# species_source

externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/57/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia lenta Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya tomentosa, laciniosa, ovata

  Gall (Figs. 5, 106-107): Occasional, on Eucarya hickories, not found east of the Appalachian Mts (Map 2); on lower or upper (one example) leaf surface between veins; height 3.3- 5.0 mm, depressed-spheroidal, sometimes conical, with small nipple or tiny opening at center apex; rough textured, sticky, hairless, light green turning brown; base with central conical pedicel, leaf with raised, wide, mucilaginous, brown ring surrounding connection with gall and on reverse side showing discolored, hardened convexity; wall thin, rubbery, larval chamber surrounded laterally and apically by much larger, false chamber, the chambers separated by hemispherical, thin, sticky wall, both chambers longitudinally striate. The one instance of a gall on the upper leaf surface (Amston, CT) occurred on a leaf that also had a gall on the lower surface. This gall is superfically similar to that of C. inflata except that the present gall is extremely sticky to the touch and its false chamber nearly completely surrounds the top and sides rather than sits atop the larval chamber. 

  Affinities. — The two-chambered gall has certain aspects in common with those of C. inflata and C. tumida, all of them with a false chamber, but the surface of the gall of the present species is sticky, the false chamber is much larger to cover the sides as well as the top of the larval chamber, and its base is surrounded by a large leaf socket. 

  Range: CT, IL, IN, KY, ME, MA, PA, NY, OH, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/58/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia levicrustum Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya ovata, pallida, texana, glabra, tomentosa

  Gall (Figs. 86-87): Common, on Eucarya hickories; on lower leaf surface between or on veins, usually clustered; height 2.2-3.0 mm, conical at base, cylindrical or flaring beyond, about as wide as long, the apex flat or shallowly to deeply convex, the walls surrounding any apical concavity variously flared outwards, evenly cylindrical, or almost closed to form partial false chamber, the center of apex with short umbo; surface glabrous, not sticky, green to tan; base conical, area of contact with leaf surrounded by thin leaf exfoliation; wall firm, brittle, thin basally, usually slightly thicker apically, larval chamber shiny, smooth, with longitudinal ridges. A variety of gall shapes is included under this heading, but the variation involves only the structure above the larval chamber and the galls are otherwise similar in color and lack of sticky exudate. 

  Affinities. — Galls of this species appear most like those of C. flaticrustum but instead of being soft and resinous, are hard and glabrous. For further remarks, see under C. flaticrustum. [C flaticrustum: Caryomyia flaticrustum, C. levicrustum, C. melicrustum, and C. striolacrustum are four common, widely distributed species on the Eucarya section with diminutive, more or less discoid galls with conical bases (Figs. 78-87). The main differences among the four species are in the shape and surface texture of the galls. That of C. flaticrustum, has a soft, sticky, concave apex that eventually contracts to form a thick crust. These mature galls simulate somewhat galls of C. melicrustum, except that galls of the latter are sub- tended by a definite exfoliation of the leaf. Larvae of all four species are generally similar with a fairly smooth integument and cruciform spatula. The spatula tooth is barely notched in three species, but acutely pointed in C. levicrustum.]

  Biological notes. — In central Maryland galls were noticed as early as mid-June. Galls with second and third instars could be found from then through August. In late March and early April, pupae break out from the side of the galls near the base. 

  Range: AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, IN, KY, ME, MD, MA, MS, MO, NH, NJ, NY, NC, OH, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/60/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia leviglobus Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya tomentosa, ovata, texana, glabra, pallida

  Gall (Figs. 19, 62-63): Common, on Eucarya hickories; single or dispersed on lower leaf surface between veins; 2.8-3.5 mm in height, spherical with a conspicuous apical terminus made up of a nipple atop an abruptly raised areola; hairless, not sticky, glabrous, light green, becoming yellow, green, or brown; base with small conical pedicel, leaf without exfoliation; wall firm, brittle, uniformly thin, larval chamber glabrous with longitudinal ridges. Wells (1916) wrote that the gall resembled a small bomb. This gall differs from that of C. spiniglobus in that it lacks hair. Both galls are distinctive for their conspicuous apical knob. 

  Affinities. — This species does not differ from C. spiniglobus except in the exterior of the gall that is smooth in C. leviglobus and stiff-haired in C. spiniglobus. I found galls of both species at the same site, but not in proximity on the same leaflet, so consider them separate species. While C. leviglobus is more common than C. spiniglobus, both are generally widespread. As with other species (viz. the C. caryae and C. cilidoliurn groups) that live unconstrained in a rather large, spherical larval chamber, the integument is completely covered with spiny verrucae that evidently allow these species purchase in crawling across the curved surface of the larval chamber. 

  Biological notes. — Tiny, soft, light green galls with first instars were first noted in central Maryland on June 10. After mid-June galls in various stages of hardening yielded all instars including thirds. Adults emerged from a slight bulge in the side of the gall that was evidently weakened by the larva the previous autumn. 

  Range: AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, KY, LA, MD, MA, MS, MO, NH, NY, NC, OH, OK, TN, TX, VA, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/61/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia marginata Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya texana, ovata, tomentosa

  Gall (Figs. 139-140): Infrequent, on Eucarya hickories; on lower leaf surface, between or on veins; length 3.2-5.0 mm, conical, the base flat against leaf surface, circular, with flattened lip surrounding cone that gradually and evenly narrows to pointed apex; green to tan, smooth, covered evenly with long, sparse hairs not obscuring surface; base with narrow, shallow, circular, central excavation, the leaf without exfoliation surrounding connection; larval chamber ovoid, located at base of gall, surrounded by woody tissue. This conical, sparsely haired gall is most similar to that of C. conoidea but the sides of the cone of the C. marginata gall are concave and the basal angle is acute and marginate. This gall is entirely woody unlike that of C. conoidea, which is partially filled with soft tissue that eventually collapses. 

  Affinities. — See under C. sanguinolenta, from which this species differs in the shape of the gall. [C sanguinolenta: Galls of this species resemble closely enough those of several other species, C. biretta, C. conoidea, C. lunata, C. marginata, and C. stellata, to indicate some relationship among them, given other similarities of adult and larval characters. These species differ only in the shape of their galls, which are conical with their extensive soft, large-celled tissue eventually collapsing. Between that tissue and the larval cell is a pellicle that is at first soft but eventually hardens into a brittle covering. The soft tissue mostly deteriorates during the winter. The base of the galls, through which pupae eventually escape, is shield- like and smooth, even on otherwise hairy galls. The conical galls only superficially resemble those of C. persicoides and C. turbanella. Galls of these last two deteriorate differently and pupae break out of the side of the gall rather than the base. Also, the male antennae and genitalia of these two species place them in another group.]

  Range: AL, AR, CT, KY, ME, MA, MS, MO, NH, NY, OH, Ontario, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/62/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia melicrustum Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya ovata, pallida, texana, glabra, laciniosa, tomentosa

  Gall (Figs. 30, 82-83): Common, on Eucarya hickories; on lower leaf surface between veins, usually clustered; 2.0-3.0 mm in height, cylindrical, usually slightly wider than long, conical at base, circular, flat to concave at apex; lateral surface tan to brown, shiny, viscid, the apex orange to brown, crusty, thickly mucillaginous; subtending leaf tissue with conspicuous, extensive, irregular exfoliation surrounding base of gall, corresponding top surface of leaf usu- ally discolored, convex; lateral wall of larval chamber firm, brittle, thin laterally, apical wall usually thicker, larval chamber glabrous, with longitudinal ridges. These galls can sometimes be confused with those of mature, dried C. flaticrustum galls, but galls of the latter lack the conspicuous leaf exfoliation surrounding the base of galls of C. melicrustum. 

  Affinities. — Galls of this species, short with a conical base set into an encircling leaf socket, are most like those of C. striolacrustum except that they are unlined laterally and sticky to the touch. For further remarks, see under C.flaticrustum. [C flaticrustum: Caryomyia flaticrustum, C. levicrustum, C. melicrustum, and C. striolacrustum are four common, widely distributed species on the Eucarya section with diminutive, more or less discoid galls with conical bases (Figs. 78-87). The main differences among the four species are in the shape and surface texture of the galls. That of C. flaticrustum, has a soft, sticky, concave apex that eventually contracts to form a thick crust. These mature galls simulate somewhat galls of C. melicrustum, except that galls of the latter are subtended by a definite exfoliation of the leaf. Larvae of all four species are generally similar with a fairly smooth integument and cruciform spatula. The spatula tooth is barely notched in three species, but acutely pointed in C. levicrustum.]

  Biological notes. — In late May in Central Maryland, one can find young galls not yet completely broken out of the leaf covering and simulating young galls of C. hibicola (Fig. 74) and containing first instars. In mid- to late June, galls are full size but still soft and contain first and second instars. In August one can still see green, softer galls with second instars, but also harder, brown galls with third instars. Pupae emerge from a hole in the thinner walls adjacent to the conical base. 

  Range: AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, IN, KY, ME, MD, MA, MS, MO, NH, NJ, NY, NC, OH, Ontario, SC, TN, TX, VA, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/64/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia ovalis Gagne, new species

  Hosts: Carya glabra, tomentosa

  Gall (Figs. 110-111): Rare, on Eucarya hickories; on lower leaf surface, between veins; 2.7-3.5 mm in height, ovoid to elongate ovoid, usually longer than wide, slightly bilaterally compressed; smooth, shining, hairless, not sticky, green, turning brown; base of gall abruptly tapered to conical pedicel, leaf with short, thick exfoliation at base of gall forming short, tubular socket, with corresponding convexity on opposite leaf surface; walls hard, enclosing two chambers, the basal larval chamber about 1/3 length of gall, ovoid, smooth, longitudinally ridged, the apical false chamber elongate, thicker walled, gradually narrowed to apex. This gall is two-chambered as is that of C. caminata, but the walls of the present galls are thick and shiny, unlike those of C. caminata that are brittle, foliaceous, and matte. 

  Affinities. — No obvious relative of this rare species presents itself. The distinctive gall is most similar to that of C. inflata, but taller and much thicker and woodier. 

  Range: MD


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/64/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia persicoides (Osten Sacken) 

  Cecidomyia persicoides Osten Sacken 1862: 193; Felt 1918: 46 (Caryomyia). 

  Hosts: Carya pallida, ovata, texana, tomentosa, glabra

  Gall (Figs. 17, 126-129): Common, found on Eucarya hickories; single or clustered, on veins of lower leaf surface; 5.1-9.0 mm in height, spheroidal or conical, base flat against leaf surface, clasping leaf vein, edge around base acute and lobed to obtusely rounded, tissue on apical third eventually collapsing somewhat and becoming furrowed when mature; covered with short, dense, velvety, green, yellow, tan, or red hair obscuring surface; connection to leaf circular and shallowly concave or flush with leaf; larval chamber located basally, ovoid, lined with yellowish pellicle different in texture from surrounding soft, spongy, green to purple, viscous tissue that partially collapses with age; a bundle of fibers present between apex of larval chamber and gall apex. Galls may be gum-drop shaped to nearly spherical. The uniform covering of dense, short hair is only slightly longer in galls of C. spherica, but the latter galls are always spherical, hard and woody, and the larval chamber is located at the very center of the gall. 

  Affinities. — Galls somewhat resemble those of the C. sanguinolenta species group because of their extensive soft tissue and the presence of a pellicle lining the larval chamber. A large difference between their galls is that only the top section of C. persicoides and C. turbanella galls breaks off over the winter as a unit, while all the soft tissue on the top and sides of the galls of the C. sanguinolenta group eventually separates from the brittle pellicle. Also, pupae of C. persicoides and C. turbanella break out of the side of the gall, while those of the C. sanguinolenta group break out of the bottom of the larval chamber. In addition to these differences, adults of the two groups are different enough that it appears soft-tissued galls evolved at least twice in Caryomyia. 

  Biological notes. — Galls of this species seem to be more commonly found in late summer. In central Maryland I occasionally found small galls with first instars beginning in mid-June but the galls seemed more numerous beginning in early August, when I found galls with larvae in first or second instars. Third instars were apparent in late August and September. Pupae break through the side of the gall. I once noticed a sciarid pupal exuviae sticking out of a hole near the gall's apex; possibly some other organism made the hole. 

  Range: AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, IL, IN, KY, MD, MA, MO, NH, NY, NC, OH, OK, Ontario, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/66/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia procumbens Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya ovata, glabra, laciniosa, tomentosa

  Gall (Figs. 94-95): Occasional, found on Eucarya hickories, but not east of the Appalachians, except in New England; usually found singly, attached to vein on lower leaf surface; 4-6 mm in length, horizontal, elongate, straight, narrowing gradually from rounded base to pointed apex; white, green, to tan, with stiff, sparse white hairs not obscuring surface; base of gall with central conical pedicel in shallow, circular indentation; wall firm, brittle, uniformly thin, larval chamber glabrous with longitudinal ridges following gall axis from leaf vein connection to apex. The gall is generally similar to that of C. spinulosa, q.v. for further remarks about similar galls. 

  Affinities. — See under C. eumaris. [C eumaris: Galls of several other species, C. procumbens, C. recurvata, C. spinulosa, and C. supina, have similar attachments to leaf veins, grow horizontally, are thin-walled but brittle, and have longitudinally ridged larval chambers. Larvae of all are generally similar with narrow but two- toothed spatulas and only four dorsal papillae on each abdominal segment. The adult stage has been reared for only two species of this group, the female for C. eumaris and the male for C. recurvata.]

  Range: CT, IL, IN, KY, MS, MO, OH, PA, TN, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/67/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia purpurea Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya ovata, texana, glabra, tomentosa

  Gall (Figs. 15, 120-122): Common, found on Eucarya hickories; on lower leaf surface, usually found in groups between veins but may occur close to veins; 2.2-3.0 mm in height, spheroidal, occasionally with slight, conical prominence at apex, surface covered with long, thick, mostly dark brown hair obscuring gall surface; base with deep, circular, central excavation, the leaf without exfoliation surrounding connection; wall woody, of even thickness but thicker apically if peak present, green to brown; larval chamber at base of gall ovoid, violet to purple. Exteriorly, the more conical galls are similar to the more short-conical galls of C. holotricha; such galls must be cut open to see whether hairs intrude into the larval chamber from the apex as they do in galls of C. holotricha. 

  Range: AL, AR, CT, GA, IL, MD, MA, MO, NH, NJ, NY, NC, OH, Ontario, SC, TN, VA, DC


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/68/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia recurvata Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya texana, ovata, tomentosa, glabra, pallida

  Gall (Figs. 9, 90-91): Occasional, found on Eucarya hickories; usually in groups, on lower leaf surface on vein; 2.5-4.0 mm in length, recumbent, truncate near base, abruptly narrowed and recurved beyond basal third; white, green, to tan, hairless, glaucous; base of gall with central, conical pedicel surrounded by shallow, circular indentation; wall firm, brittle, uniformly thin except for slightly thicker blunt end, larval chamber glabrous, with longitudinal ridges following gall axis from leaf vein connection to recurved apex. This gall is most similar to that of C. eumaris but is hairless and has a smooth glaucous surface and has a more truncate base. The gall of C. eumaris has a rough and sparsely hairy surface. 

  Affinities. — See under C. eumaris. [C eumaris: Galls of several other species, C. procumbens, C. recurvata, C. spinulosa, and C. supina, have similar attachments to leaf veins, grow horizontally, are thin-walled but brittle, and have longitudinally ridged larval chambers. Larvae of all are generally similar with narrow but two- toothed spatulas and only four dorsal papillae on each abdominal segment. The adult stage has been reared for only two species of this group, the female for C. eumaris and the male for C. recurvata.]

  Range: AL, AR, CT, IL, KY, LA, MD, MS, OH, MO, TN, DC


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/69/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia sanguinolenta (Osten Sacken) 

  Cecidomyia sanguinolenta Osten Sacken 1862: 192; Felt 1909: 293 (Caryomyia). 

  Hosts: Carya tomentosa, texana, pallida, glabra, ovata

  Gall (Figs. 10, 134-136): Common, found on Eucarya hickories; single or clustered, on lower leaf surface between veins; height 1.9—4.1 mm, conical, basal edge flared, acute or rounded, the base adjacent to leaf either flat or convex, the central part of the base permanently hard and differing in texture from softer outer part (Fig. 136), lateral sides of cone in profile convex at first, becoming concave, then furrowed upon further drying, the apex obtuse to acute; hairless, green, turning brown, crimson, or purple, not sticky; base with shallow, circular, central excavation, the leaf without exfoliation around connection; larval chamber ovoid, located at base of gall, surrounded by yellowish pellicle different in texture from the soft, large-celled usually purple tissue beyond that partly collapses with age; a bundle of fibers present between apex of larval chamber and gall apex. Galls of C. sanguinolenta and C. conoidea are most similar to one another in shape, but that of C conoidea bears short, rigid, sparse hairs. 

  Affinities. — Galls of this species resemble closely enough those of several other species, C. biretta, C. conoidea, C. lunata, C. marginata, and C. stellata, to indicate some relationship among them, given other similarities of adult and larval characters. These species differ only in the shape of their galls, which are conical with their extensive soft, large-celled tissue eventually collapsing. Between that tissue and the larval cell is a pellicle that is at first soft but eventually hardens into a brittle covering. The soft tissue mostly deteriorates during the winter. The base of the galls, through which pupae eventually escape, is shield- like and smooth, even on otherwise hairy galls. The conical galls only superficially resemble those of C. persicoides and C. turbanella. Galls of these last two deteriorate differently and pupae break out of the side of the gall rather than the base. Also, the male antennae and genitalia of these two species place them in another group. 

  Biological notes. — Tiny, green, occasionally red galls with first instars were found as early as mid- May in the Washington, DC area. By mid-June, both small and full-size galls were present with first and second instars, respectively. Small galls with first instars could still be found as late as early August, although the preponderance of galls found after mid-July contained second in- stars. Third instars were found beginning in early August and by late August most galls contained third instars. Galls remain on leaves until leaf drop in October. Many galls are red or purple by autumn but some remain green. Pupae escape through a hole made in the base of the gall, to the side of the central, harder part (Fig. 136).

  Range: AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, IL, KY, LA, MD, MA, MO, NH, NJ, NY, NC, OH, Ontario, PA, TN, VA, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/71/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia shmoo Gagne, new species

  Hosts: Carya tomentosa, texana, pallida, glabra, ovata

  Gall (Figs. 59-61): Common, found on Eucarya hickories; single or clustered, on lower leaf surface between veins; 2.5-3.5 mm in height, bilaterally symmetrical, truncate-spheroidal at base, apical third abruptly narrowed, set to one side, and tipped with an umbo; green to yellow, turning tan to brown, smooth, hairless, not sticky; base with prominent conical pedicel set into circular indentation, leaf without conspicuous exfoliation surrounding base of gall; wall firm, brittle, thin, larval chamber shaped as for gall, glabrous, with longitudinal ridges. This gall resembles most that of the related species, C. caryae. The gall of the latter is spheroidal but that of C. shmoo is conspicuously narrowed at its apical third. 

  Affinities. — This species forms a natural group with C. caryae and C. hirtiglobus because of the general shape of the gall.

  Biological notes. — Soft, whitish-green galls were first noted in central Maryland on June 9 and contained first instars. On June 15, full grown galls were brittle and still contained first instars. By July 8, galls contained second and third instars. When full-grown, the white larva fills the entire larval chamber and is very active when disturbed. Pupae exit the gall from one side through which the larva has already scraped away part of the wall. 

  Range: AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, LA, MD, MS, MO, NH, NY, NC, OH, PA, SC, TX, VA, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/73/mode/1up
description:
   Caryomyia spherica Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya glabra, laciniosa, ovata, pallida, tomentosa

  Gall (Figs. 21, 160-161): Infrequent, on Eucarya hickories; usually scattered along veins, on lower leaf surface; 5.0-8.0 mm in diameter, spherical, covered with thick, short, brown hair obscuring gall surface; base with narrow, shallow, circular depression; larval chamber at center of sphere, ovoid, tan to brown, the surrounding thick walls large-celled, woody. Galls of this species are superficially similar to the rounder galls of C. persicoides, but the larval chamber of C. spherica is centrally located instead of at the base of the gall. The gall is also much harder and not subject to shrinkage as is the softer gall of C. persicoides. 

  Affinities. — Galls of C. spherica and the more spherical galls of C. persicoides can be superfically similar in gross aspect. 

  Biological notes. — In autumn the full-grown larva cuts a cylindrical passage from its chamber in the center of the gall up to but not including the epidermis. In spring the pupa pushes through the epidermis. Adults were reared in early April. In my experience this gall appears in late summer. 

  Range: AL, CT, FL, GA, IL, MD, MS, NC, TN, TX, VA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/74/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia spiniglobus Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya tomentosa, glabra, laciniosa, ovata

  Gall (Fig. 64-65): Common, on Eucarya hickories; single or in groups on lower leaf surface between veins; 2.8-3.5 mm in height, spherical with a conspicuous apical terminus made up of a nipple atop an abruptly raised areola; green to yellow, becoming tan to brown with widely spaced, short, stiff light brown hairs not obscuring surface; base with small conical pedicel, leaf without exfoliation; wall firm, brittle, uniformly thin, larval chamber glabrous with longitudinal ridges. This gall differs from that of C. leviglobns in that it has hair. Both galls are distinctive for the raised apical knob.

  Affinities. — See under C. leviglobus, from which the present species differs only in the hairy galls. [C leviglobus: This species does not differ from C. spiniglobus except in the exterior of the gall that is smooth in C. leviglobus and stiff-haired in C. spiniglobus. I found galls of both species at the same site, but not in proximity on the same leaflet, so consider them separate species. While C. leviglobus is more common than C. spiniglobus, both are generally widespread. As with other species (viz. the C. caryae and C. cilidoliurn groups) that live unconstrained in a rather large, spherical larval chamber, the integument is completely covered with spiny verrucae that evidently allow these species purchase in crawling across the curved surface of the larval chamber.]

  Biological notes. — Tiny, soft, whitish galls with first instars were first noted in central Maryland on June 9. In mid-June to mid-July soft galls could be found mixed with hard, brittle galls, the former with first, the latter with second instars. By beginning of August galls were regularly found with third instars. Feeding larvae lie prone against the concave surface of the larval chamber. 

  Range: AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, KY, LA, MD, MA, MS, NJ, PA, SC, TN, VA, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/75/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia spinulosa Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya cordiformis

  Gall (Figs. 92-93): Occasional, known from bitternut of the Apocarya section; found singly or in small groups, attached to leaf vein, usually on lower leaf surface, occasionally on upper leaf surface; 6.2-8.0 mm in length, recumbent, base bulbous, tapered beyond into elongate, usually abaxially bowed extension with pointed apex; green, yellow, to tan, covered with short, white, downy, crinkled hairs not obscuring surface; base of gall with central conical pedicel in shallow circular indentation; wall firm, brittle, uniformly thin, larval chamber glabrous with longitudinal ridges following gall axis from leaf vein connection to apex. This gall is superficially similar to those of C. procumbens and C. supina. It is known only from bitternut, while those of the other two occur on the Eucarya group, except for one known exception in C. supina. The gall of C. spinulosa has hair, as does that of C. procumbens, but the hair on the gall of C. spinulosa is downy and crinkly rather than stiff and straight and the gall base is much more bulbous. The gall of C. supina is hairless and not bulbous basally. 

  Affinities. — Caryomyia spinulosa is one of the three Caryomyia spp. restricted to bitternut. This species and the other two, C. cilidolium and C. ansericollum, each appear most closely related to species found on the Eucarya group and not to one another. For further discussion of C. spinulosa, see under C. eumaris. [C eumaris: Galls of several other species, C. procumbens, C. recurvata, C. spinulosa, and C. supina, have similar attachments to leaf veins, grow horizontally, are thin-walled but brittle, and have longitudinally ridged larval chambers. Larvae of all are generally similar with narrow but two- toothed spatulas and only four dorsal papillae on each abdominal segment. The adult stage has been reared for only two species of this group, the female for C. eumaris and the male for C. recurvata.]

  Range: AR, IN, MD, MA, MO, PA, NY, VA, WV


description:
  Usually found in numbers on the underside of leaf, supine or nearly so. But occasionally galls that apparently also belong to this species are found on the upper side of the leaf, alone and more or less erect. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/76/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia stellata Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya ovata, laciniosa, glabra, tomentosa, floridana, pallida

  Gall (Figs. 11a, 143): Occasional, on Eucarya hickories; single or clustered, on lower leaf surface between veins; 5.0-9.0 mm in height, elongate-conical, base flared laterally, the flattened edge often stellate, sometimes merely irregularly lobed, cone usually greatly attenuate and slightly curved to apex, furrowed; surface smooth, bare, green turning purple; base with shallow, circular, central excavation, leaf with no exfoliation surrounding connection; larval chamber ovoid, located at base of gall, surrounded by yellowish pellicle different in texture from soft, viscous, usually purple surrounding tissue that collapses with age, a bundle of fibers traversing between larval chamber and gall apex. Galls from Florida, Georgia, and Maryland are only tentatively placed with this species. They are the only ones found east of the Appalachians and are only shallowly lobed at the base and the lobes are rounded. West of the Appalachians the galls are more common, the bases more stellate, and the cones much longer (Fig. 143). Galls of this species have the same basic shape as those of C. sanguinolenta except for a much higher crown and flared sides. 

  Affinities. — See under C. sanguinolenta, from which this species differs in the shape of the gall. [C sanguinolenta: Galls of this species resemble closely enough those of several other species, C. biretta, C. conoidea, C. lunata, C. marginata, and C. stellata, to indicate some relationship among them, given other similarities of adult and larval characters. These species differ only in the shape of their galls, which are conical with their extensive soft, large-celled tissue eventually collapsing. Between that tissue and the larval cell is a pellicle that is at first soft but eventually hardens into a brittle covering. The soft tissue mostly deteriorates during the winter. The base of the galls, through which pupae eventually escape, is shield- like and smooth, even on otherwise hairy galls. The conical galls only superficially resemble those of C. persicoides and C. turbanella. Galls of these last two deteriorate differently and pupae break out of the side of the gall rather than the base. Also, the male antennae and genitalia of these two species place them in another group.]

  Range: AL, AR, FL, GA, IN, KY, ME, MD, MA, MS, MO, NH, NY, OH, OK, TN, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/76/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia striolacrustum Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya tomentosa, laciniosa, floridana, glabra, texana, ovata

  Gall (Figs. 31, 84-85): Common, on Eucarya hickories; on lower leaf surface be- tween veins, usually clustered; height 2-3 mm, usually about as wide as long, basal half conical and deeply set into leaf swelling detectable on top surface of leaf as tan to black, conspicuous convexity, apical half of gall short-cylindrical with funnel-like, deep, narrow to wide concavity surrounded by correspondingly narrow to thick walls, center of funnel with short umbo; surface not sticky, yellow to brown, minutely longitudinally striated, the striations partly fibrous on distal half; gall often surrounded and occasionally partially covered by conspicuous, brown, irregularly shaped leaf exfoliation; larval chamber in basal half of gall, wall firm, thin basally, thicker distally than laterally, glabrous, with longitudinal ridges. The shape of the gall most closely resembles that of C. melicrustum but the surface of the latter is mucilaginous and smooth. 

  Affinities. — Galls of this species, short with a conical base set into an encircling leaf socket, are most like those of C. melicrustum except that they are finely striate and not resinous. For further remarks, see under C. flaticrustum. [C flaticrustum: Caryomyia flaticrustum, C. levicrustum, C. melicrustum, and C. striolacrustum are four common, widely distributed species on the Eucarya section with diminutive, more or less discoid galls with conical bases (Figs. 78-87). The main differences among the four species are in the shape and surface texture of the galls. That of C. flaticrustum, has a soft, sticky, concave apex that eventually contracts to form a thick crust. These mature galls simulate somewhat galls of C. melicrustum, except that galls of the latter are subtended by a definite exfoliation of the leaf. Larvae of all four species are generally similar with a fairly smooth integument and cruciform spatula. The spatula tooth is barely notched in three species, but acutely pointed in C. levicrustum.]

  Biological notes. — This gall appears to burst out of the leaf after it is mostly formed. In mid- June in central Maryland new galls could be found in various stages of emergence from the leaf epidermis. These contained first instars. By mid-July to mid-August, fully emerged galls contained second instars or third instars. 

  Range: AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, IN, KY, ME, MD, MA, MS, MO, NH, NJ, NY, NC, OH, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/78/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia striolata Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya aquatica, cordiformis, glabra, ovata, tomentosa

  Gall (Figs. 36-38): Common, a spring gall, on both Eucarya and Apocarya hickories; found singly or in groups on lower, rarely on upper, leaf surface, between or adjacent to veins; 3.5-5.0 mm in height, usually upright, sometimes leaning, base truncate, cylindrical, more or less fluted, tapering gradually to pointed apex; with sparse resin glands sometimes simulating hairs especially on young galls, white to green, occasionally with some red, turning brown; base of gall shallowly concave; wall uniformly thin, larval chamber rough with weak, longitudinal ridges. This gall is similar in shape to that of C. albipilosa, but lacks a thick covering of long white hair. 

  Affinities. — This species can be separated from C. albipilosa only by the lack of hair on the gall of this species and the thick coat of hair on the galls of C. albipilosa. See under the latter species for further discussion. [C albipilosa: Except for the presence of white hair covering the gall, I can detect no difference between this species and that of C. striolata. These are the only strictly spring-occurring galls in this genus. That the galls of these two species appear in spring and dehisce soon after further separates them from remaining Caryomyia spp.]

  Biological notes. — Galls of this species and C. albipilosa are the earliest Caryomyia galls to appear in spring and grow to full size within a few days. Young galls are at first mostly green and soon develop some red tinge. While the host leaves were still flaccid in early May, galls were found already fully formed, all with similar mature shape and size, with each containing a first, second, or third instar. In other years, galls found on May 16-19 contained second and third instars and by May 23 most galls were hanging loosely on the leaves or had already dehisced as indicated by abscission scars. On May 28, galls remaining on the leaves contained dead or parasitized larvae. These galls eventually turned brown and did not dehisce because the gall ceased development upon the death of the larva and never completed an abscission layer. Any galls found on leaves after June 5 were brown and contained only dead or parasitized larvae. Such galls could be found through September. 

  Range: AL, CT, GA, KY, MD, NJ, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/79/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia subulata Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya ovata, laciniosa, tomentosa, texana

  Gall (Figs. 27, 72-73): Occasional, on Eucarya hickories but not east of Appalachian Mts; usually in scattered groups, on lower leaf surface between veins; length 6.0-9.0 mm, elongate-cylindrical, erect, slightly bowed, tapered to pointed apex; shiny, brown, becoming black; base of gall deeply recessed, and set into socket formed from thick, scabrous, leaf growth with sharp apical edge; larval chamber occupying full length of gall, green, longitudinally striated, the wall firm, brittle, uniformly thin. This gall superficially resembles that of C. tubicola but the apex of the present gall is tapered rather than blunt and its base is deeply recessed rather than conical. 

  Affinities. — The closest relative of this species is not apparent. The spatula with its two widely separated teeth but long, narrow shaft is unique for the genus. The elongate gall set into a deep socket only superficially resembles that of C. tubicola (Figs. 75-77). Notable differences are that the gall of C. subulata is spinelike, completely hollow within, and has a deeply excavated base, whereas the gall of C. tubicola is evenly cylindrical, has some woody tissue within, and has a conical base. 

