twig and covered with fibers forming a mass 15-45 mm in diameter. White dotted with red when young, turning brown in the fall. On white oak, Quercus alba. Common. Insect in early Summer.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26320072#page/240/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis seminator

  In MD and VA:

  By June 7, 1901, pupae were present in the galls of this species at Annapolis, emergence following about one week later. On June 16, the same year at Blacksburg, Virginia, adults were emerging, continuing up to July 3. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7475058#page/148/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis seminator

  This species, before only recorded as occurring on the white oak (Quercus alba), is not unconnnon here, both on Quercus prinus and on the swamp white oak Quercus bicolor. Callirhytis operator O. S., occurring on the black-jack ( Q. nigra) may be a phytophagic variety of this well known specie ; the galls are similar, but the flies are certainly distinct. I have both species in my collection. Calllrhytis seminator begins to develop here, on the small twigs, in April ; by the middle of June the flies are fully developed, but they do not escape from the galls until the first week in July. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2559463#page/575/mode/1up
description:
  On Callirhytis seminator. (Cynipoidea, Hym,). 

  This beautiful gall is common in the vicinity of Blacksburg, Virginia, on white oak. A number of them were collected on June 24, 1903: at that date their age varied, but adults were emerging from the mature galls. The young galls consist of a radiating mass of larval cases on a common receptacle at the end of a twig at the base of a leaf petiole. Each larval case is surmounted by a glossy white substance resembling glass wool, and which by combination with that of adjoining cases forms a complete, globular and more or less compact woolly ball. As the galls increase in size and approach maturity, the larval cases lengthen from their distal end and push the woolly substance out into point-like protuberances. The galls turn brown when maturing. They may also be found along the side of a twig, in one case the receptacle being formed on a developing bud. The eggs of this cynipid are probably deposited within a bud. The galls are large and conspicuous, flower-like at times and bitter to the taste. There are commonly two receptacles, side by side, in the place of the two apical buds of the twig. 

  The young larval cases are seedlike and measure about three millimetres; they taper at the distal end and each bears a tuft of woolly substance. In the mature galls each case has become elongated into fleshy spokes, green and herbaceous, which measure about thirteen mm. in length, about half of which is the elongated distal end. 

  The adults issue through large holes at one side of the distal extremity of the larval case (the basal, swollen, seed- like portion of it) and tunnel their way through the surrounding substance to the open air, leaving for the time being a small shotlike hole; these soon close up owing to the nature of the gall substance. The adults emerge for a period of at least two weeks. The gall also occurs at Cumberland, Maryland. 

  Parasites are numerous; a golden-haired Eurytomid was reared from the Virginia specimens. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13762219#page/224/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus foliaformis, n. sp.

  Gall. Small wart-like projections thrown out from the mid-rib on the under side of the leaves from which there grows a leafy expanse that extends on all sides like the corolla of a rotate flower. (Fig. 1.) 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885305#page/378/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus foliaformis

  Small, wartlike midrib galls on the under surface of the leaves and with corollalike processes apically, on Q. alba.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16214565#page/36/mode/1up
description:
  This species was described in 1888 from a single specimen from a gall on a leaf of Q. alba in Michigan. The holotype and gall were not found. No gall like the published figure has since been found on this host. However, Anclricus foliosus Weld was described from a similar gall on Q. hicolor at Evanston, IL. Comparison of these adults with the original description of foliaformis leads to the conclusion that foliosus is a synonym of foliaformis (new synonym). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610734#page/344/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus foliosus, new species

  Host. — Quercus bicolor and macrocarpa. 

  Gall (fig. 17). — A fleshy green enlargement of the midrib or one of lateral veins usually on basal third of leaf blade, usually only one on a leaf. "When seen from below there is a bend in midrib at this point and a small depressed spot. On upper side of leaf it shows a rosette of leaf-like rudiments hiding the gall; on the lower a smaller rosette on the concave side of the bond. The gall contains 1-6 larval cavities and the larva is much elongated like those in rose galls. The young galls begin to show about the middle of May when the young leaves are not one-third grown. 

  Habitat. — The type locality is a tree of Q. bicolor four miles west of Evanston, IL., out Emerson Street. Here the galls were observed year after year for several years. Galls collected June G, 1909, gave flies in numbers June 29 and in early July. In 1912 adults emerged June 20-28. In 1913 they emerged on June 26. In 1916 the flies were mostly out by June 28 and galls beginning to dry up. In 1917 they contained pupae on June 2-1. The paratype locality is a tree of Q. macrocarpa in Winnetka. IL. Miss Howe found galls at Ithaca and Geneva (see thesis) and the writer has seen them at Medina, N. Y.. as well as at Evanston and Moline, IL., on Q. macrocarpa. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505977#page/196/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus foliosus

  Slight local thickening of midrib on leaf of Q. bicolor with a rosette of leafy bracts both above and below. Green, fleshy, containing 1-6 cells, only one on a leaf, usually on the basal third, first appearing in May when the leaves are about one-third grown. Adults emerge in late June. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505977#page/196/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis flavipes

  Smooth fusiform swelling along midrib of Q. macrocarpa in spring. Green, fleshy, polythalamous, the adults emerging about June 20. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/302/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis unica, new species

  Host. — Quercus stellata. 

  Gall (fig. 9).- — Spherical, 5-7 mm. in diameter, white, smooth, single, always on under side of leaf saddled on a vein so that when detached a depression (containing pedicel) and groove is left on the gall. Occurs in fall. Monothalamous. A section through a fresh gall shows a white fleshy interior containing a distinct but not free larval cell, a tinge of red or brown just under the outer layer. 

  Habitat. — The type material was collected at Ironton, Mo., in October, 1917, and adults emerged (in out-of-door cage near Chicago) on May 15, 1918. The writer saw galls at Poplar Bluff also, and at Hoxie, Little Rock, Hot Springs, and Texarkana, Ark; Palestine. Trinity, Cuero, Poerne, Austin, College Station, and Arlington, Tex.: and at Green Cove Springs, Fla. What seems to be the same gall occurs on Q. margaretta and lyrata also. The Pergande collection contained a gall from Virginia and a fly which emerged April 16, 1883, determined as this species. 


description:
  Larvae and adults of the host midge on Galium circaezans (Rubiaceae) were preserved and identified as a possible new species of Neolasioptera. The previously undocumented gall (Figure 2 [see paper for photo]) is a fusiform, sometimes curved stem swelling, 6–9 mm long, typically containing 2–5 larvae (M.W. Palmer, in litt.). Pupation takes place within the gall. The reared adult midges emerged in early spring from galls collected in October. 

  [The platygastrid parasitoid Metanopedias eupatorii was reared from this gall]


description:
  N. erigerontis [induces] a large, more or less soft, pithy gall near the base of or midway up the stem [of  Erigeron canadensis. The gall] appears in summer and is variable in size but usually many centimeters long and twice the normal diameter of the stem; it is polythalamous and can contain as many as 50 larvae. ,,, Adults ... emerge ... in both summer and spring.


  [Here is the full text of the comparison between Neolasioptera eregeroni and N erigerontis from which the briefer quote above was taken]
  Larva in stem swellings, either rough and usually to one side of stem or smooth, tapered.
  Two different kinds of stem galls occur on this host [Conyza canadensis]: a large, more or less soft, pithy gall near the base of or midway up the stem and a smaller, harder gall on branches of the inflorescence. The first kind appears in summer and is variable in size but usually many centimeters long and twice the normal diameter of the stem; it is polythalamous and can contain as many as 50 larvae. The other appears much later, in fall, is monothalamous and usually about 10 mm long by 5 mm in diameter. Adults from at least the large galls emerge from the hosts in both summer and spring. Larvae from the two kinds of gall show a few minor differences, but adults have not been reared from the inflorescence gall. If the two galls are shown to be made by two separate species, Brodie's name, N eregeroni, would be availble for the inflorescnce gall. Brodie wrote that some larvae escaped from the galls, which is not known in Neolasioptera, but the adults he reared do belong to Neolasioptera. 

  Host: Conyza canadensis

  Disrt: MA to Ontario, south to MD, and NE and CA


description:
  Neolasioptera erigerontis Felt

  No adult midges emerged from the Conyza canadensis (Asteraceae) galls, which were rough, brown swellings to one side of the stem [no photo appears in the paper]. Based on Gagné (1989), the gall inducer was likely Neolasioptera erigerontis Felt, which pupates within the gall. M.W. Palmer’s rearing notes record orange and white larvae exiting the stems, however. This suggests that inquilines were present, and leaves some doubt as to which larvae served as the host for the platygastrids [Metanopedias eupatorii, a parasitoid reared from this gall].


description:
  Dasineura parthenocissi

  [The platygastrid parasitoids Platygaster munita and Trichacis virginiana were reared from galls induced by Dasineura parthenocissi on Parthenocissus quinquefolia.]

  From the 69 midge larvae that emerged from the galls and burrowed between the collection date and 30 June 2016, 14 adults of Dasineura parthenocissi emerged from 26 April to 1 May 2017, in addition to the seven of Trichacis virginiensis that had emerged two weeks earlier.

  [A photo of this gall is included in the paper]


description:
  Lasiopteridi on Tephrosia virginiana. The host midge causes leaflets of Tephrosia virginiana (Fabaceae) to fold in half longitudinally, and the white larva feeds within a slight swelling along the midrib (Figure 6 [see paper for image of the gall]). This gall has not been documented previously and no adults have been reared, but similar galls on other genera of Fabaceae are caused by various Dasineura spp. (Gagné 1989). Although both larvae from the 2016 collection of these galls produced adults of Platygaster tephrosiae, CSE preserved four larvae from the same gall type in July 2014. These were identified by R.J. Gagné as an undetermined Lasiopteridi.


description:
  ?Putoniella sp. on Vaccinium angustifolium

  The host midge causes a downward marginal fold in leaves of Vaccinium angustifolium (Ericaceae), in which the orange larva feeds (Figure 8 [see paper for photo]). This gall is previously undocumented and adults have not been reared, but two larvae that died before they could be transferred to soil were preserved. Among known cecidomyiid larvae, these appeared closest to those of Putoniella, but adults will be needed to confirm this placement. CSE has found similar galls on V. corymbosum L., but they seem to be uncommon on both hosts.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/20250#page/298/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus texanus sp. nov.

  Gall.--In clusters, closely packed together, on the under side of the leaves of post oak (Quercus minor [stellata]). Monothalamous. Hard, woody, subcylindrical, wedge-shaped or subtriangular, sometimes more or less flattened, pointed basally at the place of attachment to the leaf. Each individual gall is densely covered with short, coarse, whitish, wool-like fibers. They are closely packed together on the leaf and have the appearance of being one large gall, but each gall may be readily separated and detached. When old the fibers turn brown and the galls drop to the ground.

  Habitat: TX


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635510#page/116/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus texanus

  Galls attached to leaves and covered with woolly fibers
  Small, seedlike cells in groups and covered by wool

  Monothalamous, clustered, hard, woody, subcylindrical, wedge-shaped or subtriangular leaf galls, each densely covered with short, coarse, whitish woolly fibers, the cluster appearing as one large gall, on Q minor [stellata].


description:
  A distinct but similar gall is induced by [Callirhytis tubicola](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/570). Andricus texanus was made a junior synonym of Callirhytis tubicola in the 1951 Krombein catalogue, and has not been treated separately by any subsequent literature. However, recent examination of the wasps by [Miles Zhang](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/30756251#activity_comment_c4206cdb-ba88-4ac7-8acb-5cd3c7e67029) suggests that this synonymy should be reversed. Pending formal publication of that change, Andricus texanus remains a junior synonym of C tubicola.

  The galls also differ in known range. Andricus texanus has only been reported in Texas, while Callirhytis tubicola is only known from Washington DC and South Carolina. 


description:
  A small, spindle-shaped swelling of a minor lateral vein on Quercus stellata, containing a single cecidomyiid larva occupying the full space of the gall. Resembles larvae of genus Polystepha in some ways but would be the first record of that genus on a white-group oak. Observed in Texas in October. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1632548
description:
  Irregular, lobate, woolly masses, apparently arising from lateral buds and frequently confluent, the individual galls with a diatmeter of about 4 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1632548
description:
  Subconical, thin-walled, obliquely-set, brownish or reddish leaf galls with a length of 1.5 mm, and a diameter of 0.5 mm.


description:
  Neolasioptera spp.

  Swellings are usually found on thin, more apical branches, are 10-25 mm long, and usually have a single larva in a tunnel along the plant's main axis. Larvae overwinter in the galls, and adults emerge in late spring. Three species have been described from such galls, although these have not yet been critically examined and may actually be one species. Such galls have been found from New England and Ontario to North Carolina and Missouri on many more asters than listed for the three species below.

  Neolasioptera albitarsis Host Aster [Symphyotrichum] cordifolius Distr. NY

  Neolasioptera punicei Host Aster [Symphyotrichum] puniceus Distr. Ontario

  Neolasioptera ramuscula Host Aster [Symphyotrichum] dumosus, patens Distr. NC


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8889187
description:
  Galls at bases of aerial shoots and young rhizomal branches (likely on buds on these tissues); both monothalamous and polythalamous; individual galls more or less globular; creamy white, sometimes with violet colored areas.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8184701
description:
  An oval, thin-walled, pubescent cell, length about 1 mm, attached to underside of leaf and at an oblique or nearly vertical angle. Gall grayish on A. heterophylla (=A. douglasiana) to nearly black on A. tridentata. Galls on flower buds similar but thinner walled.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27870658
description:
  Deformed flower head, about 10mm long and 5-6 mm wide, covered by enlarge bracts that are smooth and reddish to yellowish outwardly, covered in white hair on inner side.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36665046
description:
  Subglobular, grayish, woolly, ranging in diameter from 0.7 to 1.5 cm. Each is composed of a number of hard, thin-walled, narrowly oval cells thickly covered with cottony matter and surrounded with small bracts, the latter also thickly clothed with white down.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/296/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis occultata, new species

  Host: Quercus lobata

  Gall. — A seed-like, thin-walled cell produced inside the winter buds and usually completely hidden by the bud scales. It is 2.5-3 mm. long, slightly flattened, with a sort of scar at the blunt-pointed apex, light colored with surface slightly veined. Usually only one in a bud and excentrically placed, not injuring the growing point. If two are present the bud is usually visibly deformed. The exit hole 0.8 mm. in diameter is made in the side of bud through the bud scales. Wall 0.1 mm. thick. 

  Habitat. — Type locality Cottonwood, Shasta County, Calif. On December 7 at the writer's request A. W. Gambs collected small branches of the ''river bottom" oak bearing twig galls of Disholcaspis eldoradensis Beutenmueller but the adults had all emerged. In this box of material small gall-makers were found to be emerging on January 6 and an examination disclosed these bud galls. Others emerged January 16, 20, 21, 22 and several were cut out of the galls in dissected buds. The writer has collected old buds of this oak in summer showing this characteristic exit hole at Newhall, Ojai. Santa Margarita, Paso Robles, Los Gatos, Palo Alto, St. Helena, Lakeport, Chico and Red Bluff, Calif. Similar exit holes have been noted in old buds of Q. douglasii, dumosa., durata, and garryana but no adults were reared from these hosts. 


description:
  Tapered swellings on the twig ends of Frangula californica. The galls are thin-walled, and contain frass, indicating it may be induced by a sawfly, moth or beetle. Observed in California in October. A cross-sectioned gall in California revealed a <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/119194826">moth caterpillar</a>. In addition, <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/232637427">a Cosmopterigid moth</a> was reared from a very similar terminal stem gall on F. purshiana in Oregon. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35015492
description:
  An apical loose bud gall, 2-2.5 cm in diameter and 3-3.5 cm long, the component leaflets rather loose with overall appearence similar to pine cone gall on willow. Elongate central cell containing the larva.


description:
  Globose, variable, monothalamous or polythalamous leaf, bud or rosette galls or a bladdery gall arising from the leaf, pubescence variable, dimensions 3-15 mm. On Artemisia tridentata. 


description:
  Asteromyia ... grindeliae. 
  USA (California, Minnesota, Texas, Maryland). Grindelia robusta; Grindelia spp. (Asteraceae).


description:
  A large, globular, hairless or nearly-hairless, detachable, pink gall on a leaf of Quercus john-tuckeri. The gall occupies enough of the distal end of the leaf that it is not clear whether it attaches to the midrib, side vein, or lamina. The gall came to a puckered apex with loose pieces of tissue reminiscent of sepals on a fruit. Observed in California in September.

  [According to Joyce Gross](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/100122588#activity_comment_49847d8c-b08c-4349-8144-bcc07158981b), this is an inquiline-modified gall, likely induced by [Cynips douglasii](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1607) or possibly an undescribed relative.

  Cf Russo's [pink-cone gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1988) on Quercus cornelius-mulleri.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35015489
description:
  A small, clustered, rosette deformity arising from the closely set buds, the tip of the twig apparently becoming stunted as a result. The individual galls are about 2cm long, 1 cm in diatmeter and composed of numerous closely set, aborted leaves, the central ones somewhat longer than the others and variously curled.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35015489
description:
  Rhabdophaga rileyana

  Reared from a crumpled soft maple leaf having a portion badly folded, the folds being very irregular, thickened and somewhat shriveled.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/81621#page/123/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus mamma [new species proposed but not thoroughly described]

  [footnote]

  See Proc Ent Soc Phil III, p 639, note. The gall resembling the oak-bullet gall (Q globulus Fitch) which is there mentioned as occurring on Burr oak, has been since ascertained by us to be produced by a distinct species of Gall-fly from that which produces the oak-bullet gall. The gall itself has the same very remarkable internal structure, but differs externally in being somewhat rougher and in usually having a little nipple at its tip, whence we may call it the oak-nipple gall (Q mamma). The fly, like that of the oak-bullet gall, occurs only in the female sex. Thirty-eight specimens, all females, came out from galls of the same year's growth Oct 22 to Nov 7. It may be called Cynips q. mamma, as it is an undescribed species.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23810#page/659/mode/1up
description:
  It is a suggestive, and certainly not a merely fortuitous fact, that those Gall-flies which inhabit promiscuously several species of Oak, confine themselves to one or the other Section or Subgenus: eg Cynips q. globulus Fitch, occurs on Q. alba and Q. montana, and also, unless I have been deceived by the similarity of the gall, on Q. macrocarpa, all three of them belonging to the first section or subgenus.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32322#page/72/mode/1up
description:
  Holcaspis duricoria, n. sp.

  Galls. — Globular, but less regularly so than H. globulus Fitch; sessile and subclasping on the young branches of Q. bicolor. The flattened base and the cone-like form of many of these galls remind one of the [Minnie rifle ball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball). They are often so crowded that they become strangely misshapen; the surface is finely pulverulent, and when dry it is very hard. This suggested the trivial name. Internally the substance is similar to, but much harder than that of H. globulus. The larval cell is free in a small, irregular cavity; the galls average one-half inch in diameter, and the oval larval cell is one-eighth by three-sixteenths inches. 

  They are sometimes found in countless numbers on a single tree and for a single season, and then nearly or quite disappear. A few galls of this species appeared several years ago on a large and thrifty oak (Q. bicolor). which is growing in the yard of one of my neighbors. The next year the tree was covered with them; there were bushels of them, but the year following there were few, if any, new galls, but this year they have appeared again in considerable numbers. In this instance, and a few others, I have noticed that the tree seemed to be quite seriously injured by them. It is well known that this species has a large number of parasitic enemies, else it might prove very destructive to this species of oak. It has other foes besides insect parasites. 

  This is an agamous species, and I flattered myself that the tree in my neighbor's yard would give me an excellent opportunity to study the habits of these female flies as they left the galls, which they do in October and November. 

  I went day after day to look for them, but found only now and then one on the palings of the fence enclosing the yard. At length I discovered that several English sparrows and other small birds of different species had taken possession of the tree and were devouring the insects as fast as they appeared. I saw a species of creeper peer into a cluster of galls and seize a fly before it was out of the gall. Of course my effort amounted to nothing, and the mystery around the second generation remains, so far as I know, still unsolved. 

  That birds peck open galls of various species for the larvae they contain is well known to every entomologist. 

  Though this species has long borne the above name, given by me as a manuscript designation, it has not till now been published. Intending at the time to publish immediately, I sent specimens to several entomologists in this country and Europe; also sent photographs to some of my friends. I had at the time a full description of the gall and fly written, but while holding it to send with other matter for publication a brief notice of a similar gall found in the West appeared in the first volume of the " American Entomologist." Dr. Walsh, who wrote the paper, did not describe the species fully, but said that it was found on the Burr oak, and that it differed in several particulars from C. globulus Harris. His brief description led me to think that his and mine might be identical, even though they grew on different species of oak, and I determined to withhold mine till I could settle the question. The death of Dr. Walsh not very long after, and later still the destruction of his collections in the great Chicago fire, has made the settlement of the question difficult, if not impossible. If at any time their identity is established his published name has priority, and I yield to the rule in such cases most cheerfully. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32802#page/18/mode/1up
description:
  Liodora apiarium, new species 

  Host: Quercus alba

  Gall. Solitary, sessile, on underside of leaf close to edge in October, shaped like an old-fashioned straw beehive, white or pinkish, measuring up to 4.6 mm broad by 4.0 mm high. Inside is a large cavity with a transverse larval cell at very base. During the winter on the ground the outer fleshy layer shrivels and the gall becomes more cylindrical. Not common. 

  Habitat. — The type is from a series of 16 that were found alive in out-of-door breeding cage on March 7, 1942, from galls collected at East Falls Church, Va., in October 1940. In galls collected at Vienna, Va., in October 1938 living adults were found the next October and one emerged on February 12, 1940, and others had emerged and died in the cage by April 15. Galls have been seen at Bluemont and Rosslyn, Va., Cabin John, Md., and Washington, D. C. 


description:
  ...has been reared from spherical (bullet) galls from *Helianthus* sp. (Felt 1965) and *H. tuberosus* at Blackjack, MO.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27823#page/321/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips dimorphus, sp. nov.

   Gall.— In masses on the basal part of the midrib or petiole on the underside of leaves of burr oak (Quercus macrocarpa), dwarf chestnut oak (Q . prinoides), white oak (Q. alba) and other trees belonging to the white oak group. They occur in rounded masses from a few to about thirty in each cluster. They are closely packed together, but each gall is separate and easily detachable. They are fastened to the leaf by a point, rounded on top and but slightly pressed out of shape, except basally. Monothalamous, almost globular, pointed basally, with the surface roughened, greenish, and more or less tinged with pink when fresh. Grayish when old and very hard. Hollow inside with a single round larval chamber. The individual gall measures from 2.50-3 mm. in diameter. The masses are from 6-15 mm. long and almost as wide. 

  Habitat. — Evanston, Illinois, collected by Lewis H. Weld. The galls occur from the latter part of August until late in October, or into November, when they become mature and detached from the leaf. The flies emerge during the spring the following year. I have found the galls of this species on Quercus alba and Q. prinoides on Long Island, New York, and in New Jersey, but never succeeded in obtaining the flies. The four females described above were cut from galls by Mr. Lewis H. Weld, May 11, 1911. Mr. Weld's galls were taken on Quercus macrocarpa late in August the preceding year. The name for this species was proposed by the late Dr. W. H. Ashmead for specimens in his collection, but which he never described. Prof. C. P. Gillette recorded C. dimorphus from Michigan taken on the leaves of Quercus prinus, Q. macrocarpa and O. bicolor (Rep. Mich. Bd. Agricul., 1888, p. 469). Ashmead's specimens were collected in Florida.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27823#page/319/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus montezumus sp. nov.

  Gall. — On the twig of a species of live oak {Ouercus sp.). Polythalamous. Composed of a number of irregularly rounded bodies, tightly grown together and forming a solid mass. The outer surface is leather-brown, rugose with a number of fissures and cracks indicating the individual galls. Inside it is light wood-brown and exceedingly hard, almost like solid oak wood, making it difficult to cut with a knife. Length, 55 mm.; width, 35 mm. 

  Habitat. — Mountains in Mexico, altitude 5000 feet. 

  This species has been in my collection for some years past, and I do not remember from whom I obtained it, and the exact locality from whence it came. All I know is that it was collected in the mountains somewhere in Mexico. A similar kind of gall was sent to me by Mr. Lewis H. Weld, who collected the specimen at Lake Chapala, Jalisca, Mexico, from the mountains at the west end of the lake, above San Pedrito, in the summer of 1910. The male is not known. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27823#page/320/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus fullawayi sp. nov.

   Gall.— In a mass from a few to twenty or more covered with brownish or reddish-brown wool on the underside of leaves of white oak (Quercus lobata). Monothalamous. The individual gall is thin shelled and oval, light brown with the surface finely granulated. The galls stand upright on the leaf and are close together. The individual gall is 2 mm. high and 1 to 1.5 mm. wide. 

  Habitat. — Palo Alto, California. 

  The gall very much resembles those of Andricus langerus and Dryophanta ignota. It is the same species which Mr. David T. Fullaway referred to Andricus flocci (Ann. Ent,. Soc. Am., vol. iv, 1911, p. 352), but it is not this species. The seed-like galls of flocci are different as well as the flies. The male of fullawayi is not known. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30313791#page/169/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus pacificus sp. nov.

  Neuroterus batatus [partial synonym for galls in California on Quercus lobata]

  The species described by David T. Fullaway as Neuroterus batatus Fitch from California on Quercus lobata is not this species and I propose for it the name Neuroterus pacificus. Dr. Isabel McCracken kindly sent me some of Fullaway's material as well as some collected by herself and Miss Dorothy B. Egbert. The galls occur on Quercus lobata, Q. kelloggi and Q. douglasi. The species is double brooded and the early summer galls are on the under sides of the leaves and the late summer galls are hard, woody swellings on the terminal twigs, containing numerous long, oval larval cells imbedded in the soft spongy interior of the gall. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/104098#page/64/mode/1up
description:
  Cynipidae [tentatively taken to be A cookii]

  Quercus rubra, coccinea. MA. Sept-Oct. Soft, inanis center; purple-brown. Some are keeled on twigs 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/285/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips dugesi variety dugesi
  agamic form

  Dryophanta dugesi
  Diplolepis dugesi

  GALL. — As described for the species, galls thus far collected being rather small (up to 15.0 mm. in diameter), with dull surfaces; on leaves of Quercus mexicana and other white oaks. 

  RANGE. — Mexico: San Luis Potosi (Ed. Palmer, in M. C. Z. and Kinsey coll.). Mts. of Guana juanto (Duges in U.S.N.M.). Probably confined to an area in more central Mexico. Figure 44. 

  Mayr gave Q. mexicana as the host of the type material, and his illustration more nearly matches mexicana than the black oak, hypoleuca, to which Beutenmiiller referred it. My specimens were on an oak more closely related to Q. oblongi- folia (which it is not). If Mayr’s host reference is correct, then mexicana is a white oak arid not a black oak as Trelease lists it (Nat. Acad. Sci. Mem. 20 :173) . 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/286/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips dugesi variety brevipennata
  agamic form

  Holcaspis brevipennata
  Disholcaspis brevipennata
  Andricus pellucidus
  Diplolepis brevipennata
  Cynips dugesi var A Kinsey

  GALL. — As described for the species. Apparently not to be distinguished from other varieties of dugesi unless averaging smaller (types up to 15.0 mm. in diameter), with a thinner and more translucent shell. On leaves of the several forms of Quercus Gambelii (= Q. undulata Gillette, not recent authors), Q. fendleri (acc. Weld), and Q. grisea (acc. Weld). Figure 262. 

  RANGE. — Colorado: Manitou (Gillette; brevipennata types). Colorado Springs (Carpenter, pellucidus types). Trinidad and Morley (acc. Weld 1922). Wetmore, West Cliff, La Yeta, and Spanish Peaks (acc. Weld 1926). New Mexico: Raton, Wagon Mound, Shoemaker, Glorieta, and Tijeras (acc. Weld 1926). Las Vegas Hot Springs (acc. Weld 1922, inch Kinsey coll.). 28 miles east of Raton (C. Schwachheim in Kinsey coll.). Probably confined to a limited area in the mountain region of southern Colorado and more northern New Mexico. Figure 44. 

  INQUILINES . — Synergus similis Gillette (acc. Gillette 1896). S. atripes Gillette (acc. Gillette 1896). S. oneratus (Harris) (acc. Dalla Torre and Kieffer 1910). 

  Weld found both pupae and adults in galls collected at Manitou as early as October 4 (in 1921), and adults in the galls “ready to emerge” [?] at Wetmore on October 6. Gillette cut live and active females from the galls of the type material on October 31. Weld cut a live adult out of a gall on November 9 (1917); and specimens in the U. S. National Museum (Hopkins coll.) were bred October 31, November 15, November 20 (1918) and January 10. I have seven adults from east of Raton which were bred on November 20 (1927).

  I agree with Weld that my pellucidus is the same as Gillette’s brevipennata. The two insects came from probably identical localities, the Garden of the Gods, midway between Manitou and Colorado Springs. A direct comparison of types shows them to agree, even tho brevipennata has always figured in the genus Disholcaspis where it should never have been placed, while I placed pellucidus in the meaningless assemblage called Andricus pending the present revision of Cynips. My 1920 description of pellucidus contained numerous inaccuracies which must give way to the present re-descriptions of the insects. 

  Considering our present difficulty in separating galls of the species bella and dugesi, much less of the several varieties of each species, records for brevipennata based on galls alone are of little value. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/288/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips dugesi variety pupoides, new variety
  agamic form

  Cynips dugesi var. B Kinsey

  GALL. — As described for the species. Apparently not to be distinguished from other varieties of dugesi nor from Cynips bella congesta which occurs in the same region. On leaves of Quercus grisea. 

  RANGE. — Texas: Alpine and Fort Davis (Kinsey coll.) . Probably confined to the mountain ranges of West Texas (and adjacent New Mexico and Mexico?). Figure 44. 

  Insects were still emerging from the galls at Alpine, Texas, on December 14 (in 1919), and two days later at Fort Davis; but most of the emergence had occurred before that date. The two short-winged varieties of dugesi, namely pupoides and brevipennata , differ in head and thoracic color, in the angle of the parapsidal grooves at the scutellum, and in details of other structural characters. Pupoides is distinctly smaller than brevipennata. The two insects nearly agree in wing length and in several points of venation; and since they approach each other in their geographic location we may consider that they represent a distinct line of evolution from dugesi and its more typical varieties. The cynipid fauna of the mountains of West Texas is usually distinct from that of New Mexico and Arizona. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/293/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips bella variety bella
  agamic form

  Cynips bella
  Dryophanta bella
  Andricus bella
  Holcaspis maculipennis
  Diplolepis bella
  Disholcaspis maculipennis
  Cynips maculipennis
  Dryophanta maculipennis

  GALL. — As described for the species, apparently indistinguishable from the galls of other varieties of this species and of Cynips dugesi. On Quercus grisea, Q. undulata, Q. undulata var. pungens ( = Q. wrightii) , Q. Gambelii, Q. Toumeyi (acc. Weld), Q. oblongifolia, Q. arizonica, Q. diversicolor (acc. Weld; =Q. reticulata), and probably related oaks. Figure 263. 

  RANGE. — New Mexico: Magdalena ( Q . grisea, Weld inch Kinsey coll.). Blue Canyon near Socorro, Abo Pass (in Sandia Mts.?), Nogal Canyon, Burro Mountains, Fierro, and Tijeras (galls, acc. Weld 1926). Near Alamogordo at 7000 ft. ( Q . arizonica, also galls on Q. undulata, Kinsey coll.). Highrolls (galls, Q. undulata, Kinsey coll.). Mountain Park (galls, Q. undulata var., L. H. Bridewell in Kinsey coll.). Hills- boro ( Q . grisea, Kinsey coll.). Kingston (galls, Q. grisea and Q. Gam- belii, Kinsey coll.). Organ Mountains (R. R. Larkin, Q. Wrightii; maculipennis types). Soledad Canyon in Organ Mountains ( Q . arizonica, L. H. Bridewell in Kinsey coll.). Arizona: Prescott ( Q . grisea, Kinsey coll.). Safford, Oracle, Courtland, Fort Huachuca, and Bisbee (galls, Q. arizonica, Kinsey coll.). Tucson (= Santa Catalina Mountains? Cox coll., bella types). Sabino Trail in Santa Catalina Mountains and Santa Rita Mountains ( Q . ob- longifolia, Q. arizonica, Kinsey coll.). Tumacacori Mountains, Patagonia Mountains, Chiricahua Mountains, Mule Mountains, and Nogales (galls, acc. Weld 1926). Probably confined to the desert mountain ranges of more southern New Mexico and Arizona (and adjacent Mexico?). Figure 45. 

  This is the most widespread variety of the species. The oak-inhabited mountain ranges of this part of the Southwest are isolated by broad deserts, but the available insect material does not show variation enough (unless in the size of the areolet) to warrant a distinction of varieties in this whole area. Weld, however, records galls from Hackberry, Ashfork, and Williams in Arizona, and these more northern localities may represent some other, as yet undescribed variety if the distribution of this insect agrees with that of most of the other Cynipidae of Arizona. The material from the Apache Trail country of Arizona represents a distinct variety, vanescens. 

  It is surprising to find so many oaks serving as hosts of this one variety, but as far as I can determine they do not effect the isolation of distinct varieties. In this respect bella parallels Cynips dugesi simulatrix. 

  Weld found nearly full-grown galls in southern Arizona (Huachuca Mts.) as early as July 9, and I have fully grown galls dated August 16 and 22. Weld found pupae in galls at Hackberry (representing another variety?) on October 6. He found mature adults emerging from the galls as early as November 1 (1921), and sent me a wasp which was alive for almost three months (until nearly the end of January) after thus coming out of the gall. There were a few live adults left in the galls I collected in New Mexico at Alamogordo on December 21, and at Hillsboro on December 26 (1919), and in Arizona in the Santa Catalina Mts. on January 1 (1920); and these insects emerged soon after collecting. Last winter (1927-28 I had adults emerge from Organ Mountain material on January 2. Weld secured one lot of galls at Tijeras, New Mexico, which were only scantily parasitized, but records only 6 gall makers left in 65 galls collected in the Chiricahuas, and one in fifty in Santa Rita specimens. In my own experience I have never found very high parasitism in this species, tho it might well be expected locally.

  I have examined the types of both bella and maculipennis, and checked them with series representing the wide range and hosts of the present insect. I had already concluded that the two names were synonyms when Weld published the same opinion. The types of bella and of maculipennis were collected at points 270 miles apart but well within the limits of the range of the present insect. The hosts of the types were not the same, but both are represented in our recent collections. As we now understand it, the only insect of the region with which bella can be confused is Cynips dugesi simulatrix, but altho the galls of these two are absolutely indistinguishable, the insects are abundantly distinct. 

  Cynips bella variety vanescens, new variety
  agamic form

  GALL. — As described for the species, apparently indistinguishable from the galls of the other varieties of bella and probably from an as yet undescribed variety of dugesi that may occur in the same region. On leaves of Quercus grisea.