  Range: AR, CT, IL, IN, KY, ME, MA, MS, NH, NJ, NY, OH, Ontario, PA, TN, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/80/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia supina Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya ovata, glabra, tomentosa, cordiformis, texana

  Gall (Figs. 96-97): Occasional on Eucarya hickories and found once on bitternut of Apocarya section, occurs singly or in small groups; attached to side of vein on lower leaf surface; 6.0-8.0 mm in length, recumbent, base lobed across attachment to vein but not bulbous, gradually narrowing along length to pointed apex; green, yellow, to tan, hairless; base of gall with central conical pedicel in shallow, circular indentation; wall firm, brittle, uniformly thin, larval chamber glabrous with longitudinal ridges following gall axis from leaf vein connection to apex. See remarks about similar galls under C. spinulosa. 

  Affinities. — See under C. eumaris. [C eumaris: Galls of several other species, C. procumbens, C. recurvata, C. spinulosa, and C. supina, have similar attachments to leaf veins, grow horizontally, are thin-walled but brittle, and have longitudinally ridged larval chambers. Larvae of all are generally similar with narrow but two- toothed spatulas and only four dorsal papillae on each abdominal segment. The adult stage has been reared for only two species of this group, the female for C. eumaris and the male for C. recurvata.]

  Range: AL, AR, CT, GA, KY, MD, MA, MO


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/81/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia thompsoni (Felt) 

  Hormomyia thompsoni Felt 1908: 388; Felt 1918d: 47 (Caryomyia). 
  Caryomyia consobrina Felt 1909: 292. New synonym. 
  Caryomyia similis Felt 1909: 292. New synonym. 

  Hosts: Carya ovata, laciniosa, floridana, texana, pallida, glabra, tomentosa

  Gall (Figs. 23, 112-115): One of the commonest Caryomyia galls, on Eucarya hickories; usually in clusters, on lower leaf surface between veins; 1.5-2.6 mm in height, depressed-spheroidal, often distended to one side, with deep dimple at center top; hair whitish gray, either sparse and not obscuring green to brown shiny surface or dense and obscuring gall surface; base of gall at center with deep, central, circular, shallow depression, the leaf without exfoliation surrounding connection; wall of uniform thickness, firm, woody, the larval chamber invaded from both apex and base by vertical cylindrical intrusions, the apical intrusion bearing crinkly hairs, both intrusions nearly abutting one another at center of larval chamber. Galls of this species vary considerably in hairiness, ranging from sparsely haired (Fig. 113) to so hairy as to obscure the gall surface (Fig. 115). Sparsely and densely haired examples are commonly found intermixed and closely adjacent on a leaf (Fig. 112). The gall is unique for the vertical column through the center of the larval chamber made of the combined apical and basal intrusions of the gall wall. The only other Caryomyia gall with any intrusion is that of C. holotricha, but the intrusion in the latter is only of hair growing inward from the apex of the gall. 

  Affinities. — In adult, pupal, and larval characters this species is similar to C. holotricha. The two species are the only congeners with an apical intrusion of hairs into the larval chamber. The galls are otherwise distinct in that those of the present species have an additional intrusion into the base of the larval chamber and the apex of the gall is dimpled, not conical. 

  Biological notes. — In central Maryland, very tiny to full-size galls were found on the same leaflet as early as May 23. Young galls were greenish white turning light yellow with bright white hair. The larvae were all first instars. By June 9, galls appeared full-size and brittle but the larvae were still all first instars. In mid-June through mid-July galls were mostly hard, brittle, and brown to black and contained second instars, but during this time soft galls could still be found with first instars. By the beginning of August galls contained second or third instars and by mid- August more than half the larvae were third in- stars. Adults emerged in late March and early April from galls collected in New York, New Hampshire, Maryland, and Texas. 

  Range: AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, IL, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MS, MO, NH, NJ, NY, NC, OH, OK, Ontario, PA, SC, TN, VA, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/83/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia tuberculata Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya texana, ovata, glabra, tomentosa

  Gall (Figs. 118-119): Common, on Eucarya hickories; often in groups, on lower leaf surface between veins; 3.5-5.1 mm in height, depressed-spherical to spheroidal, occasionally with slightly pointed apex; surface hairless, bumpy, sticky, green, yellow, or brown to almost purple; base with large, central, deep, circular excavation, leaf without exfoliation surrounding connection; wall uniformly thick, woody, larval chamber ovoid, floccose, white, green, to purplish. The gall is most like that of C. purpurea because of its shape, the thick, woody wall, and the leaf connection but, unlike that of C. purpurea, is bumpy and hairless. 

  Affinities. — The closest relative among species with long male flagellomeres and an apically convex aedeagus is not apparent. Unlike other such species, such as C. purpurea and C. holotricha with spheroidal galls that occur on the leaf lamina and have a deep, circular, basal recess.

  Biological notes. — Tiny, yellow-green, soft galls containing first instars were first noticed in central Maryland on June 10. On June 22 new and full grown galls were found on the same leaf, with first and second instars, respectively. Galls found from late June through mid-August contained second instars, after which third instars were regularly found. The full-grown larva fills the larval chamber. Adults emerge through a hole in the side of the gall. 

  Range: AL, AR, CT, GA, IN, KY, LA, MD, MA, MS, MO, NH, NC, OK, PA, SC, TN, VA, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/85/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia tuberidolium Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya glabra, texana, tomentosa, pallida, ovata

  Gall (Figs. 46-48): Common, on Eucarya hickories; often in groups, usually on lower, rarely on upper leaf surface, between veins; 3.2-4.0 mm in height, spheroidal, slightly longer than wide, base broadly rounded to truncate in profile, apex with small central nipple surrounded by extensive areola that with pressure easily separates from gall; surface covered with large bumps and resin glands, the sticky exudate in young galls sometimes extruded in hairlike strands, hairless, yellow, tan, or brown, areola paler than surrounding surface; base with wide, deep, circular indentation; wall firm brittle, almost uniformly thin, larval chamber glabrous, with longitudinal ridges. For notes on galls of related species, see under C. cilidolium. 

  Affinities. — See under C. cilidolium. [C cilidolium: Caryomyia cilidolium, C. hirtidolium, C. tuberidolium, and C. viscidolium form similarly shaped, spheroidal, thin walled galls (Figs. 43-52). At their apex is a large, circular areola surrounding a small central nipple. With a little pressure the circular apex can be broken off as a unit from the rest of the gall and forms the exit from which pupae emerge in spring. Galls of C. cilidolium occur only on bitternut of the Apocarya section of Carya, usually on the lower surface, and are covered with sparse, fine, short hairs. The other three species of this group occur on the Eucarya section. Galls of C. hirtidolium are hairy, much more so than those of C. cilidolium, so that the long hair obscures the gall surface. Galls of C. tuberidolium and C. viscidolium are both sticky, the former very much so and also bumpy and more spherical, the latter merely slightly resinous and smooth. A major difference between these two last species is that C. tuberidolium occurs on the underside of the leaf (except for one example known to me) while C. viscidolium occurs on the upperside. This difference indicates a different egg-laying strategy by the female. The pupal stages are known for all except C. hirtidolium, both sexes for C. cilidolium and C. viscidolium, and the female for C. tuberidolium.]

  Biological notes. — In central Maryland, tiny to full-size galls were first noticed on May 24, the galls all with first instars. Second instars were present in some galls by June 25, but most galls still contained first instars through July 8. Third instars began appearing by mid-July and second instars could still be found through Aug. 19. Second and third instars are active when disturbed. 

  Range: AL, AR, CT, GA, KY, MD, MA, MS, NH, NJ, NY, NC, OK, PA, SC, TN, VA, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/86/mode/1up
description:
   Caryomyia tubicola (Osten Sacken) 

  Cecidomyia tubicola Osten Sacken 1862: 192; Felt 1909:293 (Caryomyia). 

  Hosts: Carya glabra, laciniosa, texana, pallida, tomentosa, ovata, cordiformis

  Gall (Figs. 26, 74-77).— Common and widespread (Map 1) on Eucarya hickories and occasional on C. cordiformis of Apocarya section; found singly or in groups; 3-7 mm in height, on lower leaf, usually between veins, occasionally adjacent to a vein; elongate-cylindrical, usually erect, knurled at apex; shiny, with minute longitudinal ridges; green, yellow, brown, or black; base of tube abruptly conical, deeply set into, and tightly sheathed by thick, scabrous, leaf growth with sharp apical edge; larval chamber variable in length, occupying basal half to nearly entire length of tube, lateral walls thin, hard, firm, with longitudinal ridges; distal part of cylinder not hollow, traversed from larval chamber to apex by thin fibrous bundle. This gall superficially resembles that of C. subulata but the shape of the base is different, that of C. subulata being deeply recessed rather than conical. The long shaft of both galls set them apart from other Caryomyia galls, but conical bases and leaf sheaths are also seen in galls of C. melicrustum and C. striolacrustum. 

  Affinities. — The closest relative of this species is not apparent, but galls of C. melicrustum and C. striolacrustum also have conical bases that are set into a socket made by the surrounding leaf.

  Biological notes. — This may be the most common species of Caryomyia. While tubes of mature galls are usually about four times as long as wide, many are much shorter. Larval success does not appear to depend on gall length. In the Washing- ton, DC area, adults emerge beginning the first week of April from galls collected the previous autumn. Pupae emerge from a weak area at the base of the tube that was scraped away by the larva in the previous season (Fig. 77). New galls are visible by mid-May as a thickening visible on both surfaces of the leaflets, but they are still green and the tube has not yet begun to elongate (Fig. 74). Additional, apparently new galls can be found through early August. First instars are translucent and elliptical and lie flat against what will become the base of the tube. As the gall grows, the exterior is quite hard but the base, hid- den in the enveloping leaf collar, is initially soft until it grows to enclose the first instar. The larva then becomes more evenly cylindrical and mi- grates up the lengthening tube. By late May some tubes have begun to emerge from the basal boot. By mid-June some of the tubes have achieved their full length and the larvae have mostly molted to the more cylindrical second instar. By mid-July some galls contain third instars. The tubes mostly dehisce from the leaves before leaf drop. This species is one of the few that occurs on both the Eucarya and Apocarya sections, although to date I have found it only on C. cordiformis of the Apocarya group. Galls on C. cordiformis are never so common, dense, or robust as those on the Eu- carya group, but more weak-walled galls may be a function of the thinner leaves of C. cordiformis. On C. cordiformis the galls are usually found along a vein. 

  Range: AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, IL, IN, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MS, MO, NH, NJ, NY, NC, OK, Ontario, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/88/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia tumida Gagne, new species

  Hosts: Carya ovata, tomentosa

  Gall (Figs. 104-105): Rare, known from only 2 collections, on Eucarya hickories; on lower leaf surface, between veins; 3 mm in height, depressed-obconic, with small umbo at apex, made up of basal ovoid larval chamber and apical, much broader, false chamber; tan, rubbery, covered with short, decumbent hairs obscuring gall surface, not sticky; base of gall tapered to conical pedicel, leaf with slight exfoliation around gall connection forming short, tubular socket and on reverse side showing discolored convexity; wall thin, basal larval chamber separated from larger, apical false chamber by thin wall with umbo at center, both chambers longitudinally striate. The gall is shaped as for that of C. inflata but is covered with decumbent hairs in contrast to the completely hairless, glabrous gall of C. inflata. 

  Affinities. — See under C. inflata. [C inflata: This species and C. tumida come from similarly shaped, two-chambered galls, but that of C. inflata is smooth, the other thickly covered with short, decumbent hairs. Beyond that, the galls have certain similarities to that of C. asteris. Although the latter gall is not two-chambered, second instars of all three species have setose dorsal and pleural papillae. The rays of the C. asteris gall may indicate some midpoint development of a strictly two-chambered gall.]

  Range: IL, PA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/89/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia turbanella Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya tomentosa, ovata, pallida, glabra, texana

  Gall (Figs. 132-133): Rare but widely distributed, on Eucarya hickories; on veins of upper leaf surface; length 4.0-5.0 mm, spheroidal, abruptly narrowed to conical apex; tan to purple, base with long, sparse, white hairs not obscuring surface, apical cone all or partly covered with small bumps and mostly hairless; base with circular, shallow, central excavation, leaf not exfoliate surrounding connection; larval chamber near base of gall, depressed-ovoid, lined with yellowish membrane, contrasting with brown to purple, large-celled, spongy, viscous tissue surrounding larval chamber that shrivels with maturity; a bundle of longitudinal fibers present between larval chamber and gall apex. The gall of this species is one of only two Caryomyia galls found exclusively on the upper leaf surface. It is distinctive for its hairy spheroidal base and bumpy conical apex. 

  Affinities. — See under C. persicoides. [C persicoides: Galls somewhat resemble those of the C. sanguinolenta species group because of their extensive soft tissue and the presence of a pellicle lining the larval chamber. A large difference between their galls is that only the top section of C. persicoides and C. turbanella galls breaks off over the winter as a unit, while all the soft tissue on the top and sides of the galls of the C. sanguinolenta group eventually separates from the brittle pellicle. Also, pupae of C. persicoides and C. turbanella break out of the side of the gall, while those of the C. sanguinolenta group break out of the bottom of the larval chamber. In addition to these differences, adults of the two groups are different enough that it appears soft-tissued galls evolved at least twice in Caryomyia.]

  Range: AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, MD, DC


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/90/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia turbinata Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya glabra, ovata, texana, pallida, tomentosa

  Gall (Figs. 123-125): Occasional, found on Eucarya hickories; usually in groups, on lower leaf surface between veins; height 2.8-4.2 mm, obconic to spheroidal, widest at midlength or beyond, apical third eventually collapsing and becoming flat; surface brown to red, covered with both short and long brown hair not quite obscuring surface, the hair darker and denser apically; base with narrow, circular, shallow, central depression, sometimes barely noticeable, the leaf not exfoliated surrounding connection, usually with small convex, discolored area on reverse leaf surface; larval chamber basal, depressed-ovoid, lined with yellowish membrane, tissue beyond larval chamber red, soft, with large and spongy cells. This gall is unique among Caryomyia galls for its obconic shape, but in other characters appears most similar to the conical galls because of the extraneous, soft tissue outside the pellicle-lined larval chamber. 

  Affinities. — The gall is unique in Caryomyia be- cause of its obconic shape, but the soft tissue of the distal half that eventually collapses brings to mind galls of, e.g., C. persicoides and C. turbanella. The male antennae and genitalia of the present species are quite different from the other two and more similar to the C. sanguinolenta group. The ovipositor is unlike that of either group, being similar to that of C. inclinata (Fig. 262). 

  Range: AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, IL, IN, KY, LA, MD, MA, MS, MO, NY, NC, OK, PA, TN, TX, VA, DC


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/91/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia urnula Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya illinoinensis, tomentosa, glabra, cordiformis, ovata, pallida

  Gall (Figs. 28, 41-42): Late spring, early summer, common on the Eucarya section, rare on Apocarya section; found singly between veins on either upper or lower leaf surface; 2.0-3.0 mm in height, cylindrical, slightly bulging at midlength, narrowed abruptly apically to convex areola surrounding prominent nipple, surface smooth to weakly lined longitudinally; hairless, not sticky, white to green, turning dark green or brown; base shallowly concave; wall firm, brittle, uniformly thin, larval chamber glabrous with longitudinal ridges. This gall resembles that of C. cilidolium and relatives in the caplike apex and the central indentation of the base, but it is smaller, and more cylindrical than spheroid. The apex does not break off easily as it does in galls of C. cilidolium and relatives. 

  Biological notes. — This species is a generalist that occurs on both Eucarya and Apocarya sections and can be found on either leaf surface. Full- grown galls can be found any time from May through October and full-grown larvae anytime after early June, a time range unique for Caryomyia. Development of galls is evidently staggered. In late May through October in central Maryland, galls can be found with first, second, or third instars inside, and second instars can be found in galls into late August. These galls appear to dehisce from the leaves as soon as the third in- stars mature, possibly because of the active larvae inside. Agitation by the full-grown larva in a dehisced gall causes the gall to pop up and down and roll on a level surface. Early dehiscence may be the reason the galls are uncommon on leaves in late season, although occasional galls with live third instars can be found through September and into October, at least in Maryland. In one September trip from Maryland through Arkansas to collect hickory galls, I found not a single example. 

  Range: AL, CT, FL, GA, KY, LA, MD, MO, OH, TN, VA, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/95/mode/1up
description:
  Caryadiplosis biconvexa Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya ovata, glabra, cordiformis, tomentosa, aquatica

  Gall (Figs. 33, 167-169): Common, on both Eucarya and Apocarya sections; circular swelling, ca. 3.5 mm in diameter, on lamina, showing on both sides of leaflet; similar in color and texture to leaf, but some mature galls may turn black before larva escapes; wall of uniform thickness, larval chamber circular, flattened, reflecting gall shape; full-grown larva exits gall from small hole in center of gall on abaxial leaflet surface. 

  Affinities. — The larval terminal segment has dorsal verrucae in contrast with the smooth preceding segments. This is an effective character for separating this species from C. venicola. The two species are further separated by the terminal papillae all being situated on lobes in C. biconvexa and the lack of such lobes on C. venicola. 

  Biological notes. — Small circular galls with first instars were found as early as May 26 in central Maryland. On both June 5 and 9 yellow galls were found with full grown larvae or from which larvae had already escaped, indicating that development is swift. Possibly this species has more than one generation per year because galls with first instars were found as late as Sept. 11 and second and third instars on Sept 26, but the galls seemed not as common in late summer as in spring. Larvae exit from the lower surface of the leaflet. 

  Range: AL, AR, GA, IN, MD, MA, NY, NC, OH, OK, PA, TN, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/96/mode/1up
description:
  Caryadiplosis venicola Gagne, new species

  Hosts: Carya cordiformis, pallida, glabra, texana, tomentosa

  Gall (Figs. 165-166): Occasional, on both Eucarya and Apocarya sections; an elongate, hard swelling of midvein or petiole, usually showing on both sides of leaflet, 5 mm long, 2 mm high when single chambers, longer and broader when several chambers are in tandem; exterior tan to brown, rough; wall of uniform thickness; larval chamber elongate; an exit hole eventually develops on lower leaf surface through which the full-grown larva falls to ground. 

  Biological notes. — My earliest-season sighting of galls in central Maryland was on July 22. 1 noticed them more commonly in Maryland and elsewhere in late August and September. Larvae left the galls on collected leaves in autumn, burrowed into the soil, and spun cocoons. In early April the following year, full-grown pupae found their way to the surface of the soil and adults emerged. 

  Range: AR, FL, GA, MD, MO, NC, OH, OK, TN, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/97/mode/1up
description:
  Contarinia bulliformis Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya illinoinensis

  Gall (Figs. 170-171): On pecan, Apocarya section; a bubble-like swelling of mid- vein or petiole, usually showing on both sides of leaflet, about 1 cm long, 3 mm high; green, smooth; wall of uniform thickness, larval chamber of same shape as gall, containing one to several larvae.

  Biological notes. — This species was found by Manya B. Stoetzel in the course of her field work on Phylloxera on pecan. Nothing further is definitely known of the biology of this species, but the full-grown larvae probably escape the galls to drop to the soil. 

  Range: LA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/98/mode/1up
description:
  Contarinia cucumata Gagne, new species 

  Hosts: Carya ovata, tomentosa, pallida, cordiformis, glabra

  Gall (Figs. 29, 172-174): Infrequent, on Eucarya and Apocarya sections; on lower leaf surface, adjacent to vein; 3.6-5.0 mm in length, constricted at point of attachment to leaf, cylindrical and decumbent beyond, convex apically, not dehiscent; surface rough, green becoming yellow, then brown, with many scattered, long, fine, white hairs not obscuring surface; base initially crimped, opening to upper surface of leaf when mature; wall thin, at first soft, later brittle, larval chamber rough. 

  Affinities. — Larvae of Caryadiplosis venicola, also on hickory, are generally similar to this species, but young third instars of C. venicola have rounded spatula teeth while those of C. cucumata have pointed teeth. Contarinia cucumata is further distinguished by the complex gall it causes; most Contarinia spp. make no gall or simple ones, such as leaf rolls. 

  Biological notes. — This species shows wear of its spatula while still in the gall. Figs. 339-340 show the spatula of a newly molted third instar and an older one. The spatula of the newly molted larva is not yet entirely hardened or pigmented. In central Md, galls were first noticed on May 23 when still only bubble-like and containing first instars. Galls were greenish white to light green, somewhat sticky, and covered with close, long white hairs. In subsequent days these hairs became farther apart as the gall quickly elongated along the leaf axis and became darker green. Larvae developed quickly and began to leave the galls by June 9 through the newly opened exit aperture on the upper side of the leaf. Mature larvae are white and active. 

  Range: AL, GA, KY, MD, MS, MO, NY, OH, TN, VA, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/100/mode/1up
description:
  Gliaspilota glutinosa (Osten Sacken), new combination 

  Cecidomyia glutinosa Osten Sacken 1862: 193; Felt 1909: 115 {Caryomyia); Gagne 1989: 211 {Cecidomyia); Gag- ne 2004: 277, as unplaced species of Cecidomyiinae. 

  Hosts: Carya cordiformis, glabra, tomentosa, ovata

  Gall (Figs. 175-177): Occasional on both Eucarya and Apocarya sections, single or several on the underside of a leaflet; a discolored, mustard-yellow, irrregularly ovate spot on the leaf lamina, 5-8 mm in diameter; presence apparent from top of leaf only by discoloration, but on bottom of leaf covered with a colorless mucilaginous substance. 

  Biological notes. — Usually one, up to three free-living larvae can be seen in the liquid on each spot on the lower surface of leaflets. After full-grown larvae drop to the ground, the tissue under the mucilage dries, and the leaf is left with an ir- regular, brown spot. In northeastern United States fresh galls can be found as early as mid-April. Larvae have all dropped to the soil by mid-June. In Florida I found fresh galls in September, so it is possible this species has more than one generation per year there. 

  Range: AR, FL, MD, MA, MS, NY, TX, DC, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38636615#page/101/mode/1up
description:
  Harmandiola nucicola (Osten Sacken), new combination 

  Cecidomyia caryae nucicola Osten Sacken 1870: 53, invalid polynomial; caryaenucicola Jarvis 1909: 84 (Ce- cidomyia). 
  Cecidomyia nucicola Osten Sacken 1878: 6; Felt 1918: 49 (Caryomyia); Gagne 1973: 868 (Contarinia). 

  Hosts: Carya ovata, tomentosa, glabra

  Gall (Figs. 178-180): Rare, so far known only from Eucarya section; a single-chambered blister of the nut husk, up to 5 mm wide and 4 mm high, with same color and texture as husk; larval chamber ovoid, each with a single larva. 

  Biological notes. — The full-grown larva cuts a straight, cylindrical exit passage to the exterior of the nut husk and falls to the ground where it over-winters. 

  Range: GA, MD, NY, Ontario


description:
  Lonicerae russoi is responsible for a green, leafy rosette bud gall (Fig. 1, this paper, and plate 238 of Russo (2007)) on Lonicera hispidula. Russo (2007) reported that galls usually appear several together at the tips of shoots, but may occur singly also. Individual galls may be 10 mm high by 8 in diameter and the clusters 30 mm in diameter. Individual leaves or bracts covering the galls are about 3 mm wide. White hairs protrude from edges of the bracts and more densely from the center of each gall. The individual larval chambers are 4 mm long by 2 mm in diameter.


description:
  This species is responsible for an elongate, swollen bud gall (Fig. 3) on Symphorocarpos albus.
  Buds are enlarged, about 5 mm wide by 8–10 mm long, and do not open.


description:
  Galled flowers produce no seeds and develop differently from uninfested buds and flowers (Figs. 1, 2), sometimes keeping their tepals completely or partially closed while the ovary enlarges. In rare cases, all six sepals and petals open, exposing the engorged, fruit-sized ovary.


description:
  Eriophyes paraviburni Keifer, 1963

  Eriophyes viburni Stebbins, 1909 [preoccupied by Eriophyes viburni (Nalepa, 1889).]

  Host: Viburnum dentatum

  Relationship: The mites form masses of white erinea in shallow pockets on lower leaf surfaces. Corrugations of leaf, upper side arches over; both within and without, densely clothed with short white hairs. (Keifer, 1963: undersurface leaf pockets with white erineum).

  Range: NY, MA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22125#page/321/mode/1up
description:
  Rhodites bassetti, sp. nov.

  Gall. — (Plate IX, Figs. 13, 14). On the tips of the twigs of Rosa nutkana. Polythalamous. A rounded, hard and woody gall densely covered with long, green filaments forming a moss-like mass as in Rhodites rosae, and strongly concave at the place of attachment. Diameter 17-38 mm. 

  Habitat. — Corvallis, Oregon. (B. G. Thompson). A number of galls of this species were sent to me by Mr. B. G. Thompson, collected December 10th, 1916. At first I considered them to be Rhodites rosae Linn. But when the flies began to emerge (indoors) during the latter part of February until about the middle of March, I found that they were different from R. rosae in sculpture and colour. The gall, although similar externally to R. rosae, differs by being more woody inside and strongly concave at the place of attachment, being almost like an inverted cup or bowl in shape, while the gall of R. roses, is composed of an agglomeration of hard cells around a branch. Named after the late Homer F. Bassett. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=49
description:
  Diplolepis bassetti (Beut.) 1918 Canad. Ent 50: 307 [bisexual] Corvallis, OR.

  Produces an abrupt, mossy, terminal mass, 17-30 mm in dia, strongly concave at point of attachment. On Rosa nutkana. Adults in late Feb to March.

  Rosa nutkana
  Stem swellings
  Woody, covered with green filaments, 17-39 mm in dia, terminal on twigs of Rosa nutkana. Type from Oregon.

  [Photo caption (Weld reproduces Beutenmuller's drawing Figure 14)]
  Beutenmuller's original figure on Rosa nutkana. Terminal, green when fresh, 17-38 mm in dia. Types from Corvallis OR. Galls collected in December gave adults (indoors) in late February and early March. Galls were seen at Waitsburg, WA.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387547#page/117/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis bassetti (Beutenmuller)

  GALL. — Mossy, containing a compact or agglomerated cluster of woody cells. Filamentous covering 4.0-8.0 mm. thick, probably green and reddish when young, becoming brown and blackened with age; filaments attached to a more or less compacted cluster of larval cells, each cell sub-spherical, 2.0-4.0 mm. in diameter, with woody but not thick walls, entirely hollow within. On the twigs, usually terminally, of Rosa nutkana. 

  RANGE. — Oregon, Idaho, and Utah. Probably elsewhere in the northwest. 

  Morphologically the insects of this species are decidedly related to Diplolepis rosae, and less closely to D. bicolor. Significantly, the galls of variety bassetti show striking similarity to those of rosae. The galls of the other variety, tho superficially similar to rosae, are in all respects merely a compact cluster of galls of the D. bicolor type, differing mainly in possessing the filamentous covering. The evolutionary transition from the galls bicolor to rosae, or the reverse procedure, cannot have been more profound than the evolution of the two types of galls in this one species. 

  There will be no question that this is a single species, for the characters separating the two varieties are very few. But if one has any doubt of the validity of the varieties he should examine a large series of individuals, when he should be impressed with the constancy of the distinctions within these few characters. Geographic isolation has probably contributed materially to the separation of two forms, for as far as the ranges of the two are known at present they are separated by the high altitudes of the barren lava-bed country of western Oregon. The type localities of the two are two hundred and fifty miles apart. Moreover, variety bassetti occurs in a region of excessive precipitation and tempered seasons, while the other variety occurs in the very arid deserts of the northern Rocky Mountains, a country of extreme climate. I should not consider this a variety of Diplolepis rosae, tho the two are very close. Rosae seems to be a native of Europe, but has more or less of a world-wide distribution, being readily imported into new regions; and apparently the species reached the eastern part of the United States as an importation from Europe. Rosae has not been recorded from west of the Rockies. No species native to America is very closely related to rose except this Pacific Coast species, bassetti. There may be considerable significance in this situation. 

  Diplolepis bassetti variety bassetti (Beutenmuller) 

  Rhodites bassetti Beutenmuller, 1918, Can. Ent., L, p. 307, pi. IX, figs. 13, 14. 

  GALL. — Superficially resembles the gall of the other variety, but is distinct as follows: Filaments finer, more dense and curled; often a hundred or more larval cells in a cluster, the cells thoroly fused together, forming a perfectly solid, woody mass; galls averaging large, often up to. 45. mm. in diameter. 

  RANGE. — Oregon: Corvallis (Beutenmuller) ; Ashland. 

  Beutenmuller states that galls collected in December gave adults from late February to the middle of March, indoors. Most of the adults had not yet emerged from the galls collected at Ashland on April 6. 

  Diplolepis bassetti variety lucida, new variety

  GALL. — Superficially resembles the gall of the other variety, but is distinct as follows: Filaments heavier, broader, straighter; usually only 30 or fewer larval cells in a cluster, each cell more or less entirely separate, with a proximate origin from the stem, the cells compacted into an insecure mass more by the intertwining filaments than by a fusion of the wood of each cell; the whole mass averaging smaller than in the other variety, 25. mm. the maximum diameter noted. 

  RANGE. — Oregon: La Grande. Idaho: Mountain Home. 

  Few of the adults had emerged on April 12 at La Grande, and on April 20 at Mountain Home Of 267 adults, 100 are males. 

  The collection at Mountain Home, Idaho, has peculiar interest because that locality is in the heart of the Snake River desert. This is an alkaline, dust desert, barren of most vegetation except sage brush, with an excessively low precipitation ; because of its elevation of about 3500 feet, and its great, level sweep, the region is exposed to severe storms and extreme temperatures in winter, and to a surprisingly hot summer. Repeated searchings at several localities across this desert failed to disclose any plant which might bear Cynipidae. The oaks, mainly eastern species, planted as wind breaks in the towns, failed to disclose galls. Some distance outside of the town of Mountain Home, a few roses were growing beside an irrigation ditch, and there were two galls of this species and variety. I do not know whether the roses were native species or escapes from cultivation ; they bore a native cynipid. How far it may have been to the next colony of roses it would be hard to determine; I am inclined to believe it might have been a considerable distance. Insects and galls of this mate- rial agree in minute detail with material from La Grande, two hundred miles away, mostly across the desert. The desert does possess a system of streams, but roses are few at most along these streams, for I failed to find them at any of a half dozen other points at which I tried to collect. 

  I collected galls of this type at Brigham, Utah, but did not obtain insects, so I cannot say whether yet another variety will be found for this species. 


description:
  Very small narrow white galls along the lower veins as the leaves are expanding in the spring (ie weeks after the buds first break). The galls are attached to the vein in the middle, where they are widest, and taper to the ends, which often curve in various directions. Little to no disturbance is detectable on the upper leaf. The texture of the gall is hairless and smooth. Description based on similar galls seen on Quercus alba in late May in [Michigan](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79725454). 

  Observations on iNaturalist collected in the link below. See observations on [BugGuide](https://bugguide.net/node/view/2035000/bgimage) as well. 

  Similar galls have been observed on Quercus macrocarpa in Manitoba in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82716343) and in Wisconsin in [April](https://bugguide.net/node/view/907171/bgimage).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8184693#page/225/mode/1up
description:
  Gall. — 

  Ovoid, hypertrophied leaf buds, length 10 to 11 mm., diameter 7 to 8 mm., two or three frequently being confluent, monothalamous, green or somewhat purplish and externally with short, recurved, aborted leaflets covered with a rather thick, gray arachnose pubescence. Apparently the same species was reared from a similar more globose leaf bud gall at once distinguishable by the absence of pubescence.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13762219#page/228/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus nigrum n. sp.