  RANGE. — Arizona: Globe (Kinsey coll.). Apache Trail at Fish Creek Probably restricted to a limited area that lies east of Phoenix in Arizona. Figure 45.

  Most of the insects of this variety had emerged at Globe, Arizona, before January 20 (in 1920), but the type female emerged after that. It is never good practice to publish a new species on the basis of a lone specimen, but it is perhaps permissible when the new form is clearly differentiated from a group of related things whose variation, range, and host relations we already understand.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/297/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips (Atrusca) cava
  agamic form

  Diplolepis cava

  GALL. — A large, gourd-shaped leaf gall with a spherical body, with fine, dense fibers supporting the central larval cell. Monothalamous. Most of the gall strictly spherical, up to 22.0 mm. in diameter, drawn out into a short, rather stout, more or less cylindrical base which may be as much as 3.0 mm. in length and 3.0 mm. in diameter; the surface essentially smooth but not very shining, microscopically shagreened; young galls light yellow with a rose tinge; older galls becoming light russet brown, unspotted; the outer shell rather thin but hard and brittle when dry. Internally filled with silky, moderately dense (but not packed), branching fibers which hold the larval cell centrally; some short, incomplete fibers also on the inner wall of the outer shell and on the larval cell; the cell up to 3.5 mm. in diameter. Attached by a fine point at the bottom of the drawn-out base; on the upper or ('more often) the under surfaces of leaves of Quercus breviloba and its form laceyi. Figures 260-261. 

  RANGE. — Texas: Austin (type, Weld coll.; also Patterson in Kin- sey coll.). Round Rock and Leander (Kinsey coll.). Boerne and Kerr- ville (acc. Weld 1926). , Probably restricted to a limited area in Texas, extending mostly west from Austin. Figure 46. 

  This gall closely resembles the galls of the related species bella and dugesi, but differs in having a drawn-out, blunt base. Patterson found young galls as early as June 7 (in 1921). The galls develop thru the summer and fall, the adults maturing and chewing out of the larval cells sometime before emergence from the outer walls of the galls. On November 10 and 20 Weld found pupae which transformed on November 26 and later. He found adults among the radiating fibers in the galls by December 4. Patterson found live adults in this condition on November 25 (in 1921). By early De- cember most of the galls have fallen from the trees, in many cases still attached to the dead leaves, and some of the adults begin emerging then, altho my collections made on December 6 and 8 (in 1919) still contained many adults which did not emerge until later. 

  Several of the cynipid species which occur just northwest of Austin are confined to the Texan post oak, Quercus breviloba, and it is possible that we will not find cava on any other host. 

  The insect is close to Cynips bella and dugesi. Cava might be considered a variety of dugesi , but its median depression on the scutellum, its nearly unspotted wings, and more particularly its distinctive gall leads to my conclusion that it is a distinct species. Cynips cava and Cynips dugesi are the only insects in this genus which have shortened wings in which the reduction is less than forty per cent of the wing length normal for the subgenus. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/299/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips (Atrusca) centricola
  agamic forms

  GALL. — A large, spherical, spotted or unspotted, thin-shelled leaf gall with rather sparse, radiating fibers. Monothalamous. Strictly spherical except where flattened a bit at the point of attachment; ivory to apricot or more pinkish in color, some galls well covered with purplish spots; smooth and often shining, only very microscopically roughened, young galls with a microscopic, stellate pubescence; up to 26.0 mm., averaging under 20.0 mm. in diameter. Internally hollow except for the thick-walled larval cell which is up to 4.0 mm. in length, for the relatively few, silky, radiating, branched fibers that hold the larval cell in position, and for a few shorter, incomplete, branched fibers also located on the inner wall and on the larval cell. Attached by a minute point to a vein; usually on the under surface of a leaf, on Quercus stellata. Figure 197. 

  RANGE. — Known from New York to Florida, Missouri, and Texas; probably not extending much further than this. Figures 47, 48. 

  This is the oldest and most commonly known American species of Cynips, but it is poorly represented in most collections. None of the published data, nor most of the collections I have made would indicate that it is ever abundant in any part of its range, but 1 have on several occasions found individual trees bearing more than fifty galls each. These galls are confined to the post oak, Quercus stellata, on the leaves of which they are strikingly beautiful objects. There are four known varieties, centricola from the Coastal Plain and its inland extensions, clivorum from the Southern Appalachians, strians from the Ozark area, and Karsch’s rubrae from Texas. The varieties are separable on only a few insect characters, and on the presence or absence of spots on the galls, and altho typical material from the center of each range is definitely determinable, hybrid material from areas between two of these ranges is not easily analyzed. The slow evolution in this species is in contrast to the more rapid evolution of such a species as Cynips mellea in the same range. 

  The presence or absence of spots on the galls of this species was taken by Osten Sacken, in the original description of the typical variety, to vary with the age of the gall. It is possible that the amount of weathering has something to do with this, but I have unspotted galls of the normally unspotted variety clivorum collected on various date from October 24 to November 16, and spotted galls of the normally spotted varieties rubrae and strians from September 9 to January 21. Only with variety centricola do we regularly find galls of both types, and the data do not seem to show whether hereditary or environmental factors are concerned in this instance. 

  The galls of centricola superficially resemble those of Amphibolips inanis, a black-oak species of the eastern United States; but inanis galls are distinguishable by their host and by their fewer, coarser fibers, and by numerous other points. The galls of centricola even more closely resemble those of the Pacific Coast species, Cynips mirabilis, but the galls of mirabilis have denser fibers inside. Mirabilis and centricola belong to distinct subgenera. Some of the unspotted galls of Cynips centricola clivorum also approach near identity with the galls of Cynips bella and Cynips dugesi.

  Centricola is in several respects distinct from the other species of the subgenus Atrusca, but these differences are not fundamental enough to warrant the establishment of another subgenus for one species. 

  [Kinsey goes on to describe four varieties; see paper for details]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/317/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips (Acraspis) arida, new species
  agamic form

  GALL. — Small, globular, thick-walled leaf gall with the larval cell filling a large part of the interior. Monothalamous, up to 7.0 mm., averaging under 5.0 mm. in diameter. Strictly spherical when fresh, often shrinking irregularly when dried; the gall sometimes drawn out at the point of attachment; the surface of the gall finely, irregularly shagreened, covered with a stellate pubescence when young, the older galls becoming more naked but still with a whitish puberulence; the younger galls probably whitish or pinkish, the older galls rather dark purplish brown. The thin outer shell re-enforced with a rather thick mass of not very hard, crystalline material, the larval cell highly variable in size, often occupying most of the interior of the gall, the wall of the cell without a distinct cell wall; on leaves of Quercus grisea. Figures 290, 291, 333. 

  RANGE. — Texas: Alpine (types); Fort Davis. Probably confined to the mountain ranges of western Texas and adjacent parts of New Mexico; related varieties known to occur in more southern New Mexico and Arizona; probably in Mexico. Figure 57. 

  This is a very common cynipid in western Texas. I have New Mexico and Arizona material that represents at least two other varieties of this species, but none of this material warrants description at this time. 

  A few of the insects had emerged from the galls which I collected in West Texas in the middle of December (1919). Most of the insects emerged soon after collecting. 

  It is largely an academic question whether this insect should be considered a variety of Cynips mellea, a variety of Cynips nubila, or a distinct species showing affinities to both mellea and nubila. In general appearance the insect is more like nubila, the smoky patches on the wing giving it a striking if superficial resemblance to that insect; and in many details of structure it shows more than subgeneric relation to nubila . The galls, on the other hand, are so unlike those of nuhila, and so similar to those of mellea that our first decision was to consider this a Southwestern representative of mellea. There are, however, few cases of specific identities among the Cynipidae of more eastern and more western Texas. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/321/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips mellea variety rydbergiana
  agamic form

  Dryophanta rydbergiana
  Diplolepis rydbergiana
  Cynips mellea var D Kinsey

  GALL. — Finally naked, flesh-colored to light brown, with little solid material; rounded or flattened basally, occurring singly on the leaves of Quercus undulata varieties (Q. fendleri, Q. rydbergiana , etc.). 

  RANGE. — New Mexico: Las Vegas Hot Springs (acc. Cockerell 1903; also acc. Weld 1926). Wagon Mound and Shoemaker (acc. Weld 1926). Figure 51. 

  Probably confined to a southern Rocky Mountain area in southern Colorado and New Mexico, probably not extending south of the Sandia Mountains in New Mexico.

  This is the southern Rocky Mountain variety of mellea. It occurs on at least two and probably several of the other oaks which are hardly more than varieties of Q. undulata. 

  Weld found mature galls in October and obtained emerging adults on December 31 (1921), January 4 and 20, and February 1 and 6 (in 1922, from galls collected in the fall of 1921), most of the emergence occurring at the later dates. From galls collected in the fall of 1922, Weld secured adults on February 16, 1923. Cockerell cut the type female (dead or alive?) out of a gall on March 21. 

  Cockerell and later workers have placed this insect in our present genus (known to them as Dryophanta or Diplolepis), but with the remark that “it does not exactly agree with any described American genus.” Cockerell added that “In Mayr’s table, given by Cresson, it runs to Biorhiza , but it does not belong there. The gall is like that of Amphibolips.” 

  The mesonotum is more shining in rydbergiana than in any other variety of mellea, and this and the nearly simple tarsal claw provide the superficial resemblance to Biorhiza. The gall, as I understand our cynipid genera, does not have the slightest resemblance to an Amphibolips gall. A direct com- parison of rydbergiana with other varieties of mellea, especially with unica and anceps which are its geographically closest relatives, gives convincing proof of the relationships of all these insects. The gall of rydbergiana is quite indistinguishable from the galls of anceps and compta. While recognizing the extreme position of mellea in the subgenus, I have given my reasons, under the subgeneric description, for keeping this species in Acraspis. 

  We owe the recognition of this insect to Weld’s collection of a good series from the type locality. Rydbergiana would otherwise have to pass in this paper as an unrecognizable name, for the type is a broken and immature specimen that as recently as the summer of 1926 did not convince me of its relations. Thru Mr. Weld’s courtesy I have been able to study some of his material and have reached my present conclusions. Altho Cockerell described this insect with 12-segmented antennae, better material shows the 14 segments common to the other varieties of the species. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/323/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips mellea variety unica
  agamic form

  Diplolepis unica
  Cynips mellea var E Kinsey

  GALL. — As described for the species, becoming white and naked when mature; usually rounded or flattened basally; occurring singly or clustered, on the leaves of Quercus stellata. 

  RANGE. — Illinois: America, Olney, and Christopher (Kinsey coll.). Missouri: Ironton (Weld coll., types). Arcadia and 6 miles west of Dexter (Kinsey coll.). St. Louis (gall in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Poplar Bluff (acc. Weld 1926). 10 miles southeast of Springfield (R. Voris in Kinsey coll.). Arkansas: Hoxie (galls, acc. Weld 1926). Kentucky: Dawson Springs (Kinsey coll.). Ohio: Chillicothe (Kinsey coll.). Probably centering in the Ozarks of Missouri and more northern Arkansas, but extending eastward into the hills of southern Illinois, Kentucky, and southeastern Ohio. Figure 51. 

  I found not fully mature galls of unica, which, however, were already dropping from the leaves of the post oaks, in southern Illinois during the second week of October (1927), and in southeastern Missouri and southern Ohio during the last week in October (1926). Live adults were in galls from western Missouri on November 21 (1928) . I have bred adults on December 12, on March 22, during the last week of March, and an April 10. From the galls which Weld collected in Missouri in October, he bred adults at Chicago on May 15, 1918. 

  The distribution data for this variety are typical for an Ozark cynipid. The hills of western Kentucky and southern Illinois, which are geologically of the same origin as the body of the Ozarks in Missouri and northern Arkansas, contain an interesting extension of the Ozark fauna. The Mississippi Valley in this region has a Coastal Plain fauna. Two of my forty insects of this species from Dexter, Missouri, represent unica , the other 38 being the typical Coastal Plain Carolina. Dexter stands at the boundary between the lowlands of the Mississippi and the uplands of southern Missouri. The single insect from my Poplar Bluff collection has an interesting combination of unica, rydbergiana, and compta characters. Weld’s records (1926) for unica in southern Arkansas and in Texas, based on galls only, probably apply to anceps, and his Florida record to variety mellea. I cannot interpret his Virginia record (Pergande collection), but I question the occurrence of unica that far east. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/219/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips teres variety clavuloides, new name
  agamic form

  Dryophanta clavula
  Diplolepis clavula

  GALLS. — Slender, long, up to 8.0 mm. in length, the stalk nearly twice the length of the swollen portion of the gall, the swollen portion slender to broad spindle-shaped, drawn out into a slender point apically; on leaves of Quercus lobata. Figures 142-143. 

  RANGE. — California: Yorkville and Clear Lake (galls, Leach in Kinsey coll.). Kelseyville (P. Schulthess in Kinsey coll.). Sonoma and Napa Counties (types; Koebele coll.). Napa (galls, Leach in Kinsey coll.; also J. C. Bradley acc. Weld 1926). Sacramento (in Mus. Comp. Zook). Chico, Calistoga, Stockton, Kaweah, and Levee (galls, acc. Weld 1926). Concord (C. T. Dobbs in Kinsey coll.). Mt. Diablo (Leach in Kinsey coll.). Palo Alto (Wiltz in Stanf. Univ.). Sierra foothills east of Dinuba, and St. Johns River near Klink (L. H. Powell in Kinsey coll.). Confined perhaps to a narrow area rimming the Central Valleys of California, probably limited to Q. lobata. Figure 28. 

  This distinctive gall is never abundant, but it is usually included in collections made in the autumn on the Valley white oak of the foothills rimming the Central Valleys of California. The young galls begin development in August (acc. Weld), and are fully grown by the middle of September (September 12 in 1921 at Concord). Galls collected as early as October 4 (in 1925 at Kelseyville) had very large larvae in them. Most of the insects 1 have bred have emerged during the first half of January, but the Kelseyville material emerged between January 29 and February 5, 1926. McCracken and Egbert record January emergence for indoor breeding. 

  All of the material I have examined has come from Q. lobata , and if this or a related variety ever occurs on Q. Douglasii it would appear to be rare. In the original description Beutenmiiller’s host record ran “a species of white oak (prob- ably Quercus douglasi).” He corrected this to “Quercus lobata ” in his subsequent treatment of the genus Dryophanta. I do not know the basis of the McCracken and Egbert record for Q. Douglasii. 

  While we may yet find this variety in the Central Valley proper, it is noteworthy that up to date the only records are from the foothills rimming the Valleys from their northern to their southern limits, a peculiarly outlined area that has other insects and plants confined to it. 

  The figure in Kellogg’s American Insects, and galls in my collection taken east of Dinuba, show larger, more swollen apices than any of the galls from other parts of California. The insects from the Dinuba material similarly average larger. 

  Upon transferring this insect to the genus Cynips , Beutenmuller’s name of clavula, being preoccupied, gives way to teres for the species and a new name for the variety. 

  There are galls of this species in the Ashmead collection at the National Museum labelled types of Andricus claviger Ashmead. This is a confusion of material, for the holotype insect of claviger represents a Florida species of an entirely different genus. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/190/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips echinus variety douglasii
  agamic form douglasii

  Holcaspis douglasii
  Dryophanta douglasii
  Holcaspis douglasi
  Diplolepis douglasi
  Disholcaspis douglasii
  Dryophanta douglasi

  GALL. — Squash-shaped, an irregular, truncated cone attached by its smaller end, flaring distally, with 5 to 11 short, spiny projections from the rim of the distal end of the gall; mature galls pale pink, often with a puberulence which makes them more violet in color. On leaves of (usually) Quercus lobata , rarely on Q. Douglasii. Figures 154-159. 

  RANGE. — California: 5 miles north of Upper Lake (galls, Hilde- brand and Schulthess in Kinsey coll.). Konocti Bay in Lake County, and Napa County 12 miles southeast of Middletown (Schulthess and Hildebrand in Kinsey coll.). Inskip and Vina (galls, Leach in Kinsey coll.). Scott Valley in Lake County (gall, P. Schulthess in Kinsey coll.). 7 miles southeast of Kelseyville (Hildebrand in Kinsey coll.). Kelseyville (P. Schulthess in Kinsey coll.). Clear Lake, Napa, and Diablo (Leach in Kinsey coll.). Sonoma County (in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Sacramento (gall, in Kinsey coll.). Marin County (Koebele, types). Walnut Creek (C. T. Dodds in Kinsey coll.). Woodland (gall, L. Ewart in Kinsey coll.). Stanford University (McCracken in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Morgan Hill (gall, G. Reed & Z. Cunningham in Kinsey coll.). San Jose (Patterson acc. Fullaway 1911). Byron, Paso Robles and Three Rivers (Kinsey coll.). El Portal (gall, Silvestri in Kinsey coll.). Klink on St. Johns River, and Dinuba (L. H. Powell in Kinsey coll.). Han- ford (E. 0. Essig in Kinsey coll.). Tulare (0. E. Brown in Kinsey coll.). Probably thruout the Great Valley of California, wherever Q. lobata occurs. Figure 23. 

  The gall of this agamic form is common on the valley white oak, Quercus lobata , thruout the Great Valley of California. The young galls appear late in June (June 28, 1927, near Kelseyville, and July 6 at Diablo in 1922), and many of them are fully grown by the middle of August. Galls collected on September 10 (at Inskip in 1925) were fully grown, but the insects were still so young they could not be bred after collecting. The larvae mature sometime after the first of Oc-tober (before October 4 at Kelseyville and October 16 at Di- ablo in 1925) ; and adults may be found in the galls soon afterwards. The pupal period is short, and for a time in October and November mature larvae, pupae, and immature adults may be obtained from a single collection.

  Adults, not yet fully pigmented, were in the galls at Kelseyville on October 30, and on October 29 at Diablo in 1925. These adults do not begin emerging until the end of November (November 26 from Diablo material in 1925, and November 28 acc. McCracken coll.), or after the first of December (December 19-24 acc. Ashmead, and December 18-29 from Diablo material in 1922). Kelseyville material bred here at Bloom- ington, Indiana, emerged out-of-doors early in January (in 1926), and a few of the insects emerged as late as Febru- ary 1 (in 1927). In the field the galls collected by the last of January (at Diablo) are usually empty of insects except for the parasites and inquilines which emerge at later dates. One very large collection made at Diablo as early as December 18 (in 1922) was already empty of gall-making Cynipidae. The records of indoor breedings are usually later: January and February acc. McCracken, and January in my own experience; but it should be noted again that increased temperatures appear to delay emergence in many Cynipidae. The succeeding generation, a form named lobata, appears with the bursting of the buds in March or April. 

  In November the agamic galls fall to the ground either attached to or separated from the leaves, or the galls remain attached to the leaves which hang on the trees over winter. The galls on the ground are decayed soon after the first of the year, but good specimens may still be found on the trees in the spring (as late as March 7 at Paso Robles in 1920). 

  Ashmead accredited this insect to Quercus Douglasii, but the fragments of leaves with the type galls are clearly those of Q. lobata. The Douglasii record is copied in most of the literature, altho two students (Fullaway and McCracken) who have known this variety in the field have pointed out that the white oak, Q. lobata, is the real host. Of the several thousand galls which Mr. F. A. Leach collected for me from a number of localities and at all seasons over a period of four years, practically every one came from Q. lobata; but two meager collections, a total of 21 galls found in 1922 at Diablo, seem to have come from Q. Douglasii. My records show that for at least one of these collections I verified the host determination while noting its unique nature. It is, however, inconvenient that an insect that is all but confined to Q. lobata should carry the name douglasii, and the situation is the more unfortunate because the bisexual form of this same insect was named lobata by McCracken and Egbert. 

  In distribution this variety for the most part parallels echinus, wherever the hosts of the two occur together. But while echinus is replaced by another variety at the higher elevations fringing the Great Valley, I would refer insect and gall material which I have from Lake County to typical douglasii. I have 46 fine insects from Kelseyville alone, and cannot find material differences between them and douglasii unless the Lake County material averages darker. In the consideration of the reality of life zones, perhaps this case should be emphasized as an instance where two, very closely related insects (douglasii and echinus) do not respond in the same way to the same geographic factors. 

  If there are constant characters by which douglasii may be distinguished from echinus, no one has yet described them. Upon examining a large series of the insects, I find the color distinctions noted by Fullaway are highly variable. The distinctive form of the gall and the host seem to provide the only marks for recognizing this insect. It is surprising that no one has previously adjudged echinus and douglasii to be varieties of one species.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/318/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips mellea 
  agamic forms

  GALL. — A small, globular, thick-walled leaf gall with the larval cell filling most of the interior. Monothalamous ; strictly spherical when fresh and sometimes when dried after maturity, often shrinking irregularly when dried; the gall sometimes drawn out at the point of attachment; the surface of the gall roughly, irregularly shagreened, densely covered with long, white or brown hairs when young (at least in some varieties), the hairs deciduous, leaving a stellate pubescence on older galls; the galls of all varieties finally naked (altho still appearing puberulent because of the shagreened surface; the naked galls whitish, flesh pink or pinkish brown in color; up to 7.0 mm., dried galls averaging about 4.0 mm. in diameter. The thin outer shell re-enforced with a more or less thin, solid mass of crystalline structure; the larval cell highly variable in size, often occupying most of the gall, the wall of the cell hardly differentiated from the solid, crystalline material. Attached to the veins, singly or in small clusters, on the upper or (less often) the under surfaces of leaves of white oaks of all groups. 

  [Kinsey describes many varieties of this gall; rydbergiana, unica, and carolina are listed separately, following other literature. See paper for details on the others.]

  Cynips mellea variety mellea
  agamic form

  Biorhiza mellea
  Biorrhiza mellea
  Sphaeroteras mellea
  Diplolepis carolina err det Weld
  Diplolepis unica err det Weld
  Cynips mellea var C Kinsey

  GALL. — Typical for the species, averaging small; on the leaves, often in small clusters, on Quercus stellata and its varieties, probably including the related Q. Chapmani and Q. Margaretta. 

  RANGE. — Florida: Jacksonville (Ashmead; types). Greencove Springs, Ocala, Clearwater, St. Petersburg, and Daytona (galls, acc. Weld 1926). Probably restricted to Q. stellata and its varieties in the South- east, perhaps to Florida and adjacent parts of Georgia. Figure 51. 

  We have no insects of this variety except those of Ashmead’s type collection. These adults were bred in February. His host record, Q. parvifolia , is ordinarily taken to mean Q. Chap- man i, an oak so closely related to Q. stellata that there is, as far as I know, no distinction in the cynipid faunas of the two. 

  The galls of variety mellea cannot be separated from those of Carolina. All of the insects thus far bred from Coastal Plain material, from the Carolinas and north, have proved to be the long-winged, rufous and black variety Carolina , and Beutenmuller’s record of mellea in New Jersey, apparently based on galls alone, is probably a mis-determination. His published figures of mellea galls appear to have been based on this New Jersey material. 

  The relationships of the short-winged mellea and the long-winged varieties here treated as belonging to the same species, and the position of mellea in our present subgenus, are discussed in the general treatment of Acraspis and in the introduction to our present species. In southern Georgia and Mississippi there is another short-winged variety, bifurca, which resembles mellea in many respects, altho it has a wing venation of such a distinctly different type that we must consider mellea and bifurca independent mutations from the long- winged stock of the species.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/336/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips mellea variety carolina
  agamic form

  Dryophanta carolina
  Biorhiza mellea err det Beutenmuller
  Diplolepis carolina 
  Cynips mellea var B Kinsey

  GALL. — Woolly when young, becoming naked when mature, then light pinkish brown in color; averaging smaller than variety crassior; usually drawn out to a conical base; usually clustered, on the leaves of Quercus alba and Q. stellata. Figures 292-293, 334. 

  RANGE. — New York: Nyack (Zabriskie in U.S. Nat. Mus.). New Jersey: Fort Lee and Lakehurst (acc. Beutenmiiller 1910). Richland and Carmel (Kinsey coll.). Virginia: Eastville and Cape Charles (Kinsey coll.). North Carolina: Asheville (Ashmead, types) . Maysville, Marshall, and Cherokee (Kinsey coll.). Kentucky: Dawson Springs (gall, Kinsey coll.). Tennessee: Newport (Kinsey coll.). Missouri: 6 miles west of Dexter (Kinsey coll.). Springfield (R. Voris in Kinsey coll.). Probably thruout the Coastal Plain of the northeastern United States, from southern New York to North Carolina and Tennessee and in the Mississippi Valley from southern Indiana to Missouri. Figure 54. 

  This is the common eastern variety of the species, well known to all who have observed galls in the Atlantic Coastal Plain region. It occurs westward to the Great Smokies of the North Carolina-Tennessee boundary, and also at Newport, Tennessee, immediately west of the mountains. At higher elevations in the mountains themselves, from Ohio to northern Georgia and Alabama, variety litigans represents the species. In the heart of Georgia and Alabama, and at a few points further north, variety crassior, a close relative of Carolina, replaces the Coastal Plain variety. Extensive field work in Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama failed to disclose Carolina occurring- west of the Appalachians until we found it in western Kentucky and southern Missouri where I have re- covered fine series of the insects. From west of Dexter, in the southeastern corner of Missouri, collections made on a small clump of Q. stellata scrub, located very near the fault that separates the river lowlands from the highlands, gave me forty insects, two of which represent the Ozark variety unica and 38 of which are typical Carolina. From Springfield, from near the southwestern corner of Missouri, I have 25 insects, 9 of which are unica and 16 of which are Carolina. The insect is so unique as to leave no possibility of misdetermination, and the galls of unica and Carolina are similarly distinct, so there can be no doubt of the occurrence of the Atlantic Coastal Plain variety all the way across the state of Missouri. 

  Except for the type collections, all of the insect material I have examined has come from Q. stellata (the post oak), to which the variety seems largely confined. The type specimens recorded as from Q. alba seem no different from this Q. stellata material unless the insects average a little smaller in size. Beutenmuller’s record (in Smith, 1910, Ins. N.J. : 599) of similar galls on Q. prinoides (the chinquapin oak) , and specimens I have from this same oak from Roselle, N. J. (C. J. Long, Jr., coll.) will probably prove to belong to another variety. Weld’s record of Carolina from Q. stellata at Ironton in the Missouri Ozarks should be re-examined in connection with the numerous varieties now described. 

  Beutenmuller records the galls as occurring in August, September, and October. I have found mature galls still attached to the leaves in the middle of October in southern New Jersey and Virginia, and at the end of October in the mountains of the western part of North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. The galls I collected at Dexter, Missouri, late in October (1926), were mature and dropping from the trees, but the insects did not emerge until the following March. I have bred other material early in January. Weld collected galls in October from which he reared adults in the following June, but this seems late emergence for a species in which the other known varieties emerge in the late winter or early spring. 

  One of my insects from Marshall, North Carolina, seems identical with typical Carolina from the same locality except that it is almost entirely piceous in color. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/342/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips (Acraspis) conica, new species
  agamic form

  GALL. — A smooth, pointed, conical leaf gall with the broadened base bearing spiny projections. Regularly or irregularly conical, up to 7.0 mm. in height; or the tip rather sharply pointed (and sometimes curved) ; the base sometimes flaring, its edge entire or bearing up to 6 short, blunt, spiny projections; the base up to 6.0 mm. in diameter; entirely smooth and glossy, or in part finely puberulent, light pinkish brown, with a violet tinge due to the puberulence. Internally filled with a rather compact mass of branched fibers, the larval cell rounded, up to 2.5 mm. in diameter, located very near the base of the gall. Attached by a slightly projecting point on the middle of the broad base, on the veins of the under surfaces of leaves of Quercus grisea. Figures 288- 289, 336. 

  RANGE — Arizona : Globe. Probably confined to a limited area including the country between Globe and Phoenix, Arizona. Figure 57. 

  When the type material was collected at Globe on January 20 (in 1920), most of the galls showed the holes thru which the adult gall makers had previously emerged ; but three adults emerged a few days after that. Emergence thus occurs in mid-January, even tho the winter season is rather severe in the mountains near Globe. No further life-history data are available, but judging from the related species of the genus, the gall may be expected to appear early in the summer. Other varieties of conica may be expected in Arizona, New Mexico, and West Texas, and further south in Mexico. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/343/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips (Acraspis) nubila
  agamic forms

  GALL. — A mass of coarse hairs, containing a spherical, hard core. Monothalamous, the core averaging 4.0 to 7.0 mm., the entire gall averaging 10.0 to 15.0 mm., compacted clusters of several galls measuring up to 24.0 mm. in diameter. The central core strictly spherical except where drawn out basally at the point of attachment; the surface of the core crystalline, very rough, scurfy, covered with short, straw-colored, crystalline hairs among which are the close-set, long, fine, hair-like spines which form the tangled, woolly covering of the gall, these spines up to 8.0 mm. in length, unbranched, wavy. The central core hard, crystalline, brittle, with an outer wall fully 1.0 mm. in thickness; all of the rest of the core (up to 5.0 mm. in diameter) is hollow, the inner walls being rough, irregular, without any other larval cell. Occurring singly or, more often, in clusters of two to five galls, the clusters usually more or less hemispherical but sometimes more elongate when containing several galls; attached to the mid-veins, on the under surfaces of the leaves of Quercus arizonica, Q. oblongifolia, Q. Toumeyi, Q. reticulata, Q. glaucophylla) , and probably other related oaks. 

  RANGE. — Known from Arizona and central Mexico. Probably widespread in Mexico, and to be expected in southwestern New Mexico. Figure 58. 

  The gall of this species is one of the most attractive in the genus Cynips. The tangled mass of brilliantly colored, hair- like spines covering the spherical core marks the gall at some distance in the field. In collecting in January (1920) in the Santa Rita Mountains of southern Arizona, I camped at four thousand feet among trees on which nubila galls were common. A mountain storm had banked these evergreen oaks with wet snow, offering a background against which the wine-purple galls appeared too fantastic to be real anywhere but in the enchanted lands of our Southwest. 

  The galls of the Arizona varieties probably appear early in the summer; they are full-grown by September, and the adults probably mature in another month or so. The insects, however, do not emerge until late in December or in January, during a season of cold weather and snow. Perhaps the more southern, Mexican variety, incompta, has a different life history. 

  While nubila is common in Arizona south of Globe, it has not yet been recorded from north of there or from New Mexico. If must be very rare in these latter regions if it occurs in them at all. 

  While the hairy gall of this species appears superficially different enough from the galls of most Cynips, it is nothing but a villosa gall with the spines much lengthened. The spines are inserted on the surfaces of the two in the same way, in two varieties of nubila they are enlarged basally, quite as they are in villosa, and in both species they are surrounded basally by peculiar, short, crystalline hairs. The resemblances are so striking that, once having seen them, one wonders why they are not apparent at first glance. 

  [Kinsey describes three varieties of this species; only [Andricus incomptus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2909) is listed separately. See paper for details on the other two.]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/349/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips nubila variety incompta
  agamic form

  Andricus incomptus
  Diplolepis nubila err syn Weld

  GALL. — The core yellowish to rich reddish russet in color, the spines for the most part yellowish white, the tips colored rich golden yellow; the bases of the spines not at all swollen; on leaves of what at least resembles Quercus reticulata and Q. glaucophylla. Figures 299-300. 

  RANGE. — Mexico: San Luis Potosi (Palmer coll., types). Sierra de Zacopoaxtla (L. Diguet acc. Houard 1928). Probably confined to an area in more central Mexico. Figure 58. 

  The galls collected in September were fully grown and the insects far enough along at that time to have matured after collecting. It is not impossible that the more southern varieties of Cynips have only one generation a year, as is certainly true of several of the southern California Cynipidae, and in such a case the growth of incompta may begin much earlier, tho proceeding more slowly, than is the case with the Arizona varieties of nubila. 

  The leaves with the type material would now appear to represent Quercus reticulata (as restricted in Trelease’s mono- graph of the American Oaks) . I also have galls of what seems to be incompta collected by Bonansea in Mexico (without defi- nite locality) and sent me by Prof. Trotter of Portici, Italy. This material appears to be on Q. glaucophylla , but I cannot be certain of determinations based on so few leaves of such difficult Mexican oaks. 

  Soon after the original publication of incompta , Beutenmuller, who had never seen the type material, wrote me that it was a synonym of nubila. Weld has recently published this synonomy with the following comments: “The writer has examined both [types] , comparing one directly with a Bassett type of nubila. As the galls were collected in September it is the writer's idea that at that time the nutritive layer had not been all used up and the larva had vitality to transform into an undersized adult but not enough to chew its way out of the hard gall. Never having been exposed to light and open air it is much paler than flies that emerge normally. Had it darkened up normally the two adjacent spots near the apex of the wing might have become connected into one double one as is the case in nubila , a series of which shows considerable difference in the amount of fusion that has taken place in the spots, due either to fluctuating variation or to the length of time that has elapsed or amount of exposure to light since emergence from the gall. If a nubila wing were bleached somewhat it would present the condition seen in incomptus.” 

  My own distinction of nubila and incompta is herein embodied in comparative descriptions, an examination of which should show that it will take more than bleaching to turn nubila into incompta . While admitting the inadequacies of two specimens cut from old galls, and while admitting that fresh material may be larger and darker than the types, I cannot believe that the surface of the mesonotum, the length of the parapsidal grooves, the surfaces of the mesopleuron, the hairy areas on the abdomen, the size of the areolet, or other such distinctive characters are abnormal in the type material of incompta. The galls of incompta and nubila , while similar, are certainly distinct in color and, more significantly, in the shapes of the bases of the spines. 

  The types of incompta come from a locality removed from the known range of nubila by eight hundred miles of Mexican desert and mountain country. This alone should have invited careful comparisons before it was concluded that the two names are synonyms. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/353/mode/1up
description:
  [Cynips villosa variety acraspiformis](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/353/mode/1up)
  agamic form

  Diplolepis acraspiformis

  GALL. — Rosy red to rosy brown in color; up to 10.0 mm., averaging nearer 7.5 mm. in diameter, the spines up to 2.5 mm. in length, stiff, straight, stout, the bases up to 0.5 mm. in diameter, tapering rather gradually; the whole suggesting a sea urchin; on the leaves of Quercus undulata, Q. Toumeyi, Q. grisea, and Q. arizonica. Figures 304, 330. 

  RANGE. — New Mexico: Blue Canyon west of Socorro (types, Weld coll.). Nogal Canyon south of Socorro (acc. Weld 1926). Kingston (Kinsey coll.). Hillsboro (galls, Kinsey coll.). Burro Mountains (galls, acc. Weld 1926). Arizona: Ashfork (galls, acc. Weld 1926). Prescott (Kinsey coll.; also W. W. Jones in Kinsey coll.). Safford (Kinsey coll.). Hackberry and Patagonia (acc. Weld 1926). Probably confined to the southern two-thirds of Arizona and New Mexico (and adjacent Mexico). Figure 59.