  Galls: The galls are little pimples about 2 mm in diameter on the surface of the leaves and show equally well from above and below. There are usually a large number on a single leaf. The galls appear late in August but the flies do not emerge until the following summer. Few of the these galls were noticed in Michigan, but they are very common about Ames Iowa. My specimens were reared from the leaves of the burr oak, but in a number of instances I have taken galls that seem exactly similar on the leaves of the white oak, Quercus alba.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635481#page/86/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus niger

  Globose or blisterlike, monothalamous leaf vein swellings more distinct on the upper side and with a minute nipple on the lower surface, diameter 1 to 1.75 mm, on Q. alba and Q. macrocarpa. 

  [Felt reproduces Beutenmuller's drawing]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/298/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus niger variety alimas, new variety 
  bisexual form 

  GALL. — Rather slender, elongate, distinctly bounded on the upper surfaces; without a trace of a central point; often two cells somewhat fused; on Quercus virginiana. 

  RANGE. — Texas: Austin (Patterson coll.); Leander. Probably confined to a region in central Texas.

  A rather similar gall, Neuroterus howertoni, occurs on the same leaves with alimas, but howertoni galls have a hollow, cone-shaped eruption on the under surfaces of the leaves; the insects of the two are less distinct than their galls.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/300/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus niger variety niger Gillette 
  agamic form 

  Neuroterus nigrum
  Neuroterus niger

  GALL. — Rather rounded, somewhat elongate, with well-defined boundaries, without a central point on the upper surface. On Quercus macrocarpa. 

  RANGE. — Iowa: Ames (Gillette). Illinois: Algonquin (Nason). Michigan: Lansing (Gillette). Possibly confined to a smaller area about Ames, Iowa. 

  Gillette stated that the galls of this agamic generation appear late in August; he collected his galls on October 20, 1887 ; adults emerged on May 10, 1888. The Thompson material also over-wintered in the galls, emerging about the middle of May. Beutenmuller’s further data appear to be derived in part from variety perminimus which he considered a synonym of niger.

  [Neuroterus niger variety arizonicae](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/299/mode/1up), new variety 
  agamic form 

  GALL. — Rather circular, slightly elongate, with only an indefinite trace of a point on the upper surface; the boundaries very indefinite, especially on the under surface; on Quercus arizonica. 

  RANGE. — Arizona: Bisbee, Fort Huachuca, Whetstone, Salford, Globe, Santa Catalina Mountains (Sabino Trail). New Mexico; Alamogordo. Probably thru Arizona, New Mexico, and adjacent Mexico, wherever Q. arizonica occurs. 

  The insects probably do not emerge until late in January or February.

  [Neuroterus niger variety griseae](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/300/mode/1up), new variety 
  agamic form 

  GALL. — A little more elongate than circular, with very poorly defined boundaries and not much thickening of the blade, perceptible mostly because of a discoloration, less perceptible on the under surface. On Quercus grisea. 

  RANGE. — Texas: Fort Davis. New Mexico: Hillsboro. Probably occurs in West Texas, New Mexico, and adjacent Mexico (and Arizona?).

  The insects probably did not emerge from the galls until early in the spring after collecting. The galls are indistinct and not at all noticeable; the insect is clearly different from other varieties; so it seems worth describing even tho the type material is not abundant. 

  [Neuroterus niger variety nigripes](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/301/mode/1up), new variety
  agamic form

  GALL. — About circular, slightly elongate, very slightly larger than pattersoni, with less well-defined boundaries and with a distinct central point on the upper surface. On Quercus stellata and Q. breviloba (fig. 34, 42).

  RANGE. — Texas: Austin, Leander.

  Larvae were in the galls I collected on December 4, 1919. Dr. Patterson has made detailed observations on this species, finding that the young galls were evident on July 28, 1921, Indiana University Studies maturing-about the first of December ; he secured adults about the first of March, 1921. Dr. Patterson has bred galls from both Q. stellata and Q. breviloba, and I cannot see any differences between the two lots of material. Another variety, pattersoni, also occurs at Austin on both of these oaks, but the insects and galls are always distinguishable. Evidently two faunal areas, meeting at Austin, have effected an isolation which is not accomplished by the two hosts.

  [Neuroterus niger variety pattersoni](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/303/mode/1up)
  agamic form hiemalis, new form

  GALL. — Probably quite similar to that of the bisexual generation. On Quercus breviloba.

  RANGE. — Texas: Austin (Patterson coll.).

  The occurrence on the two different hosts is not remarkable; probably both forms occur on both stellata and breviloba at Austin. This is true of variety nigripes, and care must be taken to distinguish pattersoni and nigripes; the characteristics in the descriptions are quite constant guides to both insects and galls.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/302/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus niger variety papillosus Beutenmuller 
  bisexual form 

  Neuroterus papillosus
  Neuroterus papillatus Beutenmuller

  GALL. — Elongate, quite slender, small, with fairly well-defined boundaries, without a trace of a central point on either side. On Quercus bicolor (fig. 35). 

  RANGE. — Rhode Island: Providence (in Thompson coll.). New York: Bronx Park, New York City (Beutenmuller) ; West Nyack (Felt in N.Y. State Mus.). Probably confined to a more northeastern area of the United States, on Q. bicolor. 

  I have not been able to examine the types of this variety, and have made my descriptions from Q. bicolor material from West Nyack, New York, sent me by Dr. Felt. I have galls from the Thompson collection, from the typical host, from Providence. These agree with Beutenmuller’s figure in being narrowly elongate, and quite distinct from the more circular galls of niger or perminimus. The cynipid fauna of Q. bicolor is usually unique, and it is not likely that this variety occurs on any other host. 


description:
  A gall matching this description was seen on Quercus gambelii in Utah in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78156981).


description:
  Neuroterus saltatorius (unisexual generation)

  This cynipid wasp induces tiny (1 mm in diameter), round, monothalamous, detachable brown galls on the underside of leaves of valley, blue, scrub, and Oregon oak. Late spring unisexual generation galls occur singly, but often in large numbers per leaf.

  Hosts:
  Quercus lobata
  Quercus douglasii
  Quercus berberidifolia
  Quercus garryana


description:
  Long, thin, linear galls along the lower sides of Quercus alba leaves, green when fresh but turning black from the center out. A shallow pinched pocket of the lamina typically found between veins but sometimes along a vein, integral to the leaf, opening along a line above. The galls somewhat resemble Weld's unidentified [gall similar to Phylloteras sigma but straight](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1078) (also found on Quercus alba) but differ in being integral, not always along veins, and of varying length. 

  Observed in late May in Pennsylvania and Maryland, and in June in New York.

  A similar gall has been observed on Quercus stellata, sometimes with shorter and thicker pockets.


description:
  Naeruterus saltatorius (unisexual generation)

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, garryana, lobata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 100. Jumping gall. "Flea seeds"

  Fig.100. Q. lobata, douglasii, dumosa, garryana. H. H. Keifer sent galls in July from a douglasii tree that had been almost defoliated by Neuroterus decipiens Kinsey in the spring. Galls sent to Washington on July 26 were still jumping actively on Sept. 27 and on Oct. 6. Adults emerged the next April.  

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=68&q1=%22neuroterus%20saltatorius%22


description:
  Very slight near-circular swellings of the lamina of Quercus agrifolia with a very slight papilla in the center on the lower side. Sometimes seen in numbers, overlapping to form larger blotches. Initially green, fading to nearly-white tan. 

  Observed on [Quercus agrifolia in California in May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/80233375) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78304073) and observed on [Q. kelloggii in late April](www.inaturalist.org/observations/277272102). 

  Very tentatively treated here and on iNaturalist, as Polystepha, a genus that causes blister or pill-like leaf galls. In North America, Polystepha galls have been found on various oaks. Charles Eiseman observes, in "[Miscellaneous Records of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) from the USA](https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.126.4.454)," Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 126(4), 454-473, (21 April 2025), page 464, that "As far as is known, Polystepha spp. are the only cecidomyiids that cause leaf spot and blister galls on oaks (Gagné 1989)." 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16270729#page/368/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus saltatorius (unisexual generation)

  Gall: Small, subglobular, 1.25-1.50 mm., pale reddish-brown, with a small nipple at either pole; slightly sculptured.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/308/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus saltatorius variety saltatorius

  GALL. — Quite ellipsoidal, almost half again as long as wide, aciculately roughened, apically with a blunt tip which is slightly hairy; gall rather large; on Quercus lobata (and Q. Douglasii?) (figs. 27, 30, 31). 

  RANGE. — California: Marysville (Aaron coll.); Stockton (acc. Calif. Acad. Proc.) ; Brentwood, Stanford University (McCracken) ; Diablo (Leach coll.) ; Sacramento (C. T. Dodds) ; Paso Robles, Exeter, Napa. Probably thruout Central California over the range of Q. lobata (and Q. Douglasii?). 

  The variety occurs most commonly on Quercus lobata; a very similar gall, possibly of the same variety, occurs less often on Q. Douglasii, but I have not secured insects and cannot be sure of the relationships. The records for other hosts, as previously pointed out, apply to other varieties. Riley was wrong in considering the eastern United States material identical. Beutenmuller (1910) made the correction, but he did include a figure of a Connecticut, Quercus alba specimen (plate XI, fig. 9). 

  It is not clear at what season Aaron collected the type material, but the California Academy had previously seen galls (as Mr. Weld points out to me) which were about mature and dropped to the ground in August. Material in the Stan- ford and University of California collections was collected in August and in September as late as September 24. No one, apparently, has ever secured a male of this species, and I fail to find any males in the material collected in September and sent me from the Stanford collection by Dr. McCracken or in the material sent by Professor Essig and Mr. Dodds of the University of California. This amounts only to negative evidence, and we need further proof that this summer generation is agamic, but it does look as if here might be a case of a species in which no bisexual generation ever does occur. I have further examined fine lots of saltatorius material collected at frequent intervals thru the late fall and winter of two years by Mr. Leach, and these galls do not mature until January or February, the insects emerging late in the winter or early in the spring. This is very evidently the winter generation, agamic as we have observed and as would be expected in Neuroterus. I have not described these two generations as different forms because they are apparently identical (even as to sexuality) except for their seasonal occurrence. 


description:
  Neuroterus saltatorius (bisexual generation)

  These integral leaf galls measure 2 mm long by 1 mm wide and are green when fresh, turning brown with age. This bisexual generation was previously described as a separate species, N. decipiens. 


description:
  Neuroterus decipiens 

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, garryana, lobata
  Leaf galls, integral
  Fig 138. Cluster of separate cells in leaf. 

  Fig 138. On Q. dumosa • Occurs on Q lobata, douglasii and garryana also. Adults emerged Mar 31 (Santa Catalina Id.), April 15 (Paso Robles). May 13 (Santa Rosa).

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=66&q1=%22neuroterus%20decipiens%22


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512375#page/349/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus saltatorius (bisexual generation) / Neuroterus decipiens 

  A leaf blade swelling involving both surfaces of the leaf; each larval cell apparent on the surface as a distinct, egg-shaped cell, the walls thin and without any other cell lining, each cell about 1.7 by 1.0 mm.; clusters up to about 15. mm. in diameter contain up to 60 cells; succulent as the young leaf.

  Host:
  Quercus douglasii (figs. 49, 50)


description:
  Neuroterus washingtonensis

  This cynipid wasp induces integral, polythalamous galls on the midrib and lateral leaf veins of Oregon oak. These spring, green, abrupt swellings are most noticeable on the underside of leaves.

  Host:
  Quercus garryana


description:
  Neuroterus washingtonensis

  Quercus garryana
  Leaf galls, integral
  Fig 169. Abrupt, fleshy thickening along midrib and main veins on underside of leaf, green or reddish. May-June. 

  Fig 169. On Q.garryana. Fleshy when young. The adults began to emerge July 7; all out by July 51(Friday Harbor, Wash.). 

  Range:
  Northern CA, OR, WA

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=66&q1=%22neuroterus%20washingtonensis%22


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512398#page/371/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus quercicola variety washingtonensis
  bisexual form

  A rather large vein swelling involving and deforming more or less of the blade; of indefinite shape; green, succulent when fresh, drying brown and rather hard, without much shrivelling; up to 35. mm. in length and 15. mm. in diameter. On leaves of Quercus garryana.

  Range:
  OR, WA

  Weld's galls, collected on July 2, 1911, gave adults July 30. This is considerably later than the March and April emergence of variety pacificus further south, and shows the considerable dependence of cynipid development upon the development of the host. 

  The above descriptions are made from paratypes. The insect differs only slightly from pacificus, but has not gone the way of the usual synonomy. The gall is very much like that of pad ficus on Q. Douglasii. It is possible that the aments of garryana will show galls of variety washingtonensis similar to the ament galls of pacificus on Q. lobata. The alternate generation of this insect may be either a similar leaf swelling, a woody stem swelling, or a cell in an acorn cup, and I have collected the latter gall at Ashland, Oregon.


description:
  Cynips quercusechinus (unisexual generation)

  These brilliant, monothalamous galls are either red-purple or pink with white tips. They usually occur in groups of several individuals on the underside of leaves. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus douglasii
  Quercus berberidifolia


description:
  Cynips quercusechinus (bisexual generation)

  The monothalamous, bisexual generation galls that develop are difficult to find, as they are swollen buds that are succulent, thin-walled, hollow, green, and ovoid-globular in shape. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7735388#page/34/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis juvenca, new species

  Gall. — A midrib cluster on underside of leaf in fall similar to gall of C. lustrans (Beutenmueller), but smaller, mottled white and greenish with often a pinkish tinge when fresh, with a scar at apex 

  Habitat. — The type locality is Young, Ariz., where Mrs. N. W. Capron collected galls on an undetermined oak November 1, 1935. Four flies emerged on March 20, 15 more by March 24, and one more by April 3, 1937. Agreeing with these is an adult taken ovipositing on Quercus gambelii at Williams, Ariz., on April 11, 1918.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16145221#page/258/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus scutella, new species

  Hosts: Quercus subturbinella [turbinella]

  Gall. — A cup-shaped spangle up to 4.5 mm. in diameter and 3.5 mm. high, brown with a whitish bloom, attached to underside of leaf. The edge of the cup is thin, not in-rolled, often collapsed. The larval cell 2 mm. long by .7 mm. in diameter is placed transversely in very base of cup. The exit hole is into the bottom of cup. The gall resembles that of Trigonaspis cupella Weld on the same host, but lacks the in-rolled margin and dark color of that species and the adult is fully winged.

  Range: AZ


description:
  This cynipid wasp induces unique, tubular galls with short, crystalline bristles on the underside of leaves of Oregon oak. These midrib, monothalamous galls usually occur in tight clusters of up to 35 individual galls.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610708#page/320/mode/1up
description:
  Xanthoteras teres, new species 

  Host.--Quercus garryana

  Gall (fig. 40). —A globular knob on a cylindrical stalk hanging from a vein on underside of leaf in autumn, dropping with the leaf, single or but few on a leaf, covered with a dense short woolly white pubescence which weathers away in old galls. They measure up to 5.5 mm. long by 2.5 mm. in diameter. Monothalamous. The pubescence consists of a dense layer of short brownish hairs like an inner fur at the base of the long white hairs. Underneath is a thick brownish stony-hard layer and within a thin layer of light-colored tissue in which is the larval cavity.

  Habitat. — The type material was collected in Sequoia National Park on September 8, 1922, on the scrubby Kaweah oak above the Cedar Creek checking station on the Giant Forest road. Living flies were cut out of the galls on November 13. The galls were also collected at Fort Jones and Scott Bar, Calif., and at Siskiyou, McLeod, Wolf Creek, Oakland, Cottage Grove, and Salem, Ore. Fresh galls reach their full growth in late July.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387583#page/154/mode/1up
description:
  Heteroecus malus, new species

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  GALL. — Ovoid to almost absolutely spherical, 8.-16. mm., in diameter, only very slightly drawn into a point for attachment basally, and with a very fine, very short point apically 1.0 mm. or much less in length; entirely smooth and naked, or the surface slightly roughened, light to dark green when fresh, tinged with rose red, upon aging becoming brown. Internally more or less solid, with a single larval cell centrally, closely embedded, and between the cell and the base only a discontinuous cavity indicating the usually cylindrical cavity of the species. Singly or in compact clusters of a dozen, more or less, laterally or terminally on twigs of Quercus chrysolepis.

  RANGE. — California: Pasadena, San Bernardino.

  This variety comes near bakeri, but is distinct enough. The manner of oviposition, many eggs being laid in a restricted area, is distinct from bakeri. Material from the San Bernardino Mountains is remarkably uniform in respect to both the insect and the gall. Material from outside the San Bernardinos, that is, from another faunal area, shows some considerable variation, a part of the Pasadena material fully matching that from the San Bernardinos. I cannot decide whether there are other varieties of this species until I can examine more material. It is not impossible that this should be considered a variety of H. chrysolepidis. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2903046#page/393/mode/1up
description:
  Leaf gall on underside, tubular, with swollen base and cleft tip, not unlike a kettle-spout. Bright red and finely pubescent like underside of leaf. 1-2 x 5-S mm. Very rare.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=61
description:
  Quercus chrysolepis
  Flower galls
  Smooth, globular, dropping when mature, bare. Fig 34. Never reared. 

  [Photo caption]
  34. Flower gall, a hypertrophied filament. Q chrysolepis. Just starting on May 20 at Baird CA. Galls collected on ground August to November have failed to produce the maker. 


description:
  This is Joyce Gross's [Gall Type #14](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall014.html).

  The gall is a modification of the filament, the branch that connects each anther (male flower) to the main peduncle of the catkin. The anther is not galled and remains attached to the tip of the gall. 


description:
  Small conical integral galls on the lower sides of the leaves of an unidentified Vitis species (tentatively V cinerea), surrounded by a dense ring of hairs at the base but largely hairless above, coming to a recurved, hooked point. The upper side of the leaf shows a distinct swelling suggestive of Vitisiella brevicauda, which lacks its distinct lower structure. 

  Dr Gagne identified larvae taken from [these galls](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/92526051) as belonging to the genus Dasineura.

  Observed in Florida in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78146894). A similar gall was observed on Vitis labrusca in Pennsylvania in August.


description:
  Small integral bead galls, irregular in shape and surface, of a gray-yellowish green color lighter than the normal leaf tissue, often occurring in numbers on leaves of Iva frutescens in all seasons of the year. According to [Jim Amrine](https://bugguide.net/node/view/1176733/bgpage), this gall was in the process of being described in 2018. 


description:
  A slight tapered stem swelling on Verbena urticifolia, [identified by Dr Gagne](https://bugguide.net/node/view/1465565/bgimage) as an undescribed species of Neolasioptera. Overwintering in the stem. 

  Observed in Iowa in [March](https://bugguide.net/node/view/1465565/bgimage). 


description:
  A tapered stem swelling on Drymocallis glandulosa. Observed in California in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/46566131). 


description:
  Irregular bead galls alone or in scattered groups of 2-4 along the midrib (occasionally other veins) on the upper side of Acer negundo leaves. They typically appear gray due to a thick glaucous coating but are green darkening to purplish-red beneath. 

  Observations are collected in [this page on BugGuide](https://bugguide.net/node/view/530352).

  Three midge galls have been described on Acer negundo: a club-like bud gall, a succulent leaf vein swelling, and a small bead on the upper leaf. 
  According to Gagne 1989, Contarinia negundinis is considered responsible for two distinct gall symptoms on Acer negundo. On leaves, it causes succulent pouches along the midrib, sometimes affecting the entire leaf. On stems, it causes the growing tip and the petioles of attached leaves to swell and harden below the bud. The bead gall is considered [an undescribed species](https://bugguide.net/node/view/530352). However, usage in the literature does not uniformly align with this practice.

  Gillette gave the name Contarinia negundinis to the bud gall in 1887. Felt reared a midge from a leaf gall (no description given) and named it C negundifolia as early as 1905 (though the species isn't considered formally described until 1908), speculating that it might be a synonym of C negundinis. In 1906, Jarvis attributed the vein gall to C negundinis. Felt's 1917 Key attributes both the bud and vein galls to C negundinis and a gall that seems to match the bead gall to C negundifolia. His 1917 description of C negundifolia is ambiguous but also seems to best match the bead gall. 

  All later sources use either C negundinis and C negundifolia to refer to the vein gall or sometimes both the vein and bud galls. Only one source (Stein and Kennedy 1972) mentions the bead gall at all after Felt 1917, and they call it C negundifolia. However, this source also incorrectly calls the vein gall Dasineura communis, so its nomenclature may not be reliable. 

  At some point between 1993 and 2010, C negundifolia was officially made a junior synonym of C negundinis. While it would be most convenient to think that C negundinis and C negundifolia always referred to distinct galls that were combined by this synonymy, this doesn't seem to be the case. Without seeing the source in which the two species were made synonymous, it isn't clear which galls are actually included in the synonymy. 


externallink: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7409.html
description:
  Sycamore scale (Stomacoccus platani), which occurs only on sycamore, is the most damaging insect pest of these trees in California. Its hosts include the native California sycamore (Platanus racemosa); Oriental sycamore (P. orientalis), which was introduced from Eurasia; and the London plane tree (Platanus x acerifolia), a commonly planted hybrid. Sycamore scale reportedly is not a pest on American sycamore (P. occidentalis), which is native to the Eastern United States. 

  Leaves that become infested before they have developed to their full size often are distorted and remain smaller than healthy ones. Where each scale feeds, brown spots form on the leaf petiole, and yellow or white spots develop on the leaf blade. The pale leaf spots gradually turn brown as the affected tissue dies. Infested leaves can drop prematurely.


description:
  HOST: Sabina sabinoides [Juniperus ashei] Small ; and S. virginiana Antoine. Juniper. 

  The gall (PI. 1, fig. 3) consists of the enlarged tip of a branch which has turned pink. The gall is divided into ten equal sections, has thin walls and contains a single cavity. It is 6 to 7 mm. long by 4 to 5 mm. wide. There is probably only one generation a year, the in sect passing the winter in the gall. The adult midges emerge through the extreme tip of the gall, where the sectors meet; parasites, however, gnaw through at any point. The adults emerge in late March and early April.


description:
  Gall. Length 2 to 4 mm, shining and often reddish. It is a fleshy fold near the mid vein, frequently producing curling or even recurving of the leaf. (Plate 9, figure 3.) One or more larvae inhabit the deformity


description:
  Walshomyia insignis new species.
  Gall. This is a somewhat yellowish leaf tip, hardly distinguishable from the normal. The female escapes near the apex. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=240&q1=185
description:
  Dasyneura ulmea Felt ["Phytophaga ulmi" is listed causing the same symptom]

  Hosts: Ulmus

  Blasted buds, immature leaf clusters, or swollen seeds of slippery elm midge, spring. PI. 10 (3); Fig. 185. 


externallink: https://archive.org/details/newyorkstatemuse2001917newy/page/124/mode/1up?q=Cecidomyia+hageni
description:
  Itonid. Cecidomyia hageni Aldr. Small, woolly capsule on under surface of the leaf, on A. macrophylla


description:
  HOST: Allionia sp., Umbrella-wort.
  The gall (PI. 2, fig. 1) is a regular swelling of the stem 2.5 to 6 cm. long with a maximum of 1 cm. in width. Each gall is confined to a single node of the stem. The larvae burrow and feed in the pith, each gall containing many of them. The adults emerge by separate holes at any part of the gall. In all, five galls were collected near the small town of Dripping Springs, about 40 miles north west of Austin. 


description:
  A nice series of midges were reared in August, 1922 (No. 59) from an oval bud gall nearly V2 an inch in diameter, on Clematis drummondi collected at Austin, Texas. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26238244#page/676/mode/1up
description:
  Diagnosis. — This species forms a leafy stem gall that is always found in a large aggregation (Fig. 1a).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26238244#page/678/mode/1up
description:
  Asphondylia barbata Gagne,
  New Species

  Diagnosis.— This species and villosa are indistinguishable, but their galls, although showing some resemblance, are distinctly different. Both are squat leaf galls with a rugose, hairless patch at the base. That of villosa is covered for almost its entire length with long hair (Fig. lb), while that of barbata is covered for only slightly more than half its length with short hair. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88726#page/87/mode/1up
description:
  Green, onion-shaped, pubescent, succulent, thick-walled, with a narrow larval chamber inside containing a single larva. Length, 4-7mm.; width, 3.50-5 mm.


description:
  A similar gall was observed on Quercus imbricaria in late May in [Ohio](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/81095451).

  Quercus falcata was added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/43238118) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/95698634). 


description:
  An undescribed Polystepha species found on Quercus nigra and possibly other red-group oaks. It keys to P pilulae in Gagne 1989, with the gall on the upper leaf with only a small scar below, but differs in being much more narrow and conical, with a flat top, often appearing in numbers but not coalescing. The galls are gray-brown in color and have a slightly peeling surface that creates uneven rings around the circumference of the cone. Found from September to November. 

  Observations are collected on [this page at BugGuide](https://bugguide.net/node/view/356573) and in [this Gallformers Code field](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?verifiable=any&place_id=any&field:Gallformers%20Code=q-nigra-cone-gall) on iNaturalist. The gall has been observed on Q nigra in MD, NC, FL, TN, AL, AR, LA, TX, GA, and SC.

  A similar gall has been observed on Quercus imbricaria in September in [Ohio](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/58516337) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/59149143) [(3)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/59334126) [(4)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/61308409), [Missouri](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/60416991), and [Indiana](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/60376529), on Quercus pagoda in October in [North Carolina](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63731095), on Quercus falcata in Texas in [November](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/65478830), and on an unidentified oak (possibly also Q imbricaria) in September in [Kansas](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/62315170) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/62315304).


description:
  T. carveri occurs in the same season and on the same hosts as maple anthracnose, which is caused by several species of fungi. It can be difficult to distinguish them reliably without microscopy, so IDs should be made tentatively. One tip, offered by [Richard Buckley, writing for Rutgers Cooperative Extension](https://plant-pest-advisory.rutgers.edu/blister-in-the-sun/) is to check whether the veins on the leaf underside are clear of infection. "A quick and dirty field observation to separate anthracnose from leaf blister is that leaf blisters do not infect the leaf vein (vein appears healthy underneath) and will not work the petiole either."


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56113329#page/13/mode/1up
description:
  Xanthoteras clavuloides, new combination

  Cynips clavula (preoccupied)
  Dryophanta clavula
  Cynips teres var. clavuloides (new name for Cynips clavula)

  Weld (1951) placed this unisexual species in Antron, but because clavuloides has a malar groove, it keys to the bisexual generation of Xanthoteras in Weld’s (1957) generic key to western U.S. cynipids. The absence of a malar groove in Antron is a major separation feature from Xanthoteras in this key, at least for the bisexual generation. Weld obviously recognized the proper generic assignment of clavuloides because it is in his unpublished ms. key to the species of Xanthoteras (under the name clavula). 

  The separation of Xanthoteras from Antron on the basis of the malar groove may work for the bisexual generation, but it is not entirely satisfactory for unisexual forms. Xanthoteras teres Weld, a unisexual, micropter- ous species, does not have a malar groove, but it seems closely related to X. clavuloides, a macropterous species, on the basis of a bristly ventral abdominal spine, and similar brown, club-shaped galls. Clearly the generic limits of Antron and Xanthoteras are in need of study. 

  Although homonymy between Beutenmuller’s and Osten Sacken’s species no longer exists, Kinsey’s name clavuloides must be used under the provisions of Art. 59 of the Code. Beutenmuller described clavula from galls and “twelve specimens from Napa and Sonoma Counties.” There are 59 adults in the USNM labeled Sonoma Co., 11 of which bear “type” or “cotype” labels. We have chosen the best of the “type” specimens as the lectotype. There is no material labeled Napa County. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=54&q1=%22clavuloides%22
description:
  Antron clavula (Beut.). 1911 Ent. News 22:67. 9 O. (= clavuloides Kinsey). Sonoma Co., Calif. 

  Quercus lobata 
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 106. Erect club on vein on under side. Fall.

  Fig 106. Q. lobata. Galls develop in August. They are collected in December on fallen leaves. Adults have been cut out on Dec. 21 and Feb. 9 (Stanford).


description:
  Xanthoteras clavuloides

  This cynipid wasp induces detachable, monothalamous, hairy, club-shaped leaf galls on valley oak. 

  Host:
  Quercus lobata


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35179920#page/229/mode/1up
description:
   Trishormomyia helianthi Brodie

  This species produces on Helianthus more or less cylindrical flask-shaped galls (fig. 49, pl. II, fig. 2) having a length of 10 to 25 mm and a diameter of from 1.5 to 5 mm. There may be one to ten galls in an axile, firmly attached to the stem by an expanded base and projecting in various directions, usually upwards, often at right angles to the stem, and occasionally downward. They occur on the upper third of the stems of H. decapetalus and H. divaricatus. They are also found on H. annuus. The gall has been collected about Toronto, Canada, Evanston, Ill., and Salt Lake City, Utah. It is local at Evanston Ill, occuring in September (L. H. Weld).


description:
  Xanthoteras teres
  *Trigonapsis teres

  This cynipid wasp induces monothalamous, stalked galls on the underside, near the margins of the leaves of Oregon and leather oak. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus garryana
  Quercus durata


description:
  Besbicus maculosus
  *Cynips maculosus

  This cynipid wasp induces monothalamous, pear-shaped galls attached to the ventral midrib of leaves of leather and scrub oaks. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus durata
  Quercus berberidifolia


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=83&q1=%22maculosus%22
description:
  Besbicus maculosus

  Quercus dumosa
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 97. On under side. Outer layer peels off.

  Fig 97. Q. dumosa and durata. Greenish, mottled with white when young. When mature a thin outer layer becomes loose. Adults were cut out Nov.22 (Hopland). One emerged Nov. 16 (Los Gatos). 


description:
  Larve form 5 mm blisters on the upper sides of boxwood leaves. The species, an immigrant from Europe, was introduced into North America during colonial times with potted boxwood.


description:
  Aculops ailanthi are vagrant eriophyids that live on the surface of leaves (as opposed to forming galls or seeking other forms of protection) and can build up large populations on Ailanthus that cause leaf deformation, yellowing, necrosis, premature leaf drop, and death in young, container­-grown trees. The majority of the mites are found on the underside of
  leaflets but are occasionally found on the upper side of leaflets and even on the stem when mite
  populations are large.


description:
  The gall consists of the axillary flower buds ; greenish or reddish in colour. These become swollen, ovate and greenish or reddish in colour.


description:
  The gall of this species is described as being subglobose and monothalmous, with a length of 1 cm. and diameter of 8 cm. The large irregular inner chamber is sur- rounded by rather thick walls, the outer part of which is soft and the inner part irregularly hardened and blackened.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2561018#page/500/mode/1up
description:
  Gall. This is a globose, thin-walled, yellowish green, bud gall, variably spotted with reddish, and having a diameter of 4 to 5 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2561018#page/501/mode/1up
description:
  Gall. 
  This is an irregular, thick-walled, somewhat spongy, usually monothalamous gall with a diameter of 5 to 7 mm., which occurs tightly packed in Cypress cones. These galls are evidently modified seeds and the shape is determined to a great extent by the growth of those adjacent.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2561018#page/499/mode/1up
description:
  Gall. Irregularly fusiform, presumably stem gall, light green when fresh, fleshy, quite firm, polythalamous, the interior fibrous and inhabited by a number of larvae; length, 1.5 to 2.5 cm.; diameter, 1 to 1.5 cm.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=68&q1=%22mirabilis%22
description:
  Besbicus mirabilis

  Quercus sadleriana, garryana
  Leaf galls
  Spotted oak apple, 25–50 mm.in diameter. Usually single on underside of leaf on a vein. Aug., Sept. Fig 92.