  This variety has a wide range over the southern two-thirds of New Mexico and Arizona, and shows no segregation into distinct varieties on Q. undulata, Q. grisea, Q. arizonica, or Q. Toumeyi. 

  Weld cut live adults out of galls collected near Socorro, New Mexico, on November 7 (in 1921), and had others emerge December 31 and January 13. One adult from Patagonia, Arizona, emerged December 13. From galls which I collected in Arizona at Safford on January 18 and at Prescott on January 23 (in 1920) all but the last adults had already emerged. The galls Mr. W. W. Jones collected in March (1924) were empty. 

  The original spelling of the name of this variety should have been acraspidiformis, if we are to follow the declension of the Latin aspis, aspidis; but as the Rules stand, we accept the published spelling. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/357/mode/1up
description:
  [Cynips villosa variety alaria](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/357/mode/1up)
  agamic form

  Acraspis alaria

  GALL. — Mature gall straw-yellow in color, up to 11.0 mm. in diameter, the spines up to 2.5 mm. in length, rather flexuous, slender, the whole gall appearing as a mass of coarse and tangled hairs; on the leaves of Quercus Gambelii, Q. submollis [synonym of gambelii], and probably related oaks. 

  RANGE. — Colorado: Colorado Springs (Pollock in U.S. Nat. Mus.; types). New Mexico: Raton Pass near Raton (F. Cogshall in Kinsey coll.). 28 miles east of Raton (C. Schwachheim in Kinsey coll.). Probably restricted to a Rocky Mountain area in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico, probably not to be expected south of the Sandia Mountains in New Mexico. Figure 59.

  This is the southern Rocky Mountain variety of the species, a short-winged insect replaced in the southern two-thirds of New Mexico and Arizona by the long-winged acraspiformis, but in Utah by the short-winged calvescens. The material collected by Frederick Cogshall near Raton, New Mexico, was full-sized late in July (1926), and the larva was large enough to complete development in spite of a prolonged drying to which its gall was subjected before reaching our laboratory. This insect emerged out-of-doors at Bloomington, Indiana, on December 18 (1926). The galls of the type material were collected at Colorado Springs on November 4 (1918), one adult emerging on November 11 while others were found alive in the breeding cage on the following January 15.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/351/mode/1up
description:
  [Cynips villosa variety villosa](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/359/mode/1up)
  agamic form

  Acraspis villosus
  Acraspis villosa
  Philonix villosus
  Philonix villosa

  GALL. — Mature gall straw-yellow, staining browner in color; up to 13.0 mm. in diameter, the spines up to 2.0 mm. in length, rather flexuous, slender; the whole gall appearing as a dense mass of coarse and tangled hairs; on the leaves of Quercus macrocarpa. 

  RANGE. — New York: Medina (acc. Weld 1926). Seneca Lake (Dudley in Cornell Univ., acc. Weld 1926). Ithaca (acc. Weld 1928). Michigan: Agricultural College (acc. Gillette 1889). Indiana: Crawfordsville (E. C. Stout in Kinsey coll.). Rogers in Pike County (gall, Kinsey coll.). Illinois: Evanston and Winnetka (acc. Weld 1926). Pana (Kin- sey coll.). Minnesota: Minneapolis (J. S. Benner in Kinsey coll.). Iowa: Ames (types, Gillette coll.). Kansas: Manhattan (thru C. V. Riley; in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Riley County (Marlatt in U.S. Nat. Mus., Kans. Agric. Coll., and Kinsey coll.) . Probably restricted to the range of Q. macrocarpa in the more northern Middle West, from northeastern Kansas into New York State. Figure 59. 

  INQUILINE . — Synergus villosus Gillette (acc. Gillette 1890). 

  This is the most eastern representative and the first-known variety of the species. It is usually not a common insect and it is not well represented in our collections. Superficially the gall appears as a tangled mass of coarse hairs, but the slender tips break off on handling and expose the broader bases of the spines, leaving the gall more like the agamic Cynips gemmula in appearance. The gall of villosa is hardly distinguishable from the galls of consocians and of alaria, from southern Kansas and the southern Rockies, respectively. Villosa insects are more rufous, with shorter wings than alaria and with a more slender thorax than consocians. 

  Gillette recorded these galls as appearing in the mid-summer. Weld found pupae (in galls from Medina, N. Y.) on August 24 and September 4, and cut active adults out of galls early in October and (from northern Illinois material) on November 1. On October 23 (1926) the insect had already emerged from a gall I collected in southern Indiana. Gillette’s galls collected on October 20 gave adults on October 29. My material from Minneapolis emerged on November 10, from central Indiana on November 20, and from central Illinois on December 8. The Marlatt material from Riley County, Kansas, emerged in January (one specimen is labelled September!). 

  [Cynips villosa variety consocians, new variety](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/361/mode/1up)
  agamic form

  GALL. — Mature gall straw-yellow, staining browner in color; up to 13.0 mm. in diameter, the spines up to 2.0 mm. in length, rather flexuous, slender; the whole gall appearing as a dense mass of coarse and tangled hairs; on the leaves of Quercus macrocarpa. 

  RANGE. — Kansas : Winfield (types, R. Voris in Kinsey coll.) . Either an Ozark variety extending westward to eastern Kansas, or a Texas variety extending northward to southern Kansas; the material insufficient to allow more precise prediction. Figure 59. 

  This is either the Ozark or the eastern Texas variety of the species. In addition to the type series from southeastern Kansas, I have some material without data other than the record that I collected it in 1919-20. It was therefore probably collected in the southern United States not further north than northern Texas or southern Mississippi. This suggests that consocians is an eastern Texas variety finding its northern limit in Kansas. The galls are identical with variety villosa, and the insects of consocians are very close to villosa and alaria. These three varieties would hardly be distinguished except for their distinct ranges and the fact that among these sub-apterous Cynipidae the simplification of structure has proceeded so far that one may use only a part of the characters available among long-winged insects. The type series of consocians is a fine collection large enough to insure constancy in the few characters on which the variety is established. 

  Galls from the type locality were full-sized and contained very small larvae early in August (1927). By early September the larvae had grown enough to be suitable for collection for breeding. Adults emerged from these galls on November 20 and December 5 and 17 (1927).


  [Cynips villosa variety apache, new variety](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/356/mode/1up)
  agamic form

  GALL. — Indistinguishable from that of variety acraspiformis (q.v.), the spines stiff, straight, stout, the whole suggesting a sea urchin; on leaves of Quercus grisea and Q. arizonica. Figure 303. 

  RANGE. — Arizona: Globe (types, Kinsey coll.). Fish Creek on Apache Trail (gall, Kinsey coll.). Probably confined to a limited area east of Phoenix, Arizona. Figure 59. 

  The holotype female seems to be a mature adult (unfortunately laden with glue in the mounting) ; the other female is small and not fully pigmented but otherwise agreeing with the holotype. The two specimens came from different oaks. The wings of both are shorter than those of Cynips dugesi brevipennata, tho not as short as those of a Philonix. The hypopygial spine is a little smaller than in the other two varieties of the species. 

  The Apache Trail country of Arizona, the region in which apache is to be found, seems to have a cynipid fauna largely distinct from that of adjacent areas both north and south of Globe and Phoenix, but I have no data on the extent of this area. 

  [Cynips villosa variety calvescens, new variety](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/358/mode/1up)
  agamic form

  GALL. — Mature gall straw-yellow in color, up to 14.0 mm. in diameter, the spines up to 2.5 mm. in length, rather flexuous, slender, the whole gall appearing as a mass of coarse and tangled hairs; on the leaves of Quercus utahensis [synonym of gambelii] (and related oaks?). Figures 307-308. 

  RANGE. — Utah: Bountiful (types; B. and H. J. Pack in Kinsey coll.). Farmington, Santaquin, and Layton (B. and H. J. Pack in Kinsey coll.). Probably restricted to an area in more northeastern Utah. Figure 59. 

  This is an apparently common insect in the mountains of northeastern Utah. Its closest relatives are alaria, which occurs in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico east of the Continental Divide, and the variety villosa , which ranges from Kansas into New York State. Calvescens is immediately distinguished by the large, naked area on the abdomen, the more eastern insects having the sides of their abdomens entirely hairy. The name calvescens (becoming bald) emphasizes the striking appearance of the new variety. This Utah insect also has a distinctly longer wing and averages shorter in body length than either of the other varieties. 

  The Cynipidae of Utah, as far as I have studied them, are never the same as those of Colorado, and the present species serves to illustrate how distinct these faunas may be. We are indebted to Dr. H. J. Pack and his daughter, Bessie Pack, for all the material we have of this insect. The galls collected early in September (1927) seemed fully mature. Out- of-doors at Bloomington, Indiana, I bred 66 adults by December 5, another 76 by December 13, and another 9 at some later date (all in 1927). 

  [Cynips villosa variety expositor, new variety](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/355/mode/1up)
  agamic form

  GALL. — Mature galls yellow-brown in color, up to 8.5 mm., aver- aging nearer 6.0 mm. in diameter; the spines up to 4.0 mm. in length, rather flexuous, slender, the bases up to 0.4 mm. in diameter, but the spine very slender right down to this base; the whole appearing as a tangled mass of coarse hairs; on leaves of Quercus grisea and Q. arizonica. Figures 301-302, 326. 

  RANGE. — Texas: Alpine (types; Q. grisea , Kinsey coll.). New Mexico: Soledad Canyon in Organ Mts. (galls, Q. arizonica; L. H. Bridewell in Kinsey coll.). Probably restricted to the desert mountain areas of West Texas and immediately adjacent areas in New Mexico. Figure 59. 

  The galls collected in the Organ Mts., New Mexico, on August 23 (1927) were too young to breed. The last adults were emerging from the galls which I collected at Alpine, Texas, on December 14 (1919). 

  This insect is distinct from its widespread New Mexico and Arizona relatives, altho clearly related to them, and the gall is also readily distinguishable. Here is one more instance of the fact that the West Texas and adjacent New Mexico cynipid fauna does not extend further north or west in New Mexico. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/416/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips gemmula 
  agamic forms [partial; excluding Acraspis prinoides. Tentatively assigned to Acraspis echini based on host.]

  GALLS OF AGAMIC FORMS. — Moderately large, spherical, roughly faceted, with short spines. Usually monothalamous, often with two or three cells in variety cruenta; the normal galls strictly spherical, up to 17.0 mm. in diameter; the surfaces closely set with numerous, bluntly cone-shaped projections which usually terminate in short, stiff, and blunt spines; the cones plus the spines usually not over 1.5 mm. in length; the young galls light greenish or yellow tinged with red, the older galls light buff yellow to brown and blackish. Internally compact crystalline, the walls very thick, the entire gall consequently solid ex- cept for the centrally placed larval cell which is up to 2.2 mm. in diameter and without a distinct cell wall. Attached to either the upper or under surfaces, usually to the mid-rib but sometimes on lateral veins, on leaves of chestnut oaks (known from Q. prinoides, Q. Michauxii, Q. Muhlenbergii ) . 

  [Kinsey goes on to describe several varieties on Quercus michauxii, with varying spine length. See paper for details.]

  [Cynips pezomachoides variety echinoides, new name](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/416/mode/1up)
  agamic form

  Acraspis echini
  Philonix echini

  Gall.--Known only from the spiny form; on leaves of Quercus bicolor.

  Range: FL

  This insect is recognizable by its nearly uniformly bright rufous color, its more shortened parapsidal grooves, and its usually larger size. It is known only from the type material, and this is insufficient data to show whether the variety ranges on the swamp white oak, Q. bicolor, thruout the Atlantic Coastal Plain area, or along the Gulf into eastern Texas, or is confined to Florida. 

  Ashmead described the galls as precisely similar to those of “erinacei,” meaning a spiny form of this species. The gall described and figured by Beutenmuller, perhaps from the type material in the Philadelphia Academy, is intermediate between the naked and spiny forms. There are no galls among the types in the National Museum.

  Ashmead bred adults in November. He expressed surprise that he had found this species on Q. bicolor without finding it on Q. Prinus, for, he says, Q. bicolor “is considered by many botanists only a variety of Quercus prinus; galls found on one are very apt to be found on both, and insects are good botanists.” As a matter of fact, these insects are better judges of the relationships of the oaks than anyone who would consider Q. bicolor a variety of Q. Prinus. Long ago in the history of our insects there was a division on this very question, and Cynips gemmula and its varieties claimed the exclusive rights to Quercus Prinus, prinoides, Michauxii, and Muhlenbergii, while Cynips pezomachoides accepted Q. alba and bicolor. Modern botanists acknowledge this to be the correct grouping of these oaks (cf. Trelease, 1924, Nat. Acad. Sci. Mem. 20:102-111). Echinoides, as a variety of pezomachoides, is not departing from the ancestral traditions when it takes up its dwelling on Q. bicolor. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/368/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips gemmula variety gemmula
  agamic form prinoides

  Cynips prinoides
  Philonix prinoides
  Philonyx prinoides
  Acraspis prinoides

  GALL. — Averaging nearer 8.0 mm., altho up to 11.0 mm. in diameter; always monothalamous ; on leaves of Quercus prinoides, Q. Michauxii, Q. Muhlenbergii, and possibly other chestnut oaks. Figure 327. 

  RANGE. — Massachusetts: Springfield (gall, acc. Stebbins 1910). Eastern part (bisex. form, Thompson in Bost. Soc. coll.). Connecticut: Waterbury (bisex. form, Bassett coll.). New York: Oriskany Falls (galls, J. A. Douglass acc. Felt 1912). Vicinity of New York City (acc. Beutenmiiller 1904). Staten Island (acc. Weld 1928). New Jersey: Lakehurst (Beutenmiiller and W. T. Davis in Kinsey coll.). Toms River (Beutenmiiller, types). Richland (Kinsey coll.). Virginia: Cape Charles (Kinsey coll.). Ohio: Cincinnati (gall, Braun in Amer. Mus.). Indiana: Bloomington (C. M. Kinsey coll.). Benham (G. F. Hyatt in Kinsey coll.). Aurora (Kinsey coll.). Kentucky: Lebanon (Kinsey coll.). Tennessee: Tazewell (gall, Kinsey coll.). Missouri: Ranken (Kinsey coll.). Occurring in the northeastern United States from Massachusetts to southern Indiana and Missouri, south in the mountains to Kentucky and Tennessee, confined to areas in which chestnut oaks are found. Figure 62. 

  This is the common variety of the species over the northeastern quarter of the United States. I find no appreciable difference between the northern Coastal Plain material on Q. prinoides (the source of the type) and our Middle-Western series of the insect on Q. Michauxii and Q. Muhlenbergii. In this failure to differentiate a Coastal Plain variety gemmula is matched by Cynips fulvicollis. 

  In common with all the other Cynips of this part of the country, gemmula shows an extreme degree of individual variation that may indicate a hybrid origin of the variety, possibly dating from the Pleistocene glaciation which projected northern varieties into the ranges of southern varieties and which ultimately, upon the glacial retreat, left a great territory where the hybrid individuals developed into hybrid populations deserving taxonomic recognition (see pp. 55 to 60) . The Ozark variety fuscata would appear to be the southern parent of gemmula, for gemmula intergrades into fuscata in southern Indiana (and probably elsewhere). Unlike the other species of Cynips involved in this area, the northern parent of gemmula is not known from any pure population in the north, possibly because most of the chestnut oaks, which are the hosts of our insect, do not range as far north as other white oaks. If they did extend further north in the former day, there may have been a northern parent of gemmula which does not now survive. Nevertheless, in the line series of gemmula which we have from Bloomington, in southern Indiana, there are a few individuals that are much smaller and darker, with smoother and more naked body surfaces. Since these are the very characters which distinguish the most northern varieties of Cynips pezomachoides, C. fulvicollis, C. hirta, C. folii, C. divisa , and C. longiventris, it is possible that these small insects of gemmula are Mendelian segregates from the hybrid stock, and that these represent the northern parent of gemmula. It is, on the other hand, possible that these small individuals represent local mutants. We have described them as variety suspecta. Out of the 606 insects we have bred from Bloomington material, we find 23 (= 3.8%) have this small and dark form, 22 (=3.6%) seem characteristic fuscata, and the remaining 92.6% are the variable hybrid series which is gemmula. 

  The galls of the agamic gemmula are to be found late in August (acc. Beutenmuller) but they probably appear much earlier than this — perhaps late in June as with other species of Cynips. The galls were of full size at Lakehurst, New Jersey, on September 14 (1904, W. T. Davis in Kinsey coll.), and at Bloomington, Indiana, early in September (1928). The insects had not yet emerged from the galls I collected at Rich- land, New Jersey, on October 13, at Cape Charles, Virginia, on October 17 (both in 1919), and at Ranken, Missouri, on October 29 (in 1926). Material in the American Museum records unemerged adults in the galls on an October 26. Our emergence dates for this insect are December 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16, 18, and 21. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/409/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips pezomachoides variety erinacei
  bisexual form bicolens

  Dryophanta erinacei
  Cynips erinacei
  Andricus fulvicollis form bicolens
  Andricus erinacei bicolens
  Acraspis erinacei
  Diplolepis gemula err det Weld
  Dryophanta erinacea

  GALL. — As described for the species. A seed-like, egg-shaped, or more compressed, elongate cell in the buds of Quercus alba. 

  RANGE. — Undoubtedly as indicated for the agamic form erinacei (fig. 68) ; in the northeastern quarter of the United States and southern Canada, from Maine and Minnesota to Maryland and central Missouri. Known definitely from: New York: Ithaca (acc. Triggerson 1914). D.C.: Washington (acc. Weld 1926). Ohio: Cincinnati (acc. Wieman 1915) . Indiana: Miller (acc. Weld 1926). Charlestown and Memphis (E. W. Spieth in Kinsey coll.). Clinton (Kinsey coll.). Illinois: Ravinia (types, Weld coll, in Mus. Comp. Zook). Glencoe, Winnetka, and Willow Springs (acc. Weld 1926). Kentucky: Paducah (variety? Kinsey coll.). 

  While bicolens is unknown except from Triggerson’s and Wieman’s studies, Weld’s material, and my southern Indiana and Kentucky series, the insect is of course to be expected wherever the galls of the agamic generation occur in abun- dance. The galls of bicolens are not usually visible until after the buds have opened and, as Weld (1926), suggests, “The easiest way to rear the flies is to locate a tree in the fall well infested with the hedge hog gall and from this tree gather twigs in the spring just before the buds start, putting them in a bottle of water and setting the whole in a battery jar with a cloth over the top.” This bisexual insect is very close to gemmula , the bisexual form of prinoides; and the bisexual forms to be discovered for for the other eastern species and varieties of Acraspis will probably need careful comparisons in making determinations. Altho the agamic females have oviposited late in the fall or early winter, it is not until nearly six months later, after the middle of April, that the eggs hatch. Adults were mature and emerging from my southern Indiana material on April 22 and May 1, 8, and 9 (1927). Wieman (1915) secured adults at Cincinnati over a period of two weeks beginning April 23, 1914. Weld (1926) reports pupae near Chicago on April 28 (1913), and adults on May 1-20 (in 1913), on May 6 (1924 at Washington) , and May 17 (1909 near Chicago) . Triggerson, who first recognized on the basis of both laboratory and field observations, that this represents the bisexual generation of erinacei , did not find the eggs hatching to produce these bi- sexual insects at Ithaca, New York, until after May 8. Quot- ing from Triggerson : “On the twelfth of May a slight swelling, at the apex of which an empty egg shell was visible, appeared on the lower green portion of the scale . . . This proved to be a freshly formed gall, containing a young larva of Dryophanta erinacei. The gall at this stage was thin-walled, with a pebbled surface, greenish in color, and contained a watery fluid. The egg-shell remains attached to the apex of the gall until the latter has reached considerable size, when it dries up and disappears. These hypertrophies develop rapidly, as many as three ap- pearing on one scale. The wall of the gall has by this time changed to a yellowish brown color, and soon becomes quite dry and brittle. “Galls also develop on the apical portion of the leaf and flower buds . . . The terminal galls are of the same size as those on the scales, varying in number from one to four, and when mature are reddish brown . . . males and females similar in size and character emerge from the two galls. . . . The difference in color in the galls is due to the normal dif- ference of the tissue of which they are formed. “Shoots were brought into the laboratory, placed in water and covered with bell jars. Here about noon on the twenty- first of May the first male and female emerged. They were quite vigorous, and about four-thirty in the afternoon the fe- male was noticed actively moving along the midrib of the young leaf. Suddenly she stopped, and set up a rapid nodding motion which lasted thirty-five seconds, during which the ovi- positor was thrust into the tissue. The insect remained mo- tionless for a time, then withdrew the ovipositor, filling the passage with a yellow substance which, as in the agamic form, is probably a secretion poured forth by the accessory glands of the reproductive system. The process was repeated four times in succession without moving the body forward. Each time the ovipositor was inserted the body was curved slightly more than at the preceding puncture. The entire time oc- cupied by the four ovipositions was from four-thirty-four to four-fifty, or sixteen minutes, thus allowing four minutes to each oviposition of which a little over two minutes and a half was occupied by the passage of the egg. Many other observa- tions were made, and the time in all instances corresponded to the first recorded. “While the first observations of oviposition were made with- out having seen copulation occur, in all the following instances it was observed. The male strikes the female several times with the antennae after which the latter rests quiet. The male then clasps her thorax latero-caudad of the second pair of wings with the second pair of legs, while the first pair rest on the dorso cephalic portion of the thorax, and the third pair extend slightly latero-cephalad of the abdomen; copulation takes place, lasting for a few minutes. “The egg of the sexual form ... is oval, 160^. x450^. provided with a pedicel 750 in length, which is shorter than in the agamic form. It is always placed in the fibro-vas- cular bundles, and at an angle of about 80° to the axis of the leaf. The egg differs from that of the agamic form only in the elongate portion being shorter. “The larva is characteristic of the Cynipidae, having a slightly depressed head, fine needle-like mandibles, broad thorax, and reflexed pointed abdomen. During development the abdomen does not become as enlarged as in the agamic form. The thorax also continues prominent throughout all larval stages, which is not the case with the agamic form. . . . “In the open the adults did not emerge until the twenty-ninth of May, and continued to oviposit from that time until the fifth of June. Oviposition here was as observed in the labora- tory, the time occupied corresponding exactly to that already noted.” In this 1914 paper, Triggerson includes a small photograph of the female of this form, figures the young galls in the bud scales, details the mouth parts, wings, and antennae — the lat- ter showing sensory pits similar to those of the agamic female — and figures the egg of this insect. He also shows a longi- tudinal section thru a larva including a portion of the Mal- pighian tubule. Wieman (1915) has studied the spermatogenesis of the male of the bisexual erinacei. He admits his conclusions as some- what uncertain and perhaps open to question because of diffi- culty in seriation of his sections, and more especially fragmen- tary because the maturation stages of the eggs of this genera- tion and of the agamic female were not studied. In the male he found “but one true maturation division, namely that of the second spermatocyte. The first spermatocyte division is indi- cated by the pinching off of a small quantity of chromatin- free cytoplasm which forms the so-called polar body.” In the second division “it would seem that each chromosome is di- vided quantitatively by a longitudinal splitting; although it must be remembered that attempts at verifying this conclu- sion by studying the constituents of the daughter groups [were] not satisfactory owing to the tangled condition of the chromosomes.” Counts in the metaphase seemed to show 12 chromosomes as, presumably, the haploid number. Counts of somatic tissues of the male, although not conclusive, also seemed to give 12 as the normal number. Counts of female somatic tissues seemed near this same number, the best prep- arations, coming from follicle cells of the ovary, giving counts of 13, 14, and 13, respectively. Wieman’s findings are unexpected, for among many Hy- men optera the males are haploid because they are produced parthenogenetically from eggs in which reduction has oc- curred, but the females are diploid because, if they are pro- duced parthenogenetically, they come from eggs in which re- duction has not occurred. Doncaster’s work (1910-1916) seems to confirm this general statement for the cynipid species Neuroterus baccarum, and Patterson (1928) accepts this as the explanation of the demonstrated fact that agamic Cyn- ipidae are apparently of two sorts : those that produce females only (because no reduction occurs), and those that produce males only (because reduction does occur). If Wieman’s re- sults are acceptable, they suggest that the bisexual female is haploid as well as the male, for even if the accuracy of the somatic count on erinacei is open to question, the count falls short of the expected 2X number of 24 chromosomes. Wieman suggests that the slight difference between the male and female counts in this species is due to the presence of true sex chromosomes in the female. Either Doncaster or Wieman is wrong in the cytologic findings, or, if both are correct, there is more than one type of maturation involved with the alternation of generations of diverse species of Cynipidae. It is highly desirable that Wieman’s brief investigations be ex- tended by further work on erinacei. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/374/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips pezomachoides 
  agamic forms

  [Kinsey treats [Acraspis erinacei](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/838) as a variety of pezomachoides, and the presence or absence of spines is not diagnostic for most of his varieties. The description below may not apply fully to pezomachoides if erinacei is excluded.]

  GALL OF AGAMIC FORMS. — Small to moderately large, spherical to ellipsoid, naked and faceted to spiny. Monothalamous or agglomerate or polythalamous with 2 to 8 cells. More nearly spherical galls usually smaller, occasionally larger, up to 7.5 mm. in diameter; these galls usually with one or at the most two cells. The polythalamous galls more ellipsoid, occasionally showing lines of fusion of two or more smaller galls; up to 20.0 mm. in length. The surfaces of the galls closely set with broad, polyhedral bodies, giving a faceted appearance, these without spiny tips or with short, spiny tips, or with long and flexuous tips, the galls in consequence varying from entirely naked to roughly faceted to densely spiny. Young galls light green and rose-tinged, the spines (if present) often brilliant purplish red; the older galls be- coming straw yellow to brown and darker, the spines (if present) be- coming dark purple. Internally compact crystalline; the walls thick, flexible when moist, very hard when dry; the larval cavity without a distinctive cell wall, the cavity central if single, the cavities side by side if there are two, the alignment somewhat irregular if there are more than two. Attached to the midveins or lateral veins or on the petioles; on either the upper or under sides of the leaves of the true white oaks (known from Quercus alba, Q. bicolor, and Q. Gambelii). 

  [Kinsey goes on to describe 8 agamic varieties of pezomachoides: 

  [cincturata](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/381/mode/1up), known from wasps collected in Colorado but no gall, tentatively associated with Quercus gambelii

  [ozark](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/382/mode/1up), known from galls ranging from naked to spiny on Quercus alba in OH, WV, IN, IL, KY, MO, AR

  [wheeleri](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/384/mode/1up), known from galls ranging from naked to spiny on Quercus alba in NH, MA, PA, OH, MD, WV, MI, IN, IL, MO, VA, KY, TN, NC, GA

  [pezomachoides](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/390/mode/1up), known from galls lacking spines on Quercus alba in NH, MA, CT, NY, NJ, PA, MD, DC, VA,NC, SC, TN, GA, AL, FL

  [derivatus](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/395/mode/1up), known from galls lacking spines on Quercus alba in PA, OH, WV, IN, IL, KY, TN, SC, GA, AL

  [erinacei](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/397/mode/1up), known from galls either naked or spiny on Quercus alba, covering the northern midwest to New England

  [advena](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/413/mode/1up), known from naked to spiny galls on Quercus alba in KY, TN, NC, SC, GA

  [echinoides](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/416/mode/1up), known from spiny galls on Quercus bicolor--likely a mistake, see ID Notes for [Acraspis echini](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/931)]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/397/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips pezomachoides variety erinacei 
  agamic form erinacei

  [Kinsey reduces Acraspis erinacei to a variety of Acraspis pezomachoides, and var erinacei is only one of many varieties that may take spiny forms. Thus in Kinsey's formulation of the group, pezomachoides and erinacei are not distinct species, and spines are not a sufficient character to distinguish their galls. This differs from Weld's description. It isn't clear which will ultimately be accurate.]

  Quercus erinaceus
  Acraspis erinacei
  Cynips quercus erinaceus
  Acraspis erinaceae
  Cynips pisum (gall only)
  Philonix erinacei
  Acraspis quercus-erinacei
  Dryophanta erinacei
  Philonyx erinacei
  Philonix fulvicollis err syn
  Andricus fulvicollis erinacei err syn

  GALL.— -Known from both the naked and spiny forms; on leaves of Quercus alba. Figures 4, 312-315, 328, 331. 

  RANGE. — Ontario: Toronto (acc. Cosens 1912; also Brodie in U.S. Nat. Mus.) . Maine: Kezar Falls (Mrs. D. Tenney in Kinsey coll.). New Hampshire: Exeter, Alton Bay, and Dover (Mrs. D. Tenney in Kinsey coll.). Stratham (gall, Mrs. D. Tenney in Kinsey coll.). Massachusetts: Forest Hills (Kinsey coll.). Framingham (C. A. Frost in Kinsey coll.). Springfield (galls acc. Stebbins 1910). Connecticut: Waterbury (Bassett in Kinsey coll.). Stamford (Bartlett acc. Felt 1921: 73). New York: Buffalo (Moeser acc. Gillette 1896). Waterport and Ithaca (galls, acc. Weld 1926). Syracuse (galls, Crosby acc. Weld 1926). Penn Yan and Albany (acc. Weld 1926). New York City (gall in Amer. Mus. and Kinsey coll.). Oakwood (W. T. Davis in Kinsey coll.). New Jersey: Ft. Lee and New Brunswick (Beutenmiiller in Amer. Mus. and Kinsey coll.). Ft. Lee (gall, Beutenmiiller in Amer. Mus.). Pennsylvania: Washingtonville (gall, E. C. Zeliff in Kinsey coll.). Meadville (Roy Wilson in Kinsey coll.). D.C.: Washington (gall, acc. Weld 1926). Maryland: Oakland (inch hybrids with pezomachoides ; Kinsey coll.) . Virginia: Bluemont (galls, acc. Weld 1926). Big Stone Gap (inch hybrids with pezomachoides; Kinsey coll.). Blue Ridge Mountains near Natural Bridge Station, and Natural Bridge (galls, Kinsey coll.). West Virginia: Beckley, Wolf Summit, and Parkersburg (Kinsey coll.). Kentucky: Lebanon, Livingston, Cleveland, Whitley, and Pineville (inch hybrids; Kinsey coll.). Ohio: Elyria (acc. Weld 1926). Painesville (thru C. V. Riley, in U.S. Nat. Mus.) . Wooster and Columbus (in U.S. Nat. Mus.) . Rock- port? (Bassett coll., Beutenmuller types). Chillicothe (Kinsey coll.). Indiana: Mongo (inch hybrids with wheeleri, Kinsey coll.) . Ft. Wayne (C. M. Kinsey coll.). Crawfordsville (gall, E. C. Stout in Kin- sey coll.). Ladoga (galls, H. Lee in Kinsey coll.). Porter (galls, acc. Weld 1926). Roachdale (G. Blaydes in Kinsey coll.). Putnam County (galls, acc. Cook 1902). Belmont (F. Payne in Kinsey coll.). Crothers- ville (galls, C. C. Deam in Kinsey coll.). Palmyra (galls, C. C. Beam in Kinsey coll.). Memphis and Charlestown (E. W. Spieth in Kinsey coll.) . Greensburg and Olean in Ripley County (galls, G. F. Hyatt in Kinsey coll.). Versailles (G. F. Hyatt in Kinsey coll.). North Webster, Rochester, Huntington, and Mitchell (galls, Kinsey coil.). Bloomington, 6 miles east of Bloomington, 10 miles southeast of Bloomington, Nash- ville, Spencer, Bedford, and Clinton (Kinsey coll.). Illinois: Winnetka, Evanston, Glen Ellyn, Moline (galls, acc. Weld 1926). Glencoe and Willow Springs (bisex. form, acc. Weld 1926). Ravinia (galls, Weld in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Urbana (galls, A. E. Miller in Kinsey coll.). Olney, West Union, and Pana (Kinsey coll.). Greenup (Kinsey coll.) . Michigan: Agricultural College (acc. Gillette 1889). Maple Rap- ids (E. S. Anderson in Kinsey coll.). 11 miles north of Lansing, and Mount Pleasant (A. D. Holloway in Kinsey coll.). West Branch, Big Rapids, Bay City, Grayling, Martin, Tekonsha, Three Rivers, and Owosso (Kinsey coll.). Wisconsin: Green Lake (galls, W. Scott in Kinsey coll.). Minnesota: Robbinsdale (galls, Ruggles acc. Felt 1921). Iowa: Ames (Gillette in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Kansas: no locality (Bridewell 1899). Riley County (Marlatt in 111. Lab.). Missouri: Barnhart (E. S. Anderson in Kinsey coll.). St. Louis (E. S. Anderson in Kinsey coll.; also acc. Weld 1926). Kimmswick (galls, acc. Weld 1926). Imperial (galls, E. S. Anderson in Kinsey coll.). Edgar Springs (galls, R. Voris in Kinsey coll.). Allenton (Let- terman acc. Packard 1890: 113; also E. S. Anderson in Kinsey coll.). Probably confined to Q. alba in the northeastern quarter of the United States and southern Canada, from Maine and Minnesota to Maryland and central Missouri, excluding the Coastal Plain areas; further south in the mountains to southwestern Virginia. Figure 68. 