  Fig 92. Q-garryana and sadleriana. Types are from Portland, Oreg. but galls have been collected in California. Young galls in June become full-grown in August; contain pupae in mid-Sept. and adults in Mid-January. Normal emergence date unknown. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus garryana
  Quercus sadleriana


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516981#page/241/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips mirabilis
  agamic form

  Gall. Large, spherical, spotted, thin-shelled leaf galls with dense, silky, radiating fibers. Up to 33.0 mm., averaging nearer 20.0 mm. in diameter, symmetrical, normally spherical except where drawn out a bit at the attachment; very finely pubescent when young, largely smooth and naked when old, only microscopically shagreened, greenish or with a reddish tinge when young, brownish-yellow or more russet when old, more or less closely set with small, reddish-purple spots. Rather thin-shelled, the larval cell central, supported by numerous, fine, silky, radiating, branched fibers, the cell large, broadly oval, up to 5.0 mm. in length. Attached to the larger veins, singly or near each other, on the under surfaces of leaves of Quercus garryana. 

  RANGE. — Probably found wherever Q. garryana or any of its forms occur, from British Columbia into northern California and further south along the Sierras. Figure 34. FIG. 34.

  [Kinsey goes on to describe 2 varieties of this gall; see paper for details]


description:
  Besbicus mirabilis

  This cynipid wasp induces large, round, hollow, monothalamous oak-apple galls on the midrib on the underside of leaves of Oregon oak. 

  Host:
  Quercus garryana


description:
  Besbicus multipunctatus
  *Cynips multipunctatus

  This cynipid wasp induces round, hairy, monothalamous galls on the ventral midrib of leaves of blue oak. 

  Host:
  Quercus douglasii


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=48&q1=%22multipunctatus%22
description:
  Besbicus multipunctatus

  Quercus douglasii
  Leaf galls, detachable
  On midrib below, wall thick, cell eccentric, supported by fibers. 4-10 mm. Similar in appearance to Fig 107.

  [Undescribed]

  Quercus dumosa
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Spherical, 5.6 mm in dia, wall thick, central cell supported by coarse fibers. Single. On under side of leaf. Fig 107.

  Fig 107. Single on under side of leaf. Q, dumosa. Wall thick, larval cell is central, supported by short fibers. Adult probably emerged in fall.


description:
  On leaf of Cornus amomum. Hemispherical above, about 3 mm. in diameter, projecting like a curved tube beneath, about 8 mm., open at end. Light green below, red-brown above. Bright orange larva. Three galls on each leaf.


description:
  Phylloteras cupella
  [Page 197]

  This cynipid wasp induces urn-shaped, monothalamous galls on the underside of leaves of scrub, leather, blue, and Engelmann oaks. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus berberidifolia
  Quercus durata
  Quercus douglasii
  Quercus engelmannii
  several southwest oaks


description:
  Pink Bow Tie Gall Wasp (Unknown #2)

  This cynipid wasp induces detachable, monothalamous galls on the underside of leaves of blue, scrub, and leather oaks. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus douglasii
  Quercus berberidifolia
  Quercus durata


description:
  Pink Bow Tie Gall Wasp

  Disc-shaped summer gall that pinches inward at the center at maturity giving the appearance of a bow tie. 

  Photographs and descriptions of this undescribed cynipid wasp gall can be found in Ron Russo's 2006 Field Guide to Plant Galls of California and Other Western States on pages 167 and 168 as well as his 2021 Plant Galls of the Western United States book on pages 125 and 126. 

  This is Joyce Gross' [gall type #108](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall108.html).

  Additional observations [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/6268441) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/6268528). 


description:
  Asphondylia garryae forms bud galls on Garrya flavescens (Cornaceae) (R.J. Gagné, pers. comm.; see also Gagné 1989). The galls are green, globoid, one chambered, and have one larva per chamber. Coalescent galls occur frequently.


description:
  Fusiform stem gall, A. incarnata, summer. Fig. 285
  Milkweed stem midge, Neolasioptera asclepiae Felt 


description:
  Quercus john-tuckeri added as a host based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/4044854). 
  Quercus pacifica added as a host based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/27708525). 


description:
  Neuroterus fragilis

  [Hosts: Quercus durata, berberidifolia, douglasii]

  New galls are succulent and green as early as March but turn brown by midsummer. 


description:
  Biological notes.—This species is responsible for a woody, fusiform swelling (Figs. 11–12), 5–10 mm long on the stems and branchlets of mountain mints. The swelling is at first green, becoming dark purplish brown. A single yellow larva lives in the central longitudinal axis where it appears to hollow out the pith


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28363390#page/234/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia poculum, n. sp [mistakenly identified as a midge gall]

  The so-called oak spangles (Fitch, Hop., vol. II, No. 40), small, circular, somewhat saucer-shaped scales, from 0.1 to 0.2 in diameter, reddish or purplish, covered with a white efflorescence, attached to the leaf by a short pedicel, common in autumn on different kinds of oaks, are generally found empty. In the beginning of August I found a similar gall, yet succulent and greenish, on the post oak {Q. obtusiloba [stellata]), and inside of it a small whitish larva having all the appearance of the larva of a Cecidomyia, although, on account of its minuteness, I did not succeed in discovering the breast-bone. Dr. Fitch is in error when he states that these palls are " perfectly the same" as those noticed by Westwood, Introd., II, p. 130. The European galls of this kind are pilose externally, as stated by Westwood and figured by Reaumur (Mom., vol. Ill, Tal). XL, f. 13); the American ones, at least those which came under my notice, are smooth. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28363390#page/235/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia pudibunda n. sp.

  Fold on the leaf of the hornbeam (Carpinus americana), tinged with red on the outside. It is generally situated between two of the side ribs, and runs, therefore, obliquely towards the central rib. Inside of this fold I found, on the 15th of June, exceedingly small whitish larva ; when magnified they appeared semi-transparent, with an orange spot about the middle of the body, and with numerous short, erect bristles ; the head is distinct, as well as two short antennae; although I did not perceive the breast-bone, I have no doubt, from the appearance of these larvae, that they belong to this genus. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2592300#page/401/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia (?) foliora n. sp.

  This insect was discovered by Mr. W. V. Tower, in July, 1905, working on the leaves of a black oak. He began observation on its life history but was called away and the work was taken up by Mr. H. M. Russell. Mr. Russell had practically finished, except for describing the adult, when he left to take a position with the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the subject was placed in my hands to complete. In addition to verifying Mr. Russell's observations, I have described the adult, which Mr. E. P. Felt kindly determined as a new species. The gall which it forms has been described by Osten Sacken as C. erubescens.* This species of gallfly is very abundant on a black oak (Quercus coccinae var. tinctoria group [velutina]) growing near the President's house on the college grounds. This oak is in a small clump of red oaks, none of which have become infested; this seems to indicate that this Cecidomyia will feed only on black oak, as the infested tree harbors many thousands of the larvae and under its branches, the adults are found in swarms. Every leaf is infested, by from one to over one hundred, as high up as one can climb, certainly within ten feet of the top ; but the infestation at the highest point is not as extensive as that of the lower limbs. 

  LIFE HISTORY. Adult. The adult insect emerges from the ground from May i to 20, and all have disappeared by June I. In the spring of 1908, the author caught five adults May 4, and by May in the insects were found under the tree in thousands, being so numerous that it was only necessary to sweep an open cyanide jar over the top of and through the grass to obtain all the specimens desired. The adults appear just as the leaves begin to unfold. For a time, after emerging, large numbers will be found in the early morning and on wet days especially, under the tree, but as it gets warmer and the dew dries off, they rise among the branches. They have a feeble flight, however, and do not fly out beyond the borders of the tree. When the leaves are one to two inches long, the females fly to the leaves and begin to lay their eggs, for the most part on the under side. 

  Eggs. The eggs are laid without any regular order, attached to the leaf by the posterior pole and placed diagonally to the plane of the leaf surface. The egg is minute, appearing to the eye like a reddish protuberance. Under the microscope it is seen to be almost perfectly oval, .27 mm. long and .09 mm. wide. The surface is smooth and the egg shell transparent, the reddish color more intense at one end, being due to the larva inside. Most of the eggs are scattered irregularly between the veins on the lower surface, but a few are generally laid, apparently by chance, on the upper side. From fifty leaves, an average of seventy eggs was obtained for each, with not over six on the upper side, but the total number varied from forty to one hundred and twenty. On one leaf, an inch and three-quarters of in inch wide, there were two hundred and eighty-one eggs on the lower saiface and one hundred and seventy-five on the upper. This, however, is an exceptional case. 

  Larva. The larva hatches in from four to six days, the time varying with the weather. The body is pale orange, the head a shade darker. Length .27 mm.; width .10 mm. They go at once to the edge of the leaf, or to any hole in it, and begin to feed on the upper surface. After about four days of this feeding, the edge beings to curl over on to the upper surface, forming a roll, the upper side of which becomes more or less reddish. Within this roll, the larva continues to feed, extending the roll as it grows. Occasionally, a young larva feeds for a time in a circle on the exposed surface of the leaf, causing it to become reddish and wrinkled. By May 22, nearly all the leaves near the ground show the rolls, which in some cases, nearly encircle the leaf, while in others, they may be about one-quarter of an inch long. In one roll, an inch long, twenty-five larvae were found ; while in others, only a few were present. As a rule, the longer the roll, the fewer insects they contain relatively. The insects remain in the larval stage through the summer, becoming full grown by the last of September or first of October, when all but those parasitized descend into the ground and pupate to pass the winter. In exceptional cases, perfect larvae are not able to escape from the roll in the fall, and so pass the winter in the gall, emerging at the usual time in the spring through cracks or punctures in the drier rolls.  

  [Figure caption]
  1. Lower side of leaf showing galls, half natural size. [The galls within the leaf, based on the passage, apparently represent galls formed around the margins of herbivore damage?]


description:
  This species is responsible for the first new gall (Figs. 7–8) to appear in spring on Pycnanthemum tenuifolium. In late April in eastern West Virginia, galls can be found at the tips of plants that are less than 15 cm tall. A gall comprises one or two long, green, outer leaves and a short, thick, apically rounded inner pair


description:
  Biological notes.—Galls (Figs. 9–10) occur on branch tips and are 2–3 mm long and formed of two opposing, cuplike, fused, hemispherical leaves. The one to several larvae inside are yellow with green guts. When full-grown, larvae force their way through the solid tip of the gall and drop to the soil. The persistent galls then turn purple or brown. Galls began to appear in early July in eastern West Virginia and became much more common as the season progressed. New galls continued to appear through the beginning of September.

  Distribution.—I found this species in Maryland and West Virginia on P. tenuifolium, in Maryland on P. verticillatum, in Connecticut on P. virginianum, and Virginia and North Carolina on P. flexuosum. I did not find this species on P. muticum growing among P. tenuifolium in Laurel, Maryland, or on P. muticum in Clarksburg, Maryland


description:
  Distribution.—I found this species in West Virginia and Maryland on P. tenuifolium, in Maryland on P. muticum and P. verticillatum, in Virginia on P. flexuosum, and in Connecticut on P. virginianum.

  Biological notes.—Galls (Figs. 2–4)
  are 4–8 mm in diameter, irregularly spheroid, dirty-white to brown outgrowths of rhizome buds. Each harbors one to several larvae, each in its own chamber. Larvae are yellow with a bright green gut and can be found at all seasons of the year. Pupation occurs in the galls and adults can be reared all summer long. An inquiline, described below as Hypogeadiplosis intrusa, is an occasional inhabitant in the galls.


description:
  Biological notes.—Galls of L. lorrainae (Figs. 5–6) are spheroid, 5–8 mm in diameter, depending on the number of larvae inside, and occur in early summer on lateral twiglets and later near branch tips. Galls collected in Iowa were found subtending flower heads, but I never saw this elsewhere. A gall may have 1–11 yellow larvae, each in a separate elongate, ovoid chamber whose individual walls become increasingly hard as the larvae mature.

  Galls are light green and fleshy with first instars in late June in West Virginia and Maryland when first observed, but become brown and harden as the season progresses


description:
  At anthesis, in July and August, conspicuous bud galls (Figs 1–2) can be found among the flower heads. Each gall replaces an entire flower head and consists of a series of overlapping scales. In the center or among the outer bracts of each gall live one or more yellow larvae of a gall midge (Cecidomyiidae) (Figs 3–4).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57428945#page/567/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia q-oruca Walsh [Gagne's World Catalog lists this citation as the original description of the species even though it was listed by Felt in 1910 and presumably described prior to that by Walsh]

  An elongate fold gall close to the midrib, some 12 mm long, 1 mm wide, irregularly annulate and containing white larvae, occurs on Quercus tinctoria [velutina] and is labeled as this species in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge MA.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9543085#page/450/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia q-oruca Walsh. 

  An elongate fold gall close to the midrib on the under surface length 12 mm., diameter 1 mm. ; on Quercus tinctoria [velutina]. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9543085#page/450/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia podagrae Felt. 

  Vein galls. A narrow, dark purplish, fusiform, thin-walled swelling on the under side of the mid or lateral veins may contain two or more orange larva, length 8 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9543085#page/450/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia foliosa

  Leaf edge galls. 
  Gall a folded leaf edge between serrations. Female, length 1.5 mm., abdomen deep red; antennal segments 14, the fifth with a length 2% times its diameter . . . Cecidomyia foliosa Rssl. & Hkr. 

  Similar gall, possibly identical Cecidomyia erubescens 0. S. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9543085#page/450/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia majalis 0. S. 

  Vein galls. 
  Gall very similar to, if not identical with the above [Cincticornia podagrae: A narrow, dark purplish, fusiform, thin-walled swelling on the under side of the mid or lateral veins may contain two or more orange larva, length 8 mm.]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9543085#page/450/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia pilulae Walsh. 

  Globose or subglobose, thickened, usually reddish, galls. 
  Reddish, oval, irregular, wrinkled leaf gall, diameter 3 to 4 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9543085#page/450/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia symmetrica OS

  Globose or subglobose, thickened, usually reddish, galls. 
  A similar gall [to C pilulae: Reddish, oval, irregular, wrinkled leaf gall, diameter 3 to 4 mm.] apparently Southern, possibly made by the same species


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9543085#page/451/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia globosa Felt. 

  A subhemispheric, brown, slightly nippled, monothalamous gall on the under side of the leaf, diameter 1.75 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9543085#page/451/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia quercifolia Felt. 

  Flat, inconspicuous galls. 

  A flat, relatively inconspicuous, probably blister gall. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9543085#page/451/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia americana Felt.

  Flat, inconspicuous galls. 
  A slight circular, blister-like swelling on the lateral veins, length 3 mm., diameter 1 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9543085#page/451/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia serrata Felt. 

  Flat, inconspicuous galls. 

  A broadly, yellow margined, circular, blister gall, diameter 3 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9543085#page/451/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia pustulata Felt. 

  Flat, inconspicuous galls. 
  A variable brown, irregularly oval, pustulate swelling 5 to 6 mm. in diameter. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9543085#page/451/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia simpla Felt.

  Flat, inconspicuous galls. 
  An irregularly oval, pustulate swelling 5 to 6 mm. in diameter showing equally on both surfaces but with no nipple.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50337404#page/459/mode/1up
description:
  Fig. 20. Quercus velutina affected by the gall-gnat Cecidomyia oruca Walsh (?) in company with an undetermined mite. Felt, Journ. Ec. Ent. IV:467. 

  Leaf-gall, evident as a fold snug alongside veins on under surface. Pouches isolated at times, but usually confluent and present in great numbers. Brownish opening on upper surface, resembling swollen lips of a knife-cut. In southern Ohio I have seen every leaf on a good-sized tree dying from this gall, as early as June. (The figure shows what are doubtless galls of Cecidomyia foliora Russ. & Hook., evident as infoldings of the edge.) 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5799783#page/419/mode/1up
description:
  Proteoteras aesculana n. sp.

  Described from eight specimens bred from larvae boring the tender twigs of Buckeye and of Maple in Missouri.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/58122924#page/214/mode/1up
description:
  Proteoteras aesculana

  The larva of another moth, Proteoteras aesculana Riley, also works in the leaf stalks of both buckeye and maple and extends its tunnels for a distance of about 0.5 inch to 2 inches into the slender terminal twigs of both these trees, often causing a pseudogall.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14700150#page/385/mode/1up
description:
  Proteoteras aesculana

  1. The larva here described [Sericoris instrutana, now Celypha cespitana] bores the leaf-stalk of the buckeye and only once have I found a specimen in the terminal twigs. P aesculanum bores the terminal twig as well as the leaf-stalk.

  2. P. aesculanum bores the terminal twigs of maple (Acer dasycarpum [saccharinum]) . I have never seen a specimen of the insect here described on a maple nor have I seen a maple twig or leaf showing indications of its presence. 

  3. P. aesculanum often forms a swelling or pseudogall on the stem. The species here alluded to never forms a gall. 

  4. P. aesculanum lives in the gall apparently through almost its whole larval stage. The insect here described, however, quits the leaf-stalk at the end of two or three days and lives in a rolled-up leaf. 

  5. P. aesculanum bores the stem to a depth of from 13 to 50 mm. The insect here alluded to seldom or never exceeds 13 mm. in its boring. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11408263#page/623/mode/1up
description:
  Proteoteras aesculana Riley. 

  This species, which commonly feeds on the Buckeye, has been sent to me by Mr. L. Bruner from West Point, Nebr., on the short twigs of Celtis occidentalis. What is, without much doubt, the same species, has also been found upon the young shoots of Maple (Acer dasycarpum [saccharinum]) as also of Box Elder (Negundo aceroides). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31672004#page/180/mode/1up
description:
  Proteoteras aesculana Riley

  Food plants: Acer, Aesculus

  Range: KS, MO, IO, IL, OH, PA, NJ, DC, MD, WV, OR, CA, Ontario, Vancouver, Manitoba


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31672004#page/181/mode/1up
description:
  Proteoteras willingana

  The larva is a gall maker in terminal twigs and leaf steams of box elder.

  Distribution: British Columbia, Saskatchawan, ND, KS, MO, IL, OH, MD, DC

  Host: Negundo aceroides [Acer negundo]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22119#page/324/mode/1up
description:
  Proteopteryx willingana sp. nov.

  the larvae are gall-makers on the twigs of Negundo aceroides [Acer negundo], the box elder.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10891607#page/291/mode/1up
description:
  Proteopteryx willingana Kearf. 

  Proteopteryx willingana Kearf. (Negundo twig-borer) is more or less injurious each season to twigs of the Manitoba maple. The caterpillar bores into the young twigs, causing them to develop into elongated hollow galls within which the caterpillar lives and feeds, extruding the excrement through a hole in the side. The caterpillars reach full growth in June and pupate either in the ground beneath the trees or, less frequently, within the galled twigs.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44444479#page/12/mode/1up
description:
  Proteoteras willingana (Kearf.) (Boxelder twig borer) 

  This borer was present in nearly 24 percent of the boxelder locations examined. It was widespread, and most of the infestations were classified as trace to light. In one area the infestation level was considered moderate. In recent years this species has become somewhat troublesome in the Northern Great Plains, particularly in southern Saskatchewan and Manitoba. By 1955 it had caused considerable injury to boxelder in shelterbelts and ornamentals ( Prentice and Hildahl 1956). Since then this infestation has declined (Prentice and Hildahl 1958, 1959). In North Dakota it was first noticed as a nursery problem but has since become a problem on shelterbelts. Each larva may kill a new shoot ( fig. 3 ) and potentially could cause considerable injury. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44990574#page/60/mode/1up
description:
  Proteoteras willingana

  Hosts. — Boxelder in nurseries, windbreaks, and shelterbelts and as ornamentals in the northern Great Plains

  Injury. — The boxelder twig borer destroys the dormant buds in the fall as well as in the spring, and tunnels in the current season's shoots (fig. 64). These shoots are killed and terminal growth prevented; forking and occasionally twig breakage result. In heavy infestations many of the twigs on a single tree will be infested and the trees will become bushy. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42155384#page/379/mode/1up
description:
  Proteoteras willingana

  The boxelder twig borer, Proteoteras willingana Kft., attacks boxelder and maple in many of the Northern and Midwestern States and southern Canada. The larva destroys dormant leaf buds in the fall and early spring. Later in the spring, it burrows in succulent twigs (fig. 146), causing the formation of spindle-shaped galls (594). These galls become woody when they dry out. This usually prevents further terminal growth. Severe damage has been recorded in shelterbelt plantings in the Prairie Provinces of Canada. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53573201#page/166/mode/1up
description:
  Proteoteras willingana 

  The boxelder twig borer, Proteoteras willingana (Kearfott) (Peterson 1958), is a pest of boxelder grown in shelterbelts and as shade trees in the Great Plains, especially in Saskatchewan, Alberta, and North Dakota. The larvae destroy dormant buds in the fall and early spring and then burrow in the developing shoots, causing spindle-shaped galls. Repeated attacks cause excessive branching. Larvae are yellowish white with brown to almost black heads. Larvae, mostly fourth-instar, spend the winter in cocoons in hollowed-out, dormant leaf buds. There is one generation annually. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42010596#page/172/mode/1up
description:
  Proteoteras willingana 

  The boxelder twig borer, P. willingana (Kearfott), attacks boxelder and maple in many of the Northern and Midwestern States and southern Canada. The larva destroys dormant leaf buds in the fall and early spring. Later in the spring, it burrows in succulent twigs (fig. 55). causing the formation of spindle-shaped galls (982). These galls become woody when they dry out. This usually prevents further terminal growth. Severe damage has been recorded in shelterbelt plantings in the Prairie Provinces of Canada. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46747208#page/49/mode/1up
description:
  Three species of Proteoteras that mine boxelder (Acer negundo) twigs have similar morphology, life cycles, ranges, and damage characteristics. Attractants of the male moth can be used to identify the species present at a site.


externallink: https://wiki.bugwood.org/Archive:Borers/Proteoteras_willingana
description:
  Proteoteras willingana 

  Hosts: Boxelder, maple. Boxelder is the major, possibly only, host (Peterson 1958). However, other maples have been mentioned as hosts (MacAloney and Ewan 1964)

  Two kinds of injury are important. The first, observed mostly in Canada, is the destruction of dormant buds from mid-August to early fall and from late April to early May (Anonymous 1971). The second, larval burrowing in succulent growing shoots, causes stem breakage stunting, and mortality. Fine, dark brown or black frass often protrudes from entrances a few centimeters below the apex or from the shoot tip. Feeding activity stimulates infested twigs to enlarge abnormally, forming spindle-shaped, gall-like swellings. Larval entrance holes can be found usually toward the lower ends of the galls. Burrows become quite extensive, resulting in tunnels 25 mm or longer. Splitting the swollen shoots reveals tunneling larvae. It attacks trees of any age, from first-year seedlings in nurseries to mature trees in urban and rural plantings. This borer occurs in almost all boxelder plantations in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Up to 50% of the new growth may become infested with up to 30 twigs infested on a stem. New shoots are often killed or break, and terminal growth is prevented. Heavy outbreaks stunt established trees by killing much of the current tip growth on twigs and branches. Secondary branching results, and when this growth is also destroyed, the affected trees may fork repeatedly, becoming bushy and undesirable as shade trees (MacAloney and Ewan 1964).

  Range: Throughout the eastern United States west through the Great Plains. Also found in southern Canada. Most troublesome in the Great Plains of the United States and the Prairie Provinces of Canada, where boxelder is grown extensively for shade and farm shelterbelts (Peterson 1958)


externallink: https://wiki.bugwood.org/Archive:Borers/Proteoteras_aesculana
description:
  Proteoteras aesculana

  Hosts: Maple, boxelder. Silver maple, boxelder, sugar maple, and bigleaf maple have been listed specifically. Other maple species are probably hosts (Craighead 1950, Powell 1962).

  Larvae hollow out dormant buds and seeds in fall and continue to feed on dormant buds in spring (MacAloney and Ewan 1964). During the growing season, larvae bore in the current year's shoots, often killing them and preventing terminal growth. Frass, which is ejected from the galleries, is mixed with webbing to form shelters around the entrances. When terminals are killed, opposite lateral shoots begin elongating and often produce forks or other deformities. Larval entrance holes are typically present near the base of current season's growth. When an infesation is sufficiently severe, trees become bushy and disfigured (MacAloney and Ewan 1964). Large trees have been so heavily injured in early summer in West Virginia that they appeared to have been damaged by heavy frost. In the Pacific Northwest, 7 to 50% of bigleaf maple seeds have been destroyed by this borer. Boxelders planted in nurseries and shelterbelts and as ornamentals are often heavily infested in the northern Great Plains, as is sugar maple in the northern Great Lakes area (MacAloney and Ewan 1964).

  Range: Transcontinental in distribution across the northern United States and south to Mississippi (Furniss and Carolin 1977, Powell 1962). Discontinuously distributed across Canada, from Nova Scotia to southern Alberta (Prentice 1965).


description:
  There is some ambiguity about the host relationships and symptoms caused by this species. It was originally described from "Buckeye and Maple" with no species given. At the time, boxelder was not considered a maple, and based on later records the maple in question was likely Acer saccharinum. No records mention a specific Aesculus species. Riley later published a secondhand report of the same insect found on Celtis occidentalis and Acer negundo. Riley (in notes shared with Claypole) describes the larva as causing "a swelling or pseudogall" on twigs of buckeye and maple. 

  The record on Celtis occidentalis is mentioned by Wells as the possible cause of an unknown lepidopterous gall; this host association is never mentioned by later sources and is likely to refer to Agromyza deserta. 

  The BugwoodWiki entry doesn't list any hosts outside of the genus Acer. We have found no recent observations, photos, or drawings of this species feeding on Aesculus. The photo included on BugwoodWiki shows feeding damage on Acer saccharinum, lacking any apparent gall-like swelling. 

  This species is one of three Proteoteras species apparently known to bore twigs of Acer negundo. It isn't clear at the moment whether swellings on that host can be confidently ascribed to a particular moth species without rearing an adult. P willingana is much more commonly reported causing this symptom and photographs of its gall match those commonly observed exclusively on Acer negundo, so it seems reasonable to assume such swellings are caused by that species. However, without clearer information about the galls and host relationships of P aesculana, some uncertainty remains. It is possible that host records on A negundo were erroneous, or that P aesculana bores but doesn't cause swellings in A negundo. 


description:
  This species is one of at least three Proteoteras species apparently known to bore twigs of Acer negundo. It isn't clear at the moment whether swellings on that host can be confidently ascribed to a particular moth species without rearing an adult. P willingana is much more commonly reported causing this symptom and photographs of its gall match those commonly observed exclusively on Acer negundo, so it seems reasonable to assume such swellings are caused by this species. However, without clearer information about the damage and host relationships of P aesculana, obnigrana, and arizonae, some uncertainty remains.  


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=80&q1=%22asymmetricus%22
description:
  Dryocosmus asymmetricus 

  Quercus chrysolepis 
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings or cells under the bark
  Fig 53. Cracks open, cells nested.

  Fig.53. Quercus chrysolepis. Bark cracks open and discloses a nest of cells. (Not to be confused in the field with Andricus spectabilis Kinsey (Fig. 59). Adults were cut out Apr. 25 Apr. 23 (Santa Lucia Mts)


description:
  Dryocosmus asymmetricus

  This wasp induces integral, polythalamous stem galls that rupture and split, exposing a nest-like cluster of larval chambers resembling a clutch of brown, elliptical eggs. 

  Host:
  Quercus chrysolepis


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=61&q1=%22dasydactyli%22
description:
  Heteroecus dasydactyli 

  Quercus chrysolepis
  Stem galls, detachable
  Fig 81. Loose wool often wears off.

  Fig. 81. Q. chrysolepis. Galls just starting in June (Camp Baldy). Adults can be cut out in Nov.; emerge in April.

  [Undescribed gall]

  Quercus chrysolepis
  Stem galls, detachable
  Similar but stalked at base. Fig 82. Perhaps different.


description:
  Heteroecus dasydactyli

  This wasp induces detachable, globular, monothalamous, woolly, unisexual-generation bud galls on canyon live oaks. 

  Host:
  Quercus chrysolepis


description:
  Heteroecus dasydactyli (bisexual generation)

  The bisexual-generation galls are monothalamous, integral blister galls that appear in new leaves.

  Host:
  Quercus chrysolepis


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56199180#page/53/mode/1up
description:
  Heteroecus fragilis

  Detachable, monothalamous stem gall with a thick wall formed from many small, fragile, sponge-like chambers. Yellow, spherical, 5-8 mm in diameter.
  (Fig. 4)

  Host:
  Quercus palmeri (syn. Quercus dunnii)


description:
  Heteroecus fragilis

  This wasp induces monothalamous, light yellow bud galls at the base of petioles of Palmer's oak in summer and fall. 

  Host:
  Quercus palmeri 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=61&q1=%22sanctae%22
description:
  Heteroecus sanctae-clarae 

  Quercus chrysolepis, vacciniifolia
  Stem galls
  Two-storied, bare. Single. Mono.

  Fig.85. Q, chrysolepis, vaccinifolia. Adults have been cut out Feb.9; others emerged and died by April 18 (Mt. Wilson). Emerged Apr. 50 and May 14 (Los Gatos). 


description:
  Quercus sanctae-clarae 

  This wasp induces monothalamous, detachable bud galls that resemble mushrooms or Russian church steeples on canyon live and huckleberry oaks.

  Hosts:
  Quercus chrysolepis
  Quercus vacciniifolia


description:
  Aceria myriadeum

  Cephaloneon myriadeum
  Eriophyes macrochynchus cephaloneus
  Eriophyes cephaloneus var aceriscampestris
  Aceria aceriscampestris
  Artacris cephaloneus var. aceris-campestris

  Hosts: Acer campestre, Acer pseudoplatanus?

  Relationship: Numerous cephaloneon galls on leaf surface

  Range: England, Germany

  Aceria cephalonea [junior synonym of Aceria myriadeum]

  Cephaloneon myriadeum
  Eriophyes macrorhynchus cephaloneus
  Aceria macrorhyncha cephalonea

  Hosts: Acer pseudoplatanus, campestre

  Relationship: Numerous, tiny bead galls; small, reddened leaf pustules

  Aceria macrorhyncha [junior synonym of Aceria myriadeum]

  Cephaloneon myriadeum
  Ceratoneon vulgare
  Phytoptus macrorhynchus
  Eriophyes macrorhynchus

  Hosts: Acer pseudoplatanus, campestre, monspesulanum, opalus, heldreichii

  Relationship: Slightly elongate leaf galls, Cephaloneon myriadeum Bremi. It is Ceratoneon vulgare Bremi on Acer pseudoplatanus according to Fockeu, 1891 (#2704), Nalepa 1929b. [The leaf is more or less covered with upright, mostly on the upperside, of horn-shaped or stool-shaped or barrel-shaped, green or more reddish protrusions with underside entrance, crater-formed, or closed with hairs.]; galls protruding through the lower surface


description:
  This gall ranges in shape from open cup to pinched bead in shape. The galls grow to encompass more of the leaf throughout the growing season, and especially in the late summer leaves can be found covered extensively in wrinkled pouches above as well as loose erineum on the upper side of the leaf. This erineum, ranging from white to pink to brown in color, has apparently led to the impression that it was caused by Aceria calaceris. This claim has apparently not been confirmed by mite anatomy and, given that this upper erineum always occurs on leaves heavily affected by normal A negundi galls, seems likely to be erroneous. 


description:
  Black spots on Acer saccharinum leaves in the spring are often mistaken for R americanum. Aside from the phenology, these spots (caused either by a variety of anthracnose fungi or by Taphrina carveri) differ in being no thicker than the leaf, lacking the distinct lines of R americanum, growing in more irregular blotches, and often causing the leaf to curl around them. 