  INQUILINE. — Synergus erinacei Gillette (acc. Gillette 1896). PARASITES. — Callimome brodiei (Ashmead) (acc. Ashmead 1887). Eurytoma auriceps Walsh (acc. Walsh 1870). E. studiosa Say (acc. Walsh 1870). Decatoma querci-lanae dorsalis (Fitch) (= D. simplicistigma Walsh; acc. Walsh 1870). D. flava Ashmead (acc. Triggerson 1914). D. varians Walsh (acc. Triggerson 1914). Ormyrus ventricosus Ashmead (acc. Triggerson 1914). Syntomaspis sp. (acc. Triggerson 1914). Tetrastichus sp. (acc. Triggerson 1914). This is a very common gall thruout the northeastern quarter of the United States and southernmost Canada, wherever the white oak, Q. alba, is found, except as this variety is replaced on the Atlantic Coastal Plain by variety pezomachoides and further north and in the Appalachians by variety wheeleri or hybrids of wheeleri. Buetenmiiller’s suggestion that this in- sect ranges “probably South to Florida” does not accord with our recent collections in the Southeast. The Osten Sacken (1873) and Ashmead (1890) records of erinacei in Colorado apply to variety cincturata. Erinacei is strictly confined to Quercus alba. Ashmead’s record (1885) of Q. montana as the host must be based on a mis-determination if it is not a lapsus, for the present species abandoned the group of oaks to which montana belongs when it separated from the stock of Cynips gemmula t. Cook’s repeated record (1905 and 1910) of the red oak, Q. rubra, as host of erinacei is a curious error, especially since the figure with the 1905 publication shows a typical Q. alba leaf. The occurrence of a true Cynips gall on any tree of the black oak group is inconceivable to one who has critically observed the host distribution of cynipid genera ill general. The type material of erinacei, from north-central Ohio, rep- resents an insect with a dark rufous head which is prominently marked with black on the mid-line, with antennae which are rufous only on the first two segments, a dark rufous mesono- tum, and a piceous black abdomen which is dark rufous ba- sally. This combination of characters is represented by insects in our collections from nearly one hundred localities scattered all the way from southern Maine and Minnesota to south- western Virginia and Missouri, but in practically all of these localities such insects have been obtained from both naked and spiny forms of the gall, and from every conceivable inter- mediate type of gall. The extreme variation of the gall is matched, moreover, by the variation of the insects in every large series which we have from localities representing the wide range of erinacei . The significance of this variation is elucidated by the occurrence of true wheeleri as one extreme of these variable series and (in most places) of derivatus as the other extreme of each series. Usually the wheeleri and de- rivatus individuals are few in comparison to the intermediates, but from Meadville, in the northwestern corner of Pennsyl- vania, we have 107 insects of which 41 per cent show distinct wheeleri influence, 37 per cent derivatus practically identical with the Alabama and Georgia material of that variety, and 21 per cent good erinacei. This series, like all the others, shows every gradation from wheeleri to derivatus, and the types called erinacei are matched by individuals near the mean favor inbreeding of the hybrids, have developed more uni- form populations than a mulatto people of more immediate origin would show. The typical gall of wheeleri is spiny; the gall of pure derivatus is always smooth and naked. The occurrence of typical spiny and naked galls in the erinacei population is to be explained as the segregation of the parental types from the heterozygotic individuals. The occurrence of intermediate types of galls is what we should expect if the gall producing capacities of the insect are controlled by multiple factors in heredity. On the other hand, in the eastern extension of the range of erinacei, at least in northern New England and again in Virginia, erinacei comes into contact with variety pezo- machoides and probably interbreeds with it. It is even pos- sible that what we are still calling erinacei is a wheeleri x pezomachoides cross in these localities. Pezomachoides and derivatus are so similar that I cannot distinguish between their influence in a series of hybrid insects, but there is a notable difference in the galls from these two hybridizations. Wher- ever erinacei comes into contact with pezomachoides, almost all of the galls are as naked as those of pezomachoides. There are not even as many of the spiny galls in such parts of the country as we should expect to segregate from any sort of hybridization ; and it is possible that there are hereditary or environmental factors which select in favor of the pezo- machoides type of gall in such localities. Histologic studies of both the naked and spiny forms of the galls of erinacei have been made by Cook and by Cosens, both of whom are quoted in the general discussion introducing this species in the present paper. The abundance and the conspicuous nature of the spiny galls of erinacei, together with the realization that the agamic, short-winged, mid-winter female was probably followed by a bisexual, spring generation, has resulted in the accumulation of considerable data on the life history of the insect. On the basis of laboratory and field observations of insects from spiny galls of this variety, Triggerson in 1914 reported, from the Entomological Laboratories of Cornell University, the alter- nate generation of this insect in one of the most detailed studies that we have of the life history of any American cynipid. The young galls of the agamic form appear late in June (June 25 acc. Triggerson, June 28 at Toronto acc. Brodie coll.), reaching full development in August (August 17 in northern Indiana in 1927) or early September (mid-September in southern Indiana). When the hypertrophied tissue first pushes thru the slightly ruptured epidermis of the leaf, the embryos, according to Triggerson, “measured 125^.-130^. In galls gathered on the first and second of July, larva were found measuring 374^. These were similar to the young larva which give rise to the sexual form, having a slightly depressed head, sharp pointed mandibles, broad, prominent thorax, and pointed, reflexed abdomen. During the summer, molts were observed after which the larva measured 500 750 ^., 1% mm., 1% mm., 2% mm., respectively, thus show- ing five stages during the life-history. . . .” From about the middle of August “the thorax does not show a great in- crease in size, but the abdomen loses its reflexed character, becomes globose, and increases in size until pupation.” Trig- gerson obtained the first pupae on the 5th of September. Weld found pupae on September 8 (1906), near Chicago. The galls fall with the leaves to the ground late in September or October, or some of them remain with the leaves on the trees. Transformation probably occurs soon after pupation, but emergence of the adult does not ordinarily occur until some time after that. For breeding purposes, the galls are best left on the trees until just before the adults are due to emerge. Our records for emergence range from early in October to early in January, with the bulk of the adults coming out in November. Actual dates from published records, Museum col- lections, and my own breedings are October 3, 7, 10, and 31 ; November 1, 5, 7, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 26, and 27; De- cember 1, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, and 28; and January 1 and 3. In spite of these widely distributed dates, most of the emergence occurs late in November and early in December. I have not been able to discover any correlation in these records between the latitude of the locality and the time of emergence of this insect. Triggerson’s designation of November 5 to 21 and rarely in early December for the emergence of erinacei is evidently based on a single season’s observations in a single locality. The emerged insects, according to Triggerson, “are most active on cold days or early in the morning. During the warm weather they are inactive and sluggish, hiding at the base of the petioles, in the crotches of the young shoots, or in the crevices of the bark.” The same observer adds that these insects usually succumb to the first heavy frosts, but Weld records the wasps emerging and ovipositing on a cool day when scattered flakes of snow were flying, and in my own abundant observations I have found many of the insects emerg- ing and active at temperatures below freezing. Oviposition is in the leaf or flower buds of the white oak. The behavior is described by Triggerson as follows: “The insect clasps the apical portion of the bud with the second pair of legs .... and pressing alternately with the first and third pair produces a teetering motion which forces the ovipositor into the buds. The long ovipositor lifts the apical edge of the outer scale, and is gradually pressed down along the edge of succeeding scales, and finally thrust into the region of the young leaf and flower. Then there is a sudden jerk of the body which curves the distal end of the ovipositor, turning the openings against the concave face of the innermost scale. The insect now retains a motionless attitude for almost four minutes, during which the egg is deposited. The ovipositor is then withdrawn, the passage being filled with a waxy sub- stance for the protection of the egg. This waxy secretion is doubtless from the accessory glands of the reproductive sys- tem, and is homologous with the secretions with which Cory - dalis cornuta, certain of the Lepidoptera, as the Apple Tent- Caterpillar, the Tussock-moths, and many other insects cover their eggs. “The egg ... is an oval body 400^. x 225^. provided with a pedicel which is 1 mm. in length. It is attached by this pedicel to the upper brown portion of the scale, falling either against the green portion of the scale ... or being held among the young leaves or flowers, in which position it remains during the winter. It is worthy of emphasis that this pedicel does not constitute the apical pole of the egg since the larva emerges from the opposite pole, and as already indicated it serves as an appendage for attaching the egg to the bud scale.” The galls of the succeeding, bisexual generation develop early in May as minute, egg-shaped cells in the buds or at- tached to the developing leaves or flowers. The bisexual gen- eration is described in the present paper as form bicolens. Triggerson figures the spiny galls of the agamic erinacei, including longitudinal sections, reproduces photographs of the pupae and a small photograph of the agamic female ovipositing in a bud, includes drawings of the eggs with figures of the eggs in position on the bud scales, gives details of wings, some of the mouthparts and antennal segments, including the sensory pits of the terminal segments of the antennae (structures which may serve the insect in finding its host and the buds suitable for oviposition) , details of larval chaetotaxy, and histologic sections of the larvae showing especially the Mal- pigian tubules and oenocytes. There are nine species of parasitic hymenoptera recorded from these galls. Triggerson found these “primarily parasitic on . . . erinacei, and secondarily on each other.” Two- thirds of the nearly one thousand parasites that author bred were determined as Decatoma flava (Ashmead). The para- sites were observed ovipositing about the middle of June (June 10 to 14) , Decatoma flava selecting a spot on the mid-rib where the gall maker had oviposited, thrusting its ovipositor down alongside the same channel, depositing a single egg in contact with that of the cynipid, and finally sealing the opening thru which the egg had been placed. The two species of Eurytoma oviposited in the fibro-vascular bundles of the leaf, near but not in contact with the egg of the cynipid, the eggs of these parasites being layed in clusters of up to six. Quoting again from Triggerson : “When the larva of Dryo- phanta erinacei emerges from the egg, it proceeds at once to form a cavity which encloses the eggs surrounding it. In newly-forming galls the cavity is small, and the egg of the parasites is frequently found resting in the abdominal angle of the larva of Dryophanta erinacei. Here it often hatches. The larva breaks the shell near the base of the neck . . .and emerges, proceeding to attack the host in the abdominal region. If the Cynipid larva has just molted it is destroyed at once. If on the other hand, it escapes the attacks of the parasites during this period, they will live together until the next molt occurs, when the host is almost invariably killed and eaten. Only on rare occasions have the host and parasite been found living together in the same cavity until both have reached 1 mm. in length. “If two parasitic larvae of the same or different species are found in one cavity in the early stages, the stronger alone survives, for I never have observed more than one adult emerge from a single cavity.” Decatoma flava apparently has only a single brood annually, but each of the two species of Eurytoma has a brood that emerges from the young galls from July 24 to August 1, and a brood that does not emerge until the middle of the following June. “After the parasites have destroyed the host, it is ques- tionable whether they feed on the plant tissue, since the lining of the cavity they inhabit turns brown, becoming hard and brittle much earlier than is the case with the cavities occupied by Dryophanta erinacei” Of 1050 galls which this observer examined, sixty per cent [of the galls or larval cells?] were parasitized. I have found a similarly high percentage of parasitism in material from several localities, but in more than a thousand galls from Big Stone Gap, Virginia, and many hundreds of galls from each of a dozen other localities I found a parasitism which I should roughly estimate as not more than five or ten per cent. Altho I have at times published data on the percentage of parasitism of cynipid galls, I have come to believe that the conditions vary so greatly in different localities and in different seasons that it will be difficult ever to arrive at an estimate that will fairly represent the amount of parasitism normal for any species. Triggerson studied Synergus erinacei , finding it present in these galls not only as a guest but as a parasite which fed di- rectly on the larvae both of the gall maker and of the parasites. On eight occasions Triggerson fed gall maker and chalcidid larvae directly to the Synergus larvae, altho only once was he able to feed them larvae of their own species. The inquiline even mines from cavity to cavity of the polythalamous galls. It is to be questioned whether such mining is primarily in search of food or an evidence of primitive, phytophagous be- havior such as was probably the ancestral right of the Cyn- ipidae. Triggerson observed over eighty instances of such mining by this Synergus. “The average time required by Synergus erinacei to consume a larva was 1% hours.” This insect was found to have two broods each year, the larvae of the broods differing in some respects, but the observer did not record whether there is anything in this inquiline that ap- proaches the heterogeny of so many of the gall making species. Five pages of Triggerson’s paper are given to the life history of the gall maker, and another five pages to the parasites and inquilines. The remaining fourteen pages are given to an in- teresting if unconvincing discussion of the stimulus to gall production. Following a suggestion of Rossig’s (1904), Trig- gerson studied the Malpighian tubules of erinacei and con- cluded that they “secrete a fluid which stimulates the plant to produce the gall.” He summarizes his reasons for so believing as follows: A. The character of the Malpighian vessels of the sexual and agamic forms of Dryophanta erinacei — their size, cellular structure, and exceptional glandular activity. B. The character and effect of the secretion poured forth by the Malpighian vessels during gall formation. C. The ultimate decline and ceasing of marked activity of the tubules when the gall has matured. D. The increase in the size of the cells of the Malpighian vessels coincident with the development of the gall, and their decrease in size when the demand upon them is withdrawn. E. A comparison of the Malpighian vessels of Dryophanta erinacei with those of the parasites and the inquilines found in the gall, and particularly the lack of any abnormal secreting activity in the latter. F. A study of the Malpighian vessels of Holcaspis globulus, and Dryophanta polita, both of which correspond in their action, develop- ment, and degeneration to those of Dryophanta erinacei. G. A comparative study of the Malpighian vessels of Dryophanta erinacei with those of Nematus pomum, Trypeta solidaginis, and Ceci- domyia strobiloides shows that all the latter, though gall producers, possess tubules of normal type, which do not pour forth an abundant secretion during gall development, nor when in contact with foreign substances. H. The study of the Malpighian vessels of species of Braconids and Ichneumons, shows tubules with cells not larger than those of the Chalcids and inquilines. The mode of degeneration however, appears similar to that found in Dryophanta erinacei. While I do not believe that Triggerson’s data fully support the conclusion on the gall making stimulus, this paper should be carefully weighed by some future investigator whose studies will include a wider selection of gall wasps. Convincing proof of the source of the stimulus must include the artificial pro- duction of a specialized gall, or at least the control of gall production by the control of the suspected gall producing struc- tures of the larval cynipid. Further discussion of this ques-tion is unnecessary in the present taxonomic study. Trigger- son's original paper should be consulted for details that we have not quoted here. 

  [Kinsey lists these other varieties also producing spiny galls on Q alba:

  [ozark](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/382/mode/1up), known from galls ranging from naked to spiny on Quercus alba in OH, WV, IN, IL, KY, MO, AR

  [wheeleri](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/384/mode/1up), known from galls ranging from naked to spiny on Quercus alba in NH, MA, PA, OH, MD, WV, MI, IN, IL, MO, VA, KY, TN, NC, GA

  [advena](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/413/mode/1up), known from naked to spiny galls on Quercus alba in KY, TN, NC, SC, GA]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39457465
description:
  Galls found on the upper half of the stems of H. divaricatus, appearing like swellings of the stem; symmetrical, varying from ovate to spindle form; the long diameter of the gall in the axis of the stem of the plant; color the same as the stem. Walls of the gall are woody, hard, and about 1mm thick. The interior is filled with a soft, pith-like substance through which the larvae tunnel and on which they feed. Each gall contains 1 to 10 larvae.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7475052#page/142/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis clavula

  Terminal or subterminal swellings of the limb
  Monothalamous; of a hard, woody structure

  Syn C arbos, C tuber (Q alba); Neuroterus phellos (Q phellos); C similis (Q ilicifolia); C aquaticae (Q aquatica [nigra])


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2360563#page/302/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis clavula [Riley claims that Pergande found evidence that wasps identified as C clavula oviposited in leaves later bearing C quercusfutilis galls; [Kinsey believed this was incorrect](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52079411#page/28/mode/1up)]

  On April 20, 1894, my attention was called by Mr. Pergande to several specimens of Callirhytis clavula Osten Sacken ovipositing in the buds of Quercus prinus. This is a rather large, winged agamic form, which Mr. Ashmead informs me he has actually bred from the clavula gall. The same species also oviposits in the buds of Quercus alba. The flies were sitting on the buds with the head towards the tip of the bud, and were so absorbed in their work that they scarcely moved or altered their position, even when the twigs were allowed to sweep back with some force. The ovipositor was deeply inserted within the scale-like covering of the buds. On carefully removing the scaly covering of a bud that had been pricked, quite a number of eggs were found in clusters of three or four together, and a few singly, inserted in the tender, new, embryo leaves. It was further found that the eggs were inserted on both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf and almost entirely hidden by the silvery pubescence of the newly formed leaf. They were attached by a short stout pedicel or stem which, however, upon very careful examination, was found to extend for a great length (six or seven times the length of the exposed egg-body) like a fine thread into the sub stance of the leaf. The distal or anterior end of the egg-stalk was also somewhat enlarged, looking like a bit of shrivelled skin. The exposed portion of the egg or egg-body was white, glistening, elongate-ovoid or bean-shaped in form and about .2 mm. in length. Two days later, or on the 22d, additional flies were observed ovipositing and the buds were marked. On the 27th these were examined and it was found that the pedicel had become shorter and stouter, while the anterior or buried end had greatly increased, the exposed portion being now half empty of its contents. Five days later, April 2yth, the young leaves had formed from these same marked buds and the eggs were still in position, but mostly empty, and when removed and closely examined it was found that under the epidermis and below the base of the exposed egg-shell there had formed a soft, colorless, globular body, having a yellowish streak internally. This body, probably the first larval stage, is easily detached from the leaf, but no movement could be discerned and the thread-like pedicel had separated from it and disappeared. So far, there is no trace of a gall or swelling to be seen, although the affected leaves appear more or less crumpled or distorted. May 4th the same leaves were again examined and the young galls had already formed, appearing as slight thicken ings of the leaf, but scarcely elevated or prominent. The spot where the egg had been inserted forms a minute depression or hollow in the leaf, with the colorless and shrivelled egg-shell still in position, the cavity thus formed being in an oblique direction to the surface of the leaf. The cell or cells in each gall are re moved from the egg-shells about twice the length of these last, but for which there would be little trace as to where the egg en tered ; they are ovoid or rounded, and each contains a perfect larva, semitransparent or colorless, with a brownish ventral spot. Most of the galls contain three to five cells. From now on, the formation of the gall is rapid, the substance of the young gall being very juicy and succulent and of a yellow ish color, its outer margin or edge being pale pinkish. On May nth the galls were nearly full grown and proved to be Callirhytis ftitilis O. S., but no flies were reared until the middle of June, and from this time until the last of the month flies in both sexes were continually bred. A number of interesting subsequent observations were made upon this interesting species, but have no especial bearing on this communication. I ought, however, to state that Mr. H. F. Bassett (Psyche, Vol. 5, pp. 235-8, Dec., 1889) has described what is, apparently, the same insect as Cal- lirhytis radicis, which he reared from a series of blister-like cavities in the bark of the root of Quercus alba, and identified with the fly which he had himself observed ovipositing in the buds of the same oak and producing the gall which gives forth Callirhytis futilis Osten Sacken. There is consequently some confusion as to the actual relations of this sexual generation, and either an error as to determination on the part of Mr. Bassett or else an erroneous record of rearing on the part of Mr. Ash- mead. I have adopted the former as the more probable. There is, however, a third explanation, which, if verified by future in vestigation, would prove to be another interesting discovery in connection with these oak gall-flies, viz., that the same species may indifferently produce a gall on the root or on the twig. When we remember how closely these two parts of the plant are related physiologically and how readily the one in most trees may be converted into the other, such a discovery should not sur prise us. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3342803#page/408/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis clavula Fitch

  A superficial examination of the gall of Callirhytis clavula Fitch (Fig. 33 a. b. c. d.) shows no resemblance to the preceding galls except in location at the tip of the stem. The gall is apparently a mere enlargement of the tip of the stem, and containing one or more larval chambers. Examination of section under a compound microscope, however, reveals a condition similar to that described for C. solidaginis and C. s.-strobiloides. Each larval chamber is in reality the apex of a bud. The young leaves of the bud are closely applied to each other and their structure unaffected by the insect. As the gall developes the leaves do not unfold but assume a corky texture and in the fully mature gall their identity is almost lost. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/21941233#page/31/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis clavula

  Cynips quercus-tuber
  Cynips clavula
  Andricus clavula

  Club-shaped woody gall at end of twigs. Sometimes leaves develop from the bud of which this gall is a malformation. Polythalamous, 2-4 cm. long. Green occasionally faintly marked with red, turning brown. Common on white oak, Quercus alba. Insects from April to July. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610835#page/357/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis clavula

  The oak club gall on Quercus alha has been collected at Kenilworth, Winnetka, Glencoe, Ravinia, Fort Sheridan, Waukegan, La Grange, Willow Springs, Utica, and Moline, IL. ; Miller, Ind.; Onekama (T. Hatfield), Mich.; Syracuse and Farmingdale (Crosby), N. Y.; Popular Bluft', Mo.; Plummer Island, Md.; Washington, D. C; East Falls Church, Va., and Blue Hills, Mass. About Chicago pupae were found in the galls in various years on June 11, July 12, and July 16. One emerged July 12, 1912. At Washington living adults were cut out of galls on July 16, 1920 and in 1924 they emerged July 9, 13, and 14. Beutenmueller has had adults emerge at New York City July 14-30. Brodie collected galls at Toronto but seems not to have reared adults. Girault reared adults at Blacks- burg, Va., July 12, 1901. 

  What seems to be the same gall has been taken on Quercus stellata at Mineola, Tex.; Poplar Bluff, and Washington. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505972#page/191/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis clavula

  Oak club gall. Terminal, club-shaped, about 15 mm. in diameter with several leaves growing from it, containing one to three larval cells. Green while growing but becoming brown and woody after the escape of the adults in early July, the old galls persisting for years. On trees of Q. alba. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4257882#page/19/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis clavula

  A hard, woody, club-shaped gall, which occurs on the tips of twigs of the white oak, Quercus alba. Leaves frequently grown from it.

  Contains several larval chambers.

  Colo: green, often tinged red, turning brown.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2903040#page/387/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus clavula

  Cynips arbor 
  Cynips clavula

  Quercus alba

  Twig-gall, being a club-shaped swelling of the extreme tip. 1.5 X 2-3 cm. Green, single-chambered, becoming woody and dark after emergence of insect in midsummer. Surface often corrugated and covered with cork spots. Cedar Point and Huron. Common.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22852#page/90/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus arbos Fitch

  Quercus alba

  "Swellings similar to those of Cynips quercus tuber, growing on the tips of the limbs of aged and large white oak trees." - Fitch

  Is it identical with the following gall? But according to Dr. Fitch, this gall differs from that of C. quercus tuber by occuring on old and large trees only, whereas my gall No. 25 is found on trees of different age and size. 

  [Unnamed] 

  Quercus alba

  Club-shaped, woody swelling at the tip of the limbs.

  In June these swellings are yet green; later in the season, they become brown, hard and woody; in autumn, the leaves emerging from their tip, break off and the swellings at the tip of the limbs are easily noticed. 

  They can be recognized immediately by their club-shaped form, the vestiges of the leaves (usually three), broken off from their tip and the flattened, uneven surface between these vestiges, with the round hole, through which the insect escaped, generally in the centre. If cut lengthways in two, an elongated cavity is found just below this hole, and under this, a second, smaller, more rounded cavity. The latter contains the larva. 

  Sometimes there are two cavities of the latter kind and consequently two larvae occur in the same gall. On the 4th of July I found a pupa in an advanced state of ripeness in one of these galls; in the adjoining cell however was still a larva. I did not succeed in obtaining the gall-fly; instead of it, one of the specimens gave me Hydnocera verticalis Say, a col- eopteron, living, as it seems, parasitically on oak-galls, as I obtained it also from the oak-bullet gall (C. quercus tuber) of Dr. Fitch. 

  This gall is very common around Washington. Is it the gall of Gynips quercus arbos Fitch (Reports, Vol. II, No. 310)? From the gall of C. quercus tuber Fitch it is easily distinguished by its more constant form, its more uniformly woody consistency and the absence of the seed-like shells, containing the larva. I have found similar swellings on other kinds of oaks also. 

  Cynips quercus tuber Fitch

  Quercus alba

  Swelling of the small limbs or twigs

  These galls are easily distinguished from the club-shaped galls by their inside. "On cutting into these galls, says Dr. Fitch, the small limb on which they grow is found to have its wood thickened or swollen, and over it, forming the chief bulk of the tumor, is a corky substance of a yellowish-brown or snuff" color, between which and the wood are several small hard grains, resembling seeds, each having a cavity in its centre," etc. 

  The flies which I obtained from these galls agree with Dr. Fitch's description, except that the neuration of their wings shows that they do not belong to the true gall-flies (Psenides) of Hartig. The second segment of the abdomen is shorter than the third, the radial area is closed by the prolongation of the subcostal vein along the anterior margin and the areolet corresponds more to the middle than to the base of the radial area, all characters distinguishing them from the true gall-flies. Still, I am at a loss to say to what genus they belong. I thought for some time that they agreed with Amblynotus Hartig, as defined in Reinhardt's recent Monograph of the Figitidse (Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. 1860), but the antennae of the male, which I examined repeatedly on the living and the dead insect, appeared to me 15- and not 14-jointed. The male of Dr. Fitch's C. quercus tuber has 14-jointed antennae. My 9 , like Dr. Fitch's, have 12-jointed antennae, if the last, very elongated joint, is counted for one. The female of Amblynotus, according to Reinhardt, has 13 joints. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/239303#page/32/mode/1up
description:
  309. [Cynips quercus-tuber, new species](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/239303#page/32/mode/1up)

  On or near the ends of the small limbs and twigs of the white oak, hard irregular swellings thrice as thick as the twig below them, the bark upon them of a brighter cherry red color than elsewhere, and their substance internally corky and woody; produced by the stings of a small black gall-fly with dull pale yellow antennae, mouth and legs, its hind shanks and its antennae towards their tips being dusky, its length 0.08 and to the tips of its wings 0.13. 

  These tumors or galls are quite common, particularly upon the soft and tender limbs of small young trees. Two distinct varieties in their form will be observed as they grow at the ends of the limbs, or lower down upon their sides. Those upon or near the tips of the limbs are shorter rounded galls, little longer than broad, and usually of a deeper red color and a more irregular uneven surface. They are about a half inch in length and a fourth less in thickness. Those growing along the side of the stem are longer elliptic galls of about the same width as the preceding, but twice or three times as long, and of a paler though still a deep cherry red color. The whole circumference of the limb is involved in this diseased swelling, except a narrow stripe along its hind side where the bark retains its natural striated appearance. When fully grown the surface of both kinds of these galls becomes glaucous white, as though thinly coated with moldiness. Sometimes two, three or more of these tumors occur on the same limb, placed irregularly one below the other, or running partially into each other. A single one, however, always suffices to kill the limb at and above the point where it is situated, thus arresting its onward growth until one of the lateral shoots below grows to become a leading shoot in place of the one thus destroyed.

  On cutting into these galls the small limb on which they grow is found to have its wood thickened or swollen, and over it, forming the chief bulk of the tumor, is a corky substance of a yellowish brown or snuff color, between which and the wood are several small hard grains resembling seeds, each having a cavity in its center, in which, doubled together, lies a soft white footless worm or maggot. This, on completing its growth, changes to a pupa in the same cell, and subsequently to a fly like its parent above described; whereupon, to escape from its confinement, it gnaws out of this hard seed-like envelope and onward through the corky substance and the external bark, thus producing those small perforations like pin-holes, which are always seen in these tumors after the insects have made their exit therefrom. 

  [310. Cynips quercus-arbos, new species](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/239303#page/35/mode/1up)

  Swellings similar to those above described, growing on the tips of the limbs of aged and large white oak trees; producing a small black gall-fly having all its legs and antenna of a bright pale yellow color, and one more joint in the latter organs than in the preceding species in the males, which sex is 0.06 in length, and to the tips of its wings 0.10. 

  I have in repeated instances observed these swellings at the tips of the lofty limbs of mature and aged oaks, when the trees were felled and their limbs thus brought within view. But having until this moment supposed these galls the same with the preceding species, I have taken no care to obtain the flies from them.

  The fact has heretofore been stated that where trees are standing apart, for furnishing a shade in pastures and other cleared lands, or as ornamental trees in parks and pleasure-grounds, they gather more insects and are hence more stinted and deformed in their growth, than when they arc associated together in forests. A large solitary oak which formerly stood in prominent view from the door of my dwelling was noticed for many years as making no perceptible advance in height or in the size of its body and limbs, although apparently healthy and clothed luxuriantly each summer with foliage. One morning in March this tree was observed cut down, and on repairing to it, it was discovered that the extreme ends of all the more vigorous and thrifty limbs and twigs were swollen into knobs or galls, wherefrom these ends would perish and their onward growth be thus arrested, all the other more puny limbs showing on their ends dead and decaying knobs of the same kind, which had grown in preceding years, thus it was evidently this small gall-fly, which, by killing the ends of all the most vigorous and thrifty shoots, year after year, had been retarding the further growth of this majestic tree. The galls were at that time perforated with pin-holes, showing that the fly had come from them the preceding autumn. On a careful search, however, two were found with the insect still in them. These were placed in a glass jar, and a single male fly was obtained from them, which I now discover to be unlike the foregoing species. I hence infer this to infest mature and aged trees, whilst all my specimens of that were reared from the more accessible galls growing on the tender juicy branches of young shoots and saplings. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35069#page/221/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus (Sub-gen. Callirhytis) clavula

  The galls are club-shaped enlargements of the ends of the twigs of Quercus alba. Flies emerge in July. Common east and west. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/48893#page/194/mode/1up
description:
   Andricus clavula Bass

  The red swollen tips of the twigs of Quercus alba., which are the galls of the above named gall-fly, are very common in Michigan and Iowa. From these galls I have reared several specimens of the guest, Ceroptres petiolicola., but no true gall-flies.


description:
  Andricus (Callirhytis) clavula

  Cynips arbor
  Cynips clavula
  Andricus clavula

  Forms a club-shaped gall at the tips of the twigs of the White Oak (Quercus alba). Early in summer it is green; in winter it is of the same color as the twig, and is very hard and woody. Very common.


description:
  The taxonomy of this species is slightly complicated by the fact that Fitch named two distinct galls after two wasps that were both inquilines rather than inducers. Osten Sacken added a third, unnamed gall distinct from Fitch's galls either dubiously at all (Cynips quercus-tuber) or based on differences in the structure and texture of the gall (Cynips quercus-arbos). Bassett later inferred that both of Fitch's wasps were inquilines, and this was made official by Osten Sacken, who moved both quercusarbos and quercustuber to Ceroptres and established Cynips clavula as the name for the inducer. 

  At various times, the club-shaped galls on red oaks now named [Zapatella quercusphellos](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/742) and [Callirhytis aquaticae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/939) were erroneously synonymized with Callirhytis clavula.

  Riley reported evidence from Pergande that C clavula oviposited in leaves that later bore galls of [Callirhytis quercusfutilis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1129). This was questioned by Kinsey and others, and seems to have been based on an erroneous identification of a wasp that was likely C quercusfutilis. 

  Callirhytis clavula is a spring gall, oviposited as the buds leaf out in March or April, emerging in early July. However, galls remain on the tree throughout the following year or more, and galls collected or dissected in the fall, winter, or early spring often contain larvae. These are likely inquilines, but the number or identity of the inquiline species involved is not currently known. The samples of both of Fitch's quercustuber and quercusarbos are [lost and considered incertae sedis,](https://sci-hub.se/10.11646/zootaxa.4685.1.1) and whether they are distinct species, or even belong in the genus Ceroptres, is uncertain. There is also one report in the literature (Gillette 1898) of a Ceroptres petiolicola wasp emerging from a C clavula gall. 


description:
  Andricus humicola, new species

  Gall (P1. XXIV, Fig. 13).-Large, irregular, tuber-like, woody swellings of the bark and new wood of roots. Agglomerate. The swellings are very irregular, smooth and rounded when fresh, roughening with age; the fresh bark covering is more reddish brown than on the normal roots; length up to 10.5 cm., the diameter 7.5 cm. on large galls. Affecting both wood and bark, including wood below the normal line of the bark; larval cells lying toward the bark, oval, 3.5 by 4.5 mm., with a thin, distinctive tissue lining the cells, but not separable from the wood. On the sides of large roots,well below the surface of the ground, on Quercus Kelloggii.

  RANGE.-Oregon: Ashland.

  A cave-in of a railroad embankment had exposed these galls. The single female was found running over the surface of the galls, and was identified as the producer of these by recovering an immature adult which had not emerged from the galls. Almost all of the insects had emerged, but at least one was still alive on April 6. Very likely the species is agamic, at least in this generation.


description:
  Neuroterus decipiens, new species

  GALLS (P1. XXIV; Fig. 9).-Clusters of egg-like cells in the leaf-blade. Each cell monothalamous, oval, about 1.7 mm. long by 1.0 mm. wide, thin-walled, entirely hollow, equally protruding from either surface of the leaf; leaf-green, drying brownish yellow. In dense, compacted clusters containing many scores of cells; on young leaves of Quercus Douglasii.

  RANGE.-California: Stanford University (I. C. McCracken, Coll.), Three Rivers, and Redding.

  This species is very abundant early in the spring; the galls are very succulent and the insects mature quickly after the unfolding of the leaves. There must be, therefore, another generation in the year, probably agamic. Insects were emerging at Three Rivers on March 22, but some hundred miles farther north, at Redding, adults did not emerge until some time after collection of the galls on April.2. Of 93 adults of my collection, only 14 are males, not the usual ratio for bisexual generations of this genus. Material of this species is in several collections labelled Neuroterus pacificus Beutenmuller, but this is obviously not that species.


description:
  Quercus falcata tentatively added as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/100651816). 

  Quercus phellos tentatively added as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/111027644). 


description:
  Numerous purplish leaf spots on the upper leaf of Achlys triphylla. The spots turn brown, later black, with age. Observed in Washington and British Columbia in June and August.


description:
  According to sources in the literature, this gall has only been reported on red-group oaks found in the southern US. Galls apparently best matching this description have frequently been observed on red-group oaks in Ohio, Michigan, and New England, including Quercus rubra, coccinea, and shumardii. However, it is not clear at the moment that these are in fact the same wasp species. They may represent a wider range of variation than is otherwise known for Callirhytis lanata or piperoides, or an undescribed fourth species.


description:
  Globular, reddish-pink swellings on the bud of Ranunculus recurvatus. Observed in Michigan in August.


description:
  Kinseyella lapiei (Kieffer), comb. nova

  Disholcaspis lapiei Kieffer, 1911: 346–347 (female, gall); Melika & Abrahamson, 2002.
  Holcaspis weldi Beutenmueller, 1911: 86–87 (female, gall).
  Adleria lapiei: Weld (1952); Burnett (1977).

  Gall. The galls are similar to K. quercusobtusata, sometimes larger, reaching 55 mm in diameter.

  Biology. Only the asexual generation of this species is known, inducing twig and leaf galls on Q. reticulata (Section Quercus ‘sensu stricto’). The gall starts to develop in summer (Kieffer 1911) and mature in autumn; adults start to emerge in October (Beutenmueller 1911).

  Distribution. Currently known only from Mexico. Galls were collected from El Parque at 2300m a.s.l., near Cuernavaca (Estado  de Morelos) (Kieffer 1911) and Ajusco (Distrito Federal) according to Beutenmueller’s labels

  Comments. Originally Kinseyella lapiei was described by Kieffer (1911) as Disholcaspis lapiei. Kinsey (1937a) suggested that D. lapiei Kieffer probably a synonym of D. weldi (Beutenmueller) (= Holcaspis weldi Beutenmueller, not Cynips weldi Beutenmueller). However, Kinsey (1937a) suggestion for the synonymization of D. lapiei to D. weldi was erroneous from the point of view of ICZN, and what was correctly mentioned by Weld (1952). Chronologically, D. lapiei was described before H. weldi, which is a junior synonym, and thus Weld (1952) was right when synonymized H. weldi to D. lapiei. Later, Weld (1952) placed it in Adleria Rohwer & Fagan. Burnett (1977) provisionally treated lapiei also as Adleria; Melika & Abrahamson (2002) re-established the Disholcaspis combination. On the other hand, the genus Holcaspis Mayr, where H. weldi has been described, was preoccupied by Chadour 186- for Coleoptera and, thus Dalla Torre & Kieffer (1910) established Disholcaspis as new genus name for Holcaspis sensu Mayr. 


description:
  Neuroterus fusifex Pujade-Villar and Ferrer-Suay n. sp. 
  (Figs 1–3)

  Gall (Fig. 4a-b). Multilocular gall, located in catkins, ovoid (7-12 mm long and 5-7 mm wide). It is caused by the hypertrophy of the axis with anthers of the some flowers are protruding. When young it is green and turgescent, which hardens and becomes violet-red at maturity. The surface is provided with a thin, dense whitish pubescence. Inside numerous rounds larval chambers (0.5 mm in diameter) are closely disposed ones together with each other, jointed with a hard consistency. The medullar space between larval chambers hardly exists.

  Host plant. Quercus laeta Liebm. (section Quercus) endemic from Mexico. 

  Distribution. Mexico (Cerro de las Campanas - Arenales, San Felipe del Progreso, Estado de México). 

  Biology. Only the sexual generation is known. The galls appear in April on catkins. Adults emerge in the last April or early May. The galls fall to the ground shortly after although some can remain in the tree some more months.


description:
  Neuroterus ellongatum Pujade-Villar & Melika n. sp. (Figs 1–3)

  Gall
  (Fig. 3b). Galls are cryptic, located in twigs. They are inconspicuous; not recognizable before the emergence of the  adults. The larval chambers are dispersed longitudinally in  the woody tissue of the infested twig (2 x 1 mm.), never cause a strong twig (branch) swelling, thus the galls are hardly or not visible till the emergence of adults. 

  Host plant
  Quercus laeta

  Distribution
  Mexico (Santa Fe, Delegación Cuajimalpa, D. F., Mexico City). 

  Biology
  Only the asexual generation is known. Adults emerge in late winter and early spring when new shoots are starting to grow. They emerge from twigs of two years old, which means a short life cycle


description:
  Neuroterus verrucum Pujade-Villar n. sp. (Figs 4–6)

  Gall
  (Fig. 6). Cryptic galls located on the surface of the bark of the previous year shoots. They are very inconspicuous, difficult to recognize without the emerging holes of adults. They are solitary or in groups up to 5 larval chambers (1.1 x 0.5 mm). Externally are observed as small superficial warts on the bark; the larval chamber is yellowish and surrounded by a thin brown woody tissue.

  Host
  Quercus laeta.

  Distribution
  Mexico (Santa Fe, Delegación Cuajimalpa, D. F., Mexico City). 

  Biology
  Only the asexual generation is known. Adults emerge in late winter and early spring when new shoots are starting to grow. 


description:
  Neuroterus acrotrichias Pujade-Villar n. sp. (Figs. 1-4)

  Galls (Fig. 3)

  Located on the underside of the leaves in large numbers, between the secondary or tertiary veins, rarely on top of them. They are strongly attached to the leaf surface without producing a sinking of the leaf at the point of insertion. They are globular with a flat base, brown on the side and light in the apical zone, with a whitish apical pubescent tuft.. The surface is shiny and alutaceous, sometimes with some weak longitudinal carinae.
  The diameter is 1.5-1.6 mm and the height is 1.2-1.3 mm. The larval chamber is located in the lower part of the gall parallel to the leaf (1.2 × 0.5 mm); above it there is a hard tissue that protects the larval chamber above the gall (1.2 × 0.5 mm).

  Host
  Quercus rugosa Née (section Quercus). Species widely distributed in Mexico (in the states of Aguascalientes, Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila, DF, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Zacatecas); also present in southern Arizona and Guatemala.

  Distribution
  Mexico (Mexico City and Tlaxcala). 

  Biology
  Species known only from asexual generation. The adults emerge from the end of June to the end of July; galls are not deciduous. This oak is not deciduous, the replacement of the replacement of the previous year's leaves is done gradually.


description:
  Neuroterus eugeros Pujade-Villar n. sp.

  Galls (Figs. 1b). Plurilocular (probably due to being fused unilocular), located on the underside of the leaves between the secondary nervations, inseparable from the leaf tissue, they are almost always found touching the leaf margin. Their presence causes the appearance of a very abundant trichose silkiness. The lower side is visibly swollen, up to 1.5 cm thick, the upper side is not. The leaf dries and wrinkles where the galls are present, so that when they are very abundant the oak looks sickly. Adults emerge from the upper side.

  Host. Quercus laeta Liebm. (section Quercus). Species endemic to Mexico. Present in multiple states (Valencia-A, 2004).

  Distribution. Mexico (Mexico City)


description:
  Neuroterus junctor, new species
  bisexual form?

  GALL.—Irregular, monothalamous or polythalamous swellings in the blade of the leaf, wholly inseparable, well developed on both surfaces of the leaf, though more developed on the under surface ; covered with a short but dense pubescence, each gall separable or more or less fused with other galls.

  HOST.—Quercus texcocana [deserticola] 

  RANGE.—Mexico: Mexico City, 12 W, 8500' (types).

  LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: March 15 (possibly of a bisexual, possibly of an agamic generation). 

  This insect provides an important link between two complexes which were recognized as related, but not understandably connected by the previously described American species. The first, the [irregularis complex](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/765), is confined to the Eastern half of the United States. The second, [Neuroterus decipiens](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1722), is a single species known only from California. The gall of junctor is very much like the galls of the irregularis complex, but the insect is closer to N. decipiens—in fact, closer than any species of the irregularis complex. It has been puzzling to understand how the Eastern American group, irregularis, could have a close relative, decipiens, in California, when neither group is represented in the Rocky Mountain area; but with this new species junctor as a clue, we shall direct our search into Mexico for the connecting links between the American complexes. 

  Since both irregularis and decipiens are known only from bisexual forms, it is quite possible that junctor represents a bisexual generation; but this is not determinable either from our limited material or from the collection and breeding dates with our series. 


description:
  Neuroterus (niger) reconditus, new species
  Agamic form

  GALL.—Minute, inconspicuous pustules in the blade of the leaf ; somewhat circular or more ovoid in shape, equally developed on both surfaces of the leaf, inconspicuous on both, but more conspicuous above because of the nature of the upper surface of the leaf ; gall surface naked, without irregularities other than those normal to the leaf surface ; fresh galls of the same color as the leaf, old galls becoming browner sooner than the
  rest of the leaf; averaging 1.0 mm. in diameter. Galls fairly numerous on single leaves. 

  HOST.— Quercus macrophylla [magnoliifolia], the largest-leaved white oak of the area. 

  RANGE,—Aguascalientes: Pabellon, 20 W, 7000' (types). Probably confined to a portion of the Western Sierra in Mexico, including the state of Aguascalientes.

  LIFE HISTORY.—Agamic females: emerging April 10. 

  The niger complex has been known from the eastern U. S., from our Southwest (but not from the Rockies further north), and from California. The present species is the first to be described from Mexico. Like all the other described species of the group, reconditus differs chiefly in the minor color characters noted above; but the form of the gall provides some further basis of differentiation of the species.


description:
  Neuroterus (verrucarum) visibilis, new species 
  agamic form 

  GALL.—Very minute, elongate-oval, hard but thin-walled cells ; with a slightly elevated, circular apex in center of top surface ; surfaces of galls minutely granular ; each cell attached by a broad area to under surface of leaf, producing a barely evident elevation of upper surface of leaf, but cells not embedded in such a depression of under surface (i. e., an elevation of upper surface) as is usual in the American species of the complex ; cells sparsely hairy with rather long trichomes, this clothing however no heavier than that normal to under surface of leaf ; cells averaging 0.8 mm. in length and 0.4 mm. in diameter. Galls abundant on single leaves. 

  HOST.—Quercus macrophylla, the largest-leaved white oak of the area. 

  RANGE.—Guanajuato : San Felipe, 8 NE, 7000' (types). Probably throughout a more central area in Mexico, including the state of Guanajuato.

  LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: March 6, 14, 25. 

  The verrucarum complex has been known previously only from the eastern half of the United States. The present species, and the two that follow, extend the records through the Western Sierra to the southwestern corner of Mexico. 

  This is the first instance of an exclusively Eastern American group occurring in the Western Sierra of Mexico. The gall of visibilis is, however, hardly different from the seed-like galls of the saltatorius complex (which are known both from the Eastern and the Western United States). None of these Mexican species has the gall embedded in as deep a depression as is common in the American species of the group, and the mode of attachment of this larval cell and the extent of the hairy covering of the gall are, after all, the chief differences between the verrucarum and the saltatorius complexes. Since the insects of the two groups differ in very few respects, it is not unlikely that these Mexican species will provide connecting links between them. 


description:
  Neuroterus (verrucarum) volutans, new species
  agamic form

  GALL.—Minute, elongate-oval, hard but thin-walled cells with a slightly elevated apex in center of top surface ; surfaces of galls minutely granular, each cell attached by a broad area to the under surface of the leaf, producing an inconspicuous, smooth but hardly elevated area on the upper surface of leaf ; galls not embedded in any deep depression of under surface of leaf such as is characteristic of the American species of the complex; cells fairly well covered and more or less hidden by a circular tangle of long, brown trichomes which more or less contrast with the normally hairy under-surface of leaf; cells averaging 1.4 mm. in length and 1.0 mm. in diameter, the whole mass of hairs on each gall averaging 2.0 mm. in diameter. Galls often densely covering under surfaces of leaves. 

  HOST.—Quercus texcocana [deserticola], the smaller-leaved tree which is the commonest white oak in the mountains about the Valley of Mexico. 

  RANGE.—Mexico: Mexico City, 17 S, 82'00'.

  LIFE HISTORY. Agamic females: March 7, 14. 

  The gall of volutans is superficially quite like those found in the verrucarum complex in the United States. Upon closer examination it will be seen to differ in having no real depression in which the larval cell is sunk—and consequently no great elevation on the upper surface of the leaf. 


description:
  Neuroterus (verrucarum) vulpinus, new species
  agamic form

  GALL.—Minute, elongate-oval, hard but thin-walled cells, usually with a slightly elevated apex in center of top surface ; surfaces of galls minutely granular, each cell attached by a broad area to the under surface of the leaf, not buried in the sort of depression
  characteristic of American species of the group, and showing no deformation unless a slight discoloration on upper surface of leaf ; cells densely covered and entirely hidden by a circular tangle of long, whitish trichomes which contrast sharply with the normally hairy under surface of leaf ; cells averaging 0.7 mm. in length and less in diameter, the whole mass of hairs on each gall averaging 2.5 mm. in diameter. Galls densely covering under surfaces of leaves. 

  HOST.—Quercus macrophylla, the larger-leaved white oak of the area. 

  RANGE.—Guerrero: Taxco, 8 NE, 8000'. Probably confined to a southwestern portion of Mexico including at least a portion of the state of Guerrero.


description:
  Neuroterus (saltatorius) tumba, new species
  agamic 

  GALL.—An ovoid, naked cell, broadly attached to under surfaces of, and hence only poorly separated from the leaf. Cells averaging 1.5 mm. in length and 1.2 mm. in diameter, thin- but hard-walled, surface rough, the roughening sometimes more or less radiate from apex of gall, without hairs or other covering ; each gall mounted on a slight elevation of under surface, and hence causing a distinct depression of upper surface of leaf. Galls usually abundant on single leaves. 

  HOST. —Quercus macrophylla [magnoliifolia], the larger-leaved white oak of the area. 

  RANGE.—Guerrero : Chilpancingo, 6 S, 4000'.

  LIFE HISTORY.—Agamic females: March 24. 

  This is the first insect of the saltatorius complex described from Mexico. The complex has previously been recorded from Eastern, Southwestern, and Pacific areas of the United States. The galls of tumba are most like those of N. (saltatorius) saltarius which Weld described from Indiana, and they are still more like undescribed species from Texas. It is interesting to find Eastern American, instead of the usual Rocky Mountain affinities, in this Southwestern corner of Mexico


description:
  Melikaiella amphibolensis, n. sp.
  sexgen

  Host: Quercus mexicana

  Gall (Fig. 5a). A leaf gall, on the underside as a deformation of leaf veins (usually the main vein or main and secondary veins together). Plurilocular, elongated, 10-20 x 5-12 mm, yellowish, smooth surface with abundant stellate hairs on sides. Larval chambers (2.1x1.3 mm) disposed transversally, separated by a spongious tissue. The gall becomes hard after adults have emerged. Sometimes, marks of veins can be seen on the surface of the gall. Upper surface of leaf not deformed, sometimes the surface is undulated.

  Range: Mexico (DF)

  Biology: The galls develop in May and mature in June. Adults start to emerge in July.


description:
  Melikaiella bicolor n. sp.
  sexgen

  Hosts: Quercus acherdophylla, crassipes, laurina, crassifolia, rugosa [the authors state that all hosts are members of section Lobatae (as is true of all the members of new genus Melikaiella), but Quercus rugosa is not in Lobatae. This may be a mistake?]

  Gall. (Fig. 7). Plurilocular. Distal part composed of strongly swollen young branches (20-30 x 30-40 mm). More or less circular or oval in cross-section; larval chambers (3x1.7 mm) are nested perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the branch, occupying radially the entire space of the gall in cross-section. Green, easily cuttable; brown after the adults emerged and hard interiorly; the external epidermis and the tissue between larval chambers are easy to cut. Surface smooth, verrucose where the leaf petioles are inserted. 

  Range: Mexigo (Hidalgo and Tlaxcala)

  Biology: Galls develop in May and mature in June. Adults start to emerge in June. In August many parasitoids of Eulophidae, Eurytomidae, Eupelmidae Pteromalidae and Ormyridae (Chalcidoidea), and several Synergus (Cynipidae) inquilines were obtained. 


description:
  Melikaiella reticulata n. sp.
  sexgen

  Hosts: Quercus laurina

  Gall. Adults were obtained from galls similar to those of [M. bicolor](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3419) [Also known from Quercus laurina. Description: Plurilocular. Distal part composed of strongly swollen young branches (20-30 x 30-40 mm). More or less circular or oval in cross-section; larval chambers (3x1.7 mm) are nested perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the branch, occupying radially the entire space of the gall in cross-section. Green, easily cuttable; brown after the adults emerged and hard interiorly; the external epidermis and the tissue between larval chambers are easy to cut. Surface smooth, verrucose where the leaf petioles are inserted.]

  Range: Mexico (Hidalgo)

  Biology: Galls develop in May and mature in June. Adults start to emerge in July. Several parasitoid specimens from Pteromalidae, Eulophidae and Eurytomidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) emerged in August.


description:
  A large green swelling on the lower side of the midrib of Quercus laceyi. Thick-walled, polythalamous, covered in hair below and pinching the leaf to a narrow, hairy slit above lined with multiple egress holes. Observed in Texas, immature in late March, vacant by October, likely much sooner. Visitation by a paper wasp suggests some honeydew secretion may be present. 

  Resembles Kinsey's [Neuroterus quercicola](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2546) agamic galls sensu lato, similar to [Neuroterus fragilis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1618), [lamellae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1035), or the [flat-topped gall on Quercus cornelius-mulleri.](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1943) An adult female reared from this gall in April 2022 resembles adults of Neuroterus fragilis and washingtonensis and is consistent with Kinsey's species-level description of N quercicola females. [A stem gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4202) consistent with the agamic gall Kinsey described for N quercicola has been found on the same host. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885289#page/362/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus favosus

  Flattened, polythalamous leaf galls projecting from both surfaces of the leaf diameter 6 to 24 mm, the upper and lower surfaces resembling a honey comb, on Quercus tinctoria [velutina].


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24831#page/1122/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis favosa
  sexgen

  Neuroterus favosus

  Produce leaf galls on Quercus palustris, velutina

  Range: NY, PA, MD, VA, OH


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/273/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus distortus

  The writer has collected galls of this species on Quercus bicolor at Evanston, Wilmette, Glencoe, and New Lenox, IL, The flies issue during the first two weeks of May. A similar gall perhaps of this species was observed on the rock chestnut oak, Q. montana, near Alexandria, Va. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/274/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus evolutus, new species

  Host. — Quercus lobata. 

  Gall. — A cell about 1.8 mm. long lying in the wood under a leaf or flower scar, the upper end nearly reaching but not showing at the surface until the adult begins to make the exit hole. But one or rarely two under a scar. Exit hole in the scar or near it. Found about the terminal cluster of buds or sometimes at the internodes forming the annual ring. Similar to the gall of the eastern species described above but the adult is different. 

  Habitat— Cottonwood, Shasta County, Calif. Twigs collected by A. W. Gambs on December 7 gave adults indoors January 6 and from others collected late in January adults emerged February 9 and 11. The normal emergence is probably before the buds start in the spring. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/275/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus exiguus

  Spindle-shaped fleshy enlargements of the staminate flower axis of Quercus stellata at Alexandria, Va., gave adults of this Neuroterus on May 12, 1920. The galls were also seen at Rosslyn. Along with these swellings and sometimes on them were tan-colored, thin-walled, somewhat hairy, oval galls evidently representing enlarged filaments which also seem to contain this Neuroterus. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/275/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus irregularis

  Galls collected at Clarendon, Va., but a few miles from the type locality of this species, on an isolated tree of Quercus stellata on which fully half of the leaves bore galls, gave adults May 14-20, 1923. At this time the recently emerged flies were seen resting on the leaves by hundreds, the females ovipositing on the under surface. In early September this tree bore thousands of small, nearly spherical, short-pubescent galls recently described as those which yield in March the agamic fly Neuroterus saltatorius australis Kinsey. No other kind of gall was noticed on the tree. In the spring of 1924 the nearly full-grown galls on the leaves were observed again and globular galls collected from the ground beneath still contained larvae indicating that some at least hold over in the galls for two winters before emerging. Adults of irregularis emerged May 24—6, 1924. Another tree some miles away at Takoma Park, Md., bore countless number of these spherical galls which were dropping to the ground in the latter part of September 1923, and this tree was one on which irregularis had been very abundant in the spring. These galls were not observed to jump. In Arlington Cemetery, Va., a tree was seen so heavily infested with irregularis galls in the spring of 1920 that on July 4 the tree was observed to have put forth a new crop of leaves as a result. A sending of fresh galls from Middleburg, Va., yielded 487 adults of which 136 were females and 351 or 72 per cent males. 

  Neuroterus majalis

  The writer has collected galls on Quercus alba at Willow Springs, Evanston (adults emerged June 11-13, 1909), Ravinia, and Fort Sheridan (adults emerging May 30, 1911), IL.; at Miller, Ind.; at Fairfax, S. C. ; at Poplar Bluff, Mo.; at Plummer Island, Md. ; and Washington, D. C. The galls are much more common about Washington than in the Chicago area and are full grown early in May when the young leaves are but 5-6 cm. long. Similar galls were noted on the rock chestnut oak, Q. montana., at Washington and at Falls Church and Alexandria, Va., where adults emerged May 6-11, 1920 and some seemed to be ovipositing on the leaves. 


description:
  Weld [put forward evidence](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/275/mode/1up) that this is the alternate generation of Neuroterus quercusirregularis. This heterogony is not reported in more recent sources. 

  Quercus oglethorpensis added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/136445440). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/276/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus minutissimus

  The writer has collected galls in Florida at Jacksonville, Daytona, St. Petersburg, Clearwater, and Ocala, but has never reared adults which are said to emerge in spring. The Pergande collection had galls from St. George also. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/276/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus minutus

  The galls of this species have been taken at Winnetka, Ravinia, and Moline, IL.; at Plummer Island and Takoma Park, Md.; at Washington, D. C; at Falls Church and Alexandria, Va.; and at Fairfax, S. C. In the Chicago area the galls are rare and contained pupae one year on May 30 and the next year on June 9. Adults were all out at Moline by June 19. About Washington the galls are very abundant especially in 1924 when two large white oaks had almost every twig end affected. The galls contained pupae on May 4 and adults emerged May 6-12, males appearing first. Galls collected at Falls Church :May 2, 1920, gave adults :May 7. Brodie found galls at Toronto. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/277/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus rileyi

  Galls determined by writer as this species were sent to the National Museum December 12, 1920, from Sulphur, Okla., host oak not given. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/281/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus umbilicatus [generation inferred from phylogeny]

  Galls on Quercus bicolor, agreeing with Bassett specimens, were collected at Washington, D. C, on September 23, 1923. No adults were reared, as some of the galls at least still contained larvae June 1, 1924. In late October, 1924, William Beutenmueller collected galls at Tenafly. N. J., and sent some to the writer for rearing. Up to January 1, 1926, he had reared nothing from the thousands of galls in his breeding cages, some indoors and some out, nor has the writer succeeded in rearing the adults. Galls were also seen at Ithaca, N. Y. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/281/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus vernus

  The writer has found galls of this species only once, and at Moline, IL. The adults had all emerged before July 21.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/281/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus vesicula

  The galls of this species were described as starting their development in the fall, maturing quickly in the spring, the adults emerging about the time the oak leaves begin to expand. The writer has no evidence to show that this succulent gall develops partially in the fall, but they do occur and become full. grown before the buds start in the spring, the adults emerging either before or just as the buds open. They have been noted on Quercus alba., from which the species was described, at Ravinia, IL., containing both pupae and adults on April 24, 1915, the adults beginning to emerge April 29. Fort Sheridan galls contained pupae May 12, 1917, adults emerging May 18. In 1920 galls contained pupae at Cherrydale, Va., on April 11; and at Chevy Chase, Md., on April 18. At Washington adults were emerging March 27, 1921, and in the late season of 1924 on April 26. In emerging the flies chew out a round piece, which often remains as a hinged lid. On Q. montana galls were seen at Washington, with flies emerging April 22, 1923. On Q. bicolor the galls were common at Evanston, IL., being noticed as early as March 28, 1909, and March 27, 1910 (adults emerged and died in jar before April 20). In 1912 emergence was in late April, only one fly being reared from galls collected May 6. In 1913 galls were collected on April 15, some already showing exit holes, adults emerging by April 27. While gathering the galls an adult thought to be of this species was observed ovipositing in a bud. On Q. macrocarpa galls were found at Evanston May 1, 1913, and on April 27, 1915, three empty ones from which adults had recently emerged, and near by two adults perhaps from these galls were seen ovipositing in buds. Similar galls occur at Washington on Q. stellata, the flies emerging March 27-30, 1921, and April 25-29, 1924. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/282/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis acraspiformis, new species

  Host. — Quercus undulata and Quercus toumeyi.

  Gall (fig. 30). — Globular, spiny, single on under side of leaf on midrib in fall, monothalamous, 7-10 mm. in diameter. The wall of the gall is half a millimeter thick, hard and crystalline, covered with yellow spines 2.5 mm. long with swollen bases half a millimeter in diameter which are pinkish in color and polygonal by mutual pressure in cross-section. When detached a rosette of single-celled short colorless hairs is found about the base of each spine. The exit hole, 1.2 mm. in diameter is in the side of the gall. It is similar in structure to some of the Acraspis galls in the east. 

  Habitat . — The type is selected from galls collected November 7, 1921, in Blue Canyon west of Socorro, N. Mex., the files being cut out of the galls a few days later. Paratypes are from Nogal Canyon south of Socorro, the flies emerging December 31 and January 13. Other paratypes are from Hackberry, Ariz., the flies having emerged and died before February 14. All the above were on Q. undulata. One paratype is from Q, toumeyi, Patagonia, Ariz., the fly emerging December 31. Galls were seen on Q. undulata at Ashfork, Ariz., also and in the Burro Mountains, N. Mex. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/285/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis amphora, new species

  Host. — Quercus undulata. 

  Gall (fig. 31). — A hollow cylinder, sessile at base, swollen more or less in the middle and tapering to the apex which is contracted to a small hole leading into a deep cavity in the bottom of which and in the basal third of the gall is the thin-walled larval cell below which a small cavity leads to the pedicel. Red or brownish, 4-5 mm. high by 3 mm. in diameter, the hole at apex about 1 mm. in diameter. Occurs in fall and drops with the leaves, usually only one or two on a leaf near the edge on under side. 

  Habitat. — The type is selected from material collected on Q. undulata at Tijeras, N. Mex., November 1, 1921, when some of the galls contained pupae and others adults. Paratypes are from Q. undulata in Blue Canyon west and Nogal Canyon south of Socorro, the living flies cut out of the galls January 3, 1922. Other paratypes are from the same host at Hillsboro, the flies cut out November 16. Paratypes also are from Prescott, Ariz., (host not recorded), the galls collected April 13, 1918, the flies emerging before April 20 (Hopkins U. S. No. 15617/i;). The galls have been collected on Q. undulata at the "breaks " south of Bard, N. Mex., (E, E. Goddard), and at Ashfork, Ariz. The writer has collected what he takes to be galls of this species on Q. grisea at Magdalena, N. Mex.; on Q. arizonica at Bisbee and Oracle, Ariz. ; and on Q. oblongifolia at Nogales, Patagonia, and in Huachuca and Santa Catalina Mountains, Ariz. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/286/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis atrimenta

  This species was described from imperfect specimens from galls on Q. douglasii from Three Rivers and Redding, Calif. The writer has collected the galls on two other California oaks also: on Q. douglasii at Three Rivers, Kaweah, Bagby, Placerville, Oroville, Red Bluff, Shasta, Ukiah, Lakeport (flies emerging May 12), Cloverdale, Calistoga, St. Helena, Mt. Diablo, Stanford University (flies emerged May 1-8), Los Gates, Paraiso Springs, Bradley, Jolon, Paso Robles (flies emerged April 25), Santa Margarita, and Lebec; on Q, lobata at Los Gatos, Stanford University, Lake- port, and Red Bluff; on Q. dumosa at Paso Robles, Jolon (flies emerged April 25) and Paraiso Springs. The galls are sometimes attached to the staminate flower axis as well as to leaves. 

  Miss Egbert reared adults of this species in April, 1917, and included a description in her manuscript thesis presented at Stanford University in May, 1917. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/286/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis bella

  Cynips bella
  Holcaspis maculipennis

   H. maculipennis was described from a single specimen from the west slope of the Organ Mountains in New Mexico. Without seeing this type Beutenmueller and Fullaway have erroneously determined a large oak apple on Quercus garryana from Oregon and northern California as this species. This has since been described as Cynips mirabilis Kinsey (see p. 64). The writer has compared the Gillette holotype of maculipennis with a Bassett type of bella in the National Museum and finds they are the same. Because of the percurrent parapsidal grooves and very oblique hind margin of the second tergite Mayr, in 1881, placed the species in Dryophanta — now known as Diplolepis. 

  This species, described from an unknown oak from Tucson, Ariz., has been reared by the writer from galls on Quercus arizonica, toumeyi, grisea, and undulata, and the galls found on oblongifolia and reticulata [rugosa]. Galls were seen in the Santa Catalina Mountains at Oracle and in Sabino basin, in the Santa Rita, Tumacacori, Patagonia, Huachiica, Mule, and Chiricahua Mountains, and at Nogales, Bisbee, Prescott, Hackberry, Ashfork, and Williams, Ariz. In New Mexico they were seen in the Burro Mountains, at Fierro, Kingston, Hillsboro, Nogal Canyon, Magdalena, Blue Canyon near Socorro, and in Sandia Mountains at Abo Pass and Tijeras. The galls were nearly full grown on arizonica in the Huachucas on July 9, and at Hackberry on undulata contained pupae on October 6. At Tijeras they were common on undulata, and on November 1 contained adults just beginning to emerge. A lot of flies cut out on that date lived in a pill-box without attention until December 30, and three were still living on January- 12. Few of the galls were parasitized here. In the Chiricahuas only six adults were secured by opening 65 galls, and in the Santa Ritas only one in fifty contained a producer. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/287/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis brevipennata

  This species, whose type locality is Manitou, Colo., seems to be very common on all the oaks in the region of the Spanish Peaks, It occurs on every type of oak found about Las Vegas Hot Springs, and extends as far south as the Sandia Mountains. In the Garden of the Gods on October 4, 1921, galls on Quercus gambelii contained both pupae and adults. At Wetmore the galls were common, and on October 6 contained adults ready to emerge which were found dead (and others living) in the box when the material was examined on December 31. Galls sent to Washington (Hopkins U. S. No. 15635«) gave flies October 31, November 15, and January 10. At the Alvarado ranger station near West Cliff the galls were rare. Adults were chewing out of the inner cell at La Veta on October 10 and could be found among the fibers. At Trinidad galls were seen on Q. fendleri. In New Mexico the galls were seen at Raton, Wagon Mound, Shoemaker, Glorieta, and at Tijeras a few occurred on fendleri and grisea and one gall was found on the same bush of undulata that bore the similar galls of a fully-winged species Diplolepis bella (Bassett). This is the most southern point where the writer found the one and the most northern locality for the other. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/287/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis caepula, new species

  Host. — Quercus undulata. 

  Gall (fig. 32). — Shaped like a small onion, tan-colored, single or scattered in small numbers on under side of leaf in the fall, persisting on the leaf through the winter. The basal third of the sessile gall is beset with long straight single-celled hairs which are mostly reflexed toward the leaf surface. The conical apex is often lop sided and an opening at the end leads into a thin-walled cavity in which are a few scattered hairs and in the base of which is the transversely placed thin-walled larval cell in the very base of the gall. Inside the larval cell at the pedicel is a thin white disk. 

  Habitat. — The type is selected from a series from galls collected November 14, 1921, near Hillsboro, N. Mex., the flies emerging April 5-25, 1922. Paratypes are from Tijeras, N. Mex., and of the adults cut out of the galls on November 1 some lived in a pill box until December 28. Other paratypes are from Blue Canyon west of Socorro, adults being cut out of the galls on January 2. The galls were seen also at Hackberry, Ashfork, and AVilliams, Ariz. Similar galls were seen on Q. grisea at Magdalena, N. Mex. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/290/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis cava, new species

   Host. — Quercus breviloba and Quercus laceyi. 

  Gall (fig. 5). — An oak apple, 14-20 mm. in diameter, usually single on under side of leaf in fall. Reddish-brown, not spotted, wall thin, central cell supported by numerous silky fibers, a definite bundle of parallel fibers from cell to point of attachment of gall. 

  Habitat.—The type material was collected in October 1917, near Austin, Tex., on the shin oak, Q. breviloba. A gall opened November 10, contained a pupa which transformed November 26. By December 4, adults had chewed out of the inner cell and were found among the radiating fibers. The normal emergence date unknown. These galls were seen also at Boerne and Kerrville. A paratype fly came from a gall on Q. laceyi at Boerne, the gall containing a pupa on November 20, which transformed by December 7. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/291/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis centricola

  The gall of this species is a spotted oak apple usually found singly on under side of leaf of Quercus stellata in the fall. The writer has collected them at Ironton and Poplar Bluff, Mo.; Hoxie and Texarkana, Ark.; and Tuskahoma, Okla. Ashmead collected galls at Asheville, N. C, and J. Angus at West Farms, N. Y. Galls at Ironton contained adults November 14 and some had already chewed their way out of the inner cell. Some emerged November 27, and December 8. Galls at Hoxie contained pupae October 10, and adults November 17. At Washington adults were found inside the galls October 9, and 20, and on November 1, some had chewed out of the inner cell. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/292/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis clavula (Beutenmuller)

  This species was described from a series of flies in the National Museum reared from galls collected by Koebele in Sonoma and Napa Counties. The writer collected galls on Quercus lobata at following locations in California: Chico, Calistoga, Stockton, Kaweah, and Lebec. Dr. J. C. Bradley collected one at Napa. The galls are just starting in August and become full grown in September and should be collected in late fall for rearing. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/293/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis discularis, new species

  Host. — Quercus garryana

  Gall (fig. 34). — Disk-shaped, about 6 mm. in diameter by 1 mm. thick, single or scattered in small numbers on underside of leaf in fall. The upper surface is slightly concave, the edge sinuate, the margin reflexed nearly to the leaf surface. The transversely placed larval cell occupies the full height of the gall. Exit hole above. 

  Habitat. — The type material was collected September 8, 1922, in Sequoia National Park, Calif., near the Cedar Creek checking station on the road to Giant Forest on the Kaweah form of this Oregon oak. Living flies were cut out of the galls on November 10, 


description:
  Diplolepis lens, new species

  Host.—Rosa nutkana

  Gall.— A lentil-shaped thickening, up to 3.2 mm. in diameter by 1.7 mm. thick, in the parenchyma of the leaf in the fall. Single or several on a leaf. Similar to the gall of D. rosae Cockerell in the eastern United States. 


description:
  Diastrophus smilacis

  Strawberry petiole gall. A cylindrical gall on the petiole of a leaf, 20-60 mm. long by about 5 mm. in diameter, containing 8-20 cells, red in summer, turning brown later. Flies emerged June 2, 1918. 


externallink: https://inaturalist.ca/observations/94211706
description:
  Russo 2021 identifies these abrupt stem swellings on fireweed as galls of Mompha "unifasciella," a species complex requiring DNA work. But Mompha sturnipennella also causes a stem gall on this host per https://ukmoths.org.uk/species/mompha-sturnipennella, and iNat has several observations of "Kentish cosmet" in Canada.


description:
  Hairless cup galls, purple at the base shading to light orange at the inrolled apex, between veins on the lower side of leaves of Quercus havardii. Observed in August in New Mexico.


description:
  Aculops lupini

  Vasates lupini

  Hosts: Lupinus albicaulis

  Relationship: Rosette or witches' broom. The mites live under tomentum of leaves and stems.

  Range: WA


description:
  Phyllocoptes distchi
  Epitrimerus taxodii

  Host: Taxodium distichum

  Relationship: Vagrant on needles, slight discoloration

  Range: Poland [Almost certainly occurs in North America given the host's native range.)


description:
  Aceria magnoliae

  Hosts: Magnolia fraseri

  Distr: CA, FL, GA, MD, WV

  Relations: The mites were collected from the hairy flower buds just before opening; may cause bud drop; vagrant on leaves.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27848220
description:
  Bud-like, and composed of immature leaves drawn together. It is formed at the extreme summit of the plant. After the adult flies have emerged, the deformed leaves of the of the galled buds begin to expand.


description:
  Asphondylia uvarum Gagne, new species

  Developing fruit may appear normal externally while the single larva inside each fruit quickly matures, but the seeds inside do not develop. The larva pupates inside the berry. 


description:
  Asphondylia sp.

  Swollen fruit, the seed not developed
  Damaged grapes with larvae of this apparently undescribed species have been intercepted at the United States-Mexico border. Adults were reared from the grapes in June.

  Hosts: Vitis spp.

  Distr: Mexico.


description:
  Hairy, tan-red, detachable galls with a short flared base and a near-globular upper section with a ragged circular opening at the apex, on the lower lamina of Quercus garryana. Observed in California in October. 