  The host range of this species is not precisely delimited. [Hsiang and Tian](https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/2370/08_hsiang_tian.pdf?sequence=1) list Rhytisma americanum on Acer rubrum, saccharinum, saccharum, and spicatum, but it isn't clear where the latter two associations were published or how they were determined. Acer rubrum and saccharinum (and their hybrid x freemanii) are the only certain and common hosts of the fungus. 


description:
  Infested tillers were conspicuously shorter than normal tillers due to severely shortened or completely un-elongated peduncles and internodes of the flag-leaf phytomers. Infested tillers were also easily identified by having panicles that did not fully emerge from the sheath of the flag leaf[.]


description:
  A series of midges were reared April 15, 1924 (No. 125) from an irregular, apical bud gall, some one inch in diameter and apparently composed of a series of aborted, partly unfolded leaflets, on Lacinaria punctata Kuntze collected at Austin, Texas.


description:
  Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 186, p, 149
  The adults of this species have not been adequately characterized. The insects described below have been referred to this species. They were reared from a gall on the ovary of the flower of Prosopis glandulosa Torr, or mesquite, occurring at Austin and more commonly at Brownwood, Tex.


description:
  A series of midges were reared October 16-24, 1922 (No. 16, No. 124) from a stem gall on Kallstroemia intermedia Rydb., collected at Austin, Texas. The galls are found mostly at the nodes, the stem being enlarged to about three times its normal size, the gall subconical, the major diameter being 1/4 of an inch.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53573469#page/434/mode/1up
description:
  The spruce bud midge, *Rhabdophaga sivainei* Felt (Clark 1952), occurs in Alberta, Yukon, Northwest Territories, and eastward. It mines the vegetative buds of *Picea glauca* and *P. mariana* causing multiple branching. This species, or a similar one, attacks young *Picea sitchensis* in coastal British Columbia.


description:
  The Monterey pine midge, Thecodiplosis piniradiatae (Snow and Mills), works at the base of the newly formed needles of Monterey pine and other pines in central California and causes them to become swollen and shortened (fig. 246). Sometimes heavily infested twigs are killed and the ornamental value of the trees is impaired.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53573469#page/431/mode/1up
description:
  The pine budgall midge, Contarinia coloradensis Felt, forms apical budlike swellings on twigs of ponderosa pine in Colorado.


description:
  Neuroterus sp.
  Flat-topped-gall wasp 

  Hosts: Quercus cornelius-mulleri

  Spring, bisexual

  The polythalamous, smooth, fleshy, somewhat succulent galls measure 14 mm in diameter. The bulk of gall development occurs on the underside of leaves.

  Range: southwestern Mojave Desert, CA


description:
  This gall has been observed on Quercus cornelius-mulleri in California in [March](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/6661138) and [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/27871769). 


description:
  Mini-leaf-gall wasp
  Unknown #5

  Hosts: Quercus lobata

  Spring, bisexual

  Monothalamous, green, leafy extensions of veins on the upper surface of leaves of valley oak in spring. Mostly along margins of leaves.


description:
  This is Joyce Gross' [Gall type #105](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall105.html). 

  Additional observations can be found [(here)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/43388904) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79566911).

  A similar gall with only narrow strands of leaf tissue, not forming a funnel shape, was observed on Quercus lobata in California in [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/43388911). 


description:
  Eriophyes sp.
  Erineum mite

  Hosts: Quercus emoryi, hypoleucoides

  small 2-4 mm bumps on the dorsal surface of leaves that are matched by fawn brown or light brown, hairy, depressions on the underside.

  Range: UT, AZ


description:
  This gall has been identified as Aceria mackiei in the past but is listed as a distinct species in Russo 2021. No mites are listed on Quercus emoryi or hypoleucoides in [Xue et al 2009](https://www.gallformers.org/source/135). 

  Observations are collected in this [Gallformers Code field](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?verifiable=any&place_id=any&field:Gallformers%20Code=arizona-red-oak-erineum) on iNaturalist. Additional observations:  [(1)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1839870) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/3272585).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56199180#page/54/mode/1up
description:
  Heteroecus lyoni

  Detachable, monothalamous, hard, brown stem gall about as wide as tall with flaring sides and flat top 5-11 mm in diameter with an elevated central spot (Fig. 5, see also Weld, 1957, Fig. 164).

  Host:
  Quercus palmeri (syn. Quercus dunnii)


description:
  Cenalox nyssae

  Hosts: Nyssa sylvatica

  Small protrusions, internally with erineum, along the midridges at the lateral vein angles

  Range: GA, MD, WV


description:
  Aceria nyssae

  Eriophyes nyssae

  Hosts: Nyssa sylvatica

  Relationship: Bead-galls on leaves

  Range: FL, GA, MD, NC, WV


description:
  Cenalox conyssae

  Hosts: Nyssa sylvatica

  Relationship: Elongate, lower surface, leaf pockets filled with hard lobes, along leaf veins. The galls cause protrusions on upper leaf surfaces. This mite is an inquiline in leaf margin roll galls caused by Aceria dina; short sections of the long galls contain only white, broad mites, which are this species; it may be inquiline in galls of Cenalox nyssae as well.

  Range: OH, WV


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=68&q1=164
description:
  Unknown gall

  Quercus palmeri
  Stem galls
  Terminal, 10 mm wide by 5 mm high. Fig 164.

  Fig.164. Terminal, 10 mm. wide by 5 mm. high. One gall from upper end of Hemet valley in San Jacinto Mts. (Dr.P.A.Munz). 


description:
  Heteroecus lyoni

  This cynipid wasp induces nearly flat-topped, monothalamous, unisexual, bud galls with flaring sides known only from Palmer's oaks. 

  Host:
  Quercus palmeri


externallink: https://joycegross.com/images.php?search=2&taxon=Heteroecus+lyoni&ordr=
description:
  Heteroecus lyoni

  This gall was documented in Riverside County, CA in [May](https://joycegross.com/images.php?search=2&taxon=Heteroecus+lyoni&ordr=) by Joyce Gross.


description:
  Three midge galls have been described on Acer negundo: a club-like bud gall, a succulent leaf vein swelling, and a small bead on the upper leaf. 

  According to Gagne 1989, Contarinia negundinis is considered responsible for two distinct gall symptoms on Acer negundo. On leaves, it causes succulent pouches along the midrib, sometimes affecting the entire leaf. On stems, it causes the growing tip and the petioles of attached leaves to swell and harden below the bud. The bead gall is considered [an undescribed species](https://bugguide.net/node/view/530352). However, usage in the literature does not uniformly align with this practice.

  Gillette gave the name Contarinia negundinis to the bud gall in 1887. Felt reared a midge from a leaf gall (no description given) and named it C negundifolia as early as 1905 (though the species isn't considered formally described until 1908), speculating that it might be a synonym of C negundinis. In 1906, Jarvis attributed the vein gall to C negundinis. Felt's 1917 Key attributes both the bud and vein galls to C negundinis and a gall that seems to match the bead gall to C negundifolia. His 1917 description of C negundifolia is ambiguous but also seems to best match the bead gall. 

  All later sources use either C negundinis and C negundifolia to refer to the vein gall or sometimes both the vein and bud galls. Only one source (Stein and Kennedy 1972) mentions the bead gall at all after Felt 1917, and they call it C negundifolia. However, this source also incorrectly calls the vein gall Dasineura communis, so its nomenclature may not be reliable. 

  At some point between 1993 and 2010, C negundifolia was officially made a junior synonym of C negundinis. While it would be most convenient to think that C negundinis and C negundifolia always referred to distinct galls that were combined by this synonymy, this doesn't seem to be the case. Without seeing the source in which the two species were made synonymous, it isn't clear which galls are actually included in the synonymy. 


description:
  Heteroecus malus

  This wasp induces round, monothalamous spring galls in grapelike clusters on branches of canyon live oak.

  Host:
  Quercus chrysolepis


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32352#page/315/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia aceris, n. sp.

  Larva on the surface of the leaves of Acer dasycarpum [saccharinum], Ehrhart, (White or Silver Maple), pale or whitish, the alimentary canal appears through the translucent integument as a greenish stripe; often single specimens on the leaf, more frequently in scattering groups of three to a dozen on the same leaf; the leaves become curled and irregularly contorted, but there are no galls; at length, after the maturity of the insect, the leaves become dry and black. 


description:
  Synanthedon acerni
  Maple Callus Borer

  Hosts: Various Acer spp.

  Larvae bore in damaged areas on the trunk and large limbs causing a swelling (callus) or rough area on the surface. The damaged area is reinfested every year and gradually grows larger. 

  Range: eastern US and Canada. Statewide in FL 


externallink: https://wiki.bugwood.org/Archive:Borers/Synanthedon_acerni
description:
  Synanthedon acerni

  Hosts: Silver maple is preferred; red maple and sugar maple are readily attacked, and other maples are probably susceptible. Mountain-ash has been listed as a host (Beutenmuller 1901), but this record needs to be confirmed

  Round exit holes 3 to 4 mm in diameter in bark typically adjacent to wounds are good evidence of infestation. Brown frass, mostly consisting of small excrement pellets, may be visible at wounds, in bark crevices, or in other rough areas of the bark (Beal and others 1952, MacAloney and Ewan 1964). Borers are found most frequently at the boundary of live callus tissue and dead areas in scars and wounds on the trunks and large branches of ornamentals. Once infested, even minor wounds are kept from healing properly, and heavy infestations can enlarge wounds. Repeated attacks can cause disfigured, gnarled areas on the bark that sometimes ruin the appearance of ornamentals (Felt 1905). Infestations are sometimes recognizable by empty pupal skins sticking out of the bark. Open or loose bark at branch crotches and around pruning wounds may indicate attack. Feeding on the inner bark and sapwood, the larvae, once established, attack year after year, leading to a gradual decline of the tree (Engelhardt 1946). Trees may be girdled or killed by the burrows or weakened so that they are more susceptible to decay and wind damage (Holland 1968). The injuries cause deformities and unsightly scar tissue, sometimes resulting in serious defects in forest stands (Beal and others 1952).

  Range: Occurs in Canada, New England, mid-Atlantic region, Midwest, the Mississippi River Valley south through Mississippi (Engelhardt 1946), and west to Nebraska (Holland 1968). 


description:
  Synanthedon acerrubri

  Hosts: Various species of maple (Acer spp.). In Florida, Acer rubrum is the main host species.

  Damage: Larvae   bore   under   the  bark   of   tree   branches causing  a  slight  swelling.   They  complete  the  life  cycle  in  one year.    Adults  emerge  from  April  to  August.  

  Range: Eastern US and Canada. In Florida, this species has only been recorded in the Panhandle near the Alabama and Georgia borders.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/37847#page/544/mode/1up
description:
  Dasyneura communis n. sp.

  Reared from jar containing maple leaves bearing reddish tinted pouch, vein galls 0.25 inch long.


description:
  Flange-gall wasp
  Unknown #7

  Hosts: Quercus douglasii

  summer/fall, monothalamous, unisexual

  Central round ball-like larval chamber surrounded by flanges that flare outwardly in a stellate pattern. On the underside of leaves of blue oak.

  Range: Redding, CA


description:
  This gall has been observed on Quercus douglasii in California in August. Observations are collected in [this Observation Field](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?verifiable=any&place_id=any&field:Gallformers%20Code=q-douglasii-flange-gall) on iNaturalist.

  This is Joyce Gross' [Gall type #103](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall103.html). 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=88
description:
  Quercus douglasii, garryana
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Small depressed sphere on a saucer-shaped, 4-7 pointed base. Fig 174.

  [Figure caption]
  174. Unknown. On Q douglasii. A depressed sphere resting in a star-shaped saucer, resembling the fungus Geaster. Seen a few times in Aug and Sept.


description:
  Callirhytis serricornis
  (Andricus serricornis)

  Hosts: Quercus agrifolia, wislizeni

  These green and red galls, about 1 mm across, are round, with a cap or collar on top of each rounded base. 


description:
  Sphaerotheca lanestris

  Hosts: Quercus agrifolia, wislizeni, chrysolepis, lobata; Notholithocarpus densiflorus

  A powdery mildew that initiates white witches' brooms on new shoots, which are commonly produced only in spring and early summer.


description:
  Eriophyes mackiei

  Hosts: all live oaks in the black and intermediate groups

  Erineum pockets on the underside of leaves are normally rusty brown but can also be beige, pink, or rosy. These pockets are matched by corresponding convex bumps on dorsal surface.


description:
  Eriophyes trichophila

  Quercus douglasii, gambelii

  This eriophyid mite induces large, globular erineum galls on the underside of blue oak leaves. The concave depressions are covered with whitish hairs.


description:
  Xue et al and Amrine both list Quercus garryana as a host, citing Bachelor's report in "The Eriophyid mites of the state of Washington." However, this is the only host outside of the intermediate and red oak groups, and erineum galls [seen on Q garryana](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/13161931) seem to more closely resemble those of [Aceria trichophila](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1116), which is known from two white-group oaks in the area (Quercus douglasii and gambelii). Our host listing is tentatively adjusted to match the assumption that the gall on Q garryana is A trichophila, not mackiei. 


description:
  Xue et al and Amrine both list Quercus garryana as a host of Aceria mackiei, citing Bachelor's report in "The Eriophyid mites of the state of Washington." However, this is the only host of that species outside of the intermediate and red oak groups, and erineum galls [seen on Q garryana](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/13161931) seem to more closely resemble those of Aceria trichophila, which is known from two white-group oaks in the area (Quercus douglasii and gambelii). Our host listing is tentatively adjusted to match the assumption that the gall on Q garryana is A trichophila, not mackiei. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/165/mode/1up
description:
  Xylotrechus aceris

  Acer rubrum

  Irregular twig swellings resembling those on willow and poplar made by Saperda concolor.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/165/mode/1up
description:
  Sesia acerni

  Acer rubrum

  Irregular, oval, roughened branch swellings, length 10 to 15 cm, diameter 6 to 10 cm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/165/mode/1up
description:
  Dasyneura communis

  Acer rubrum

  Pouch vein galls, greenish or reddish, length 6 mm.

  Acer saccharum

  Thickened vein galls, green to brownish, length 3 to 5 mm.


description:
  Anthocoptes transitionalis

  Hosts: Acer rubrum, campestre, monspessulanum, platanoides, pseudoplatanus

  Relationship: The mites were found in deformed or "pustular" areas in smooth bark of small limbs of the red maple; occurs on underside of leaves, causing russeting and drying of leaves

  Range: NY, Washington


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/165/mode/1up
description:
  Phyllocoptes quadripes

  Acer rubrum, saccharinum

  Small bladder like greenish or reddish leaf galls, diameter 2.5 mm, very abundant, on the upper surface.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/165/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia ocellaris

  Acer rubrum

  Ocellate, yellow, red-margined blister leaf gall, diameter 3 to 4 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/165/mode/1up
description:
  Dasyneura sp.

  Acer rubrum

  Distorted, rolled leaves bearing cocoons, possibly identical with the preceding [Dasineura rileyana]. Summer.

  Rhabdophaga aceris

  Acer saccharinum

  Free larvae on irregularly curved leaves.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/165/mode/1up
description:
  Phyllocoptes aceris-crumena

  Acer rubrum, saccharinum [sic--this seems to be mistaken compared to later literature]

  Slender, fusiform leaf galls, length 5 mm. Sometimes very abundant, on the upper surface, also on sugar maple [Acer saccharum] and white-barked maple [Acer leucoderme].

  Acer saccharum, leucoderme

  Slender, fusiform leaf galls, length 5 mm. Sometimes very abundant, on the upper surface, also on soft maple [Acer saccharinum--sic] and white-barked maple [Acer leucoderme].


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/165/mode/1up
description:
  Phyllocoptes minutissimus

  Acer rubrum

  Red erineum on the upper leaf surface

  Eriophyes sp. [these two species are presumably also A minutissimus]

  Acer rubrum

  A whitish or brown erineum in elongated patches on the veins, on the upper side of the leaf.

  A whitish, frostlike erineum with small spots of rosy pink spreading broadly along the main veins, on the upper surface.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/165/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes major
  Eriophyes ornatus [listed as two distinct species causing the same symptom; quinquilobus is also listed]

  Acer rubrum

  Pinkish erineum on the under leaf surface

  Eriophyes sp. [this is, presumably, the same species as well?]

  Acer rubrum

  Yellowish to deep brown erineum in large patches on under side of leaf.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/165/mode/1up
description:
  Phyllocoptes quinquilobus
  [Eriophyes major and ornatus are also listed as two distinct species causing the same symptom]

  Acer rubrum

  Pinkish erineum on the under leaf surface


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/165/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes modestus

  Acer saccharum

  Greenish erineum on the under leaf surface

  Eriophyes sp. [these three are presumably also A modesta]

  Acer saccharum

  A white or whitish erineum in patches on the under side of the leaf

  A rusty or brown erineum on the under leaf surface, forming patches along the veins.

  Acer leucoderme

  An erineum in scattered patches, mostly on the under surface of the leaf and slightly dimpled.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/165/mode/1up
description:
  Phyllocoptes magnificus

  Acer platanoides

  Epidermal, hairy growths in vein axils, on the under leaf surface.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/165/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes sp.

  Acer glabrum

  A purple erineum in large patches at the tips of the lobes and on the upper side of the leaf, sometimes sprinkled over the under side.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/165/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia negundinis

  Acer negundo

  Terminal bud galls with a diameter of 1 to 2 cm or greatly swollen, deformed leaflets, the thickened midrib forming a mass 3 cm long and 7 mm in diameter, the blade being almost aborted.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/165/mode/1up
description:
  Contarinia negundifolia [this specific name is now listed as a synonym of Contarinia negundinis, but the gall Felt describes here matches this leaf gall]

  Acer negundo

  Variable, subglobose leaf gall, diameter about 2 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/165/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes negundi
  Phyllocoptes splendidus

  Acer negundo

   A white erineum or shallow dimple on the under side of the leaf, sometimes involving entire leaves of young or basal shoots

  Eriophyes sp.

  Acer negundo

  Warty swellings on the leaves. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33339918#page/63/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes sp.

  Acer rubrum

  Pimple gall

  MA, May

  Phytoptus quadripedes

  Acer dasycarpum [saccharinum]

  Bladder-like pouches above leaf

  MA, June


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33339918#page/63/mode/1up
description:
  Phytopus acericola

  Acer saccharinum [Thompson's photo shows Acer saccharum]

  Gall slender and tapers to both extremities

  MA, June


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33339918#page/63/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia 

  Acer rubrum, saccharinum

  On rib of leaf distorting same above and below. Common, unnamed, not reared with certainty and possibly Dasyneura communis Felt.

  MA, late June

  Aphididae [unclear whether this is the same gall but Thompson's photo resembles observations of this gall seen recently and no aphid gall of this sort is known from other literature]

  Acer saccharinum [figure shows A saccharum]

  Irregular, woody excrescences above and below leaf. Plate 13, 95
  MA, June


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33339918#page/63/mode/1up
description:
  Sciara ocellaris

  Acer rubrum

  On upper side of leaf; small, conical pustules of pale yellowish, green bordered with an orange scarlet circle outwardly deepening to maroon.

  MA, May


description:
  Proteoteras willingana

  Hosts: Boxelder, maple. Boxelder is the major, possibly only, host (Peterson 1958). However, other maples have been mentioned as hosts (MacAloney and Ewan 1964)

  Two kinds of injury are important. The first, observed mostly in Canada, is the destruction of dormant buds from mid-August to early fall and from late April to early May (Anonymous 1971). The second, larval burrowing in succulent growing shoots, causes stem breakage stunting, and mortality. Fine, dark brown or black frass often protrudes from entrances a few centimeters below the apex or from the shoot tip. Feeding activity stimulates infested twigs to enlarge abnormally, forming spindle-shaped, gall-like swellings. Larval entrance holes can be found usually toward the lower ends of the galls. Burrows become quite extensive, resulting in tunnels 25 mm or longer. Splitting the swollen shoots reveals tunneling larvae. It attacks trees of any age, from first-year seedlings in nurseries to mature trees in urban and rural plantings. This borer occurs in almost all boxelder plantations in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Up to 50% of the new growth may become infested with up to 30 twigs infested on a stem. New shoots are often killed or break, and terminal growth is prevented. Heavy outbreaks stunt established trees by killing much of the current tip growth on twigs and branches. Secondary branching results, and when this growth is also destroyed, the affected trees may fork repeatedly, becoming bushy and undesirable as shade trees (MacAloney and Ewan 1964).

  Range: Throughout the eastern United States west through the Great Plains. Also found in southern Canada. Most troublesome in the Great Plains of the United States and the Prairie Provinces of Canada, where boxelder is grown extensively for shade and farm shelterbelts (Peterson 1958)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36498424#page/685/mode/1up
description:
  Dasyneura communis Felt

  This species was reared in early spring of 1909 from jars containing soft maple, Acer rubrum, leaves bearing thickened pouch galls along the veins. The galls are often reddish (pi. 2, fig. 6) on the upper side and have a length of one-fourth inch or more. It was also obtained from a number of jars containing various galls and debris. There is grave doubt as to this species causing the gall mentioned above. A species of Polygnotus was reared from this gall. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42072656#page/518/mode/1up
description:
  Itonida ocellaris

  Acer rubrum

  The ocellate maple leaf gall (fig. 130) is believed to be caused by Itonida ocellaris (O. S.), although there is no positive record of its rearing. The gall or spot, which measures about 3 to 4 mm. in diameter, is yellow and has a red center and margin. The larva of I. ocellaris is nearly transparent and lives in an exposed position on the leaf. When full grown, about the latter part of September, the larva drops to the ground, where it spins a crude cocoon in which it pupates. The species is widely distributed but rarely, if ever, injurious. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42072656#page/518/mode/1up
description:
  Dasyneura communis Felt, the gouty vein midge, produces greenish or reddish pouch vein galls about 6 mm. long.

  Acer rubrum


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42072656#page/518/mode/1up
description:
  Itonida negundinis (Felt), the boxelder gall midge, produces terminal bud galls with a diameter of 1 to 2 cm. or long fleshy galls along the midrib of the leaf. The species is reported to have caused serious injury at Ames, Iowa. 

  Acer negundo


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9564906#page/265/mode/1up
description:
  Contarinia negundifolia [a species described from an adult only(?) by Felt in an earlier work]

  Contarinia negundifolia Felt was reared from the leaves of box elder, Negundo aceroides, collected in Virginia by Mr Theodore Pergande May 12, 1884. Mr. Pergande states that the larvae deserted the galls May 15 and entered the ground, remaining there until the following spring. It is possible that this last named species may prove to be identical with Cecidomyia negundinis Gill., a species which has been recorded by Professor Gillette as being quite injurious to box elder trees on the college campus at Ames, Iowa. It has been impossible up to the present to obtain for comparison specimens of the last named form. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4257868#page/33/mode/1up
description:
  Contarinia negundifolia (Felt)

  Hosts: Boxelder

  This gall is an elongated, succulent, rolled swelling of the leaf on both sides of the midrib.
  Color: green


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4257868#page/33/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes negundi

  Hosts: Boxelder

  Small warty swellings irregularly scattered over the upper surface of the leaves.
  Color: green


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44444480#page/14/mode/1up
description:
  Contarinia negundifolia Felt (Boxelder gall midge) 

  Eight ( 4 percent ) of the boxelder areas examined had the boxelder gall midge in 1960; all were in North Dakota. The infestation level, rated by the quantity of galls on each tree, ranged from trace to light. Most areas were shelterbelts, but two natural stands had the insects. An insect, probably this species, was reared from galls on boxelder leaves at Ames, la., prior to 1900. According to Felt ( 1908 ) the infestation was considered "quite serious to boxelder." It was not explained whether this referred to actual injury to the tree or whether the galls were just numerous. The latter is suspected. Damage by this insect probably results from premature leaf fall. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43458459#page/749/mode/1up
description:
  Dasineura aceris

  Recognizable damage appeared on the new leaves while they were still curled. Affected leaves turned upwards and developed shallow pouch-like distortions on the leaf blades near the veins. About 20% of the infested leaves continued to grow and enlarge but often became distorted and tattered when growth tensions caused ruptures. When the occurrence was discovered in early July, the size of many of the larvae suggested that first oviposition must have taken place several weeks previously. Although oviposition was not observed, a cluster of unhatched but apparently healthy eggs was located on the upper surface of a partly folded leaf on July 25. The masses of white or pale cream larvae were found throughout the summer, often mixed instar groups of 20 or more in tightly curled leaves. As the leaves became distorted by the formation of the pouches, the larvae could be found in the crevices between the swellings and the larger veins. Late instar larvae were covered with a dense webbing under which pupation took place (Fig. 1). 

  From the rather preliminary information obtained, Dasineura aceris, in the Sudbury area, emerges in the spring and infests the new leaves of silver maple as they begin to uncurl. Throughout the summer the various stages overlap until the leaves are too well developed for further oviposition. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42010883#page/459/mode/1up
description:
  Contarinia negundifolia Felt, the boxelder gall midge, produces fleshy galls on the leaves of boxelder. It has been recorded from Virginia, the Lake States, and the Prairie Provinces of Canada (1326). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46598494#page/73/mode/1up
description:
  Proteoteras willingana

  Twiggall, gradual swelling with entrance hole in bottom half. Boxelder. May to July.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46598494#page/74/mode/1up
description:
  Dasineura communis [sic--this seems to be a mistake?]

  Midrib gall on lower leaf surface. Enlarged pouch-type gall with exit on upper leaf surface (fig. 65). Numerous maggots per gall. Boxelder. June to August. Dasineura communis Felt gouty vein gall 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46598494#page/75/mode/1up
description:
  Contarinia negundifolia [consistent with Felt's usage of this name, but the same source lists D communis as the midge responsible for the boxelder vein swelling gall elsewhere referred to as C negundifolia]

  Hemispherical galls on midvein (fig. 66), light green with bluish tint. Boxelder. June to September. Contarinia negundifolia Felt boxelder leafgall


description:
  Contarinia negundifolia

  The gall, caused by several larvae, develops by extensive hypertrophy of the leaf tissues; it is an irregular, elongate, globose swelling along the midrib or along the larger lateral veins of the leaflet. The size varies considerably, depending largely on the number of larvae within, and galls on lateral veins are often smaller than those on the midrib. Usually only one gall forms on a leaflet.

  A young gall is green with bright crimson areas, and a mature one is mostly green. Degenerating ones become yellow, then turn brown. Galled leaves degenerate and fall from the tree shortly after larval departure. The mature gall is turgid; the degenerate one is flaccid and rubbery.

  Felt described the gall and stated that the opening is on the under-surface of the leaf. Actually, the gall develops while the leaf is still partly closed so that at maturity the opening is a narrow slit formed by that portion of the upper leaf surface at the edge of the gall.


description:
  Aceria theospyri

  Hosts: Diospyros virginiana

  Relationship: Small bead galls protruding on the upper surface and opening on the lower surface.

  Range: FL, GA, IN, MD, MO, WV


description:
  Eriophyes leionotus

  Phytoptus leionotus
  Eriophyes lionotus
  Eriophyes laevis lionotus


  Hosts: Betula pendula, concinna, coriacea, pubescens, maximowicziana, odorata, occidentalis?, pubescens tortuosa, semipendula

  Relationship: Leaf nodules (small cephaloneon galls on upper leaf surface); erineum (same mite?)

  Notes: This mite has been in Phytoptus, Eriophyes, Phyllocoptes, Aculus and Aceria [several authors classified it based on the deutogyne instead of the protogyne]; it belongs in Eriophyes. Amrine and Stasny (1996, #2306) moved Aculus leionotus (Nalepa 1891), #1180, to Eriophyes leionotus (Nalepa 1891) based on examination of protogynes; they corrected the habit from erineum to leaf nodules (Cephaloneon betulinum). This species was described from the deutogyne, which would be placed under Aculus. Nalepa (1919, p. 33 and 1923c, p. 38) emended the name to lionotus, but the emendation has not been generally accepted. We follow Liro & Roivainen (1952) and spell it leionotus.


description:
  Round fuzzy bladder galls on the upper surface of leaves of Ulmus crassifolia, containing erineum.

  Observations are collected in [this Similar Observation Set](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=any&verifiable=any&field:Similar%20observation%20set=cedar_elm_fuzzy_galls) on iNaturalist.


description:
  Heteroecus melanoderma

  Quercus chrysolepis, vacciniifolia
  Stem galls
  Covered with short yellow fuzz. 

  Fig.85. Q. chrysolepis • Occurs on Quercus vaccinifolia also. Adults emerged April 20, 21, 28 and May 1 (California Redwood Park). 

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=61&q1=%22heteroecus%20melanoderma%22


description:
  Heteroecus melanoderma

  This cynipid wasp induces tubular, detachable, monothalamous, woolly bud galls on canyon live and huckleberry oaks in summer.

  Hosts:
  Quercus chrysolepis
  Quercus vacciniifolia


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387583#page/155/mode/1up
description:
  Heteroecus melanoderma, new species

  Andricus dasydactyli (gall only!)

  Elongate, scurfy, like a date seed in shape. Cylindrical, averaging 6. mm. wide by 20. mm. long, bluntly, short, and conically pointed apically, slightly tapered basally, broadest near the apex; covered with a dense, very short, scurfy pubescence, rich golden brown, weathering dull brown to black. Monothalamous. Internally with a single, cylindrical, central cavity 2. mm. wide extending from the base almost to the tip of the gall; a larval cell, 1.7x3.5 mm., lies in the cavity, usually nearer the apical end. 

  Sessile, on twigs of Quercus chrysolepis.

  RANGE. — California: Cupertino (Fullaway) ; Los Gatos (Mc- Cracken coll.) ; Redwood Park (in Stanford Univ. coll.) ; Boulder Creek, Placerville. 

  Adults were almost mature in the galls at Placerville, March 30, and emerged some time later. 

  Material of this species in several museums is labelled Andricus dasydactyli, and this gall largely agrees with the gall described for that species by Ashmead. But the insect dasydactyli comes from galls covered with long wool, and is very distinct from melanoderma adults ; the latter species has been heretofore undescribed. Weld sends me galls from the Santa Catalina Mountains of Arizona, occurring on Quercus ohlongifolia; the galls are similar to those of melanoderma, but I have not yet seen the insects. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13762400#page/406/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia negundinis, n. sp. 