  This gall bears some resemblance to some observations [(eg)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/103202040) of galls identified as [Phylloteras cupella](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1258) with an unusually wide base. These may be closely related or possibly conspecific host variants. 


description:
  Quercus rubra added as a host based on this [observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101192041).


description:
  A hairy, truncated conical gall with a flat top containing a sunken ring. On Quercus douglasii, between veins on the lower side of the leaf. Observed in California in November, when galls appeared to no longer be fresh. 


description:
  Quercus grisea added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101207170).


description:
  Slight tapered swellings along the midrib and major lateral veins of Quercus macrocarpa, showing more on the lower side of the leaf, containing a single midge larva. Very similar to [Polystepha americana](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1193) found on Quercus rubra. Observed in Texas in November on fallen leaves, galls still containing larvae. A similar gall was observed on veins of Quercus muehlenbergii in Ohio in July.


description:
  Russo notes that his [Crystalline-Tube-Gall Wasp](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2297) differs from X pungens only in being found on the lower rather than the upper side of the leaf. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56138670#page/198/mode/1up
description:
  Xanthoteras pungens, new species

  Host: Quercus pungens

  Gall: Monothalamous and dome shaped, projected 3-5 mm from upper leaf surface; larval cells basal, with radiating filaments to wall. Adults mature and emerge from late December to mid-January.

  Range: TX (El Paso County)


description:
  Dasineura glandis

  Larva in acorn, between seed coats
  No further details are known of the biology of this species

  Hosts: Quercus sp.
  Distr: Missouri


description:
  Lasioptera howardi n. sp.

  The species described below- was reared February 10, 1883, by Mr. Theodore Pergande, from a lot of elongate, oval twig galls found on scrub oak, some of them collected January 3, in Pine Cañon, Mount Diablo, Contra Costa County, Calif., and some from apparently the same species of oak at Martinez, Calif., received January 13, 1883, from H. W. Turner. 


description:
  Andricus flocculentus Lyon, NEW SPECIES
  (Figs. 18, 19) 

  Gall. —(Figs. 18, 19).—Clustered, individual cells forming a woolly mass on the underside of the leaf midrib. Similar galls occur on other white oaks in the area, but no adults of A. flocculentus were reared from them.

  Host.—Quercus pungens 


description:
  Antron madera Lyon, NEW SPECIES

  Gall. —Monothalamous, spherical (Figs. 13, 14), small (3 mm diameter); attached to midrib on undersurface of leaf, flattened at point of attachment. Mature galls are slightly wrinkled and have scattered red and white microstellate hairs. The larval cell is centrally located and surrounded by thick nutritive layer that becomes spongy in older galls.

  Hosts.—Quercus arizonica and Q. toumeyi. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56138670#page/202/mode/1up
description:
  Antron franklinensis Lyon, NEW SPECIES

  Range: El Paso cty TX

  Gall. —A small monothalamous gall, 7 mm long, thorn-shaped; appears on twigs in late fall; mature adults collected in December.

  Host.—Quercus turbinella. 


description:
  Diastrophus smilacis

  Described as irregularly rounded, abrupt pithy swellings on stem, one inch long by one-half inch in diameter. Polythalamous. Described from Chicago in 1896 and not collected since. Specimens much desired. It is suspected that there is an error here in the identification of the host plant. The adults are said to have emerged in Jan. and Feb. but the type flies in the National Museum bear the date label of May 1-8.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32322#page/78/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta eburneus, n. sp.

  Galls round, smooth, polished, resembling old ivory. They are from one-eighth to three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, growing in great numbers on both the upper and under surface of oak leaves of a species I have not yet determined. The galls were sent me by A. H. Siler from southern Utah. Sometimes the galls are so crowded that they lose their globular form. They are strongly attached to the leaves and the base of the gall is usually grooved by the vein on which it grows. There are often twenty or thirty galls on a single leaf, one-third of which will be on the underside. They are hard and rather thick shelled and filled with fine silvery white hairs that radiate from the single larval cell that is attached to the base of the gall. 

  From several thousand galls I have reared less than fifty gall-flies. These are all females.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/294/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis dubiosa

  The writer has collected galls on Quercus agrifolia at Pasadena, Santa Anita (contained adults April 20, emerged April 27, 1918), Newhall, Piru, Fillmore, Ojai (adults emerging April 27, 1918, and April 16-25, 1922), Carpinteria, Montecito, Santa Barbara, Gaviota, Santa Margarita, Paso Robles, Paraiso Springs, Monterey, San Juan, Palo Alto, Berkeley (galls developing in March, flies out before May 8), and Santa Rosa, Calif. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/294/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis eburnea

  The galls of this species were described as from the leaves of an unknown oak in southern Utah. The writer has collected them on Quercus gambelii, undulata, grisea. They sometimes occur on young twigs as well as on both sides of the leaves. They have been observed at Garden of the Gods (Hopkins U. S. 10781m), Wetmore, West Cliff, La Veta, Trinidad, and Morley, Colo.; Raton, Wagon Mound, Shoemaker, Las Vegas, Hot Springs, Glorieta, Rito de los Frijoles near Buckman, Tijeras, Magdalena, and Kingston, N. Mex.; Hackberry, Ashfork, Flagstaff, Williams, and Grand Canyon, Ariz. At Wetmore the galls could have been collected by the quart on leaves of young shoots of gambelii and contained adults on October 6, 1921. They emerged from early December to January 14. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/294/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis gemula

  Collected galls on Quercus alba at Winnetka, IL., on June 9, 1917, when most of the flies had already emerged. Galls at Ravinia contained pupae on May 23, 1919. A similar gall exists on bicolor and macrocarpa in the Chicago area and in the South on prinus, stellata, margaretta, and montana. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/294/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis ignota [distinct from the rose gall of the same name]

  The galls on Quercus bicolor are common about Evanston and Wilmette, IL., becoming full grown by middle, of September and dropping with the leaves. During the winter the woolly covering weathers away more or less exposing the tan-colored galls which in shape and size resemble a cluster of cocoons of the braconid genus Microplitis. They contained pupae March 10, 1909, and adults emerged April 1-15. The next spring the flies began to emerge March 24. Similar galls on Q. macrocarpa were noted at Evanston and Algonquin, IL., and Nebraska City, Nebr. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/294/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis laurifoliae

  This globular leaf gall with a free-rolling cell was described from Quercus laurifolia from "Florida", the flies emerging in March. The types are labeled Jacksonville. The writer collected galls at Jacksonville on April 4 from which not all the adults had yet emerged. Galls were noted on Q. phellos at Richmond, Falls Church, Clarendon, and Alexandria, Va., and at Chesapeake Beach, Md. In Virginia the galls appear with the opening of the buds in spring and are about full grown by the middle of April when the leaves have reached about half their normal size. For rearing they should not be gathered until they contain pupae or adults. Falls Church galls gave adults May 8-15, 1920. Clarendon galls gave flies May 14—18, 1921. It is questionable whether this name should be maintained as distinct from palustris (Osten Sacken). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/295/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis nubila

  Cynips quercus nubila
  Andricus incomptus Kinsey [Kinsey's later work treats incomptus as a variety of Cynips nubila, but reverses Weld's synonymy to maintain incomptus as a distinct variety]

  Nubila was described from an unknown oak from Mule Pass Mountains, Ariz., the galls collected in November. The writer has collected galls in several localities in Arizona and on several hosts. The species seems to be most common on Q. arizonica and galls were taken at Bisbee, in Chiricahua Mountains (flies emerging January 2). in Ramsey Canyon in Huachuca Mountains, at Patagonia, in Tumacacori Mountains (flies out of January 13, February 6 and 10), in Santa Rita Mountains and at Oracle in Santa Catalina Range. Galls collected at Oracle December 17, 1921, gave adults December 31. January 3, 4, 10, 12, 14, 16, 22, 23, 24, and February 6. The forest insect collection has galls from the Santa Catalinas from which adults emerged March 30, 1916. Galls on Q. toumeyi were collected in the Patagonia Mountains on December 12, 1921, and flies emerged January 13 and 24 and February 4. The flies from arizonica range from 2.6-4.6 mm. Average of 58 specimens 2.88 mm. Those from toumeyi average smaller but all measured were within the range of the arizonica series. The writer collected the galls on Q. oblongifolia in the Huachuca, Patagonia, Santa Rita, and Santa Catalina Mountains and at Nogales but reared no adults. The galls were noted also on Q. reticulata in the Santa Catalina Mountains. Incomptus was described from two adults cut out of galls of an unknown oak at San Luis Potosi, Mexico. The writer has examined both, comparing one directly with a Basset type of nubila. As the galls were collected in September it is the writer's idea that at that time the nutritive layer had not been all used up and the larva had vitality to transform into an undersized adult but not enough to chew its way out of the hard gall. Never having been exposed to light and open air it is much paler than flies that emerge normally. Had it darkened up normally the two adjacent spots near the apex of the wing might have become connected into one double one as is the case in nubila, a series of which shows considerable difference in the amount of fusion that has taken place in the spots, due either to fluctuating variation or to the length of time that has elapsed or amount of exposure to light since emergence from the gall. If a nubila wing were bleached somewhat it would present the condition seen in incomptus. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/298/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis palustris

  Galls were collected at Evanston. Winnetka, Ravinia, and Willow Springs, IL.; Miller, Ind.; Onekama (T. Hatfield), Mich.: Cedar Rapids (J. H. Scott), Iowa; East Hampton (C. R. Crosby), N. Y, ; Plummor Island and Chesapeake Beach. Md.; Falls Church. Alexandria, Rosslyn, and at Apple Orchard Camp in Bedford County, Va. 

  The young galls appear with the leaves in the spring being as large as a pea when the leaves are an inch and a half long. Seventeen days later adults were emerging. In the Chicago area the following emergence records indicate the variation from season to season: May 31, 1906, June 19, 1907, May 28, 1908, June 12, 1909, May 26, 1911. The galls sometimes occur on the axis of the staminate flowers. 

  Brodie collected galls on red oak at Toronto, Canada, where adults emerged July 2-10, 1888 and June 6-9, 1889. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/298/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis pedunculata

   The galls of this species were collected on Quercus coccinea at Winnetka, Glencoe, Ravinia, Fort Sheridan, and Waukegan, IL., and on Q. maxima at Rosslyn, Va., where they seemed to be full grown by May 16. Crosby collected them at East Hampton, Long Island. The writer reared adults from Winnetka galls on June 24. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/298/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis polita [distinct from the rose gall of the same name]

  Galls have been seen at Tuxedo (F. V. Rand), Md.; Washington, D. C. ; Falls Church, Va. ; Jacksonville, Daytona, Ocala, and Gainesville, Fla.; Clyde, Sisco, Eastland, Ranger, Mingus, Gordon, Santo, Weatherford, Mineola, Palestine, and Trinity, Tex. ; Hugo and Tuskahoma, Okla. ; Koshkonong (R. L. Barrett) and Ironton, Mo. At Falls Church overwintering galls gave flies April 2. Texas galls sent to Evanston, IL., began to give adults April 25. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/299/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis pulchripennis

  Described as from Quercus undulata, the writer has collected galls and reared flies which agree with the type on Q. undulata and grisea and collected what seem to be the same galls on arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, and reticulata. Galls were collected at the "breaks" south of Bard (PI E. Goddard), Wagon Mound, Las Vegas Hot Springs, Glorieta, Tijeras, and Abo Pass in the Sandia Mountains, near Socorro, Magdalena, Nogal Canyon, Hillsboro, Kingston, and in the Burro Mountains in New Mexico; at Williams, Prescott, Oracle, Patagonia, and in the Santa Rita and Chiricahua Mountains in Arizona. At Las Vegas Hot Springs galls were collected on October 17 when flies were just beginning to emerge. A lot were out and had died by January 2 and a few more emerged by January 13. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/299/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis rydbergiana

  The type fly and gall of this species are in the National Museum. The writer collected galls at the type locality. Las Vegas Hot Springs. N. M., in October, 1921, and cut out living flies January 2. Galls sent east for rearing gave flies December 31, January 4, 20, February 1 and 6, the flies coining out in largest numbers on last date. From galls collected at Shoemaker on October 23, 1922, flies emerged and were alive on February 16, 1923. Galls were collected at Wagon Mound also. They are saddled on the midrib on the under side of the leaf. The type fly measures 2.8 mm. The series of reared specimens ranges from 2.5-3.8 mm. Average of 88 specimens, 3.16 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/300/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis splendens

  The writer collected galls of this species November 7, 1921, in Blue Canyon west of Socorro, N. Mex., on Quercus undulata, adults emerging April 5 and 26. More were taken near Magdalena on Q. grisea, the galls containing adults in December, flies emerging March 9, April 6, and many April 26. They were also taken on Q. undulata in Nogal Canyon south of Socorro and at Kingston on Q. grisea. The species was previously known in the United States only from Q. grisea and from Arizona.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/301/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis sulfurea, new species

  Hosts. — Quercus arizonica., grisea., oblongifolia. 

  Gall (figs. 8 and 36). — A hollow cone, sessile at base and open at apex, densely covered with long sulphur-yellow spines, on under surface of leaf, single or scattered, sometimes as many as nine on a leaf but usually only one to three. The cone is up to 7 mm. high by 4 mm. in diameter at base, with a crystalline surface, white or rosy when growing, the spines up to 4 mm. long and often rosy at the tip. The larval cell lies transversely just below middle of gall and below it is a small obconical cavity reaching to point of attachment. The lower part of the large distal cavity above larval cell is constricted off by a narrow circular shelf. Occurs in the fall dropping only with the leaf. 

  Habitat. — The type fly is selected from adults cut from galls on Q. arizonica collected by Ed Jacot September 28, 1919, in Bear Canyon in the Huachuca Mountains, Ariz. The flies were alive when cut out on December 4 and would probably have emerged in the spring. One paratype is from a gall on Q. grlsea collected at Ashfork in October, 1922. The writer has also taken the galls on Q. oblongifolia at Nogales and Patagonia and on Q. arizonica at Oracle, Patagonia, Ramsay Canyon in the Huachuca Mountains and at Bisbee. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/302/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis tenuicornis

  This species was described from an unknown oak from the Mule Pass Mountains, Ariz. The type galls in the American Entomological Society seem to be on Q. arizonica. The writer collected galls on arizonica in December at Oracle in the Santa Catalina Mountains and reared adults in March. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/304/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis vaccinifoliae

  Callirhytis vaccinifoliae

  This species was described from Truckee, Calif., from Q. vaccinifoliae the flies emerging October 16 and December 4. The writer collected galls at Tahoe City on August 7, 1922. Some of the galls were still fresh, pale yellowish-green with beautiful purple spots or streaks shaped like the branching pigment cells in a frog's epidermis, and best seen against the light. Most however were now dry, and contained either larvae or pupae. After the galls are picked and dried the adults do not seem to be able to chew through the thin outer wall. Living adults, which agree with the type, were cut out of the galls on November 10. Messrs. Burke and Hartman collected galls on vaccinifolia at Pine Crest, Tuolumne County, from which adults emerged December 13. 

  Koebele collected a similar gall on Q. chrysolepis in Placer County, Calif., and reared a similar fly. The writer collected galls (and cut out a living fly November 10) at Canyonville, Oreg., and also at Wolf Creek, and on the road to Oregon Caves above Holland, and also at Scott Bar, Calif. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/304/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis cinerosa

  The large pointed-bullet galls of this species, described from an unknown oak, occur on Q. virginiana and have been seen at various points in Texas: Houston, Wharton, Victoria, Cuero, Boerne, Austin, Sabinal, Kerrville, Beeville, Tiger Mills, Columbia (E. A. Schwarz), and Quincy. A tree at Wharton contained hundreds of them in October, 1917. While growing they secrete honeydew and wasps frequent them in large numbers. J. D. Mitchell reared the adults at Victoria December 5-25.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/306/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis globulus

  On Quercus alba these round bullet galls were seen at Glencoe, Ravinia, Glen Ellyn, and Moline, IL.; Cedar Rapids, Iowa ; Poplar Bluff and Ironton, Mo.; Tuskahoma, Okla.; Texarkana, Ark.; Troy, Ala.; Marianna and River Junction, Fla.; Bluemont, Va. ; Blue Hills, Mass.; Pitman (Bradley) N. J.; Syracuse (Crosby) and East Hampton (Schradieck), N. Y. ; Elyria, Ohio. On rock chestnut oak, Q. montana they were seen at Ithaca, N. Y. ; North East, Pa.; Bluemont, Bedford County, and Falls Chuch, Va. In the Chicago area the young galls appear in July, contain pupae September 23, and adults emerge October 20-November 1. Brodie says the adults emerge at Toronto from October 12-November 1 and at once commence to oviposit in white oak twigs. Some which emerged October 17 lived until November 10 but none survived the winter. He reared about two hundred without finding a male. He received galls from Brainbridge, Muskoka, from which adults emerged at Toronto on November 5. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/307/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis pattersoni

  The writer collected the galls of this species on shin oak, Quercus breviloba at Austin, Boerne, and Kerrville, Tex. Galls at Boerne contained adults October 25, adults November 13, and when galls were placed in out-of-door cages at Evanston, IL., adults emerged November 20 and December 1. Five living flies were found in cage February 19 after six weeks without a thaw, four more March 23 and one April 22. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/308/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis perniciosa

  The galls were observed at Trinidad, Morley, Wetmore, and Garden of the Gods, Colo. ; Las Vegas, Glorieta, Rowe, and Tijeras, N. M. ; Flagstaff, Williams, Prescott, and Grand Canyon, Ariz. They were just starting at Trinidad on July 10 and at Wetmore contained adults on October 6. The flies probably emerge in November or early December. The galls were observed on Q. gambelii, fendleri, and grisea. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/308/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis pruniformis

  The galls of this species were collected on Q. stellata and laceyi at Austin, Boerne, and Kerrville, Tex. Galls at Austin contained pupae on October 30, November 13 and 21, 1917. Adults were cut out of the galls on December 10. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/308/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis sileri (Bassett) [See ID Notes]

  The gall of this species, described from an unknown oak in southern Utah, is a monothalamous stem swelling resembling the eastern club gall on white oak. Galls which agree with the Bassett types have been collected by the writer on Quercus gambelii, grisea, undulata, and reticulata at the following localities: Wetmore, West Cliff, Trinidad, and Morley, Colo.; Wagon Mound, Rowe, Tijeras, Socorro, Magdalena, Nogal Canyon, and Fierro, N. Mex.; Prescott, Flagstaff, Williams, Grand Canyon, and in Santa Catalina, Chiricahua, and Huachuca Mountains, Ariz. In all cases the collecting has been done at such a time that the maker has not been reared. The flies probably emerge just as the new wood begins to harden in midsummer. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/309/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis spongiosa

  The galls of this species were collected on Quercus stellata, margaretta, and chapmani at the following localities: Thebes (E. Schwab) and Floyd's Island in Okefenokee Swamp (Dr. J. C. Bradley), Ga. ; Green Cove Springs, Daytona, St. Petersburg, Clearwater, Ocala, Gainesville, Madison, Marianna, River Junction, and Tallahassee, Fla.; Montgomery and Troy, Ala.; Mineola, Palestine, Trinity, and Houston, Tex. ; Texarkana, Hoxie, and Hot Springs, Ark.; Hugo and Tuskahoma, Okla. ; Poplar Bluff and Ironton, Mo. In 1917 adults had emerged at Poplar Bluff by November 3, at Hoxie they contained pupae on October 10 and emerged November 16, at Palestine they contained pupae and adults on October 16. They emerged from Daytona galls on December 5. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/309/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus coxii

  Cynips coxii
  Andricus coxi
  Andricus bassettianus
  Plagiotrichus coxii

  The writer has collected the common fusiform stem swelling of this species on Quercus emoryi at Fierro, Kingston, and in the Burro Mountains, N. Mex.; in the Chiricahua, Huachuca, Mule, Patagonia, Tumacacori, Santa Rita and Santa Catalina Mountains, and at Bisbee, Nogales, Oracle, and Prescott, Ariz. The galls were seen on Quercus hypoleuca in the Santa Catalina, Patagonia, Huachuca, and Mule Mountains and at Fierro and Kingston. In April, June and July only old galls were found. E. Jacot collected a fresh gall in the Huachucas September 17, too immature to rear. The writer collected mature fresh galls on emoryi at Oracle on December 17 containing both pupae and adults which emerged January 4-24. Galls on emoryi from the Mule Mountains collected early in December gave adults December 31, January 13, 24, February 4 and 14. These flies run to Dryocosmus in the Tierreich key. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/311/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus imbricariae

  Andricus imbricariae
  Holcaspis fasciata
  Dryocosmus fasciatus

  William Beutenmueller calls the attention of the writer to the fact that fasciata Bassett, described from Q. ilicifolia, is the same as imbrecariae Ashmead described from Q. ilicifolia and imbricaria. A comparison of the types confirms this conclusion. The original spelling imbrecariae is a typographical error and Ashmead had corrected it in his own copy of the paper to conform it with the name of the host oak. This "banded bullet" gall was reported by Miss Stebbins from two other host oaks, Q. coccinea and velutina. The writer here records as additional hosts, Q. rubra, marilandica, cinerea, catesbaei, texana, and lawifolia and the following localities where the galls have been seen : Ithaca, N. Y. ; Evanston, Wilmette, Winnetka, Glen Ellyn, and Kingston, IL. ; Kilbourn City and Dele- van (D. Watt), Wis.; Webster Groves, Ironton, and Poplar Bluff, Mo.; Little Rock, Hot Springs, and Texarkana, Ark.; Hugo, Okla. ; Palestine, AVharton, Victoria, and Boerne, Tex.; Troy and Dothan, Ala.; Cottondale, Marianna, River Junction, Madison, Live Oak, Gainesville, and Ocala, Fla. ; Bluemont, Va. ; Kanawha Station (A. D. Hopkins), W. Va., and Washington, D. C. Brodie collected galls on Q. coccinea at Toronto. 

  Galls collected at Evanston in fall of 1916 gave adults September 22, 1917, but a few galls still contained larvae indicating that the emergence is distributed over at least two seasons. From galls collected in fall of 1917 at Ironton flies issued before October 10, 1918, and some still contained larvae. Galls from Poplar Bluff in fall of 1917 gave flies October 10, 1918. From galls collected at Victoria, Tex., J. D. Mitchell reared flies November 20, 1906. The Ashmead types emerged September 6 and October 12 and Bassett's type flies also emerged in the fall. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/312/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus rileyi

  Andricus rileyi

  This species was described from St. Louis, Mo., from Q. maxima [rubra] only. The writer has collected the galls on ten other oaks as follows : Q. velutina, coccinea, marilandica, rubra, cinerea, nigra, catesbaei, imbricaria, texana, and laurifolia, and records the following localities: Evanston, Winnetka, and Ravinia, IL.; Ironton and Poplar Bluff, Mo. ; Little Rock, Hot Springs, and Texarkana, Ark. ; Palestine, Trinity, Wharton, Richmond, Boerne, and Kerrville, Tex.; Hugo and Tuskahoma, Okla. ; Troy, Ala.; Cottondale, Marianna, and Ocala, Fla. ; Washington, D. C. ; Bluemont, Va. ; Kanawha Station, W. Va. (A. D. Hopkins) ; Riverhead, N. Y. (C. R. Crosby); New York City (Beutenmueller). 

  Galls collected at Poplar Bluff in fall of 1915 gave adults Septemer 25-October 21, 1916. From galls collected at Ironton in fall of 1918 by S. A. Rohwer two flies emerged March 15, 1920. From galls of 1911 on coccinea at Evanston adults emerged June 15, 24, 1912, and others in spring of 1913. As the mesoscutum of the type is smooth, the head sculptured, claws simple, no malar groove and third segment of antenna longer than fourth the species is here transferred to Dryocosmus. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/313/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus mammula

  Galls on Quercus alba collected at Apple Orchard Camp in Bedford County, Va., on June 27, 1920, had the nutritive layer used up and larvae full grown. Adults emerged some time in July. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/313/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus spicatus

  Galls, agreeing with the Bassett type described from Arizona on "Quercus virens.'' have been collected by the writer from Q. arizonica, oblongifolia, and toumeyi in the Santa Catalina Mountains at Oracle and in Sabino Basin, in the Huacliucas at mouth of Carr Canyon, in the Mule Mountains, in the Santa Ritas, and in Patagonia Mountains. From galls collected in December flies emerged December 31, January 1 and 24. They do not seem to be congeneric with the genotype of this genus but the species is left in Loxaulus for the present. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/313/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus trizonalis, new species
  sexual generation

  Host. — Quercus chrysolepis

  Biology. — The flies were reared from a lot of galls which were supposed at the time of collection, April 18, 1918, to have all been those of a species of Disholcaspis. When these flies emerged July 15-August 1, 1918, they were at first thought to be guest flies in the above gall whose maker does not emerge until late in the fall. But these flies have not at all the structure of guests and the gall from which they came is therefore not recognized or here described. 

  Habitat. — The type locality is Camp Baldy, Calif. Paratypes are from galls collected on the road from Holland, Oreg., to the Oregon Caves July 21, 1922, the flies emerging about August 1.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/315/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus trizonalis
  agamic

  Host. — Quercus chrysolepis. 

  Gall. — A mass of easily separated contiguous single cells lying on one side of a nature acorn between the cotyledons and the acorn wall. There is no visible external sign of infection, but very large acorns in exposed situations on the tree seemed more liable to attack. The individual galls are irregular in shape, slightly flattened, blunt- pointed at the ends, 4-5 mm. long with exit hole 0.12 mm. in diameter. 

  Biology. — There is no experimental proof that this is the alternating generation, but the circumstantial evidence is strong. It would be strange to find two series of adults with such unusually marked wings emerging at different seasons from two strikingly different galls on this host oak, which has almost a unique cynipid fauna, unless they were so related. The longer ovipositor of the sexual female seems adapted for piercing acorns and the shorter one of the agamic female for laying eggs in small twigs. Because the author considers these as one species no specific name is given to the agamic form or type designated. The gall on the pin, the locality label, and the field-note number 1577 will serve to identify the agamic series before the author. 

  Habitat. — The affected acorns were collected at Idyllwild, Calif., on September 21, 1922, and the adults emerged at Washington, D. C, March 12-21, 1925. Others will emerge in spring of 1926. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/315/mode/1up
description:
  Plagiotrochus suberi, new species

  Host.—Quercus suber, the European cork oak introduced into California. 

  Gall (fig. 10). — Cells imbedded in the wood immediately under the normal bark on small slender twigs, sometimes occurring in such great numbers that the twig is uniformly hypertrophied to twice its normal diameter for several inches. The individual cells are elongated, 2.5 mm. long by 0,7 mm. in diameter, lying parallel to the axis of the twig, the exit hole through the bark 0.5 mm. in diameter. 

  Habitat. — The type is selected from material from a cork oak tree on the grounds of the Cottage City Nursery Co., north of San Jose, Calif. Paratype locality, Pasadena. 

  Biology. — When the San Jose tree was visited in company with Dr. H. E. Burke on May 16, 1918, it was almost in full bloom, the young leaves not yet half grown. Some of the cells were in the previous season's growth but most were in the two-year-old wood and a few in that still older. Almost every twig on the tree was more or less infested. When badly infested so as to be hypertrophied the twigs are killed and fully half of the small twigs in the upper part of the tree seemed to be dead. No other kind of gall was seen on the tree. A few adults had already emerged and were seen resting on the foliage but most were still in the pupa state. From twigs collected on that date and sent to the Eastern Field Station for rearing (Hopkins U. S. No. 15G08«) adults emerged May 21 to June 5. Adults emerged at Evanston June 3-11. This tree had a trunk diameter of about 15 inches but nothing was learned as to its history. 

  On May 7, 1924, A, O. Larson collected more material of this species from a cork oak tree on North Orange Grove Avenue, Pasa- dena. Flies were emerging when this was received at Washington, May IT. When he revisited the tree on May 22 practically all had emerged and many of the twigs had died but still retained their leaves, badly disfiguring the tree. This tree is about 18 inches in diameter and undoubtedly planted about 25 years ago by the architect, not by the gardener who planted most of the ornamentals on the place. 

  As the gall resembles that of a European Fioriella on cork oak, galls and flies were sent to Prof. J. S. Tavares in Spain, who is familiar with the galls of the Iberian peninsula, thinking possibly this might be that European species which had been brought over years ago in the twigs of a young tree imported from Spain. But he did not know the gall, nor was the insect a Fioriella. No record is at hand of the introduction of the cork oak except by importation of acorns. There are said to be over 1,000 cork oak trees in the San Gabriel Valley descended from two trees on the Richardson farm at Alhambra grown from acorns sent to Don Benito Wilson by the Commissioner of Agriculture in 1860. It seems probable that this is a native Cynipid which has come over from the native oaks on to this introduced exotic ornamental tree, although all the galls of this type known to the writer on the native oaks are produced by entirely different genera. 

  Another tree infested with the galls of this species was discovered by Louis Kroeck in May, 1924, standing in a lumber yard —  once a recreation park — in Santa Clara on land that once belonged to the mission. In April, 1924, Eric Walther found another infested tree in Golden Gate Park in San Francisco. He writes: 

  This tree is about 35 years old and has evidently been suffering severe injury for years, the 2-year-old twigs being so heavily infested that they die and the first heavy storm causes them to break off, and so the tree looks as if it had been pruned annually. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/317/mode/1up
description:
  Plagiotrochus serricornis

  Andricus serricornis

  The galls of this species have been collected by the writer on Q. agrifolia in the Santa Ana, Santa Monica, and San Gabriel Ranges, at Pasadena, Santa Anita (contained pupae April 20, adults emerging April 27), Newhall, Piru (flies emerging April 25, 1918), Fillmore, Ojai (galls about half grown on April 7, 1922), Carpinteria, Montecito, Santa Barbara, Gaviota, Santa Margarita, Paraiso Springs, Los Gatos, Palo Alto, and St. Helena; on Q. wislizenii at Camp Baldy, Bagby, California Redwood Park, and Ukiali (adults out May 10-13, 1922). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/318/mode/1up
description:
  Trigonaspis cupella, new species

   Host. — Quercus grisea, undulata, arizonica. 

  Gall (fig. 39). — A small black cup-shaped spangle scattered on upper and under surface of leaf in the fall and dropping with the leaf. From one to a dozen on a leaf. Galls measure up to 2.6 mm. in diameter and 2 mm. high, the exit hole in the shallow cup at apex, the mouth of the cup xometimes slightly constricted by the inrolled edges of the thick wall, the larval cell lying transversely at base of gall. 

  Habitat. — The type is selected from material on Quercus grisea from Magdalena, N. Mex., where the galls were very common in November 1921. Paratypes are from galls on Q. undulata at Tijeras in the Sandia Mountains. Flies emerged from both lots of galls from January 24 to February 6, 1922. Other paratypes are from Q. arizonica from the Mule mountains and from Oracle in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Ariz. Galls were observed on these hosts at Nogai Canyon south of Socorro, Hillsboro, Kingston, and in Burro mountains, N. Mex., and at Prescott, Ariz. Similar galls were observed on Q. oblongifolia in the Hiuichuca and Patagonia Mountains. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/319/mode/1up
description:
  Trigonaspis obconica

  Galls of this species were observed on a dozen or more trees of Quercus lobata, a previously unrecorded host, at Cloverdale and Santa Rosa, Calif., on May 7, 1922, usually at the base of small trees. The galls were rosy when only slightly buried but white or yellowish if deeper. At this date the galls contained both pupae and adults, the flies emerging May 13, 17, 20. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/319/mode/1up
description:
  Biorhiza eldoradensis

  The writer noted the occurrence of cells of this species in acorns of Quercus agrifolia at Ojai, Paraiso Springs, and Mount Diablo; on Q. wislizenii at Ukiah, in California Redwood Park, in the Santa Lucia Mountains, in the San Bernardino and Santa Ana (adults out September 23) Ranges, and at Idyllwild were adults emerged September 21 to October 1; on Q. kelloggii in the Sequoia National Park, in the California National Forest along the road from Upper Lake to Bartlett Springs, at Fort Jones, Scott Bar, and Milford, Calif., and at Siskiyou, Oreg. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/319/mode/1up
description:
  Xanthoteras forticornis

  The oak-fig gall on Quercus alba has been observed at Cayuta Lake, Riverhead (Crosby), and Ithaca, N. Y.; Pitman (Bradley), X. J.; Ironton, Mo.; Tuskahoma, Okla. ; Evanston, Glencoe, and Fort Sheridan, III.; AVashington, D. C. : and Bluemont, Va. At Miller, Ind., it was just beginning to develop on June 30 and at Toronto Brodie says they begin to appear toward the end of June. At Riverhead they contained pupae on September 30. Galls collected at Ironton in October, 1917, containing adults were put out of doors in cage on ground on November 26 at Evanston, IL. On December 10 the thermometer registered —14° F. On December 18, when thawing again, dozens of flies were actively crawling about in the cage, having emerged either since November 26 or since December 10. More were found in cage February 19, 1918, and more March 11 and March 23. Brodie found the gall common at Toronto where adults issued November 4, 1885, and from November 12-21, 1886, over 300 were reared from another lot of galls. Some lived till January 29 but none survived winter. He examined over 800 specimens without finding a male. He says they oviposit in the roots. He received galls from 100 miles west of Winnipeg in Manitoba and says the producers could not be separated from Ontario specimens. He also had galls from Port Sidney, Muskoka, from which flies issued November 9. 


description:
  Pocket galls to one or the other side of veins on the lower side of leaves of Quercus stellata, similar but often longer than those of Macrodiplosis majalis. Observed in Texas in July and October. 


description:
  Quercus pagoda is added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101357102). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/55292721
description:
  ...I observed that the plantlets of *Antennaria plantaginifolia* covering a sloping pasture in an open wood near St. Francis, Milwaukee, had been so severely attacked by Cecidomyids as to have almost all their terminal buds converted into galls. 
  [GF note: This probably refers to a different *Antennaria* species, because *A. plantaginifolia* in the current sense (e.g. as followed by POWO) probably doesn't grow near Milwaukee. *"A. plantaginifolia"* in 1888 could have referred to any *Antennaria* species in the eastern United States.] 
  ...
  The galls of *Asynapta antennariae* are easily confounded at first sight with those of the *Cecidomyia [Rhopalomyia antennariae]* to which I have given the same specific name. More careful examination, however, soon reveals enough differences to permit of distinguishing the two species.
  The *Asynapta* gall is more elongate, while the tips of the component leaves are scarcely recurved. The development of white trichomes is more regular, giving the gall a satiny appearance. The inner or upper surfaces of the leaves do not produce trichomes as in the other gall, but are smooth and shining, and are found to be covered with minute drops of moisture when the leaves are stripped asunder. The cells of the leaves, too, contain none of the red coloring matter, which gives the galls of *Cecidomyia* a reddish cast. Each gall contains only a single insect, which is not swathed in woolly trichomes but hollows out for itself a smooth cavity with hard and nut-like walls. 


description:
  Previously known only from Europe, not only in North America from a [similar gall observed in Washington](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/92930679). This may turn out to be a different species of mite, though the host is European as well and it is most likely the same mite. 


description:
  Phyllocoptes goniothorax

  Erineum clandestinum
  Erineum oxyacanthae
  Phytoptus goniothorax
  Phytoptus goniothora

  Hosts: Crataegus laevigata, oxyacantha, monogyna, nigra, rhipidophylla. [Malus sylvestris and Pyracantha coccinea listed as reported but by presumed to be induced by different mites]

  Relationship: Leaf margin curl (erineum on inner surface) (Forms galls on edges of lobes of leaf, causing them to curl downward and become thickened)

  Range: [Europe]


description:
  Rounded, smooth, hairless bud galls on Pseudotsuga menziesii. The galls have no needles on them, and as they age, flare outwards significantly into the shape of a flower. The galls are thin-walled. Observed in California in November.


description:
  Quercus ellipsoidalis tentatively added as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/99714198). 


description:
  Numerous blister galls each containing one orange larva on Cercis canadensis. Observed in Georgia in November.


description:
  Quercus phellos added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/94265367). 


description:
  Small, ovate-globular galls along either side of the midrib on the lower side of leaves of Quercus havardii. Each gall is densely covered in short, tan-white hair, with a ring of black hair surrounding a bare hilum at the apex. Observed containing unemerged adult wasps in western Texas in December. A [similar gall was observed](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/255091478) on a Quercus ?obtusata leaf in Michoacan, Mexico in December. 


description:
  A small, hairless, tan-orange spotted with lighter tan, globular bud gall on Quercus havardii. Observed in western Texas in December. Bears a resemblance to [Neuroterus alexandrae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2428). 


description:
  Andricus archboldi Melika & Abrahamson, sp. nov.
  Sexual generation

  Diagnosis. No other gallers on Q. inopina and other red oaks in Florida induce a similar rounded, integral leaf gall, which is always pale yellow-green (in contrast to the darker green of the leaf) and located on the midrib. The sexual generation gall of Callirhytis quercuspunctata (Bassett, 1863) is similar but occurs on red oak species distributed further north.

  Gall (Fig. 29). Integral leaf galls, always on the midrib, ovoid 4–6 mm in diameter and protruding on both sides of the leaf lamina; pale yellow and contrasting with the darker green of the leaf. Usually one larva per gall, rarely two larvae.

  Biology. Both generations have been found exclusively on Lake Wales Ridge in Florida, on an endemic oak, Q. inopina. Final instar larvae overwinter in the galls and pupate in March. Asexual females begin to emerge in early April and are fly actively throughout the month, laying eggs that result in integral leaf galls also on Q. inopina. These sexual generation leaf galls grow through the autumn and mature in November. Adults of the sexual generation emerge in December. 

  Distribution. USA, Florida only, Highlands Co., Lake Wales Ridge endemic; quite common at the Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid.


description:
  Andricus archboldi Melika & Abrahamson, sp. nov.
  Asexual generation

  Diagnosis. Galls of the asexual generation very closely resemble the galls of C. quercusclavigera (Ashmead, 1881), and C. quercuspunctata; the former species is known to associate with Q. myrtifolia, a closely related species to Q. inopina. The galls of these three species are difficult if not impossible to distinguish. However, we never found the galls of A. archboldi on Q. myrtifolia. Furthermore, galls induced by C. quercuspunctata and C. quercusclavigera were never found on Q. inopina. Developing galls of C. quercusclavigera appear very similar to asexual galls of A. archboldi, however, at maturity the larval cells of C. quercusclavigera emerge through the bark of the gall and drop to the ground. The larval cells of A. archboldi remain inside the gall at maturity and the adults chew through the gall tissues to emerge. 

  Gall (Fig. 30). Large abrupt, rounded and multilocular stem swellings encircling woody stems. The gall has a cheese-like texture when young and actively growing, but becomes woody and hard at maturity. The larval cells never emerge through the surface of the gall. The gall is 2 to 4 cm in diameter and height. 

  Biology. Both generations have been found exclusively on Lake Wales Ridge in Florida, on an endemic oak, Q. inopina. Final instar larvae overwinter in the galls and pupate in March. Asexual females begin to emerge in early April and are fly actively throughout the month, laying eggs that result in integral leaf galls also on Q. inopina. These sexual generation leaf galls grow through the autumn and mature in November. Adults of the sexual generation emerge in December. 

  Distribution. USA, Florida only, Highlands Co., Lake Wales Ridge endemic; quite common at the Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid.


description:
  Andricus catalinensis Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 45). A spherical succulent unilocular gall on leaves or catkins, usually at the base of either structure, sometimes with small point at end of gall, pale green sometimes with a pinkish tinge.

  Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces galls on Q. oblongifolia; adults emerge in April.  

  Distribution. USA, Arizona, Santa Catalina Mountains


description:
  Quercus arizonica added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/111942347). Quercus turbinella added as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/139020985).


description:
  Andricus chapmanii Melika & Abrahamson, sp. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 56). The unilocular gall is shaped like a tall cup or wine glass, 5–6 mm long, 2–3 mm in diameter, with delicate longitudinal surface grooves. The gall is slightly broader distal to the point of attachment to the leaf and the apex of the gall is truncate and depressed centrally. The gall is green to brown, develops on the underside of leaves, typically in clusters of 3–10 galls. 

  Biology. Only an asexual generation is known, which induces galls on Q. chapmanii. The galls mature in October–November, at which stage the galls fall easily from the leaves. The larvae overwinter in the gall and the adults probably emerge in March–April. Rare. 

  Distribution. USA, Florida, Highlands Co., Lake Placid, Archbold Biological Station. 


description:
  Andricus chiricahuensis Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov.

  Diagnosis. Type material of this species was obtained from a mixed rearing of galls of this species and Neuroterus stonei. Hence exact details of the gall are unknown, but it is probably a small round bud gall, easily confusable with the gall induced by N. stonei (Fig. 434) and the sexual generation of the closely-related species Andricus coconinoensis (Fig. 88).

  Gall. This species definitely induces bud galls on Q. gambelii, but we do not yet know the exact details of gall structure or appearance. It is most likely a globular, smooth gall, either greenish or pale brown.

  Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces bud galls on Q. gambelii; adults emerge in April. 

  Distribution. USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mountains.


description:
  Andricus coconinoensis Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov.

  Diagnosis. Andricus coconinoensis induces a small bud gall on Q. turbinella and Q. oblongifolia (Fig. 88). Only two other described Andricus species are known to induce bud galls in the southwest of the USA: Andricus cellularius Gillette, 1892 and A. multicostatus Weld, 1952. 

  Gall (Fig. 88). A small unilocular bud gall, roughly spherical, about 3 mm in diameter, with a smooth hard surface. Pale brown colour, sometimes with a slight darker brown mottled pattern. Similar to or possibly the same as the undescribed gall in Figure 20 of Weld (1960).

  Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces galls on Q. arizonica, Q. turbinella and Q. oblongifolia. Adults emerged in April. 

  Distribution. USA, Arizona: Santa Catalina Mountains, Chiricahua Mountains, Mogollon Rim.


description:
  Andricus columbiensis Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov. 

  Diagnosis. The galls of A. columbiensis on Q. garryana resemble those of A. occultatus (Weld, 1926), previously known from California, which induces galls on Q. douglasii, Q. dumosa, Q. lobata. Asexual A. opertus (Weld, 1926), also known from California, induces similar cryptic bud galls on Q. douglasii and Q. lobata.

  Gall (Fig. 100). A cryptic bud gall, located within a slightly swollen terminal or lateral bud; gall contains a single larval chamber (occasionally two) at base of bud within the meristematic tissue, below the point at which the bud scales are attached.

  Biology. Only an asexual generation is known, which induces cryptic bud galls on Q. garryana. Adults emerge in late autumn. 

  Distribution. Canada, British Columbia, southern Vancouver Island and adjacent Gulf Islands.


description:
  Andricus cooki Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov.

  Diagnosis. Catkin galls of Andricus cooki most closely resemble those of two known species from Florida (C. myrtifoliae (Beutenmueller, 1917) on Q. myrtifolia and C. quercusturnerii (Ashmead, 1881) on Q. nigra) and also Andricus fitzpatricki described herein. In A. cooki the galls are covered with dense whitish pubescence, while in A. fitzpatricki and C. myrtifoliae the clusters of catkin galls are smooth and shiny, without pubescence. 

  Gall (Fig. 113). Dark green, sometimes purplish, clusters of densely pubescent, rounded unilocular galls on catkins. Clusters contain 10–20 individual galls and appear to cause shortening of the catkin. Similar to or the same as the undescribed gall in Figure 55 of Weld (1959). 

  Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces galls on catkins on Q. myrtifolia and Q. laurifolia. Adults emerge in late April–May. 

  Distribution. USA, Florida: Lake Placid; Archbold Biological Station; Lake Manatee State Park; Spanish Ponds Wildlife Reserve, Jacksonville.


description:
  Andricus fitzpatricki Melika & Abrahamson, sp. nov.
  Sexual generation

  Diagnosis. In A. fitzpatricki the clusters of catkin galls are smooth and shiny, without pubescence while in A. cooki the galls are covered with dense whitish pubescence.

  Gall (Fig. 139). Greenish to yellowish clusters of smooth, rounded unilocular galls, with a nipple on the top, causing reddish tints on affected catkins. 

  Host oaks. Q. laurifolia and Q. myrtifolia

  Biology. Alternating sexual and asexual generations are known. The sexual generation catkin galls develop on Q. myrtifolia and Q. laurifolia, while the asexual acorn galls have been found on Q. myrtifolia, Q. laurifolia and Q. inopina. Asexual galls develop in October - November, maturing in November. Adults overwintering in galls, emerge in February - March. Sexual generation catkin galls develop in early spring, adults emerge in late spring. 

  Distribution. USA, Florida: Highlands Co. (Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid), Brevard Co. (Malabar Scrub Sanctuary and Coconut Point Sanctuary), Martin Co. (Jonathan Dickinson State Park), Sarasota Co. (Myakka River State Park)


description:
  Andricus fitzpatricki Melika & Abrahamson, sp. nov.
  Asexual generation

  Gall (Fig. 140). Near-spherical ‘pip’ galls growing on one year-old acorns. Galls secrete honeydew when young and green. When mature, the galls became brown and fall from the affected acorn.

  Biology. Alternating sexual and asexual generations are known. The sexual generation catkin galls develop on Q. myrtifolia and Q. laurifolia, while the asexual acorn galls have been found on Q. myrtifolia, Q. laurifolia and Q. inopina. Asexual galls develop in October - November, maturing in November. Adults overwintering in galls, emerge in February - March. Sexual generation catkin galls develop in early spring, adults emerge in late spring. 

  Distribution. USA, Florida: Highlands Co. (Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid), Brevard Co. (Malabar Scrub Sanctuary and Coconut Point Sanctuary), Martin Co. (Jonathan Dickinson State Park), Sarasota Co. (Myakka River State Park)


description:
  Andricus highlandensis Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov.

  Diagnosis. Galls resemble those of A. quercusutriculus (Bassett, 1881); however, galls of A. highlandensis develop on Q. geminata while A. quercusutriculus is found on Q. alba, Q. chapmani and Q. stellata. Such host specificity at the level of oak section is typical of Nearctic oak gall wasps, with species galling section Virentes oaks (including Q. geminata) never attacking oaks in section Quercus s.s. (Abrahamson et al. 1998a,b, 2003) and vice versa.

  Gall (Fig 158). Small rounded integral unilocular leaf gall, blister-like, 2.5–4 mm diameter (n = 50); most often develops on young and incompletely expanded leaves. Gall can be found anywhere on the leaf including the margin, petiole (often stopping leaf development) or end of leaf blade; commonly causes distortion of the leaf; green, covered in slight pale pubescence; very thin walled, with a spacious internal airspace in which the free-feeding larva develops. Old galls can persist on the leaves through the whole year. 

  Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces galls on Q. geminata. The galls begin to develop in early April on unfolded young leaves. They mature very quickly and the adults beginning to emerge from late April–May. 

  Distribution. USA, Florida, Highlands Co. (Lake Placid, Archbold Biological Station), Martin Co. (Jonathan Dickinson State Park).


description:
  Andricus mellificus Nicholls, Stone & Melika, sp. nov.

  Diagnosis. The gall is very distinctive; no other species from Arizona are known to induce such a specifically shaped and coloured gall (Fig. 171).

  Gall (Fig. 171). A small unilocular bud gall, reaching 4–5 mm in diameter, green at first then becoming red- purple, in an axillary bud. Gall ovoid with a flattened top and a central nipple; nectar-secreting. Also illustrated in Figure 24 of Weld (1960). 

  Biology. Only females are known, which induce small bud galls on Q. arizonica; Weld (1960) also lists Q. rugosa as a host. Galls mature in April, and adults emerge soon afterwards. Although only females are known, the spring phenology of this gall strongly implies that this is a sexual generation and males remain to be discovered. This species was included under the species code spAZb7 in the Nicholls et al. (2017) study of nectar secretion in oak gall wasps. This gall was collected at several sites in Arizona, with DNA data used to confirm the morphological assessment that emerged individuals were conspecific. 

  Distribution. USA, Arizona: Chiricahua Mountains, Sonoita


description:
  Andricus menkei Melika & Abrahamson, sp. nov.

  Diagnosis. The galls resemble those of Callirhytis quercusgemmaria (Ashmead, 1885). However, the small ribbed galls of C. quercusgemmaria are in clusters surrounding twigs, green and nectar-secreting when young, later turning grey-green and dehiscing. In contrast, galls of Andricus menkei are solitary and are not known to secrete nectar.

  Galls. Unilocular stem galls, usually solitary or rarely in pairs (very rarely threes) that burst through the bark as they develop. The gall surface is marked with parallel longitudinal ribs. When attacked by parasitoids and inquilines the galls do not dehisce but enlarge, become woody and remain on tree over the winter. 

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces dehiscent bud galls on Q. pumila. The larva overwinters in the gall; adults emerge in March. 

  Distribution. Florida, Dade-Metropolitan Co., Deering Estate Pinelands, Coral Gables.


description:
  Andricus mogollonensis Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov.

  Diagnosis. The gall resembles sexual generation pip galls induced by the sexual generations of Disholcaspis Dalla Torre & Kieffer, 1910 and Acraspis Mayr, 1881. No other Andricus species from Arizona is known to induce such a gall. In A. mogollonensis the tarsal claws are simple, thus it is Callirhytis sensu Burks (1979). No species of Callirhytis are known from AZ, NM which induce bud galls on Q. gambelii or other white oaks.

  Gall. (Fig. 193). A tiny chestnut brown, unilocular pip gall in axillary buds. The gall is a smooth thin-walled ‘pip’ gall, comprising only the larval chamber, reaching 3–4 mm long by 2 mm in diameter, with a blunt rounded apex.

  Biology. Only females are known, whose morphology most closely resembles asexual generation females (genae are broadened behind the eye, visible in front view). However, this character alone is inadequate to confirm that this is an asexual generation. Mature galls were collected in April from Q. gambelii; adults emerged soon afterwards. This spring developmental phenology is more compatible with a sexual generation. In addition, the gall morphology of a bare larval chamber on a bud is more typical of a sexual generation gall. 

  Distribution. USA, Arizona: Chiricahua Mountains, Mogollon Rim


description:
  Andricus nichollsi Melika & Stone, sp. nov.

  Diagnosis. The gall somewhat resembles the sexual gall of Andricus kingi Bassett, 1900 but it is larger and greenish. 

  Gall. (Fig. 204). A small pointed unilocular leaf gall, 4–5 mm tall, 2 mm across, on edge of leaf, which causes the leaf to curve inwards at the point of gall attachment. Gall pale green with scattered brown flecks and covered with a dense coating of short hairs. Some of the hairs and the gall tip become red and then brown as the gall matures.

  Biology. Only females are known. Their morphology strongly suggests that they belong to the sexual generation rather than the asexual generation. This is also suggested by the gall’s rapid development in spring. In addition, very similar galls with comparable morphology (small, unilocular, roughly conical, developing on the edge of leaves) are known from the sexual generations of some Nearctic Andricus species (see Doutt 1960, Dailey & Sprenger 1973a,b). Galls develop on Q. oblongifolia, mature in April; adults emerge soon afterwards. 

  Distribution. USA, Arizona, Santa Catalina Mountains


description:
  Andricus schickae Nicholls, Melika & Stone, sp. nov.
  Asexual generation

  Diagnosis. Galls closely resemble those of Andricus occultatus, but the adults are different. Also closely resembles A. columbiensis. 

  Gall. (Fig. 232). A cryptic unilocular gall within a swollen terminal or lateral bud, whose scales remain intact and surround the gall. The gall is ca. 2–2.5 mm long and 1–1.5 mm in diameter, and consists only of the larval chamber, with a thin woody wall. 

  Biology. Alternate asexual and sexual generations are known. The asexual generation bud galls develop on Q. garryana, mature in November, adults emerge the following spring. The sexual generation galls (Figs. 233–234) were found on Q. lobata leaves in late March-April; adults emerge soon afterwards. We expect both generations can be found on both Q. lobata and Q. garryana. 

  Distribution. USA, California (Los Molinos, Stockton, Cosumnes River Preserve) and Canada, British Columbia (Victoria).


description:
  Andricus schickae Nicholls, Melika & Stone, sp. nov.
  Sexual generation

  Diagnosis. No other sexual generations of Andricus species from California are known to induce unilocular integral leaf galls that are simply swellings of the petiole/midrib.

  Gall. (Figs. 233–234). A unilocular integral gall in the leaf midrib or petiole, 3–4 mm long by ca. 2 mm across, visible as a slight longitudinal swelling that is a paler yellow-green than the rest of the leaf, sometimes also reddish. The gall causes distortion of the leaf lamina, in some cases bending it back through almost 180°.

  Biology. Alternate asexual and sexual generations are known. The asexual generation bud galls develop on Q. garryana, mature in November, adults emerge the following spring. The sexual generation galls (Figs. 233–234) were found on Q. lobata leaves in late March-April; adults emerge soon afterwards. We expect both generations can be found on both Q. lobata and Q. garryana. 

  Distribution. USA, California (Los Molinos, Stockton, Cosumnes River Preserve) and Canada, British Columbia (Victoria).


description:
  Andricus torreyaensis Melika & Abrahamson, sp. nov.

  Diagnosis. The gall resembles that of Zapatella quercusmedullae (Ashmead, 1885), but the morphology of adults is very different from that of Zapatella species. This species was also compared with species of the newly erected genus Melikaiella, and again the morphology of adults differs from that of Melikaiella species. Three Callirhytis species, C. quercusscitula (Bassett, 1864), sexual generation only; C. seminosa (Bassett, 1890), asexual generation only; C. quercuspunctata (Bassett, 1863), asexual generation only are known to induce similar stem swelling galls, however all three species are found further north and are unknown in Florida.

  Gall. (Figs. 252–255). A shoot swelling just behind the bud. The galls are multilocular, usually terminal, cylindrical swellings, 5– 9 mm in diameter and 10–22 mm in length, hard and woody when mature. The leaf buds on the gall can continue to grow after the gall has begun to develop, and ultimately cover the gall with leaves. Usually two to three neighboring twigs or buds are attacked, creating small clusters of two or three, sometimes four galls. The shape of the swelling differs slightly on different oak hosts. 

  Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces stem swelling galls on Q. incana, Q. inopina, Q. laevis, Q. laurifolia, Q. myrtifolia, and Q. nigra. Galls mature in April-May, and adults emerge soon afterwards.  

  Distribution. USA, Florida: Torreya State Park, Archbold Biological Station, Jacksonville, Lake Manatee State Park.


description:
  Andricus williami Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov.

  Gall. (Figs. 273–274). An acorn gall, developing as a swelling external to the cotyledons around the base of the acorn inside the acorn cup (see also Weld 1960, Fig. 18). The larval cell intrudes into the body of the acorn; adults emerge through holes they create along the rim of the acorn cup. The gall is unilocular and consists only of the larval chamber ca 3 mm long and 1.5–2 mm in diameter, surrounded by a hard woody wall. Several galls may develop around the same acorn. 

  Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces acorn galls on Q. arizonica. Weld (1960) also records this gall type from Q. gambelii, Q. rugosa and Q. turbinella. Galls mature in April, adults emerge soon afterwards.

  Distribution. USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mountains. 

  Comments. All known Callirhytis and Andricus species that induce acorn galls, whether pip galls (external to the acorn cup) or stone galls (within the acorn cup and/or also inside the cotyledons of the acorn), have their asexual generations making such galls. The only exception, other than A. williami, is the sexual generation of Andricus chrysobalani Weld, 1926 which develops on Q. chrysolepis and is known only from California.


description:
  Antron lovellae Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov.

  Diagnosis. The gall is somewhat similar to the asexual generation gall of the California species Cynips (Antron) douglasii (Ashmead, 1896) but rounder and with fewer spines.

  Gall. (Fig. 286). A small (up to 8 mm in height and diameter) unilocular leaf gall on underside of leaves, with a reddish-brown surface covered with grey pubescence. Roughly conical with short stubby spines protruding from near the base of the gall. Also pictured in Fig. 163 of Weld (1960).

  Biology. Only an asexual generation is known, which induces leaf galls on Q. turbinella. Galls mature in October-November, adults emerge soon afterwards. 

  Distribution. USA, Arizona, Flagstaff


description:
  Antron tomkursari Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov.

  Diagnosis. Molecular data cluster this species with A. acraspiformis (Weld, 1926), A. plumbeum (Weld, 1926) and A. quercusnubila (Bassett, 1881), all three of which occur in the US southwest and induce leaf galls in their asexual generations. 

  Gall. (Fig. 288). Small, round, dehiscent and unilocular leaf gall, on the underside of the leaf, to 4 mm in diameter, pale green with widely scattered pink spots. The inner larval chamber is surrounded by solid parenchyma tissue and not suspended on fine filaments.

  Biology. Only an asexual generation is known, which induces leaf galls on Q. arizonica. Galls mature in April- May, adults emerge soon afterwards. 

  Distribution. USA, Arizona: Strawberry (on Mogollon Rim), Chiricahua Mountains


description:
  Dryocosmus archboldi Melika & Abrahamson, sp. nov.

  Diagnosis. The gall most closely resembles that of D. quercuslaurifoliae (Ashmead, 1881), D. quercusnotha (Osten Sacken, 1870) and D. quercuspalustris (Osten Sacken, 1861). In D. archboldi, the gall narrows to a pointed tip (Fig. 314), while in D. quercuslaurifoliae, D. quercusnotha and D. quercuspalustris the galls are always rounded, never with a pointed tip (Figs. 315–316).

  Gall. (Fig. 314). An integral, succulent unilocular leaf gall, reaching 5 mm in diameter and height. Conical in shape, narrowing to a point; on underside of leaf; green with paler longitudinal stripes. The larval cell becomes free-rolling once the gall matures. Very rarely the galls develop on catkins.

  Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces integral leaf galls on Q. myrtifolia and Q. laurifolia. The galls develop very quickly, appearing in the second half of March and producing adults by the end of March into April. 

  Distribution. USA, Florida:Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Josephine Creek, Highlands Co.; Coconut Point Sanctuary, Brevard Co.; Gratin Beach Island, Walton Co.; Spanish Ponds Wildlife Reserve, Jacksonville.


description:
  Loxaulus virginianae Melika & buss, sp. nov.

  Diagnosis. A key to all 14 Loxaulus species known from America north of Mexico was published by Melika & Abrahamson (2000). There are two species of Loxaulus, L. pattersoni (Kinsey, 1922) and L. virginianae, which are associated with Q. virginiana. Loxaulus pattersoni, known from Texas, induces galls on roots of Q. virginiana.

  Gall. (Fig. 328). Galls are tiny cryptic cells hidden under the bark of twigs, with little or no visible swelling of the twig. The galls are 2 mm long and consist only of the larval chamber. The galls are commonly induced in a longitudinal cluster and are most easily detected by the emergence holes in the bark. 

  Biology. Only an asexual generation is known, which induces stem galls in twigs of Q. virginiana. Galls mature in May, adults emerge soon afterwards. 

  Distribution. USA, Alabama, Grand Bay


description:
  Neuroterus alexandrae Nicholls & Melika, sp. nov.

  Diagnosis. Neuroterus alexandrae belongs to Kinsey’s subgenus Neospathegaster. It is one of only two Neuroterus known from the southwestern US that induce round bud galls. Closely resembles N. stonei.

  Gall. (Figs. 342–343). Spherical, unilocular bud galls, 3–4 mm in diameter, on terminal or axillary buds. Gall surface smooth and shiny, initially green, sometimes developing mottled or striped patterning in red or purple. Possibly the same as the undescribed gall pictured in Fig. 25 of Weld (1960).

  Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces bud galls on Q. turbinella. Galls mature in April– May, adults emerge soon afterwards. 

  Distribution. USA, Arizona, Mogollon Rim area


description:
  Neuroterus aliceae Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov. 
  Asexual generation

  [Photo on page 100 of the pdf]

  Diagnosis. Neuroterus alicae belongs to Kinsey’s subgenus Diplobius. The asexual generation of Neuroterus aliceae induces dehiscent leaf galls on Q. oblongifolia. The only previously known Neuroterus species from the US southwest to induce detachable leaf galls, N. argentatus Weld, 1944 asexual generation, induces small, flat, rounded spangle galls on the underside of the leaves of Q. gambelii, Q. oblongifolia and Q. turbinella, which are obviously different from the aggregated brown fluffy leaf galls induced by N. aliceae. 

  Gall. (Fig. 367). Brown fluffy leaf galls, consisting of an aggregated group of larval chambers ≥ 5 mm across, on midrib on the underside of leaf. Covered in a dense, somewhat woolly, coat of reddish-brown hairs. Similar in structure to Andricus pattoni (Bassett, 1881) from Florida.

  Biology. Alternate asexual and sexual generations are known, both of which induce galls on Q. oblongifolia. Sexual catkin galls mature in April, adults emerge soon afterwards. The asexual fluffy leaf galls mature in October- November; adults overwinter in the galls and emerge the following spring. Distribution. USA, Arizona, Santa Catalina Mountains


description:
  Neuroterus aliceae Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov. 
  Sexual generation

  Diagnosis. The sexual generation of N. aliceae induces catkin galls on Q. oblongifolia. The only known Neuroterus species from the US southwest which induces flower galls (also on white oaks) is N. floricomus Weld, 1957, sexual generation. The galls of N. floricomus are dense wooly enlargements of the catkin axis (Weld 1957b) and are clearly different from those of N. aliceae (Fig. 366).

  Gall. (Fig. 366). A whitish swelling surrounding individual flowers, with sparse very short pubescence. A swollen flower is 1–2 mm in diameter; multiple flowers per catkin are galled.

  Biology. Alternate asexual and sexual generations are known, both of which induce galls on Q. oblongifolia. Sexual catkin galls mature in April, adults emerge soon afterwards. The asexual fluffy leaf galls mature in October- November; adults overwinter in the galls and emerge the following spring. Distribution. USA, Arizona, Santa Catalina Mountains


description:
  Neuroterus bussae Melika & Nicholls, sp. nov. 

  Diagnosis. Neuroterus bussae belongs to Kinsey’s subgenus Neuroterus. Only one Neuroterus species north of Mexico, the sexual generation of N. christi Melika & Abrahamson, 1997, is known to induce integral leaf galls on Q. virginiana and Q. geminata. The galls of N. christi are multilocular and integral thickenings of the leaf parenchyma that protrude equally on both sides of the leaf along one side of the midrib, generally with four to six larval cells per gall (Melika & Abrahamson 1997a). In contrast, galls of N. bussae are small, unilocular blister-like leaf galls, that commonly develop all over the leaf lamina.

  A taxon with a similar gall was described from Texas on Q. virginiana, N. niger var. alimas Kinsey, 1923, which is one of the five varieties of N. niger Gillette, 1888 described by Kinsey (1923) that were still considered forms of that species by Burks (1979). When the galls of this new species were first encountered, we initially considered that it could be N. niger var. alimas. The holotype of that species was deposited at the USNM and labelled as “Acc.24856”, pink ”N. alimas, female, Holo- Paratype’, ”Q. virginiana”, ”Austin, Tex. 4.16.21., Patterson”; however, when inspected the insect was absent and only the gall was found. One paratype is present, but in a very poor condition, and being male is hard to determine to species. According to Kinsey (1923) this variety induces a sexual generation spring gall, while the other four varieties induce autumn asexual generation galls. Moreover, N. niger var. alimas is the only variety associated with section Virentes oaks while the other four are on Quercus oaks, and as mentioned above no Nearctic cynipid species are shared across the oak sections (Abrahamson et al. 1998a, 2003; Stone et al. 2009). Hence biological information suggests that N. niger var. alimas is a species distinct from N. niger and the other four of Kinsey’s varieties. Kinsey (1923) described N. niger var. alimas based on one female (holotype—lost) and 13 males and gave no detailed morphological description for this variety. Thus, there is no morphological evidence for synonymisation of N. niger var. alimas to N. niger and at the same time it cannot be treated as a valid species so we move it to nomen dubium

  Gall. (Figs. 379–380). Blister-like small integral parenchyma galls, visible on both sides of the leaf; on new leaves. Emergence holes typically on upper surface of leaf. 

  Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces integral leaf galls on Q. virginiana. Galls mature in late March-April, adults emerged immediately after the galls were collected, in March-April. 

   Distribution. USA, Florida: Morriston, Gainesville, Jacksonville.


description:
  Neuroterus oblongifoliae Nicholls, Stone & Melika, sp. nov.

  Diagnosis. Neuroterus oblongifoliae belongs to Kinsey’s subgenus Diplobius. One other species, Neuroterus lamellae Weld, 1957, is known from Arizona that induces galls in the form of integral leaf parenchyma thickenings (Weld 1957b).

  Gall. (Fig. 393). An integral leaf gall visible as a 2–3 mm thickening of the leaf lamina, sometimes spanning the whole width of the leaf, more usually on one side of midrib, green underneath, pink or red on upper surface. Multilocular. 

  Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces leaf galls on Q. oblongifolia. Galls mature in April, adults emerge soon afterwards. 

  Distribution. USA, Arizona, Santa Catalina Mountains.


description:
  Neuroterus quaili Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov.

  Diagnosis. Neuroterus quaili belongs to Kinsey’s subgenus Neospathegaster. Two other Neuroterus species are known to induce catkin galls on section Quercus oaks in California: N. floricola Kinsey, 1922 and N. florulentus Weld, 1957. Both induce different shaped and coloured galls to N. quaili: golden yellow-brown with an apical point in N. floricola, thin-walled, tan and ovate in N. florulentus. In contrast the gall of N. quaili is spherical, purplish, with quite a robust wall. 

  Gall. (Fig. 405). A monolocular catkin gall, 2–3 mm diameter, spherical, purple with paler mottling, on flowers rather than on the catkin stem, relatively robust wall around larval cell. Probably the same as the undescribed gall in Fig. 40 of Weld (1957a). 

  Biology. Galls develop on Q. berberidifolia, mature in April; adults emerge soon afterwards. Only females were reared, with males as yet unknown; however, the spring phenology of this gall suggests that it is a sexual generation.

  Distribution. USA, California, Quail Ridge Reserve.


description:
  Neuroterus rosieae Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov.

  Gall. (Figs. 420–421). A small monolocular bud gall, pear-shaped with a spherical body that is drawn out to an apical point, greenish to purple, 3 mm across, 5 mm tall. The gall bears tiny bracts on its surface and is covered in dense, short, pale pubescence. 

  Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces bud galls on Q. arizonica and Q. turbinella. Galls mature in April, adults emerge soon afterwards. 

  Distribution. USA, Arizona, along Mogollon Rim in area south of Flagstaff


description:
  Neuroterus stonei Melika & Nicholls, sp. nov.

  Diagnosis. Neuroterus stonei belongs to Kinsey’s subgenus Diplobius. The only other Neuroterus species that is known from the southwestern USA that induces bud galls in its sexual generation is N. alexandrae, although galls of that species have only been found to date on Q. tubinella while N. stonei galls the oaks Q. gambelii and Q. arizonica.

  Gall. (Fig. 434). A small unilocular bud gall, spherical, reaching 4–5 mm diameter, that develop in terminal and lateral buds. The lower quarter to third of gall has a few bud scales around it. Gall is initially pale green with some darker green markings, becoming pinkish with darker red or purple lines as it matures. Similar in structure to the sexual generation of N. alexandrae on Q. turbinella. Possibly the same as the undescribed gall pictured in Fig. 22 of Weld (1960).

  Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces bud galls on Q. arizonica and Q. gambelii. 

   Distribution. USA, Arizona: Chiricahua Mountains, Mogollon Rim area south of Flagstaff.


description:
  Zapatella abrahamsoni Melika, sp. nov.

  Gall. (Fig. 445). The galls are rounded, irregular woody expansions of lateral buds, 5.0–7.5 mm in diameter, 4–6 mm high. The tissue of the gall is hard, typically with 2–4 larval cells (very rarely only one) embedded in the surrounding woody tissues. The walls of the larval chambers are distinct, slightly paler than the surrounding woody tissue. The galls persist on the trees for years

  Biology. Only an asexual generation is known, which induces galls on Q. inopina, an oak species endemic to the Lake Wales Ridge. The galls become visible in late September and develop through November. The larvae (sometimes pupae) overwinter in the galls. Adult wasps were dissected from galls from the end of January through March; emerge in late April-May. 

  Distribution. USA, Florida, Highlands Co., Lake Placid, Archbold Biological Station. This species is likely endemic to south-central Florida and particularly to the Lake Wales Ridge.


description:
  Zapatella brooksvillei Melika & Abrahamson, sp. nov.

  Gall. Tiny enlargements at the base of young twigs and branches, multilocular with up to 7–8 cells in one gall; sometimes only a barely visible swelling indicates the presence of the gall. 

  Biology. Only an asexual generation is known, which induces twig galls on Q. laevis. Mature galls, containing adult wasps, were collected in January-February; adults emerge in March. 

  Distribution. USA, Florida, Hernando Co. (Brooksville Ridge) and Highlands Co., Lake Placid (Archbold Biological Station).


description:
  Near-spherical, green, sparsely long-hairy galls of the anthers alone or in scattered clusters on catkins of Quercus phellos. Similar to [Callirhyis parva](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/960) on Quercus imbricaria. Observed in New York in May.


description:
  A small, green, hairless, irregularly globular swelling on petioles of Plantago maritima. Observed in Alaska in September. 


description:
  Stephomyia eugeniae

  Galls are ellipsoidal, hairy, and 4-5 mm high

  Host: Eugenia buxifolia [this host apparently does not occur in the US and contradicts the listing in Gagne's 1989 book. It is likely a mistake. The gall illustrated in figure 327 on the upper side of the leaf, reported from Eugenia axilaris in Florida, matches the description given in that book as well]

  Distr: FL

  [An undescribed species listed in figure 327 on page 275 but not featured in the Eugenia genus key on page 274]

  [One of] two kinds of leaf galls, Eugenia axilaris (Florida, USA): Stephomyia spp.


description:
  [Listed in figure 327 on page 275 but not featured in the Eugenia genus key on page 274]

  [One of] two kinds of leaf galls, Eugenia axilaris (Florida, USA): Stephomyia spp.


description:
  Rhopalomyia grindeliae

  Reared from flower heads, summer

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=327&skin=2021&size=125&q1=grindelia


description:
  Asteromyia grindeliae

  Grindelia

  Blister leaf gall, greenish or blackish, diameter 1/8 inch, summer

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=327&skin=2021&size=125&q1=grindelia


description:
  A small, hairless, integral, green to red-pink cylindrical cell at the edge or in the lamina pointing to either side of a leaf of Grindelia stricta. Observed in California in December with a larva inside.


description:
  Stephomyia eugeniae

  Galls are monothalamous, boot-shaped, and covered with white hairs. Similarly shaped, but smooth galls are in the USNM collection; it is possible they are made by a different species of Stephomyia. Pupation occurs in the gall, and pupae break out of the toe of the boot. In aggregate the galls sometimes cover the entire surface of the leaf. 