  Galls. — The galls are produced from terminal buds on all parts of the tree, and each is made up of a number of transformed leaves and petioles, arranged in pairs opposite each other, in which the two leaves are opposite. They are sub-globular in outline and vary from less than one-half of an inch to nearly an inch in diameter. The outer basal portion of the gall is formed by an enormous enlargement of the bases of the petioles of two leaves which unite and form a receptacle like the cup of an acorn, holding the inner portions of the gall. In the central part of the gall the leaf blades may be entirely involved or their tips may be expanded. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8935817#page/239/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia negundinis

  Acer negundo

  Swellings on the midrib of the leaflets of the Box Elder, much resembling Cecidomyia pellex on the White Ash. The swellings form two long circular chambers, one on either side of the midrib, opening on the upper surface by slits running the whole length of the gall. Occurs on Box Elder  (Acer negundo). Not common.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/54416664#page/285/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia negundinis

  This is a very minute, two-winged fly which lays eggs on the leaves of the box-elder. As a result the leaves form unsightly galls which interfere with the proper functioning of the foliage. Tiny maggots are found inside of the galls. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41276748#page/55/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia negundinis

  Unsightly, elongate, fleshy galls, which more or less seriously interfere with the proper functioning of the leaves, are sometimes extremely abundant on Manitoba maples. This injury is caused by a minute, two-winged fly which lays its eggs in the leaves. When the galls are opened, small maggots, the larvae of the gall-fly, are found within.


description:
  Heteroecus pacificus

  Quercus chrysolepis, tomentella, vacciniifolia
  Fig 84. Spindle-shaped, bare, smooth. Mono. They are thought to vary greatly in shape from long and slender to the chunky form of the lower figure.

  Fig.84. Q. chrysolepis. Also on vaccinifolia and tomentella. They are thought to vary greatly in shape from long and slender to the chunky form of the lower figure. They are gathered in the fall for rearing. Adults have been cut out in late November (Yosemite) and April 19 (San Gabriel Mts.). Adults emerged May 6 (California Redwood Park).

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=82&q1=%22heteroecus%20pacificus%22


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387583#page/156/mode/1up
description:
  Heteroecus pacificus

  Naked, elongate, spindle-shaped. Cylindrical, with a constricted base and a greatly elongate, slender tip; entirely straight or curved; entirely naked, smooth, bright green splotched with brown to purple-brown, becoming dark brown upon aging. Solid, except for the cylindrical cavity extending from the base two-thirds to the tip, the larval cell not always at the very end of the cavity. On twigs of Quercus chrysolepis.

   RANGE. — California: San Jacinto Mountains to Dunsmuir and Ukiah; probably wherever Q. chrysolepis occurs. 

  This species morphologically is closely related to dasydactyli, but altho Ashmead stated that the insects of pacificus ''cannot be separated from A. dasydactyli", his types of the two are distinct, showing differences which agree with those in the material I have bred from the two types of galls. Pacificus never bears any of the woolly covering which is characteristic of dasydactyli. Adult insects emerge in the spring, a couple of months earlier in southern than in northern California. 

  [Kinsey describes three varieties of this species; see paper for details]


description:
  Heteroecus pacificus

  This wasp induces long, spindle-shaped, monothalamous, glabrous stem or bud galls on canyon live and huckleberry oaks. 

  Shapes of these unisexual-generation galls can be severely altered by inquilines. 

  Host:
  Quercus chrysolepis
  Quercus vacciniifolia


description:
  The gall according to Mr. Painter is apparently produced by the sealing of the tops of both ray and disk flowers of Ratibida (Lepachys) columnaris, a cone flower collected at Austin, and Brownwood, Tex., May 14th.


description:
  Heteroecus pacificus (bisexual generation)

  Bisexual generation galls are conical, thorn-shaped, red-wine colored, monothalamous, and often in clusters. 

  Hosts:
  Quercus chrysolepis
  Quercus vacciniifolia


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885049#page/122/mode/1up
description:
  Contarinia negundifolia Felt
  1908 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 394
  1909 Ent. Soc. Ont. 39th Rep't, p. 43

  The species, received through the courtesy of the United States National Museum, was reared April 21, 1885 from leaves of box elder, Negundo aceroides, collected by Theodore Pergande May 12, 1884 in Virginia. Mr Pergande states that the larvae deserted the gall May 15th and entered the ground, remaining there until the following spring. Apparently the same form was received June 20, 1908 from the late Dr James Fletcher, Ottawa, Can., and again July 8, 1916 from Winnipeg, Manitoba, through J. M. Swaine, assistant entomologist of the entomological branch of the Canadian Department of Agriculture. It may possibly be identical with Cecidomyia negundinis Gill.

  Gall. Irregular, globose, pocket-shaped, separate or confluent, midrib or vein swellings, usually with a slight enlargement on the lower surface and a marked elevation on the upper surface. The color may vary from a light bluish green to a yellowish or even deep red ; diameter 2 to 4 mm, the opening on the under surface. Badly infested leaves may be crumpled and yellowish.


description:
  Proteoteras crescentana Kearfott

  Hosts: Boxelder is the major host. Maples have been listed as hosts, but nothing is known of injuries on them.

  Larvae bore into new shoots and twigs, which may be stunted or killed, causing loss in terminal growth and deformed or misshapen trees and causing galls to form (Wong and others 1983). The galls are actually abnormal swellings that become elongate to spindle shaped, similar to those caused by P willingana. Dark frass is often present around the entrance holes. Recent studies suggest that previous damage attributed to P willingana was actually due in part to P crescentana (Wong and others 1983).

  Range: MD and OH west to SD and south to KS. Common in Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan.


description:
  Proteoteras arizonae

  Hosts: California boxelder

  Damage: Close inspection reveals small larval entrance holes near the base of current growth. Small amounts of frass may adhere to webbing at entrance holes. Splitting twigs length-wise reveals larval galleries 25 to 35 mm long and virtually free of frass, except near the lower ends of the tunnels. Wilted, dying, and dead twigs may be found scattered throughout the tree crown. This borer does not cause spindle-shaped or gall-like swellings of the infested twigs as does P willingana. 

  Range: AZ, NM, CO, CA. Likely in UT and NV


description:
  Proteoteras moffatiana

  Hosts: Sugar maple appears to be the favored host, but silver maple and red maple are also commonly attacked.

  Damage: Larvae bore in the shoots, buds, and petioles. They typically enter terminal buds where leaf petioles are attached and eject black frass. Entrance holes are about 1 mm in diameter. When buds are completely excavated, they mine other buds before shoot elongation is completed. In most trees, terminal bud clusters die then the stem dies back to its lateral buds. Damage to either lateral bud is comparatively rare, but when it occurs, one shoot elongates rather than both. Leaves with tunneled petioles drop prematurely, and injured buds are aborted. Tunneled shoots frequently die back. Injury results in growth loss, stem deformities, and branchiness.

  Range: NY south to NJ and west to MN


description:
  Synanthedon acerni

  Hosts: Silver maple is preferred; red maple and sugar maple are readily attacked, and other maples are probably susceptible. Mountain-ash has been listed as a host (Beutenmuller 1901), but this record needs to be confirmed

  Round exit holes 3 to 4 mm in diameter in bark typically adjacent to wounds are good evidence of infestation. Brown frass, mostly consisting of small excrement pellets, may be visible at wounds, in bark crevices, or in other rough areas of the bark (Beal and others 1952, MacAloney and Ewan 1964). Borers are found most frequently at the boundary of live callus tissue and dead areas in scars and wounds on the trunks and large branches of ornamentals. Once infested, even minor wounds are kept from healing properly, and heavy infestations can enlarge wounds. Repeated attacks can cause disfigured, gnarled areas on the bark that sometimes ruin the appearance of ornamentals (Felt 1905). Infestations are sometimes recognizable by empty pupal skins sticking out of the bark. Open or loose bark at branch crotches and around pruning wounds may indicate attack. Feeding on the inner bark and sapwood, the larvae, once established, attack year after year, leading to a gradual decline of the tree (Engelhardt 1946). Trees may be girdled or killed by the burrows or weakened so that they are more susceptible to decay and wind damage (Holland 1968). The injuries cause deformities and unsightly scar tissue, sometimes resulting in serious defects in forest stands (Beal and others 1952).

  Range: Occurs in Canada, New England, mid-Atlantic region, Midwest, the Mississippi River Valley south through Mississippi (Engelhardt 1946), and west to Nebraska (Holland 1968).


description:
  Synanthedon acerrubri

  Hosts: Maple, boxelder. Red and sugar maples are favored hosts; other maples may also serve as hosts.

  Damage: Larvae often invade wounds made by cossid, cerambycid, and buprestid borers. Invasion prevents or slows callus formation and sometimes enlarges wounds. Sap-stained, sunken, and swollen areas on the bark of branches and trunks of hosts often indicate infestation. Wounds in bark that are slow to close should be inspected. Prying open bark at infested sites will reveal feeding cavities and often tunneling larvae--sometimes six or more at a site. Although some frass may be ejected, much of it is packed under the bark. Branches are sometimes badly scarred and gnarled with numerous round exit holes in the bark.

  Range: Found along Atlantic Coast through the eastern half of the United States and northward into Canada.


description:
  Xylotrechus aceris

  Hosts: Maple. Red maple is favored. Silver maple, sugar maple, and Norway maple are also attacked. 

  Damage: Visible evidence of infestation is swellings or gall-like formations on otherwise smooth stems. Bark begins to break away at the entrance, exposing wood darkened by decay. Fine yellowish frass may be present at gallery entrances. Dissection of infested stems reveals a small cavity under the bark and a gallery 7 to 12 mm in diameter extending 5 to 12 mm horizontally into the stem, then turning 8 to 13 cm straight up. Attack sites sometimes resemble disease cankers. Young saplings 4 to 7 cm in trunk diameter, particularly those in the understory, are most susceptible, but attack sites have been found in trunks up to 10 cm in diameter. Attack sites are most common in trunks but sometimes occur in branches of larger trees. 

  Adults leave round exit holes, 4 to 5 mm in diameter usually in the galled, distorted bark near entrance sites. Swollen, irregular scars that remain on the stems for several years are evidence of previous attacks.

  Range: Eastern US south to NC and GA and west to MI and in southern Canada


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39699631#page/259/mode/1up
description:
  Taphrina carveri n. sp. 

  On Acer saccharinum causing "leaf blister of silver maple."

  Discolored areas on leaves sometimes somewhat wrinkled, scattered or occasionally confined to one part of the blade, consisting of circular, elliptical or irregular spots up to 25 or more on a single leaf and up to 3 by 1 cm in diameter, or of more elongated areas situated between the main veins and reaching the leaf margins, on dry herbarium specimens "sepia" above, "isabella color" and "light brownish olive" below, to "blackish brown" on both surfaces, sometimes upper surface covered with delicate bloom; asci amphigenous [on both upper and lower surface], more commonly hypophyllous.

  Range: Ontario, AL, MI


description:
  Feeding of midges cause 3-5 mm galls dark red in color appears in rows all over the leaves. Number of gall may reach up to 50 for each leaf.


description:
  During 1991-1992, one of us (DRS) found the leaf galls in Bodega Bay, California on several lupines, Lupinus arhoreus Sims., L.chamissonis Eschs., and L. variicolor Steud.
  Galls were much more abundant on L. arboreus than other species. The gall midge is multivoltine on L. arboreus, and galls can be found throughout the year. The galls appear to be more abundant in summer, when densities vary upwards to about 80% of leaflets, giving the leaf the appearance of a hand of bananas. Eggs are laid on unopened leaflets of developing buds, when the buds are less than 1 cm in length.


description:
  This species was reared in August 1906 from a terminal conical leaf gall on the whorled loosestrife, Lysimachia quadri- folia, taken at Albany, N. Y. A similar gall, possibly that of this species, was found on L. terrestris August 9, 1912, at Elm Lake in the Adirondacks. Eupelmus dryorhizoxeni Ashm. was reared from an axillary bud gall possibly produced by the same midge.

  Gall. This is a conical enlargement of the terminal bud (pi. 9, fig. 2) and contains a number of yellowish larvae.


description:
  This midge induces pea-size, urn-shaped galls on buds of California and western junipers. When fresh, the galls are usually greenish-gray to yellow-brown, smooth, glossy, and closed at the apex.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39699629#page/255/mode/1up
description:
  Taphrina dearnessii n. sp. 

  On Acer rubrum causing "leaf blister of red maple"

  Spots located anywhere on the leaf, although often marginal or scattered along the main veins and more or less delimited by them, sometimes causing a wrinkling of young leaves, more or less circular or angular, of various sizes, deciduous, discolorations sometimes covering entire area between main veins or involving practically entire leaf, on dry specimens often "bister" [sic] to "blackish brown"; at center sometimes "cinnamon" and somewhat translucent; affected samarae discolored entirely or in part; asci numerous, covering discolored areas on samarae or hypophyllous, rarely epiphyllous.

  Range: AL, MI, NY, NC, PA, Ontario


description:
  Quercus georgiana added tentatively as a host based on [this observation in Virginia in May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82321201) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/83285540).

  Quercus nigra added tentatively as a host based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/155421020).


description:
  Phyllocoptruta rubigator

  Notalox rubigator

  Hosts: Acer saccharinum

  Relationship: "The mites are lower surface, leaf feeders, causing considerable rusting"; collections in Morgantown, WV, 23 Aug 2012, found the mites, in all stages, including deutogynes, in considerable numbers on the upper leaf surface only, no apparent injury was observed [vagrant].

  Range: MD, WV


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=293&q1=negundinis
description:
  Cryptophyllaspis liquidambaris 

  Acer rubrum [sic--likely a mistake?]

  Pouch-like leaf swellings, diameter 1/12 inch, scale insect, summer


externallink: http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0068/0405.htm
description:
  Rhytisma acerinum

  Hosts: Acer platanoides, campestre [the authors suggest that the similar fungus on Acer pseudoplatanus reported elsewhere as R acerinum may be a distinct species but do not evaluate that themselves]

  The fungus on Acer platanoides seems to be limited only to that host species. In many instances where heavily infected A platanoides grow next to native (to North America) red, silver, and sugar (A saccharum) maples, the other host species remain free of disease. Second, the morphology of the fungus on A platanoides differs from that on A rubrum or saccharinum. The former [R acerinum] matures in autumn as relatively large (20+ mm diam) black spots. [It] produces copious amounts of conidia from mid-August until leaf fall in late September. 

  First symptoms of impending disease are chlorotic [yellow] spots that appear on new foliage in central NY state from mid-June to the first week in July. Within 3 weeks, each chlorotic spot usually holds a dozen or more discrete black masses of fungus tissue each about 1 mm diameter and vaguely reminiscent of spots caused by R punctatum on various maples. Stromatal tissue continues to enlarge (faster on shade leaves than in sun) until the individual masses in each spot coalesce to form a stroma averaging 13 mm in diameter. Some spots are more than 25 mm wide. Furthermore, the stromata [of R acerinum] are much thinner than those [of R americanum], rarely exceeding 0.5 mm. By mid-August, from 6 to 18 individual pycnidia, each discernible by a minute papilla at its ostiole, can be seen from above. As the time of normal leaf drop approaches, developing apothecia also become visible as discrete blisters of bumps in the rind. These rarely coalesce and never assume the sinuous character of [R americanum]. 

  A tar spot resembling the A platanoides pathogen is occasionally found on introduced specimens of a European native, Acer campestre. [genetic evidence is consistent with a monophyly of Rhytisma on Acer campestre and platanoides but doesn't confirm they're the same species]


externallink: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.431.6296&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=202
description:
  Rhytisma acerinum

  Hosts: Acer platanoides, saccharum, campestre, negundo

  The first symptoms of tar spot on Norway maple in Southern Ontario appeared in late June as small, round, light green, chlorotic spots, 2 mm across. Spots enlarged to 15 mm by mid-August, and developed small black tar-like raised structures on the adaxial surface with a yellow margin. Conidia, which are considered non-infective and possibly spermatizing, appeared as a shiny layer on the black stroma at this time. By early September, the individual spots merged into a circular black spot up to 2 cm across.

  In 2007, we found a few tar spots on trees tentatively identified as sugar maple (A. saccharum). We confirmed the identity of these maple trees based on DNA sequencing of a chloroplast gene. The fungal DNA was also sequenced, and it turned out to match R. acerinum, the European species. This was very surprising since the European fungal species should not occur on a native North American maple species. The same trees were visited again in 2008, and samples were collected during the growing season. These also yielded DNA confirmed as belonging to R. acerinum. In 2008, we also collected specimens of A. campestre and A. negundo from Ontario, and other samples of A. saccharum from Quebec. All specimens were infected with tar spot caused by R. acerinum as identified by sequences of the ITS region. This result was not unexpected for A. campestre since both the host and pathogen are European species. However, this was another unexpected result for A negundo, and A. saccharum.


description:
  Early in the season, R acerinum passes through a spotted form that is frequently confused for R punctatum. There is no genetic of morphological evidence that R punctatum occurs on Acer platanoides or any of the other known hosts of R acerinum. 

  The host range of this species is not precisely delimited. [Hsiang and Tian list](https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/2370/08_hsiang_tian.pdf?sequence=1) Rhytisma acerinum on Acer platanoides, pseudoplatanus, and campestre, and speculate that it may also be found on Acer saccharum, rubrum, saccharinum, and spicatum. Genetic evidence for relationships with Acer saccharum and negundo was later found by [Hsiang et al](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.431.6296&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=202). [Hudler and Jensen-Tracy](http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0068/0406.htm) report speculation that the European species found on Acer pseudoplatanus may be a distinct species. However, [Bladmineerders lists](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/ascomycota/pezizomycotina/leotiomycetes/rhytismatales/rhytisma/rhytisma-acerinum/) Acer platanoides, campestre, and pseudoplatanus as valid hosts. Acer platanoides is the only common host of the fungus in North America, but galls on Acer saccharum, negundo, pseudoplatanus, and campestre, are also most likely caused by this species pending further evidence. 


description:
  Rhytisma acerinum

  Hosts: Acer platanoides, saccharum

  Rhytisma acerinum infects Norway maple causing lesions on leaves and black masses of stromatal tissue. During severe infections, multiple lesions coalesce and remaining leaf tissue becomes necrotic leading to defoliation.

  In addition, two sugar maple (A. saccharum) cultivars (‘Sweet Shadow’ and ‘Bailsta’) showed limited infection [by R acerinum] as well as a hybrid (A. truncatum x A. platanoides ‘Keithsform’) which to our knowledge has not yet been reported as a host. 


externallink: http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0068/0412.htm
description:
  Rhytisma americanum, sp. nov.

  Hosts: Acer rubrum, saccharinum, saccharum [later work by Hsiang et al suggests the Rhytisma on Acer saccharum is more likely R acerinum]

  [R americanum] matures as circular masses of stromatic tissue rarely more than 10 mm in diameter. First symptoms of impending disease are chlorotic [yellow] spots that appear on new foliage in central NY state from mid-June to the first week in July. In the case of [R americanum], a small (<0.5 mm diam) black mass of fungal tissue [pycnidia] appears near the center of each spot. Pycnidia are detectable for no more than 3 weeks; thereafter the spots rapidly grow to become typical thickened black stromata comprised of fertile white fungus tissue overlain with a black rind. By autumn, from 2 to 12 parallel sinuous channels of ascogenous tissue are discernible by the depressions they case in the rind of each stroma. In many cases stromata are surrounded by a bright yellow border of chlorotic host tissue.

  Stromata: on abaxial surfaces only of host leaves, black, more or less cylindrical except where limited by major veins, diam variable but rarely less than 3 mm or more than 10 mm, up to 1.5 mm thick at center and tapered to leaf surface at perimeter, occasionally surrounded by a bright yellow halo of chlorotic host tissue. In surface view: ascomata develop as parallel sinuous channels, extending up to the entire length of the stroma.

  Habitat: on leaves of Acer rubrum, A saccharinum, and rarely, Acer saccharum, Common in North American east of the Great Plains, uncommon elsewhere.


description:
  Rhytisma punctatum was originally described on maples in Eurasia (eg Acer pseudoplatanus). However, this species seems likely to be distinct from the "R punctatum" found on native North American maples. Within North America, this name is applied to both a set of galls found western A macrophyllum/glabrum/circinatum and another on eastern A spicatum/pennsylvanicum; evidence that these two fungi are the same species as each other or the European species is lacking. 

  Even given this uncertainty, the host range of this species is not precisely delimited. [Hsiang and Tian list](https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/2370/08_hsiang_tian.pdf?sequence=1) R punctatum only on Acer macrophyllum and circinatum, and speculate that the Rhytisma on Acer spicatum is americanum or acerinum. [Hudler and Jensen-Tracy](http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0068/0409.htm) assert that R punctatum is found on Acer saccharum and pennsylvanicum in North America. Bladmineerders doesn't list Rhytisma punctatum occurring in Europe at all. [Corlett and Catling](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/59111575#page/10/mode/1up) list R punctatum on even more species, including A macrophyllum, pensylvanicum, negundo, rubrum, saccharum, and spicatum. It isn't clear how reliable these reports are.

  There is no genetic or morphological evidence that R punctatum occurs on Acer platanoides; this misidentification is commonly made because R acerinum is spotted before coalescing later in the growing season. 


description:
  Rhytisma punctatum

  Hosts: Acer macrophyllum

  first symptoms of tar spot appeared as round, light-green lesions on leaves [in mid-July]. Tar-like stromata within the light-green lesions were well-developed [in October].

  Spermogonial stages apparently are not produced by R. punctatum on A. macrophyllum, but have been reported on A. pseudoplatanus L. according to Tubeuf and Smith (15) and Massee (6). This possibly indicates that the fungi attacking these hosts are different species.


description:
  Aceria marshalli

  Eriophyes marshalli

  Hosts: Acer macrophyllum

  Relationship: Mites make patches of tiny bead galls that protrude from upper leaf surface

  Notes: [another mite reported on Norway Maple under this name] in Hungary is probably a different species, possibly macrorhyncha or close to it.

  Range: British Columbia


description:
  Andricus sp.
  Lobed-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus cornelius-mulleri

  These monothalamous galls occur in large numbers on the underside of leaves of Muller's oak. Fresh galls are usually smooth, rose-brick red fading to a light yellow at the lobed tips.

  Range: Santa Rosa Mountains, CA


description:
  This is Joyce Gross' [gall type #107](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall107.html). Gross suggests that this might be a variant of Antron douglasii. Her page lists a similar gall found on Quercus berberidifolia. Russo notes that it resembles both Cynips dumosae and schulthessae of Kinsey 1929. 

  A similar gall was observed in California in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/80679178), which might be this species or C douglasii; see discussion in comments.


description:
  Based on the host oak section and the appearance of the gall, Dryocosmus is a very unlikely generic assignment for this gall; Druon seems plausible. (Keep in mind that the 2022 paper re-establishing Druon came out after Russo's field guide was published.)

  Russo lists the host only as a "hybrid white oak" found in the Santa Rosa Mountains; Q cornelius-mulleri is added as a placeholder, as the most common white oak in the area.

  This gall was observed on Quercus cornelius-mulleri in California in [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77843715). 


description:
  Dryocosmus sp.
  Brown-eye gall wasp

  Host: a hybrid white oak

  Galls are in small clusters on the ventral leaf midrib of a hybrid white oak in spring. Individual chocolate-brown monothalamous galls protrude from the tightly bound mass of white hairs. 

  Range: Santa Rosa Mountains, CA


description:
  Unknown #3
  Disc-gall wasp

  Host: Quercus garryana

  Flat, beige-yellow, monothalamous galls on the underside of leaves of Oregon oak. 


description:
  Russo 2021 states that this is the same gall as pictured in Weld's Figure 174. This seems to be a mistake. [According to Joyce Gross](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall103.html), that is [a "similar but different" gall.](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1950)


description:
  Unknown #4
  Pink-cone-gall wasp
  [Page 126]

  Hosts: Quercus cornelius-mulleri

  Shiny, smooth, pink galls with a dark nipple at the apex on the underside of Muller's oak leaves. Galls usually occur one to two per leaf on lateral veins.

  Range: Santa Rosa Mountains, CA


description:
  Unknown #6
  Basket-gall wasp

  Host: Quercus douglasii

  Galls of this wasp occur on the dorsal surface on veins and at the outer margins of leaves of blue oak. Galls are monothalamous, generally rounded, somewhat basket-shaped, and measure 3 mm high and wide.

  Summer-fall, unisexual

  Range: Redding, CA


description:
  Unknown #8
  Plate-gall wasp
  [Page 128]

  Hosts: Quercus garryana, lobata

  The round, convex, platelike, monothalamous leaf galls of this wasp occur on Oregon oak and valley oak. These summer, unisexual generation galls develop on ventral veins on leaves, with sometimes a dozen or more galls per leaf.

  Range: northern Central Valley, CA


description:
  This is Joyce Gross' [gall type #100](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall100.html).

  Quercus douglasii added tentatively as a host based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101075867).

  In 2024, DNA results from both James Nicholls and Forbes Lab at University of Iowa indicated that this was a Feron species.


description:
  Unknown #9
  Orange-cap-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus garryana

  Galls of this wasp occur along the margins of the ventral leaf surfaces of Oregon oak. Galls are monothalamous, round, disc-like, and sparsely hairy.

  Range: Whiskeytown Reservoir, CA


description:
  Unknown #10
  Melon-gall wasp
  [Page 129]

  Hosts: Quercus cornelius-mulleri

  This wasp induces round, monothalamous bud galls on Muller's oak in the southern Mojave Desert, California. These spring galls are smooth, glabrous, and dark green, often with faint dark stripes, resembling the skin of a watermelon.

  Range: southern Mojave Desert, California


description:
  Unknown #11
  Peach-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus cornelius-mulleri

  Small, round, monothalamous galls on the underside of leaves of Muller's oak. Galls are straw yellow and measure 4-6 mm in diameter.

  spring, bisexual

  Range: Twentynine Palms area of CA


description:
  Unknown #12
  Pip-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus cornelius-mulleri, reportedly Quercus berberidifolia

  These monothalamous galls are covered with a fine, dense coating of hairs and measure 8 mm across by 4 mm high. The flat or concave top is marked by a slightly darker spot at center.

  Range: sourthern Mojave Desert, CA


description:
  A variety of green stellate or cuplike pip galls have been observed on white oaks in California. It isn't clear whether they are all induced by the same species.

  This is Joyce Gross' [Gall Type #106](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall106.html). See further discussion from her on this and related galls in [this iNat comment](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/86713797#activity_comment_e10715e7-bcf3-456a-96f3-5a55404dea63). 

  This gall has been observed on Quercus douglasii in California in [August](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/57470942).

  A similar gall was observed on Quercus lobata in California in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/86713797). 


description:
  Unknown #13
  Bowl-gall wasp
  [Page 130]

  Hosts: Quercus garryana

  Pink, bowl-shaped monothalamous summer galls on the underside of leaves of Oregon oak. Galls occur between lateral veins and measure 4 mm wide by 2-3 mm high.

  Range: Calistoga and Sugar Leaf Mountain areas of Northern CA


description:
  This is Joyce Gross' [gall type #102](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall102.html). 

  In 2024, DNA results from James Nicholls indicated that this was a Feron species.


description:
  Several occurrences of this gall were observed on Engelmann's oak at Santa Ysabel Preserve in San Diego County, CA in January and February. Galls located on the underside of leaves singly or in groups:
  [Jan 31 2021](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68931907)
  [Feb 13 2021](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/69534716)
  [Feb 13 2021](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/69535182)
  [Feb 13 2021](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/69536062)
  [Oct 31 2020](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64141204)

  A similar gall was observed on Engelmann's oak in [January](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68127644). 

  Possible relation to Andricus sulfureus, which occurs on Quercus arizonica and Qurcus oblongifolia in Arizona. 


description:
  *Dasineura pilosa* produces a spherical, fuzzy stem gall (Fig. 235) on *Laportea canadensis*. These galls are from 10-15 mm long, with one larva per gall. *Dasineura pilosa* exhibits one generation a year, with the larvae overwintering in the gall.
  Adults have not been reared to date. This species is known only from the gall and the larva.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/58005362#page/232/mode/1up
description:
  Galls numerous, many together, on twigs of Atriplex canescens ; globular, 8 to 12 mm. diam., yellowish-white. Composed of loose felted hairs, so that the outside is soft, wool-like in appearance, yielding to pressure. The cell within is green, not at all woody. 


description:
  Quercus geminata is added as a host based on this observation in Florida in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82355097).

  Quercus fusiformis is added as a host based on this observation in Texas in [January](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68235764) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68236055) (and similar observations nearby).

  These host relationships are assumed tentatively based on the relationship between the host oaks but have not to our knowledge been confirmed by mite morphology or other evidence.


description:
  Zapatella ceropteroides, new combination 
  [Buffington et al describe a new species, [Zapatella davisae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4560), from specimens previously identified as Callirhytis ceropteroides but found to differ from that species anatomically. They also transfer ceropteroides to genus Zapatella]

  [Zapatella davisae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4560) was previously identified as Callirhytis ceropteroides and it has been implicated in damaging Quercus velutina in the past. Callirhytis ceropteroides, which was transferred from Bassettia Ashmead to Callirhytis ‘sensu stricto’ (Melika & Abrahamson 2002). Specimens of this species were located in the USNM (including one paralectotype) and compared with Zapatella davisae. While clearly not the same species as Z. davisae, this species was determined to conform quite clearly to Zapatella, and may indeed be a synonym of Z. quercusmedullae. As this latter question is beyond the scope of this paper, we only provide here the new combination, as the species itself requires redescription.


description:
  Unknown #14
  Flower-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis, vacciniifolia

  The monothalamous galls of this wasp occur in clusters on the staminate flowers of hucklberry and canyon live oak in late spring and early summer. Galls measure 5-10 mm in diameter and are densely hairy with short, bent, sticky, white-green hairs that are difficult to separate. 


description:
  This is Joyce Gross' [gall type #15](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall015.html). 

  The gall has been observed on Quercus chrysolepis in California in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82631348), [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/55206406) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/53434055), and [August](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/55238736). 


description:
  Heteroecus sp.
  Kernel-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus palmeri

  Oval or kernel-shaped, monothalamous bud galls amid clusters of normal terminal buds only on Palmer's oak. 

  Range: Owen's Peak Wilderness and Santa Rosa Mountains, CA


description:
  Disholcaspis sp. A
  Potato-stem-gall wasp
  [Page 140]

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  Large, polythalamous, potato-shaped detachable stem galls of this wasp occur on canyon live oak. 

  Summer, unisexual

  Range: Mount Shasta area, CA


description:
  Disholcaspis sp. B
  Lens-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus vacciniifolia

  lens-shaped, laterally flattened, monothalamous stem galls exclusively on huckleberry oak. Galls occur singly and develop in early summer, with the long axis of the gall parallel with the stem.

  Range: central Sierra Nevada and Siskiyou Mountains, CA


description:
  This is Joyce Gross' [gall type #18](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall018.html). She expresses some uncertainty whether this is the same gall as Weld's Fig 79 and whether it is found on Q chrysolepis or only vacciniifolia. 

  This gall was observed on Quercus vacciniifolia in California in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/83806351).


description:
  Aster ericoides.
  Cecidomyia? gemmaria, n. s. Fig. 110.

  The deformed bud of an aster constitutes this gall. It is one-celled, ovate, pointed and in some cases mucronate, green with a dense white pubescence. Length 4-7 mm., width 3-5 mm. Walls of the conical cell 1 mm. thick. Abundant on Aster ericoides. Collected by Dr. Geo. Dimmock, Aug. and Sept. 1908. Found in October in great abundance when it had turned dark gray. 


description:
  Neuroterus sp.
  Abrupt-stem-gall wasp
  [Page 141]

  Hosts: Quercus vacciniifolia

  The integral stem galls of this new species of wasp are polythalamous, abruptly swollen, and symmetrical, and have been found so far only on huckleberry oak.

  Range: Siskiyou Mountains, CA


description:
  Unknown #16
  Bent-stem-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  The polythalamous stem galls of this species occur on new growth near tips of branches of canyon live oak in early summer. Gals are smooth, glabrous, and often bent or twisted, with a few ridges, and measure 12 mm wide by 20 mm long.

  Range: Mount Shasta, CA


description:
  This is Joyce Gross' [gall type #16](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall016.html). 

  The gall has been observed in California in [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79444267), [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/80550009) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/80549951), [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/13539379) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/51947262), and [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/53487945). 


description:
  Unknown #17
  Spindle-gall wasp
  [Page 145--plate 204]

  Hosts: Quercus palmeri

  Single, monothalamous, axillary bud galls on Palmer's oak stems. Galls are smooth or slightly mealy-granular and green when fresh.

  Range: Owen's Peak Wilderness and Santa Rosa Mountains CA


description:
  Unknown #18
  Squash-neck-gall wasp
  [Page 146]

  Hosts: Quercus palmeri

  When fresh, these monothalamous, cylindrical or spindle-shaped galls have a sparse granular coating and are slightly mottled green and brown with an obvious long neck at the apex.

  Range: Santa Rosa Mountains and Owen's Peak Wilderness, CA


description:
  Unknown #19
  Cotton-candy gall wasp
  [Page146]

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  These monothalamous galls form in the axillary buds of canyon live oak in June. The galls stand out from amid the glossy, dark green foliage with their covering of densely packed and intertwined, long, bright pink, extremely thin, cotton-like mass of slightly sticky hairs.

  Range: central Sierra Nevada, CA


description:
  <b>FOLD-GALL MIDGE     "Dasineura" silvestrii</b>

  This midge induces polythalamous folded, thickened lobes or pouch galls along the edges of leaves of canyon live and huckleberry oaks ... as they develop, the galls are folded down toward the underside midrib, without significantly distorting the edge of the leaf, as do other typical fold galls ... 

  occurs in California and Oregon ... 


description:
  "Dasineura" sp.
  Purse-gall midge

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis, vacciniifolia

  This midge induces rounded, succulent, swollen, monothalamous-polythalamous, smooth-edged fold galls on the underside and along the margins of leaves of canyon live and huckleberry oaks. 

  Range: central Sierra Nevada, CA


description:
  Contarinia sp.
  Roll-gall midge

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis, vacciniifolia

  This midge induces narrow polythalamous roll galls on the underside of leaves of both canyon live and huckleberry oaks.


description:
  Andricus tubalis
  Flared-disc-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia, arizonica

  The monothalamus, flared galls of this wasp occur on small twigs of last year's growth on Arizona white and Mexican blue oaks. Galls develop from weak buds. The flared top tapers in to a sessile or slightly clasping base.


description:
  Unknown #37
  Thistle-head bud-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia, Quercus turbinella 

  In October, when fresh, these monothalamous galls are quite attractive, because of dozens of thin, hairy green bracts that emanate from the central base. Fresh galls are bright green, but with age they flare open and turn beige-brown. Short white hairs are retained throughout growth of the gall.


description:
  Heteroecus sp. B
  Vase-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  This wasp induces rose-pink, monothalamous, leaf galls on canyon live oak. Galls of this wasp occur on the dorsal surface on the midrib, with only one per leaf.

  Range: Mount Shasta, CA

  Heteroecus sp. C
  Rosy-tear-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  The rose-pink, monothalamous galls of this wasp occur on the ventral midrib of canyon live oaks. Unlike the vase gall of Heteroecus sp. B, this gall has a rounded tip. 

  Range: Mount Shasta, CA


description:
  Quercus berberidifolia is added as a host based on this observation in California in [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/76213395). This association has not been confirmed by rearing.


description:
  Heteroecus sp. D
  Club-vein-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis, vacciniifolia

  This wasp induces monothalamous, baseball-bat-shaped galls that are actually extensions of leaf veins, of both canyon live and huckleberry oaks, throughout their range.


description:
  This is Joyce Gross' [gall type #10](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall010.html). 

  Observations of this gall are collected in this [Similar Observation Set](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?verifiable=any&place_id=any&field:Similar%20observation%20set=q-chrysolepis-club-vein-gall) on iNaturalist. An additional observation is found [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/3423432). 


description:
  Trichoteras sp. A (Andricus sp.)
  Oak-apple-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus palmeri

  The monothalamous oak-apple galls of this wasp occur singly or in pairs on the ventral midrib of leaves of Palmer's oak.

  summer-fall, unisexual


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/21941240#page/37/mode/1up
description:
  Circular brown spots with surrounding circle of yellow or light green, showing on both sides of the leaf, 1-3 mm. in diameter. Not uncommon on leaf of tulip tree, Liriodendron tulipifera.


description:
  Trichoteras sp. B (Andricus sp.) [Russo suggests this may be a variant or close cousin of [Andricus coquilletti](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2093)]
  Oak-apple-gall wasp
  [Page 155]

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  This cynipid wasp induces round, thin-walled, hollow, monothalamous galls on the ventral midrib of leaves of canyon live oak.

  Range: central Sierra Nevada, CA


description:
  Unknown #20
  Starburst-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  This cynipid wasp induces small, monothalamous gals along the ventral midrib of leaves of canyon live oak in the central Sierra Nevada and likely elsewhere.

  Range: central Sierra Nevada, CA


description:
  This is Joyce Gross' [gall type #6](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall006.html). 

  This gall has been observed on Quercus chrysolepis in California in [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78666009) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78666008) and [August](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/56893868).


description:
  Unknown #21
  Funnel-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  This cynipid wasp induces funnel-shaped, monothalamous spangle galls on the dorsal surface of leaves of canyon live oak.

  Weld (1960, fig 90) pictured a similar gall but reported it occurring on a white oak. I am treating this as one species on Southwest and Pacific States canyon live oaks.


description:
  Unknown #23
  Bristly-pear-gall wasp
  [Page 157]

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  The small, monothalamous galls of this new species of wasp occur singly along the ventral margins of leaves of canyon live oak. Galls are covered with short, stiff bristles.

  Range: Siskiyou Mountains, CA


description:
  Unknown #22
  Vein-gall wasp
  [Page 157]

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  Galls of this wasp are small, round to pear-shaped, and monothalamous, and occur on the ventral midrib of leaves of canyon live oak.

  bisexual


description:
  Larvae, initially white in colour changing to yellow as they develop (Fig. 3E), feed within the developing flower; the flower bud remains closed and becomes swollen, forming a gall. Galled flowers produce no seed and are conspicuous from other normally developing buds and flowers.


description:
  Gall. (Figs 11–12). A spherical, slightly ovate stem gall, easily detachable when mature, about 10 mm in diameter; outer surface smooth, shiny, red; with one central larval chamber. Young galls are slightly flattened laterally, yellowish green in colour, and often found in rows along the branch, emerging from an elongated scar in the bark. Mature galls become easily detachable and fall to the leaf litter, where they resemble red coffee fruits before they fall. Adult wasps normally emerge from the galls on the ground. 

  Host plant. Quercus bumelioides Liebm. (Section Quercus of Quercus; white oaks), distributed from Mexico to Panama (Govaerts and Frodin 1998). 

  Distribution. Currently known only from Costa Rica. Very common species in the Talamanca mountain range of Costa Rica (P. Hanson, personal observation).


description:
  Gall (Fig. 5C–G). Irregular small formations (up to 4–9 mm) arising from crevices on the stems and on the petiole and midribs of leaves. The gall is displayed as a dense mass covered with light brown hairs, solitary, containing a single larval cell or more frequently forming clusters, and then appearing as polythalamous. Inside, the gall has a highly lignified core enclosing the larva (Fig. 5E).

  Host plant. Quercus bumelioides Liebm. (section Quercus of Quercus; white oaks (Fagaceae), a species distributed from Mexico to Panama (Breedlove 2001). The gall resembles that of the species of the Nubila complex, established by Kinsey within the subgenus Acraspis of Cynips (Kinsey 1936), all known from Mexico. These galls were described as a mass of coarse hairs containing a spherical hard core, attached to mid-veins, on or under the surfaces of leaves.

  Distribution. Barucynips panamensis was found between 2515–3045 m a.s.l. at Volcán Barú, Chiriqui, Panama. Although currently known only at this locality, it is a species that is relatively abundant at the higher elevations of Volcán Barú.


description:
  Unknown #25
  Fluted-gall wasp
  [Page 158]

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  Galls of this new species found on canyon live oak leaves are characterized by fluted ridges radiating out from the center of the galls and terminating in smooth, toothed, projections along the edge.

  Range: Siskiyou and Amador counties, CA


description:
  This is Joyce Gross' [gall type #5](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall005.html). 

  Observations of this gall are collected in [this Similar Observation Set](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?verifiable=any&place_id=any&field:Similar%20observation%20set=q-chrysolepis-fluted-gall) on iNaturalist.


description:
  Unknown #26
  Ball-gall wasp
  [Page 158]

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  The round, monothalamous galls of this wasp species occur mostly on the dorsal surfaces of canyon live oak. These spring galls cannot be detached without tearing the leaf, as a small amount of gall tissue protrudes on the ventral side.

  Range: Siskiyou county, CA


description:
  Unknown #27
  Hairy-mushroom-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  The monothalamous galls of this wasp are unique in that they look like miniature hairy mushrooms on the ventral side of leaves of canyon live oak. Exit holes for the adults are on the dorsal side of the gall attachment.

  Range: Santa Clara and Riverside counties, CA


description:
  Unknown #28
  Little-cup-gall wasp
  [Page 159]

  Hosts: Quercus vacciniifolia

  This cynipid wasp induces small, smooth, concave, monothalamous galls along the ventral midrib of leaves of huckleberry oak.

  Range: throughout the Sierra Nevada and Siskiyou Mountains, CA


description:
  This may be Joyce Gross' [gall type #17](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall017.html). Gross notes that she has seen similar galls on Quercus chrysolepis that may or may not be the same species.

  This gall was observed on Quercus vacciniifolia in California in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/84918862) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/84918858). 

  A gall resembling those in Weld's photo was observed on Quercus chrysolepis in California in [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78649994).


description:
  Unknown #29
  Little-green-apple-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus vacciniifolia

  Galls of this wasp are monothalamous and occur on the ventral midrib of huckleberry oak leaves. These glabrous galls are bright lime green and measure 3-4 mm in diameter.

  Range: Siskiyou Mountains, CA


description:
  Unknown #30 
  Petiole-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus vacciniifolia

  This wasp induces round to ovoid galls on the lower petioles of huckleberry oak leaves.

  Range: Sierra Nevada, CA


description:
  Unknown #31
  Lumpy-gall wasp [Plate 237]

  Hosts: Quercus palmeri

  This species induces round, bright lime-green, lumpy, single galls on the ventral midrib or lateral veins of Palmer's oak leaves.

  spring, bisexual

  Range: Santa Rosa Mountains, CA


description:
  Unknown #32
  Pumpkin-gall wasp
  [Page 161]

  Hosts: Quercus palmeri

  This wasp induces round, pumpkin-shaped, polythalamous galls on the dorsal midrib of Palmer's oak leaves.

  Range: Owen's Peak Wilderness and Santa Rosa Mountains, CA


description:
  Unknown #33
  Bulb-gall wasp
  [Page 161]

  Hosts: Quercus palmeri

  Galls of this wasp are distinct in that they come to a point and almost always distort the host leaf at the spot of attachment on Palmer's oak.

  Range: Santa Rosa Mountains, CA


description:
  Kokkocynips  panamensis induces  an  elongated  multilocular  swelling  gall  in  young  stems,  oval  to  spindle-shaped, with the same colour and surface texture as the bark of twigs (Figs. 4D & E). The galls have an average length of 35 mm (range 20 to 60 mm) and diameter 51 mm (range 30 to 85 mm) (n = 12). The internal structure of the gall is highly lignified and is multilocular, containing several larval cells (Figs. 4C, 4D and 11H). The outer layers crack and peel in older galls.

  Host plant: Quercus salicifolia Née (Fagaceae, Quercus sect. Lobatae).Distribution: Kokkocynips panamensis was found from 1,400–1,800m above sea level at Volcán Barú and El Salto, Chiriquí Province, Panama.

  Biology: Only the asexual generation of Kokkocynips panamensis is known. The galls are found between October and November, during the rainy season. The adult insects emerge from mature galls in November.


description:
  This is Joyce Gross' [gall type #1](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall001.html). 

  This gall was observed on Quercus chrysolepis in California in [October](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/33868529). 


description:
  This is Joyce Gross' [gall type #3](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall003.html). 
   
  This gall was observed on Quercus chrysolepis in California in [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/11998032). 


description:
  This is Joyce Gross' [gall type #4](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall004.html). 

  Observations of this gall are collected in [this Observation Field](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?verifiable=any&place_id=any&field:Gallformers%20Code=q-chrysolepis-bristly-pear-gall) on iNaturalist.


description:
  Gall (Fig. 8D–H). 

  Similar in location, shape, and size to the galls of Coffeikokkos copeyensis Pujade-Villar & Melika. However, the galls of this new species are much more regularly spherical and its surface is not uniformly colored, but spotty. Diameter of gall measures 5 to 8 mm. They are formed, solitary or more frequently in groups, in stems of Quercus bumelioides Liebm. The surface of the gall is smooth and shiny; whitish, green or yellowish when fresh with red spots, becoming brown when mature. Monothalamic, with compact woody tissue internally containing the single larval cell (Fig. 8H).

  Distribution.

  Coffeikokkos korytkowskii was found between 2515–3045 m a.s.l. at Volcán Barú, Chiriqui, Panama.


description:
  This page and the code q-chrysolepis-vase-gall are for: 

  - two rare galls in Russo 2021, the Vase-Gall Wasp and the Rosy-Tear-Gall Wasp [plates 215 and 216] that are the same size, color, and general shape, but are distinguished based on differences in the shape of the tip and on their attachment to different sides of the leaf;
  - Joyce Gross' [gall type #8](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall008.html); and
  - a similar gall, emerging directly from a bud without a developed leaf visible, that was observed on Quercus chrysolepis in California in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/90222764). 


description:
  This is Joyce Gross' [gall type #12](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall012.html) though she notes it may be the same species as her [gall type #8](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall008.html). 


description:
  This is Joyce Gross' [gall type #22](https://joycegross.com/galls/gall022.html) (incorrectly labelled #21 on the page).


description:
  Kokkocynips doctorrosae Pujade-Villar, n. sp.

  Gall (Fig. 4). A unilocular twig gall, nearly spherical, 8–10 mm in diameter, slightly flattened basally, with smooth surface, lacking pubescence, yellowish with concen-tric circular red-brown lines, apically reddish-pink. The gall stays soft when mature, but not fragile. Larval chamber ovate, 1.4 × 1.8 mm, with thin walls (0.16 mm), sur-rounded by a spongy-like tissue, located in the centre of the gall. Exit hole usually located laterally. There is always a longitudinal crack in the bark where the gall was inserted.

  Host plant. Quercus acutifolia (Section Lobatae of Quercus; red oaks), distributed in  Mexico  (states  of  Chiapas,  Guerrero,  Jalisco,  Mexico,  Michoacan,  Oaxaca  and Puebla),  Guatemala,  Belize  and  Honduras  (Romero-Rangel  2006).

  Distribution. Currently known only from Mexico (State of Michoacán). Galls were collected between Maravatío and Morelia.


description:
  Gall (Figs  14-16).  Usually  elongated,  sometime  potato-like,  abrupt,  irregular  swellings  of  twigs  and  branches,  3-16 cm long and 3-5 cm in diameter. The gall surface rough, of the same colour as the bark; lignified. Multichambered, larval cells long tubular-like, radiating from the centre of the gall. Tubular larval cells are isolated; up to 78 larval chambers in one gall.

  Biology. Only  asexual  females  are  known,  inducing  galls on Quercus costaricensis Liebm. (Section Lobatae of Quercus, red oaks), distributed only in Costa Rica (Govaerts & Frodin, 1998).  Mature  galls  were  collected  in  December-February, adults  emerged  immediately  after  the  galls  were  collected. Probably galls mature in late autumn, adults overwintering in the gall and emerging in late winter next year

  Distribution. Currently known from Costa Rica, Cerro de la Muerte only.


description:
  Amphibolips magnigalla sp. nov.

  Regarding the gall, the new species is easily distinguished by its large spindle-shaped gall (approximately 10 cm in length × 2.5 cm in diameter), which is at least 2× larger than any other spindle-shaped gall described from Mexico. Amphibolips fusus and A. durangensis induce galls morphologically similar to the gall of the new species. However, besides the differences in size, the inner structure of the gall induced by the referenced species is different, being filled with a dense soft tissue, while the inner structure of the gall induced by the new species is often almost empty, with visible radiating filaments from the central larval cell.

  Gall (Fig. 5A–D). A large spindle-shaped gall with an elongated and narrow tip and base. The galls measure 100 × 25 mm on average. The surface of the gall is smooth, but some superficial longitudinal ridges are visible. The gall is monothalamic; the outer shell is thin, flexible and of fleshy consistency when it is fresh and becomes soft and light when it dries. They are light green without spots when they are fresh and light brown when they are dry. Internally (Fig. 5C), there is an oval larval cell in the centre of the gall (0.35 mm thick and 7 × 5 mm; n = 1). A spongy tissue occupies the entire space between the epidermis and the larval chamber, the outer shell is weakly attached to the internal spongy tissue when fresh and when the gall dries, the spongy tissue allows us to observe the radiant filaments, which extend from the larval chamber towards the internal walls of the galls (Fig. 5D). When it is dry, the gall is very fragile and can be easily crushed. At least half of the galls no longer showed spongy tissue when they were transferred to the laboratory. This caused the galls to collapse due to the fragility of the epidermis. Some of these collapsed galls presented internal modifications in the epidermis, probably caused by inquilines.

  The galls develop on twigs of Quercus zempoaltepecana Trel. The gall closely resembles that of Amphibolips durangensis Nieves-Aldrey & Maldonado, 2012. However, the gall of A. magnigalla is distinguished by its larger size, which is at least 2× longer than that of A. durangensis and by its different internal structure, which is filled with less dense spongy tissue and radiant filaments (easily visible in the older galls).

  Distribution: A. magnigalla was found only in one site: Comaltepec (Oaxaca State, Mexico). The galls were relatively abundant on a single isolated tree, while we did not find galls on the nearby trees.

  Biology Sexual generation. The galls were collected at the end of April and the insects emerged shortly thereafter, in early May. It seems that it is normal for many insects to feed on the tissue of this species. A detached gall was observed in a field, relatively far from the tree, probably carried by a bird.


description:
  Amphibolips kinseyi, sp. nov.

  Gall: The gall is similar to the gall of Amphibolips dampfi described by Kinsey (1937). A moderate to large “oak apple”, irregularly spherical gall with spongy inner consistency. They are light green without spots when they are fresh and light brown when they are dry. The epidermis is thin, at 0.4 mm thick; firmly attached to the internal spongy tissue when fresh; firm and brittle when dry. The consistency is relatively hard and fleshy when green and brittle when dry. The consistency is relatively hard and fleshy when green and brittle when dry. Internally, the spongy tissue occupies the entire space between the epidermis and the larval chamber (Fig. 8F). Diameter of 30 mm and height of 31 mm on average (diameter of 16 to 44 mm and height of 18 to 51 mm; n = 18). Rigid and oval larval cell, 0.4 mm thick and 6.5 mm long × 5 mm in diameter on average (n = 2). Galls are formed on the twigs of Quercus zempoaltepecana Trel. Galls are relatively common in the study area. 

  Distribution. Known only from the type locality along the route from Ixtlán to Tepanzacoalcos (Oaxaca State, Mexico). 

  Biology. Sexual generation. The galls were collected in late April and the insects emerged shortly thereafter, in early May. It is normal to find galls deformed and/or attacked by inquilines and parasitoids; the deformed or attacked galls are usually relatively small.


description:
  Amphibolips nigrialatus sp. nov.

  Gall: A regular, spherical, moderately-sized gall with a green colour when it is fresh. When dry, the gall acquires a rough and slightly elongated appearance and turns brown in colour. The galls measure on average 16.5 × 21.5 mm (diameter of 14 to 19 mm and length of 17 to 25 mm; n = 4). The gall is monothalamic. The outer shell is thin, flexible and of fleshy consistency when fresh and becomes rigid and hardly detachable from the parenchyma when dry. Internally, there is a spherical larval cell in the centre of the gall (5 × 5 mm; n = 1); a spongy tissue occupies the entire space between the epidermis and the larval chamber and is hardly separable from the larval chamber. When it is dry, the gall is moderately fragile. 

  On twigs of Quercus sapotifolia Liebm. Closely resembles that of Amphibolips oaxacae Nieves-Aldrey & Pascual, 2012, A. michoacaensis Nieves-Aldrey y Maldonado, 2012, A. trizonata Ashmead, 1896 and Amphibolips kinseyi sp. nov. However, the gall of A. nigrialatus differs in its size, which is approximately half that of the other species. The gall is similar to that of A. murata Weld, 1957, but not as rough when dry and to that of A. quercusfuliginosa Ashmead, 1885, from which it is impossible to differentiate according to the original description of the gall. Nonetheless, the adults are completely different. 

  Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Veracruz State, Mexico. 

  Biology. Presumably, a sexual generation. The gall was collected in late April and the insect emerged shortly afterwards.


description:
  This gall has been observed on Quercus chrysolepis in California in April-June and August-September. 


description:
  Trichoteras rotundula
  (Andricus rotundula)*
  Little-urn-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis, palmeri

  This cynipid wasp induces small, urn-shaped, monothalamous galls along the ventral midrib of leaves of canyon live and Palmer's oaks.

  unisexual


description:
  Trichoteras coquilletti
  (Andricus coquilletti)*
  Little-oak-apple-gall wasp
  [Page 154]

  Hosts: Quercus vacciniifolia, chrysolepis

  This cynipid wasp induces small, round, thin-skinned, monothalamous oak-apple galls on the ventral side of leaves of huckleberry and canyon live oaks.


description:
  Andricus chrysobalani
  (Callirhytis chrysobalani)*
  Acorn-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  The monothalamous, early summer, acorn galls of this wasp occur on canyon live oak. The larval actions of this wasp stop the development of the acorn at a young stage, leaving it lopsided, undersize, and barely protruding beyond the cup.


description:
  Disholcaspis chrysolepidis
  Muffin-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis, vacciniifolia, palmeri

  This cynipid wasp induces hard, detachable, humped, polythalamous galls that burst out of the stems in clustered rows on canyon live oak, huckleberry oak, and Palmer's oak.


description:
  Andricus projectus
  Torpedo-gall wasp
  [Page 141]

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  This cynipid wasp induces bullet-shaped, monothalamous bud galls in the axil of leaves or on catkins in late spring on canyon live oak.


description:
  Andricus reniformis
  (Callirhytis reniformis)*
  Kidney-stem-gall wasp
  [Page 141]

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis, vacciniifolia, palmeri

  This wasp induces detachable, polythalamous, kidney-shaped summer galls on canyon live, huckleberry, and Palmer's oaks.


description:
  Andricus truckeensis
  Round-gall wasp
  [Page 142]

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis, vacciniifolia, palmeri

  This cynipid wasp induces solid, polythalamous, smooth galls on stems of canyon live, huckleberry, and Palmer's oaks.


description:
  Protobalandricus spectabilis
  (Disholcaspis spectabilis)*

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  This cynipid wasp induces integral, abruptly swollen, polythalamous, large stem galls on canyon live oak.


description:
  Trichoteras frondeum
  (Andricus frondeum)*
  Leafy-bud-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  The cylindrical, monothalamous bud galls of this wasp are covered with thin, narrow bracts and occur only on canyon live oak.


description:
  Trichoteras vaccinifoliae
  (Andricus vaccinifoliae)*

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis, vacciniifolia

  This cynipid wasp induces round, paper-thin, hollow, monothalamous oak-apple galls on the stems of canyon live oaks and huckleberry oaks.


description:
  Loxaulus boharti
  Stem-gall wasp
  [Page 144]

  Hosts: Quercus palmeri

  This cynipid wasp, which induces integral, slightly swollen, polythalamous galls, is known to occur only on Palmer's oaks.

  Range: "island patches" of Q palmeri in Contra Costa and Riverside counties, CA; northern Mexico


description:
  Heteroecus devorus
  Blister-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  The small, monothalamous, integral, spring galls of this wasp protrude from both sides of leaves of canyon live oak.


description:
  Heteroecus flavens
  Round-leaf-gall wasp
  [Page 149]

  Hosts: Quercus vaciniifolia

  This cynipid wasp induces round, integral, monothalamous galls on leaves of huckleberry oak.


description:
  Andricus lasius
  (Disholcaspis lasius)*
  Hairy-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  This cynipid wasp induces round, hairy, polythalamous, detachable galls on the ventral midrib or lateral veins of leaves of canyon live oak.


description:
  Paracraspis guadaloupensis
  (Acraspis guadaloupensis)*
  Disc-gall wasp
  [Page 152]

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  This cynipid wasp induces convex to flat, disc-shaped, monothalamous galls on ventral lateral veins of leaves of canyon live oak.


description:
  Paracraspis insolens
  (Acraspis insolens)*
  Cap-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  Monothalamous galls of this wasp occur on the ventral leaf surfaces of canyon live oak.

  Range: southern Sierra Nevada


description:
  Paracraspis patelloides
  (Acraspis patelloides)*
  Bowl-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  This cynipid wasp induces detachable, monothalamous, usually concave galls with flared rims on ventral midrib or lateral veins of last year's leaves of canyon live oak.


description:
  Trichoteras burnetti
  (Andricus burnetti)*
  Woolly-gall wasp
  [Page 153]

  Hosts: Quercus palmeri

  Galls of this species are quite distinct, nearly the size of a golf ball and covered with dense golden-brown, bent, twisted, cotton-like mass of hairs like those of H dasydactyli.

  Range: Riverside county and Santa Rosa Mountains, CA, northern Baja California, Mexico


description:
  Leafy Manzanita Gall

  Gall consisting of atypically shaped leaves/bracts appearing on the bud/stem of numerous species of manzanita. Known observations now range from near Santa Barbara, CA to northern Baja California. If anyone has an opportunity ethically to collect or dissect a specimen in the spring months, that could be helpful. Galls collected in August were empty. There is a very small larval chamber at the base of the gall. 


description:
  Quercus cornelius-mulleri added as a host based on an observation in California in [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77842372). Joyce Gross also reports the gall from this host. 
  Quercus john-tuckeri added based on its [previous treatment as a subspecies of Q. turbinella](https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/search_eflora.php?name=Quercus%20john-tuckeri) and [this California observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/256712590). Whether Q. turbinella as currently defined remains a host for Feron stellulum remains to be determined. 


description:
  This gall was observed on Quercus cornelius-mulleri in California in [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77842375) and on an undetermined oak in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77566942). 


description:
  Catkin galls were included based on the comment by Joyce Gross [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/40959545)

  Quercus lobata is included as a host based on Ron Russo's speculation on [this observation](https://bugguide.net/node/view/758229) on BugGuide; other observations ([eg](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/80192884), [2](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/40959544)) on this host support the assumption but the relationship has not been confirmed by adult morphology. 

  Quercus pacifica is added as a host based on this observation in [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/15023457).


description:
  Green, ovate galls were observed on the leaves of Koanophyllon albicaule in <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1058583">Sinaloa</a> in November. There are no described midge galls occurring on this species.


description:
  Observed on Quercus vacciniifolia in California in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/83975402) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/83803099).

  A similar gall with red rather than green coloration was observed in California on Quercus vacciniifolia in [August](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/30907004). 


description:
  Oak Flower-Stem Gall (Neuroterus pallidus Bass.)- — Small, unevenly globular, smooth and of a fine, soft cellular consistence. Pale wood color. In masses on flower stems of swamp white oak (Quercus platanoides [bicolor]). Not common.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512388#page/361/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus minutus variety pallidus Bassett 

  Neuroterus pallidus

  Hosts: Quercus bicolor

  GALL. — A compact cluster of seed-like cells in the aments. Each cell usually monothalamous, egg-shaped, about 2.0 mm. long by 1.2 mm. wide, drying brown in color; thin-walled, entirely hollow, without any other wall of a larval cell. Forming compact clusters 7. by 3. mm. ; on the aments of Quercus bicolor (fig. 44). 

  RANGE. — Connecticut: Waterbury (Bassett). New York: New York City (Beutenmuller). New Jersey (Beutenmuller). Probably confined to Q. bicolor in a northeastern part of the United States. 


description:
  [no entry for this species, only mentioned in passing in the description of Neuroterus chapmanii]

  N pallidus Bassett (galls are in clusters, usually on the end of catkins)


description:
  Neuroterus pallidus Bassett

  Gall. In dense clusters at or near the ends of the aments of swamp white oak (Quercus platanoides [bicolor]), early in spring. Monothalamous. Round, smooth, and unevenly globular. Pale faded wood color and of a fine soft cellular consistence. They are fragile and may be easily crushed.

  Habitat: NY, NJ, CT

  A distinct species readily known by its pale color. The gall is also very characteristic and may be easily known from other species found on the sterile flowers of the oaks.


description:
  A gall conforming to this description has been observed in on Quercus macrocarpa in Manitoba in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/81720044) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/81720751). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10451542#page/388/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus pallidus

  Globose, monothalamous, pale wood colored galls in dense clusters near the ends of the aments, on Q platanoides [bicolor]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10451542#page/388/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus exiguus

  Oval, small, short, dark slate colored, ament galls, length 1.25 mm, diameter 1 mm, on Q obtusiloba [stellata]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610731#page/341/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus exiguus Bassett

  This species has been reared from flower galls on Q stellata at DC, the flies emerging May 11 1914 and in 1920 on May 9. The same species of adults was also reared from galls collected in VA. In both cases the collection yielded flies of a Neuroterus and the writer has not definitely associated the Andricus with the gall from which it came.


description:
  This may be Kinsey's [Neuroterus dubius](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3164).

  Small fuzzy galls on the male flowers of Quercus macrocarpa in spring. Two galls matching this description have been observed. In [one case](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/80551906) the hairs were sparse enough to reveal a dark gall in a rounded-conical shape. In [the other](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/81719918) their shape was concealed in a thick layer of long white hairs. 

  Observed in Manitoba in May and June. 


description:
  Young galls are often reddish at the base, with the rest of the gall being green. Over time the galls gradually change from light green to light brown and eventually a darker brown. Galls are easily removed from the cavities in which they are embedded, similar to the fruit.Mature galls were about 11 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter (measured at the base, where the diameter is greater).The Contarinia larva was located in the basal portion of the gall, which was mostly embedded in the infructescence. At maturity the galls became quite dry, and the tip of the gall became frayed and fibrous, probably loosening the apex and thereby making it easier for the pupa to push through be-fore adult emergence


description:
  Atrusca brevipennata
  Little-oak-apple-gall wasp
  [Page 194]

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella, gambelii

  On shrub live oak, galls occur only near a marginal spine. The surface of these monothalamous galls is slightly rough or veiny, irregular, and somewhat pink-beige to rusty brown, blotchy, dull, and non-glossy.

  Range: CO; west of Las Vegas, NV


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=20
description:
  Andricus spicatus

  Quercus oblongifolia, toumeyi, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Stem galls
  Detachable
  Fig 57.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=85
description:
  Paracraspis guadaloupensis (Weld)

  Quercus chrysolepis
  Leaf galls, separable from leaf intact
  Fig 117. Flat spangle, dia 6 mm.