  Hosts: Eugenia axillaris, foetida.


description:
  Many small, green, long-hairy bead galls on leaves of a Potentilla sp, likely Potentilla canadensis. Observed in South Carolina in December.


description:
  Deformed berries of Juniperus monosperma, each being monothalamous. Within the cavity inside the gall, is one cream-colored larva, possibly a Cecidomyiid. Observed in New Mexico in December.


description:
  Leafy-gall midge
  Unknown  Pl. 455

  This midge induces large, polythalamous bud galls on gumweed (Grindelia hirsutula).

  Range: central CA

  Page 264


description:
  Grindelia stricta added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/103827846). 


description:
  A light orange-pink bulging swelling on the lower side of the leaf of Rhamnus ilicifolia, causing the leaf to pinch closed on the upper side. Observed in California in December. 


description:
  Aculus vallis [listed as a valid species even though Aculus vallis is also listed as a junior synonym of [Aculus laevigatae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3642)]

  Hosts: Salix gooddingii

  Relationship: The mites form bead galls on leaves, usually with lower surface openings.

  Range: CA 

  Notes: The host occurs in CA, AZ, CO, NM, NV, TX, UT


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/121796#page/64/mode/1up
description:
  Rhynchothrips ilex
  California toyon thrips

  The larvae, after hatching, feed together with the adults on the new growth, causing the leaves to become distorted, curled, or even killed.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=69&skin=2021
description:
  Rhabdophaga coloradensis

  Salix
  Bud galls

  Narrowly oval, slightly beaked, length 1 inch, midge

  Salix
  Twig galls

  Narrowly oval, slightly beaked, apical, length 1 inch, midge


description:
  Rhabdophaga latebrosa, n. sp. was reared May 7, 1909, presumably from apparently normal willow buds [Salix exigua chosen as a placeholder host]. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=69&skin=2021
description:
  Rhabdophaga gemmae

  Salix [Salix exigua listed as a placeholder]
  Bud galls

  Occur in buds, midges

  Dasyneura gemmae

  Salix
  Bud galls

  Occur in buds, midges


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=69&skin=2021
description:
  Rhabdophaga strobiloides

  Salix
  Rosette galls, midge, early spring and summer

  Pine cone-like gall, length 1 to 1.25 inches


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=69&skin=2021
description:
  Rhabdophaga persimilis

  Salix [Salix exigua added as a placeholder]
  Rosette galls, midge, early spring and summer

  Pine cone-like gall, length 1 to 1.25 inches [indicates same figure as [Rabdophaga strobiloides](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1634)]


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=69&skin=2021
description:
  Rhabdophaga brassicoides

  Salix
  Rosette galls, midge, early spring and summer

  Open rosette gall. Willow cabbage gall


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=69&skin=2021
description:
  Rhabdophaga rhodoides

  Salix
  Rosette galls, midge, early spring and summer

  Open rosette gall. Willow cabbage gall


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=69&skin=2021
description:
  Rhabdophaga normaniana

  Salix [Salix exigua added as a placeholder]
  Rosette galls, midge, early spring and summer

  Small rosette gall in small willow
  Cabbage gall


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=69&skin=2021
description:
  Phytophaga walshii

  Salix [Salix exigua added as a placeholder]
  Rosette galls, midge, early spring and summer

  Spongy or clustered rosette gall


description:
  Eriophyes? semen

  Cecidomyia salicis semen
  Eriophyes? salicasemen
  Salicis semen
  Acarus semen

  Hosts: Salix nigra

  Relationship: Galls; a pocket or capsule-gall irregularly hemispherical, greenish yellow, with a projecting aperture; on both surfaces, mostly upper.

  Range: IL, IN

  Eriophyes? salicaesemen [listed as junior synonym of Eriophyes? semen]

  Host: Salix nigra?

  Relationship: Galls

  Range: IL

  Notes: The gall was originally described in 1864 as Salicis semen. See Chadwick 1908, p. 146, for early synonymy. This name was missed by Davis et al., 1982. Is this gall-forming mite the same as Aculus tetanothrix (Nalepa)? Is it another sibiling species? Then, salicaesemen would hold priority. Amrine & Stasny (1994) combined the two names provided by Walsh without knowing that it had already been designated semen by other authors.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=70&skin=2021
description:
  Eriophyes semen

  Salix
  Capsule or pocket galls, plant mites, spring and summer

  Irregularly hemispherical, greenish-yellow pocket galls on either surface of black willow leaf


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=70&skin=2021
description:
  Eriophyes aenigma

  Salix
  Capsule or pocket galls, plant mites, spring and summer

  Filamentous leaf structure


description:
  Aculops aenigma

  Salicis aenigma
  Acarus? aenigma
  Cecidomyia salicis aenigma

  Hosts: Salix interior, nigra

  Relationship: Galls; bud deformation of the flower catkins (Walsh 1864), and leaf buds or parts of leaves (Cook, 1904).

  Range: IL, IN, MD, OH, PA


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=70&skin=2021
description:
  ?Eriophyes aenigma

  Salix
  Capsule or pocket galls, plant mites, spring and summer

  A number of other capsule or pocket galls are produced by undescribed species of Eriophyes


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=70&skin=2021
description:
  Oligotrophus salicifolius 

  Salix
  Leaf galls

  Ovoid, yellowish, red-spotted blister gall, diameter .1 to .125 inch, most evident on under surface, gall midge, summer


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=70&skin=2021
description:
  Pontania desmodioides

  Salix 
  Leaf galls

  Flattish yellow-green, length .25 to .5 inch, sawfly, spring


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=70&skin=2021
description:
  Pontania californica

  Salix
  Leaf galls

  Similar to [preceding](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3538) ["Flattish yellow-green, length .25 to .5 inch"], only one gall on the leaf, sawfly, spring


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=70&skin=2021
description:
  Pontania gracilis

  Salix
  Leaf galls

  Similar to [preceding](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3538) ["Flattish yellow-green, length .25 to .5 inch"], more robust, nearly spherical, sawfly, spring


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=70&skin=2021
description:
  Pontania parva

  Salix [Salix exigua listed as a placeholder]
  Leaf galls

  Similar to [preceding](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3538) ["Flattish yellow-green, length .25 to .5 inch"], smaller, mostly on lower surface, sawfly, spring


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=70&skin=2021
description:
  Trishormomyia verruca

  Salix
  Leaf galls

  Yellowish, red-spotted gall, diameter .1 inch, midge, summer


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=70&skin=2021
description:
  Euura cosensii

  Salix [Salix exigua added as a placeholder]
  Leaf galls

  Conical petiole gall, length .25 to .33 inch, sawfly


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=70&skin=2021
description:
  Euura serissimae

  Salix
  Leaf galls

  Conical, on petioles of branches producing pistillate catkins, on S. serissima, sawfly, spring


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=70&skin=2021
description:
  Pontania lucidae

  Salix
  Leaf galls

  Petiole or midrib enlargement, spherical to ovoid, dimensions .25 to .5 inch, on S lucida, sawfly, spring


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=70&skin=2021
description:
  Pontania monile

  Salix 
  Leaf galls

  Globular, smooth, fleshy, midrib gall, 2 to 6 in a row, diameter .25 inch, sawfly, spring


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=71&skin=2021
description:
  Pontania pisum

  Salix
  Leaf galls

  Pea-like, pale yellowish gall, on underside of leaf, diameter .25 inch, sawfly, spring


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=71&skin=2021
description:
  Pontania pomum

  Salix
  Leaf galls

  Rounded, yellowish-green, rosy cheeked gall, diameter .5 inch, sawfly, spring


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=71&skin=2021
description:
  Pontania petiolaridis

  Salix 
  Leaf galls

  Very similar [to [Pontania pomum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3550): "Rounded, yellowish-green, rosy cheeked gall, diameter .5 inch, sawfly, spring"], on S petiolaris


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=71&skin=2021
description:
  Pontania bruneri

  Salix
  Leaf galls

  Ovate, smooth, fleshy leaf gall, length .33 inch, on S. longifolia [exigua], sawfly, spring


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=72&skin=2021
description:
  Pontania crassicornis

  Salix
  Leaf galls

  Spherical leaf gall extending from midrib almost to margin, average diameter .5 inch, on S humilis, sawfly, spring


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=71&skin=2021
description:
  Pontania resinicola

  Salix
  Leaf galls

  Globose, commonly paired, red or pink, yellowish or green below, on S californica [eastwoodiae], sawfly, spring


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=71&skin=2021
description:
  Pontania pyriformis

  Salix
  Leaf galls

  Pyriform, usually solitary, thin-walled, broadly attached, on S californica [eastwoodiae], sawfly, spring


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=72&skin=2021
description:
  Rhabdophaga triticoides

  Salix
  Twig galls

  Irregular "wheat-ear" swelling .5 to 1.5 inches, midge, spring and summer


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=72&skin=2021
description:
  Rhabdopha nodula

  Salix [Salix exigua added as a placeholder]
  Twig galls

  Nodula gall at base of twigs, length .33 inch, midge, spring and summer


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=72&skin=2021
description:
  Rhabdophaga salicis

  Salix
  Twig galls

  Irregularly enlarged twigs of basket willow, midge, spring and summer


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=72&skin=2021
description:
  Phytophaga tumidosae

  Salix [Salix exigua added as a placeholder]
  Twig galls

  Subglobose galls, the surface scarred, diameter 1/6 inch, midge, summer 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=73&skin=2021
description:
  Rhabdophaga globosa

  Salix [Salix eriocephala added as a placeholder]
  Twig galls

  Subglobular gall attached to twig, with dead area on one side, diameter 2/5 inch


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=73&skin=2021
description:
  Euura ovum

  Salix
  Twig galls

  Irregularly elongate, ovate, reddish-brown, spongy twig gall, length 1/2 to 4/5 inch, spring, sawfly


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=75&skin=2021
description:
  Cryptorhynchus lapathi

  Salix 
  Twig galls

  Irregular branch and trunk swellings, beetle, spring

  Populus

  Irregular branch and trunk swellings, mostly on smaller stems, beetle


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=75&skin=2021
description:
  Agromyza salicis

  Salix
  Twig galls

  Irregularly oval, subcortical twig swellings, length 1/8 inch, fly, spring


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=75&skin=2021
description:
  Phytophaga timberlakei

  Salix
  Twig galls

  Slightly enlarged or slender twigs, midges. A somewhat long series has been reared. They can be identified only by rearing and studying the insects. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=75&skin=2021
description:
  Phytophaga americana

  Salix [Salix exigua added as a placeholder]
  Twig galls

  Slightly enlarged or slender twigs, midges. A somewhat long series has been reared. They can be identified only by rearing and studying the insects. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=75&skin=2021
description:
  Phytophaga caulicola
  Rhabdophaga caulicola [listed separately]

  Salix [Salix exigua added as a placeholder]
  Twig galls

  Slightly enlarged or slender twigs, midges. A somewhat long series has been reared. They can be identified only by rearing and studying the insects. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=75&skin=2021
description:
  Phytophaga perocculta

  Salix [Salix exigua added as a placeholder]
  Twig galls

  Slightly enlarged or slender twigs, midges. A somewhat long series has been reared. They can be identified only by rearing and studying the insects. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=75&skin=2021
description:
  Phytophaga latipennis

  Salix [Salix exigua added as a placeholder]
  Twig galls

  Slightly enlarged or slender twigs, midges. A somewhat long series has been reared. They can be identified only by rearing and studying the insects. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=75&skin=2021
description:
  Dasyneura corticis

  Salix [Salix exigua added as a placeholder]
  Twig galls

  Slightly enlarged or slender twigs, midges. A somewhat long series has been reared. They can be identified only by rearing and studying the insects. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=75&skin=2021
description:
  Rhabdophaga podagrae

  Salix [Salix exigua added as a placeholder]
  Twig galls

  Slightly enlarged or slender twigs, midges. A somewhat long series has been reared. They can be identified only by rearing and studying the insects. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=75&skin=2021
description:
  Rhabdophaga cornuta

  Salix [Salix exigua added as a placeholder]
  Twig galls

  Slightly enlarged or slender twigs, midges. A somewhat long series has been reared. They can be identified only by rearing and studying the insects. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=75&skin=2021
description:
  Asphondylia salictaria

  Salix [Salix exigua added as a placeholder]
  Twig galls

  Slightly enlarged or slender twigs, midges. A somewhat long series has been reared. They can be identified only by rearing and studying the insects. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=75&skin=2021
description:
  Sackenomyia packardi

  Salix [Salix exigua added as a placeholder]
  Twig galls

  Slightly enlarged or slender twigs, midges. A somewhat long series has been reared. They can be identified only by rearing and studying the insects. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=75&skin=2021
description:
  Sackenomyia porterae

  Salix [Salix exigua added as a placeholder]
  Twig galls

  Slightly enlarged or slender twigs, midges. A somewhat long series has been reared. They can be identified only by rearing and studying the insects. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=75&skin=2021
description:
  Euura propinquus

  Salix [Salix exigua added as a placeholder]
  Twig galls

  Basally an abrupt swelling


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=72&skin=2021&q1=batatus
description:
  Rhabdophaga batatus

  Salix
  Twig galls 

  Irregular, ovid or subglobulur galls, diameter .5 to 1 inch, midge, spring and summer


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24078#page/261/mode/1up
description:
  Euura salicis gemma, n. sp.

  On Salix humilis

  The lateral bud of a twig, enlarged so as to be twice or thrice as long wide and thick as the natural bud before it begins to expand in the spring, its external surface otherwise en- tirely unchanged both in texture and color. Internally, instead of the normal downy embryo leaves, it contains early in the autumn a homogeneous, grass- green, fleshy matter, which is afterwards gradually consumed by the larva, leaving nothing at last but a mere shell, as thin as paper, and partly filled with excrement. Sometimes, from the egg failing to hatch out, this green fleshy matter remains unaltered till the spring. The gall is monothalamous, sometimes one only on a twig, sometimes two or three or more at irregular intervals, very rarely as many as 3 or 4 formed out of 3 or 4 consecutive buds. Common and not local. Described from 34 specimens. Length .17 — .36 inch; breadth .10 — .17 inch. Analogous to the Cecidomyidous gall 8. cornu Walsh, but very differ- ent in its general aj^earance and in its internal structure. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24078#page/268/mode/1up
description:
  Nesmatus salicis desmodioides, n. sp.

  On Salix humilis

  A smooth, flattish, fleshy, sessile, yellowish-green, monothalamous gall of a semicircular outline, the chord of the semicircle adjoining the midrib of a leaf; its general shape like the seed of a Desmodium, or like the so-called "quarter" of an orange, the thin inside edge of the "quarter" closely hugging the midrib of the leaf, and the robust outer surface not biangulated but rounded off. No rosy cheek. The volume of the gall is generally about equally divided between the upper and lower sides of the leaf, but sometimes the lower portion is rather the larger. Usually there is but a single gall on a single leaf, but occasionally there are two of them either on the same side or on opposite sides of the midrib. One leaf was noticed with as many as three of these galls upon it. Length .23 — .50 inch; 131 specimens. The above is the appearance of the mature gall July 30; but on May 17 it is already nearly full-sized, and then many of them have a rosy cheek like the normal S.pomum. Abundant and not local. Distinct from S. pomum by its very different shape, and by its never having any rosy cheek when mature, and by the very distinct species of willow on which it occurs. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24078#page/234/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia salicis strobiliscus Walsh

  I described this gall from a single dried specimen found by Mr. Bebb on Salix rostrata [bebbiana] in North Illinois. I have since found very numerous specimens of what for the present I regard as the same gall on S. discolor near Rock Island, IL. Of 23 gathered March 23d one was undistinguishable from the S. rostrata gall; the rest had the tips of the external leaves (except at the tip of the gall) not angulated, but more or less rounded with a subobsolete midrib outside which terminated in a minute tooth or beak. In other respects they did not differ, and especially in the veins on the inside of the leaves being obsolete or subobsolete. The general outline of this gall was ovate lanceolate, rarely ovate ; length — rejecting one stunted specimen, which however contained a larva — 1.05 — 1.G5 inch, diameter .57 — .72 inch. The stunted specimen was not porrect, but deflected at an angle with the axis of the twig, and I subsequently found a few others varying in the same way. In one gall I met with 2 or 3 of the same Orchelimum eggs which occur so copiously in S. strobiloides 0. S., and May 26th I bred several Orchelimum larvae from these galls. 


description:
  Rabdophaga rigidae
  Beaked-twig-gall midge

  They are large, measuring 30 mm long by 10 mm in diameter, and distinguished from all other willow-stem galls by the prominent beak that forms at the apex of each gall.


description:
  A small, solitary spangle gall observed on Quercus gambelii, with a hilum at the apex from which many long hairs emerge and eventually cover the upper surface of the gall. Observed in October-November in Utah.


description:
  A cluster of tan-brown globular galls on the base of petioles of Quercus macrocarpa. Similar to galls of [Andricus quercusstrobilanus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/574) but always globular, sometimes flattened at the intersection of two galls but never with the raised geometric facets that define that gall. Observed in Texas from August through November. 


description:
  Flower added as a location based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88382623). 


description:
  Andricus quercuslanigera
  Asexual generation

  [Hosts] The gall wasp is native to four live oak species in the subsection Virentes along the Gulf Coast of the southern United States and Mexico: Quercus virginiana, Quercus geminata, Quercus fusiformis, and Quercus oleoides. There are two other live oak spe- cies from which we do not know if the gall wasp has been found: Quercus sagraena (native to Cuba) and Quercus brandegeei (native to southern Baja, Mexico).

  [Range] A. quercuslanigera has been documented on non-native, transplanted Q. virginiana in San Joaquin County, CA (Pujade-Villar et al. 2016) and the University of California–Davis Arboretum, Yolo County, CA (S.P.E., personal observation). There are other descriptions of specimens from various host associations that have been morphologically identified as A. quercuslanigera that may require further genetic analysis to solidify species identity. These include A. quercuslanigera potentially found on the netleaf oak, Q. rugosa, in a native portion of its range distributed throughout the temperate highlands of central Mexico (Serrano-Munoz et al. 2016). Q. rugosa also exists in small disjunct populations throughout south-central Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and southwestern Texas (Little 1999), but the gall former has yet to be documented here. Furthermore, A. quercuslanigera has been reported to have shifted from native oak, Q. oleoides, to form galls on nursery live oak, Q. virginiana (native to southeastern United States and Texas), and pin oak, Q. palustris (native to the mid-western United States) in Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon, Mexico, where it is classified as a pest species (Pujade-Villar et al. 2016).

  [Gall] The previously described asexual generation of A. quercuslanigera develops within ‘fuzzy’ single chambered leaf galls located on the underside of new leaves on the midvein alone or in close proximity to other conspecific galls. The single chambered galls consist of a small inner capsule initially covered in short white hairs that eventually turn yellow to light brown and measure approximately 0.7–4.0 mm in final size but may often be interpreted as much larger due to the ‘fuzziness’ of a group of closely developing galls on the same leaf appearing as one large gall (Pujade-Villar et al. 2016; Fig. 1D–F). Galls are first visible beginning in late-August and continue to grow and mature by early-September to early-Decem- ber (Pujade-Villar et al. 2016, Serrano-Munoz et al. 2016, S.P.E., personal observation). Asexual females will begin emerging from late-September and continue through early-March. U

  Wool covering an inner capsule of mature galls on underside of leaf along mid-vein (rarely on topside) final size 1.0–7.0 mm in diameter and 2–3 mm high (including the hairs); Wool creamy white, yellowing slightly when older; individual hairs making up the wool are straight and 0.5–2.0 mm in length; inner capsule is light brown and can be solitary or in clusters of 3–6 along midvein of leaf (Fig. 1A–F).

  [Phenology] The mean date of emergence for the asexual generation was 18 January (±1 d), with the range of emergence spanning a 5-mo period from 9 September to 24 February (n = 1083) (Fig. 3).

  Coinciding with spring leaf flush in mid-March to early April, the sexual generation, emerging from catkin galls (Fig. 4A), lay eggs into the lateral veins on the underside of newly flushed leaves (Fig. 4B). The fuzzy galls develop from mid- to late summer through the fall and winter (Fig. 4C and D), and asexual females emerge as adults beginning as early as September continuing through late February the following year (Fig. 4E) coinciding with catkin bud production. At that time, females oviposit into the unopened or newly opened bud of catkins (Fig. 4F). Galls on catkins grow rapidly in the spring, just as the catkins themselves do, with sexual adults emerging just weeks after asexual females initiate gall growth. Immediately following sexual generation adult emergence, males and females mate, and females oviposit into the newly growing leaves (Fig. 4E). The life history timing of each generation differs drastically (approximately 11 to 11(1/2) mo for the asexual generation and 2–4 wk for the sexual generation from oviposition to adult emergence).


description:
  Andricus quercuslanigera
  Sexual generation

  [Hosts] The gall wasp is native to four live oak species in the subsection Virentes along the Gulf Coast of the southern United States and Mexico: Quercus virginiana, Quercus geminata, Quercus fusiformis, and Quercus oleoides. There are two other live oak spe- cies from which we do not know if the gall wasp has been found: Quercus sagraena (native to Cuba) and Quercus brandegeei (native to southern Baja, Mexico).

  [Range] A. quercuslanigera has been documented on non-native, transplanted Q. virginiana in San Joaquin County, CA (Pujade-Villar et al. 2016) and the University of California–Davis Arboretum, Yolo County, CA (S.P.E., personal observation). There are other descriptions of specimens from various host associations that have been morphologically identified as A. quercuslanigera that may require further genetic analysis to solidify species identity. These include A. quercuslanigera potentially found on the netleaf oak, Q. rugosa, in a native portion of its range distributed throughout the temperate highlands of central Mexico (Serrano-Munoz et al. 2016). Q. rugosa also exists in small disjunct populations throughout south-central Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and southwestern Texas (Little 1999), but the gall former has yet to be documented here. Furthermore, A. quercuslanigera has been reported to have shifted from native oak, Q. oleoides, to form galls on nursery live oak, Q. virginiana (native to southeastern United States and Texas), and pin oak, Q. palustris (native to the mid-western United States) in Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon, Mexico, where it is classified as a pest species (Pujade-Villar et al. 2016).

  [Gall] Formed on catkins in the spring during host plant bud break (Fig. 1J–L). Small (~1 mm) swelling of the central stem of the catkin, with gall shape similar to a grain of rice, or ovate. Surface gall indistinct from the rest of the central stem of catkin except for swelling (Fig. 1M–P).

  [Phenology] The mean date of emergence for the sexual generation was 26 March (±1 d), with the range of emergence spanning a 2-wk period from 23 March to 9 April (n = 94) (Fig. 3). 

  Coinciding with spring leaf flush in mid-March to early April, the sexual generation, emerging from catkin galls (Fig. 4A), lay eggs into the lateral veins on the underside of newly flushed leaves (Fig. 4B). The fuzzy galls develop from mid- to late summer through the fall and winter (Fig. 4C and D), and asexual females emerge as adults beginning as early as September continuing through late February the following year (Fig. 4E) coinciding with catkin bud production. At that time, females oviposit into the unopened or newly opened bud of catkins (Fig. 4F). Galls on catkins grow rapidly in the spring, just as the catkins themselves do, with sexual adults emerging just weeks after asexual females initiate gall growth. Immediately following sexual generation adult emergence, males and females mate, and females oviposit into the newly growing leaves (Fig. 4E). The life history timing of each generation differs drastically (approximately 11 to 11(1/2) mo for the asexual generation and 2–4 wk for the sexual generation from oviposition to adult emergence).


description:
  Neuroterus valhalla, sp. nov.
  Sexual generation

  Gall: In staminate flowers of catkin inflorescences. Single-chambered (monothalamous), often in clusters, smooth centre with trichomes on the border, golden yellow colour and oblong/oval shape. No larger than 1.2 mm. (Figure 3b).

  The stem node (asexual) generation wasp (Figures 1C and 3a) develops over the course of approximately 11 months within minute crypt galls found on the stem nodes (Figures 1E and 3f1), from which it will emerge in synchrony with the host’s flowering phenology, typically during February (Figure 4). They will live as adults for approximately 2 days, as determined by lab rearing, only to find and oviposit in developing catkin buds (Figure 3b), where minute golden oval galls will develop (Figures 1B and 3c1). The catkin (sexual) generation wasps (Figures 1A and 3d) will then swiftly develop over the course of about 3 weeks within these gall structures and emerge in March (Figure 4). Upon emergence, adults live for approximately 2 days, possibly mate (if males are confirmed in the future), and oviposit into stem nodes near a leaf insertion (Figures 1D and 3e), completing the cycle. 

  Host: The population studied here uses Q. virginiana as its host. Additionally, we have incidentally collected two adult N. valhalla individuals emerging from Quercus geminata (Weinersmith et al., 2020), which were confirmed to be the same lineage (Figure 2). 

  Distribution: Confirmed in southeast Texas (Harris county) and the panhandle of Florida (Walton county). Most likely, extending to match much of the distribution of its host plants, Q. geminata and Q. virginiana, across the coastal southeastern United States, and potentially throughout the range of American live oaks in the subsection Virentes.


description:
  Neuroterus valhalla, sp. nov.
  Asexual generation

  Gall: Cryptic gall in nodes of branches, often found adjacent to leaf scars and side branches, monothalamous, no longer than 2.8 mm (Figure 3d,e).

  The stem node (asexual) generation wasp (Figures 1C and 3a) develops over the course of approximately 11 months within minute crypt galls found on the stem nodes (Figures 1E and 3f1), from which it will emerge in synchrony with the host’s flowering phenology, typically during February (Figure 4). They will live as adults for approximately 2 days, as determined by lab rearing, only to find and oviposit in developing catkin buds (Figure 3b), where minute golden oval galls will develop (Figures 1B and 3c1). The catkin (sexual) generation wasps (Figures 1A and 3d) will then swiftly develop over the course of about 3 weeks within these gall structures and emerge in March (Figure 4). Upon emergence, adults live for approximately 2 days, possibly mate (if males are confirmed in the future), and oviposit into stem nodes near a leaf insertion (Figures 1D and 3e), completing the cycle. 

  Host: The population studied here uses Q. virginiana as its host. Additionally, we have incidentally collected two adult N. valhalla individuals emerging from Quercus geminata (Weinersmith et al., 2020), which were confirmed to be the same lineage (Figure 2). 

  Distribution: Confirmed in southeast Texas (Harris county) and the panhandle of Florida (Walton county). Most likely, extending to match much of the distribution of its host plants, Q. geminata and Q. virginiana, across the coastal southeastern United States, and potentially throughout the range of American live oaks in the subsection Virentes.


description:
  "...*A. trixa* induces smooth galls on plants with tomentum (gray rabbitbrushes)..." p. 302

  "Galls of *A. trixa* on *C. n. hololeucus* are generally green, spheroid, glabrous, and one-chambered, with one larva per gall." p.304


description:
  ...in late May... Galls at this time were noticeable as small enlargements near the apices of basal shoots (p.49)

  A gall collected on May 27, 1966, measured 5.0 mm in length. Gall formation frequently caused stunting of the affected shoot. (p.50)


description:
  Externally, mature galls that contained live puparia usually were subspheroidal. This gall shape also resulted when larval feeding or exit hole construction destroyed the terminal bud at the apex of a gall. Upon death or removal of a larva, or after emergence of the adult, apical growth and internode elongation usually resume and the gall assumes a spindle-shape...
  The galls are grey-green when young, sometimes purple tinted, especially when infested by inquilines and certain parasitoids, but turn brown and woody with age. They are covered with a closely appressed whitish tomentum when young and are laterally marked by transverse, scale-like expanded leaf bases bearing sessile leaves and axillary buds that may grow into one or more branches adorning old empty galls. p.28


description:
  On Quercus garryana and lobata, [Andricus occultatus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2141) is apparently indistinguishable from the agamic gall of [Andricus schickae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3498) without evaluating adult wasp anatomy. 

  Quercus berberidifolia is included because for many years it was treated as a junior synonym of Q. dumosa. See [Quercus berberidifolia page](https://www.gallformers.org/host/298).


description:
  On Quercus garryana and lobata, [Andricus occultatus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2141) is apparently indistinguishable from the agamic gall of [Andricus schickae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3498) without evaluating adult wasp anatomy. 


description:
  Acalitus purpurascensis

  Aceria purpurascensis

  Hosts: Pluchea odorata var succulenta

  Relationship: This species forms galls, with the major portion of the gall on the underside of the leaf.

  Type locality: Puerto Rico


description:
  Aceria plucheae

  Eriophyes plucheae

  Hosts: Pluchea odorata, Piper sanctum (correct id?)

  Relationship: Galls

  Range: Cuba, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Veracruz


description:
  A small, orange, short-hairy gall at the edge of the lower side of leaves of Quercus berberidifolia. Distinctly shaped, with a hemispherical distal end mounted on a disc with a slightly larger diameter, on a smaller pedestal below. Observed in California in September and October. 


description:
  Weld's figure for this undescribed gall resembles the figure given in the description of [the sexual generation of Heteroecus dasydactyli](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1904). Other Heteroecus sexgen galls have a broadly similar appearance, however, and this ID can likely never be confirmed.


description:
  A similar but slightly smaller gall was observed on Quercus chrysolepis in [California](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98397828).


description:
  Quercus cornelius-mulleri added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/102648049) and the fact that Q. cornelius-mulleri was considered part of the Q. dumosa species complex until 1981.


description:
  Disholcaspis cinerosa
  Asexual generation

  The asexual generation develops within mealy-oak galls on branches and branch lets of host trees (figure 1). These spherically shaped galls are familiar to people who live in cities where live oaks commonly are planted as ornamentals. Galls range from 1/8 to 1 inch in diameter and are first noticed in late summer or early fall, depending on locality. When first formed, they are small, light pink to pinkish brown and the internal tissue is soft (figures 1 and 3).

  From late summer to late fall (figure 4) developing Disholcaspis larvae eat plant tissues within galls. From August to mid-October, internal gall tissue is yellow-green and moist (figure 3), while during late October and November the tissue turns brown and begins to dry (figure 4). During November, pupation occurs and shortly thereafter transformation to the adult stage takes place. During December and the first part of January, adults emerge by chewing holes at gall bases (figure 1). 

  During the first winter, recently abandoned spherical galls begin to weather and in the process change from pink to grey and become dry and hard (figure 1). If left undisturbed, they may persist on host trees for several years. In essence, grey galls are inactive structures that serve to remind one of a past event. They actually assume a nonliving status about 1 month (November) before adults begin emerging from the galls.

  Range: Gall-infested live oak trees occur throughout Texas in natural and planted situations. The gall wasp also is reported from the same host in certain parts of Mexico and from western Louisiana. 


description:
  Disholcaspis cinerosa
  Sexual generation

  Females of the asexual generation lay their eggs in swollen leaf buds. These eggs hatch in early spring as leaf buds begin to open. Resulting larvae develop quickly in new leaf tissue, and in the process they induce the formation of a second type of gall. This new growth is beige and resembles a kernel of wheat in size and shape (figure 5). Larvae, pupae and adults complete development in a few weeks within these small, obscure galls. The sexual generation differs from the asexual generation not only in gall type but also in that the spring galls produce adults of both sexes. Sexual generation adults are about 1/3 the size of the asexual generation adults (figure 2). Immediately after emergence, male and female wasps mate; males then die. Mated females may live up to a week during which time each individual deposits about 15 eggs in the branches of live oak.

  The eggs pass through a 3- to 5-month dormant period. After this period, larvae hatch and begin development in certain outer branch tissues, which leads to formation of pink spherical galls (figure 1). Thus, the annual cycle of Disholcaspis is completed.

  Range: Gall-infested live oak trees occur throughout Texas in natural and planted situations. The gall wasp also is reported from the same host in certain parts of Mexico and from western Louisiana. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/14/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes aenigma

  Cecidomyia salicis-aenigma
  Acarus salicis-aenigma

  Deformation of leaf of flower bud. Polythalamous, irregular mass both in size and shape, 1-3 cm long. Like a woolly tangle of aborted flower parts. Silvery to ash gray in color. Appears in early summer (June). On Willow, Salix.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/14/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes semen

  Cecidomyia salicis-semen
  Acarus salicis-semen

  A small, monothalamous, sac-like, rounded gall. About 1 mm in diameter. Usually on upper side of the leaf with the opening below. Found in large numbers on the leaf affected. Begins in early summer, matures with the leaf. On willow, Salix.


description:
  Abrupt, tumorous swellings on Fallugia paradoxia. Possibly induced by bacteria or fungi. Observed in New Mexico in December and January.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/14/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia verruca

  Cecidomyia salicis-verruca

  Monothalamous, subspherical gall on midrib or veins of leaf. Projects very slightly on upper surface, much more on under surface where the insect emerges, apparently, from a neat round hole. (This latter characteristic, so distinct from Walsh's description, has made me mistrust my identification). On two species of willow, Salix. Late summer.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/14/mode/1up
description:
  Mayetiola rigidae

  Cecidomyia salicis
  Cecidomyia rigidae

  Monothalamous, irregularly conical, twig-gall, sometimes terminal, frequently with a twig growing from its side, always with several buds on sides. It is tipped with a hollow bud which looks as if it had died early in the development of the gall. Reddish brown, grooved lengthwise. About 2 cm long. Larval cell extends the length of the gall. On common willows. Common. Insect remains as larva during winter, pupates in spring, soon emerges through terminal beak.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/15/mode/1up
description:
  Rhabdophaga batatas

  Cecidomyia salicic-batatas
  Cecidomyia batatas

  An extremely variable, polythalamous twig gall. Usually not terminal, surrounding the twig, sometimes with leaves or small twigs growing from sides, sometimes several strung along the twig. Spongy or woody within. On several willows. Common. Insect remains as larva during the winter, pupates in spring and soon emerges.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/15/mode/1up
description:
  Rhabdophaga brassicoides

  Cecidomyia salicis-brassicoides
  Cecidomyia brassicoides

  Gall consisting externally of rather close clusters of leaves, but not so closely overlapping as R strobiloides, the leaves broader and with fully margins, giving ruffled effect. Somewhat conical in outline, about 4 cm long by 25-30 mm broad at base. Color like leaves of bush, turning very dark in winter. On willow, Salix. 