  117. Partly grown in May on last year's leaves. From galls collected in September adults were cut out in November and December (Idyllwild). 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=image&seq=83
description:
  Trichoteras coquilletti Ashm. 

  Quercus chrysolepis, vacciniifolia
  Leaf galls, oak apples
  Fig 95. Smaller oak apple, on leaf below, dia 10 mm. Mono.

  Fig 95. Q. chrysolepis and vaccinifolia. Galls just starting in June (Camp Baldy), on Apr. 20 (California Redwood Park). Adults emerged Feb.9 (Mt. Wilson), Jan. 15 (Camp Baldy).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=image&seq=83
description:
  Trichoteras rotundula Weld

  Quercus chrysolepis
  Leaf galls, separable from leaf intact
  Fig 91. On under side on midrib. Larval cell supported by fibers. Short pubescence on surface wears off. Mono.

  91. Q chrysolepis. A midrib cluster on under side of leaf in fall, dropping when mature, the larval cell supported by branching fibers. Green with short pubescence when young, later bare, smooth, ten. Adults were cut out November 1 (Idyllwild).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=86
description:
  Andricus lasius (Ashm.). 

  Quercus chrysolepis
  Leaf galls, separable from leaf intact
  Woolly, on basal third of leaf. Poly.

  141. Q. chrysolepis. Polythalamous • Develop in August on leaves of the current year. Adults were reared Dec. 50 (Camp Baldy), had emerged and died by Feb. 9 (Mt. Wilson).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=79
description:
  Callirhytis fulva Weld

  Quercus chrysolepis
  "Root" galls
  Fig 32. Tissue fibrous, yellow, dia up to 20 mm.

  32. Q. chrysolepis. In Canyon above Azusa the fresh galls contained full-grown larvae on Aug. 6, dark pupae on Nov. 25 and adults emerged March 10 and 19.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=79
description:
  Holocynips humicola (Kinsey). 

  Quercus agrifolia, kelloggii, wislizeni
  Fig 33. Abrupt, woody, dia up to 30 mm.

  Fig 33. Q. wislizeni. Occurs also on Quercus agrifolia and kelloggii. At base of sprouts. Adults have been cut out in late November; emerged April 25,27, 28 (California Redwood Park).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=79
description:
  Holocynips hartmani (Weld)

  Quercus chrysolepis 
  "Root" galls
  Fig 37. Cells in thickened bark at crown.

  37. Q. chrysolepis. Cells in thickened bark in deep leaf mold at base of sprouts or at crown of tree. Cells contained a thick nutritive layer on May 15, contained adults Nov. 2 which emerged Apr. 9, 16, 26 (Los Gatos).  


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=76
description:
  Neuroterus cupulae Kinsey. 

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, durata, garryana, lobata
  Acorn galls
  Fig 38. Cell in cup at base of acorn.

  38. Q. lobata. Also on Q. douglasii, dumosa, durata and garryana. Adults were cut out March 1 (Boulevard). 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=79
description:
  Plagiotrochus suberi Weld.

  Quercus suber
  Stem gall
  Fig 39. Cells in hypertrophied twigs. Galls seen at San Jose, Pasadena, Alhambra, Ontario and Sacramento.

  Fig 39. Q. suber, cork oak. Adults were emerging May 16 to June ll (San Jose). Galls were seen at Pasadena, Ontario, Alhambra and Sacramento. This is not Fioriella marianii (Kieffer), agamic gen. from a similar gall in Europe nor is there known any similar gall on


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=79
description:
  Quercus dumosa
  Flower galls
  Globular, mottled with purple, scattered among normal stamens. May. Fig 40.

  40. Flower gall. on Quercus dumosa. Nearly globular, mottled with purple on a greenish-yellow background. Collected May 10 at Ukiah, Calif. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=80
description:
  Neuroterus florulentus Weld. 

  Quercus dumosa, lobata
  Flower galls
  Fig 42. Ovate with a truncate and excavated base, thin-walled, tan, single or in small clusters, 1.5 mm long.

  42. Q. lobata and dumosa. An enlarged filament bearing anther scars at apex, truncate and excavated at the base, not mottled. Adults were emerging on Santa Catalina Island on March 51.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=80
description:
  Eumayria eldoradensis (Beut.). 

  Quercus agrifolia, kelloggii, wislizeni
  Acorn galls
  Fig 43. Cells single. Exit hole thru cup.

  Fig 43. Q. agrifolia (upper) and wislizeni Occurs on Q, kelloggii also. Adults emerged Sept. 21 to Oct. 1 (Idyll wild); Sept. 5 to Oct. 7 (Ashland, Oreg.).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=80
description:
  Callirhytis milleri Weld. 

  Quercus agrifolia, kelloggii, wislizeni
  Acorn galls
  Fig 44. Stony hard mass inside acorn. July. Poly.

  Fig 44. Q. agrifolia (on left) and wislizeni - It occurs on Q. kelloggii also. Affected acorns found on ground in Nov. 1955 gave adults Mar. 28, Apr. 5-10, 1957 and Apr. 5, 1959 (Berkeley). Acorns collected Oct. 15, 1915 gave adults Apr. 2, 1917 and still contained larvae in July 1921 (Onion Valley).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=80
description:
  Callirhytis floripara Weld. 

  Quercus agrifolia
  Flower galls
  Fig 45. Scattered pointed cells. April.

  Fig. 45. Q: agrifolia. Adults were emerging Apr 29 and ovipositing in young acorns (Carpinteria). The same tree had galls of Callirhytis carmelensis Weld on it (Fig. 49).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=80
description:
  Neuroterus varians Kinsey. 

  Quercus lobata
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings or cells under bark
  Fig 46. "Short, blunt, irregular stem swellings"

  46. Q. lobata. Types emerged Mar. 21 (Byron). Emerging Apr. 24 (Newhall), May 5 (Santa Margarita).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=80
description:
  Dryocosmus dubiosus (Full.). 

  Quercus agrifolia, wislizeni
  Flower galls
  Fig 47. Black. April. Occurs on leaf also.

  Quercus agrifolia, wislizeni
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 132. Usually on flowers. See Fig 47.

  Fig. 47. Q agrifolia • Adults emerging Apr 25 (Santa Anita), Apr. 16-25 (Ojai). Occurs on leaves also (Fig. 152).

  Fig. 132. On leaf of Q. agrifolia. It is usually on the flowers (Fig. 47). 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=80
description:
  Andricus albobalani Weld. 

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, durata, lobata
  Acorn galls
  Fig 48. In wall of undersized acorn in fall.

  48. Q: dumosa. Also on Q. lobata, douglasii, durata. Affected acorns apt to be lop-sided and remain on the tree. Adults were cut out in early March; larvae indicated there would be some emergence the next spring.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=80
description:
  Quercus chrysolepis, vacciniifolia
  Flower galls
  Woolly galls along the staminate axis. Fig 50. Never reared.

  Fig 50. A staminate flower gall. Q. chrysolepis, vaccinifolia. Found on the ground Sept. to Nov. Never reared.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=80
description:
  Andricus chrysobalani Weld. 

  Quercus chrysolepis 
  Acorn galls
  Fig 51. Cell under young acorn in midsummer.

  51. chrysolepis • Acorns of the current season collected Aug. 14 gave adults Aug. 10–28 (Kyburz). Affected acorns are apt to be lop-sided or undersized.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=80
description:
  Disholcaspis chrysolepidis (Beut.). 

  Quercus chrysolepis, palmeri
  Stem galls, detachable
  Fig 52. Convex-topped, rows or single.

  52. Q. chrysolepis. Fresh galls burst out thru cracks in bark in June and attract ants; are full-grown in July; the adults probably emerge in December for those cut out Jan.21 were dead (Idyllwild). The type flies bear dates Oct.10, Nov.20,Dec. 19, 1885,


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=80
description:
  Quercus chrysolepis 
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings or cells under the bark
  Terminal, hollow, tan, 5-6 mm in dia. Early spring. Fig 54.

  54. A terminal, hollow, tan, twig swelling in early spring. Q, chrysolepis. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=80
description:
  Xanthoteras obconicum (Weld) sex-gen

  Quercus douglasii, lobata
  "Root" galls
  White, in cluster, fleshy, at base of stumps in May. Similar to Fig 55 the gall of an eastern species.

  55. [Galls of Xanthoteras radicola](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/831) (Ashm.). An eastern species but galls of Xanthoteras obconicum (Weld), sex-gen, would look like these. Obconicus occurs on Q. douglasii and lobata at the crown of tree hidden in debris. Adults emerge in May after which the fleshy galls dry up.

  [Undescribed]

  Quercus garryana
  "Root" galls
  Fleshy, white or pinkish, in cluster at crown, like Fig 55. Adults only seen from Corvallis, OR.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=81
description:
  Quercus agrifolia, kelloggii, wislizeni 
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings or cells under bark
  Fusiform, up to 20 mm in dia by 50 mm long. Fig 57. The inner structure lacks the tubes present in [suttoni](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1318) above.

  Fig. 57 - Unknown. Q wislizeni, agrifolia, kelloggii. Internal structure is different from that of suttoni below. In the Santa Ana Mts. many live oaks had been damaged and even killed by these galls.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=81
description:
  Callirhytis suttoni (Ashm.).

  Quercus agrifolia
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings or cells under bark
  Fig 58. Abrupt, large, cells at base of tubes.

  Fig 58. Q: agrifolia. The brown bark is thin and cells are in the thickened bast which cuts like cheese in April. The larval cells are at the base of thin-walled tubes. Contained dark pupae and adults on Nov. 27 (Berkeley). The guest fly Euceroptres maritimus Weld emerged May 15 and June 8 - 17.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=81
description:
  Andricus spectabilis Kinsey

  Quercus chrysolepis 
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings or cells under the bark
  Fig 59. Diameter to 25 mm, in fall, poly.

  59. Q. chrysolepis. "Partly grown galls may be found from early May on through the summer and it is probable that the insects do not emerge from them until the second spring." Quarter grown fresh galls were found April 18 (Upland). Adults were cut out on Feb. ; and March 5 (Mt. Diablo). Only emergence record Feb. 27 ( Sierra Madre)


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=81
description:
  Bassettia ligni Kinsey

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, durata, garryana, lobata
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings or cells under the bark
  Fig 60. Scattered cells under the bark.

  60. Left to right, two twigs of Q, durata, dumosa, douglasii, lobata. Cells are in two-year-old wood. Types were emerging March 29 (Galt).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=81
description:
  Bassettia herberti (Weld)

  Quercus agrifolia, kelloggii, wislizeni 
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings or cells under bark
  Fig 61. Cells under bark, swelling slight.

  Fig. 61. Q: kelloggii. Occurs on Q. agrifolia and wislizeni also. Adults emerged May 2l and June 7 (Placerville). Woodpeckers cut them out.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=81
description:
  Quercus chrysolepis 
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings or cells under the bark
  Fusiform, 10 mm, lop-sided, cells nested, on new growth in June. Fig 62.

  62. Stem swelling on new growth in June (Camp Baldy). Q. chrysolepis. Galls collected in summer and fall have been empty.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=81
description:
  Quercus wislizeni 
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings or cells under bark
  Cells in thickened bark on one side causing twig to bend back. Fig 63.

  Fig 63. Stem swelling on new growth May 17 (Shasta). Q, wislizeni.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=81
description:
  Quercus agrifolia
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings or cells under bark
  Terminal or lateral, globular, green, dia 10 mm, in May. Fig 64. Mono.

  Fig 64. Terminal or lateral; green , succulent, pubescent in early May (Montecito). Q. agrifolia. A Synergus emerged in April.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=81
description:
  Callirhytis pomiformis (Ashm.)

  Quercus agrifolia, kelloggii, wislizeni 
  Stem galls, detachable
  Fig 65. Up to 45 mm in dia. Poly. Fall.

  Fig. 65. Smooth one on Q. agrifolia. Others on Q. Wislizeni. New galls up to nearly full-grown April 7 (Ojai), May 10 (Ukiah). Adults out Apr.20 (Azusa), in March (Palo Alto). Synergus splendidus Full. emerged in April (Paso Robles).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=81
description:
  Andricus californicus Ashm.

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, durata, engelmanni, garryana, lobata
  Stem galls, detachable from the twig
  Fig 68. Large, ellipsoid, smooth, bare, tan. Poly.

  68. On all the white oaks. Common in Oregon and as far north as Tacoma, Wash. on Q- garryana. Galle from Mexico have been taken at quarantine at Nogales, Ariz. Galls start to develop in May. Adults emerge in October.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=81
description:
  Andricus occultatus (Weld). 

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, durata, garryana, lobata
  Stem galls, bud galls
  Fig 73. Cell hidden inside bud. Dec-Jan.

  73. Central figure Q. durata, others buds of Q. lobata. Occurs on Q, dumosa, douglasii and garryana also. Buds show no evidence of a gall inside. From twigs collected in December adults emerged Jan. 20 – 22 (Cottonwood).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=81
description:
  Callirhytis agrifoliae (Ashm.) 

  Quercus agrifolia, kelloggii, wislizeni 
  Stem galls, detachable
  Fig 74. Globular, mottled, 9 mm. Mono.

  Fig. 74. Q. agrifolia, wislizeni, kelloggii Produced in the axil of leaf. Mottled when fresh. Drop in fall. From galls picked up on ground under tree Nov. 2, 1954 adults emerged Mar .5, 8, 17, 1956 (Berkeley campus).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=82
description:
  [these may or may not refer to the same gall]

  Quercus chrysolepis
  Stem galls, detachable
  Ellipsoid, blunt at apex, in axil, wall thin. June. Fig 75.

  Fig. 75. Unknown bud gall. Q. chrysolepis. Empty in November (Camp Baldy).

  Quercus chrysolepis
  Stem galls, detachable
  Conical, thin-walled, in axil or on other galls, tan, pointed at end. Fig 171.

  Fig. 171. Unknown bud gall on Q. chrysolepis, thin-walled, tan, probably in early spring. Occurs in axil or sometimes attached to other galls. Length 2.5 mm. Those taken in September and November have been empty.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=82
description:
  Antron douglasii (Ashm.), sex.gen. 

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, lobata
  Stem galls, bud galls
  Fig 76. Succulent, green, thin-walled, with longitudinal stripes and scattered tubercles, 6 mm long, from lateral buds. Appears before young leaves are half-grown.

  76. Photo of a dried gall on Q douglasii, drawing from a fresh gall on Q. lobata, Adults had already emerged when the new leaves were not yet half-grown, May 1-15 (Santa Rosa).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=82
description:
  Quercus chrysolepis
  Stem galls, detachable
  Many thin-walled, small cells hidden in similar [[to Andricus frondeum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2097)] mass of dead bud scales. Fig 77.

  77. A large mass of dead brown bud scales in fall. Q. chrysolepis . Inside are several thin-walled, pointed cells, 2.0 mm. long. Never reared.


description:
  Oligotrophus juniperi
  Burr Gall Midge
  [Page 80]

  This midge induces rounded galls with an open apex and flaring bracts, spreading in all directions, on the whorled leaves of Utah and California junipers. 

  Hosts:
  Juniperus californica 
  Juniperus osteosperma


description:
  Oligotrophus juniperi
  Burr Gall Midge

  20mm wide burr-shaped leaf gall with flaring bracts appearing on California and Utah junipers. 

  [Photos of this gall can be found in Ronald Russo's Field Guide to Plant Galls of California and Other Western States (2006) on page 110 and in his 2021 publication, Plant Galls of the Western United States, on page 80.]

  Hosts:
  Juniperus californica
  Juniperus osteosperma


description:
  Dasineura camassiae

  This midge induces melon-shaped polythalamous galls in the flower ovaries of camas (Camassia quamash subsp. breviflora ad C. leichtlinii subsp. suksdorfii) in Oregon. Galls measure 10-25 mm long and can be either lemon yellow or purple like the petals of the flower.


description:
  Cotton-gall midge

  Rhopalomyia utahensis

  This midge induces oval, monothalamous galls covered with white cotton-like hairs along stems of rubber rabbitbrush.


description:
  Oligotrophus betheli
  Tip Gall Midge

  This gall midge induces galls on branchlet tips of western juniper. Galls are barely discernible, as there is no overt swelling or obvious abnormality. 

  Host:
  Juniperus occidentalis


description:
  Western Gall-Rust Fungus

  Endocronartium harknessii

  This fungus induces globose to pear-shaped, woody stem galls on Coulter, Jeffery, ponderosa, gray and Monterey pines in the west, as well as the ornamental Aleppo pine. Galls occur on stems and exposed roots and continue growing year after year.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8193957#page/181/mode/1up
description:
  Oligotrophus betheli, new species.

  Gall: Length 7 mm., brown, fleshy, conical and containing an orange or yellowish larva in a central cavity some 3 mm. long.

  Host:
  Juniperus osteosperma (syn. Juniperus utahensis)


description:
  Oligotrophus juniperi
  Burr Gall Midge

  A photo of this gall can be found in Ronald Russo's Plant Galls of the Western United States (2021), on page 80. A gall matching Russo's description was sighted at Lake Tahoe, California in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/83226961).
  Hosts:
  Juniperus californica
  Juniperus osteosperma

  [Gagné and Jaschhof. 2021. A Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World. Fifth Edition](https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80420580/Gagne_Jaschhof_2021_World_Cat_5th_Ed.pdf) states "Nearctic (widespread) ... Juniperus utahensis Juniperus spp. (Cupressaceae)."


description:
  Oligotrophus juniperi
  Burr Gall Midge

  This species induces cone-like, monothalamous galls with open, reflexed or recurved bracts on buds of Utah juniper.

  A single generation occurs per year with galls maturing in late fall and winter. 

  Hosts:
  Juniperus osteosperma


description:
  Utah Juniper Leafy Bud Gall Midge 
  *Bud Midge Walshomiya sp. A
  *Juniper Gall Midge Walshomiya sp. A

  Photos of this gall can be found in Ronald Russo's Field Guide to Plant Galls of California and Other Western States (2006) on page 108 and in his 2021 publication, Plant Galls of the Western United States, on page 81. This gall has previously been misidentified as Oligotrophus betheli.

  Additional observations of this gall can be seen here:
  [June 20, 2020](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/51020742)
  [June 20, 2020](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/51017093)
  [Nov 3, 2018](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/18696396)
  [Oct 10, 2017](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/44787632)

  Host:
  Juniperus osteosperma (syn. Juniperus utahensis)


description:
  Walshomyia sp. B
  Cone-Gall Midge

  This midge induces robust, olive-sized, cone-like galls on buds of western, Utah, and California junipers.

  When fresh, the galls are olive green and often sticky but turn brown with age. Sometimes they have a silvery bloom.


description:
  Cone Gall Midge
  *Walshomyia sp. B (Russo)

  Closed-bract cone-shaped bud galls occurring on several species of Juniper in the Western US. Galls are 20mm across and are often clustered. Green when fresh and brown with age. 

  Fresh galls have been observed in Mono County, CA on June 20, 2020 and can be seen [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/51020743) and [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/51017043). Galls have also been observed in Oregon in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/80890717). 

  Hosts:
  Juniperus occidentalis
  Juniperus californica
  Juniperus osteosperma (syn. Juniperus utahensis)


description:
  Unknown #51
  Rosy-Tube-Gall Wasp

  The rosy to red-purple leaf galls of this wasp occur on the ventral midrib on Arizona white and Mexican blue oak.


description:
  Antron douglasii
  (Cynips douglasii)*
  Spined-turban-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus douglasii, lobata, berberidifolia

  This cynipid wasp induces monothalamous, detachable, spiny, unisexual generation galls on the underside of leaves of blue, valley, and scrub oaks.


description:
  Yellow, 'starburst' galls, mostly found on the bud or needles, have been recorded from Baldcypress. Galls are yellow to orange, tightly clustered and adorned with many small, raised spikes.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=82
description:
  Disholcaspis truckeensis (Ashm.) 

  Quercus chrysolepis 
  Stem galls, detachable
  Fig 80. Smooth, tan, bare. Poly.

  80. Q. chrysolepis, vaccinifolia. Adults emerged in January and Feburary. A guest, Euceroptres montanus Weld, emerged April 27. For rearing galls should be #: to see if they are different from a somewhat similar gall which produced the banded-winged Loxaulus trizonalis Weld, sex-gen.


description:
  Juniper Tube Gall Midge
  *Walshomiya sp. C

  Tubular, yellow to brown, bud galls which occur singly and measure 6mm long by 3mm wide. When mature, galls split into lobes at the apex with a central exit hole. 

  Photos of this gall can be found in Ronald Russo's Field Guide to Plant Galls of California and Other Western States (2006) on page 109 and in his 2021 publication, Plant Galls of the Western United States, on page 82.

  Additional observations of this gall can be seen [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/51017148) and [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/51017146) .

  Host:
  Juniperus osteosperma (syn. Juniperus utahensis)


description:
  Tube Gall Midge
  *Walshomyia sp. C

  This midge induces elongate, tubular, monothalamous galls on buds along the sides of scaly leaves of Utah juniper. 

  Host:
  Juniperus osteosperma


description:
  This species causes a gall on buds of Cupressus pygmaea (Lemmon) Sarg. and C. sargentii Jeps. The gall is a greatly swollen bud. 


description:
  Juniper Bud Gall Midge
  *Walshomiya sp. D

  Galls of this midge appear on western juniper in spring throughout the Sierra Nevada and Siskiyou Mountains of California.

  Host:
  Juniperus osteosperma (syn. Juniperus utahensis)


description:
  Juniper Bud Gall Midge
  *Walshomiya sp. D

  Bud gall appearing in spring on western juniper. Reddish-brown to tan-colored, 4-5mm in diameter, often smaller than nearby berries. Some galls may show a dimple or nipple at the apex. These galls are not elongated like W. juniperina and do not split at the apex upon maturity. 

  A photo of this gall can be found in Ronald Russo's 2021 publication, Plant Galls of the Western United States, on page 83.

  Host:
  Juniperus osteosperma (syn. Juniperus utahensis)


description:
  Small, readily recognizable galls (Fig. 2f) are apparent by the time early second-instars are present. Galls are globose and similar in color to the foliage. Typically, the basal portion of two to four pairs and occasionally up to six pairs of scale leaves are modified as a result of gall development. 


description:
  Sharp, compact bud scales that do not flare out or recurve. Fresh galls are green to brown, some with hues of dark purple similar to an artichoke. 5mm high by 3mm wide. 

  A photo of this gall can be found in Ronald Russo's 2021 publication, Plant Galls of the Western United States, on page 83.

  Host:
  Juniperus occidentalis


description:
  Artichoke Gall Midge 
  *Walshomiya sp. E

  Galls of this midge on western juniper look like miniature artichokes, with slightly appressed bud scales and closed tips.

  Host:
  Juniperus occidentalis


description:
  [last-instar larvae:]
  ...abdomen without dorsal tubercles...
  ...spatula absent...
  ...Hind spiracles of equal length mesally and laterally *C. reburrata* and *C. tortilis*

  ...

  *C. reburrata* is known from southern Maryland to Florida on *P. taeda* and from Cuba on *P. caribaea*. It is responsible for large, pitch-filled nodes on twigs and branches in which the larvae, up to 1 cm in length, live gregarious­ly. Pupation occurs in silken tubes within the pitch masses.


externallink: https://wiki.bugwood.org/Prodiplosis_morrisi
description:
  The poplar leafcurl midge, Prodiplosis morrisi Gagné, is a native North American cecidomyiid fly that lays its eggs on developing cottonwood terminals. The larvae feed on surfaces of expanding leaves, causing them to curl into elongated, largely cylindrical shapes. Leaves may stay green with only curled edges turning brown, or leaf may be killed.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8184696#page/227/mode/1up
description:
  Rhopalomyia erigerontis new species

  Hosts: Erigeron fragilis [foliosus]

  This is an oval apical bud deformation with a length of 10 mm. and a diameter of 7 mm., the modified leaflets being thickly clothed with a short white pubescence.

  Range: CA


description:
  R. erigerontis is known only from the specimen reared in April, 1913, from a gall on a plant provisionally identified as Erigeron fragilis.


description:
  Walshomyia juniperina Felt, 1908, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124: 360. Types 6 and 9, New Indria, California.

  This unique species has been known only from types reared in June, 1884, from the fruit of Juniperus californica. Several specimens were reared from Gavilan, Riverside County, in May, 1939 (P. H. Timberlake).


description:
  I. citrulli, an Arizona species that is not yet known from California, is regarded as an important localized pest of watermelon. The larvae infest the tips of the vines causing them to curl and die.


description:
  Egg-Gall Wasp
  Unknown #38

  Host: Quercus oblongifolia

  The monothalamous, smooth, glabrous, egg-like galls of this wasp erupt from stems of Mexican blue oaks.

  Range: near Payson AZ


description:
  The gall (PI. 2, fig. 8) is formed from the aborted and elongated ovary or seed and is over twice the ordinary seed length, but scarcely and is over twice the ordin ary seed length, but scarcely as wide. The galls are 4.5 mm. long and 1.8 mm. wide. This gall was collected only once, December 8 but its inconspicuousness renders it probable that it has often been overlooked.


description:
  Flower-Gall Midge
  Asphondylia sp.

  Fresh galls are spongy and light green, with small red spots or broken red lines, and terminate in a small point.

  Host: Frangula californica
  Season: Spring


description:
  The spring and summer galls occur on the flowers (PI. 1, fig. 15), the autumn galls on the leaf buds (PI. 2, fig. 7). In the former case they are formed from the ovary and flower parts of both ray and disk flowers. The tops of the young flowers are sealed up and the walls beneath thicken greatly. The gall is thin walled 5.5 mm. in diameter and contains a single larva.


description:
  The white larvae of the gall midge cause swellings on stems, leaves, and bases of flowers. Galls can be found all year round and, where locally abundant, the cecidomyiid is a serious pest. Larvae live singly in cells within the swellings.


description:
  Disholcaspis pedunculoides
  Spine-Topped-Gall Wasp

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella, arizonica, oblongifolia

  These spire-topped galls have long twisted projections surrounding the base. When fresh, galls are rosy red, pink, dark maroon or green and are covered with short white hairs.

  Range: Southwest, southwestern Nevada to New Mexico


description:
  Pine-needle-gall midge

  Cembrotia coloradensis

  This midge induces needle galls on Colorado pinyon. Galled needles grow only about one-third their normal length. Gall color varies from green to purple-red and yellow.


description:
  Needle-Gall Midge

  Pinyonia edulicola

  This midge induces spindle-shaped galls at the base of needles of Colorado pinyon pine form Colorado westward and singleleaf pinyon pine in the New York Mountains of the eastern Mojave Desert, California. Galls are often light green, or sometimes rose red.

  Range: New York Mountains, eastern Mojave Desert

  Hosts: Pinus monophylla, Pinus edulis


description:
  California Aster Cotton Bud Gall
  Rhopalomyia sp.

  This bud gall begins formation in spring and matures by late summer and fall. As the gall matures, it develops an outer webbing with a texture similar to wool or cotton. Locally common in Southern California. 

  A full series of adults, larvae, and pupae were sent to Raymond Gagné for inspection. He initially surmised that this gall was caused by an undescribed Asteromyia species with unusual life habits, but requested more samples of the galls. Luann Wright (@nature4lzw on iNaturalist) sent those samples. 

  Wright reports [on iNaturalist](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/180199055) that Dr. Gagné wrote as follows in a private communication on July, 20, 2024: 

  "When cottony flower head galls were first noticed on Corethrogyne [sent July 19, 2021 by James Bailey (@silversea_starsong )], they contained many blister galls on bracts that were made by a species determined as an Asteromyia by R.J. Gagné. Adult gall midges were then emerging in some numbers, so it appeared they were possibly the cause of the cottony flower head gall. Upon closer examination of the galls, R.J Gagné found conical galls attached to the pedicels that appeared to be a more likely culprit for gall formation. Such galls are caused by various species of Rhopalomyia on other plants also, e.g.. sagebrush. A more recent collection of galls sent to R.J. Gagné showed the exclusive presence of early-developing Rhopalomyia galls on pedicels beneath new cottony galls and the absence of any Asteromyia anywhere else on the galls. It appears then that the Rhopalomyia causes the galls and that Asteromyia is a secondary occupant of the flower heads."


description:
  A cluster of green swollen bulbs at the base of Symphoricarpos albus plants just above the surface of the ground. The galls are irregularly in shape and slightly leafy at the apex. They are light green and appear succulent.

  These galls were observed in Washington in the spring on cultivated Symphoricarpos albus plants transplanted from an unknown origin (likely also in Washington). Gall midges have been reared from the galls but not described. 


description:
  A globular axillary bud gall in new growth of Quercus macrocarpa. The gall is a pale white color but densely covered in an irregular network of purple-red striations broadly running toward the slight nipple at the apex. 

  Observed in Manitoba in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82871937). 


description:
  Douglas' Milkvetch Stem Gall

  Globular clusters that protrude prominently from one side of the stem. Galls are green with splashes of mottled red. 

  Galls have been observed in June in [Riverside County, CA](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/51330120), [San Diego County, CA](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82800375) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/84949970), and San Luis Obispo County. 

  Host:
  Astragalus douglasii, A. trichopodus, & A. pomoensis.

  In June of 2022, kelptaylor raised a caterpillar from one of the undescribed galls placed in this diverse group of globular stem galls on Astragalus. See https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/124052150

  Probably the same as this:
  https://www.gallformers.org/gall/5865
  (see notes)


description:
  "Lonicerae" sp.
  Basal-stem-gall midge

  Hosts: Symphoricarpos albus

  Galls of this new species occur on the stems of common snowberry just below the surface of the leaf litter.

  While the larvae appear to be close to genus Lonicerae, their assignment is provisional pending confirmation by examining adults.

  Range: Pacific Northwest


description:
  Ceanothus Leaf Pouch Gall

  Spring gall occurring on the leaves of Wart-stemmed Ceanothus. Fresh galls are green and cause the leaves to swell slightly and fold inward, eventually sealing off where the leaf margins come together, forming the shape of a coin purse or pouch. As the gall develops, the bottom begins to turn dark reddish-brown. 

  Galls of this species were collected in [San Diego, CA](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/73583630). Reared adults emerged in May and were examined by Raymond Gagné who confirmed the presence of both males and females. 

  Host:
  Ceanothus verrucosus


description:
  A gall resembling Russo's [peach-gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3673) but with longer hairs. Observed on Salix scouleriana in Washington from June to September. 


description:
  Gall Midge
  Asphondylia apicata

  This midge induces monothalamous bud galls, on creosote bush. Galls are green when fresh but turn chocolate brown with age.


description:
  Stem-Gall Midgee
  Asphondylia auripila

  This midge induces large, round, leafy, polythalamous galls on the stems of creosote bush. Fresh green galls can be found almost year-round but are most likely after major rain events.


description:
  Leaf-Gall Midge
  Asphondylia barbata

  This midge induces small, ovoid, slightly hairy, nondetachable, monothalamous galls, often in clusters, on the underside of leaves of creosote bush. Galls are usually green, sometimes with a dark brown spot near one end.


description:
  Asphondylia clavata Gagne,  New Species

  Diagnosis.— This species and pilosa are indistinguishable. Galls of the two species have the same general form except that that of clavata is smooth (Fig. 2g), while that of pilosa has a thick covering of hair (Fig. 2e).


description:
  Club-Gall Midge
  Asphondylia clavata

  This midge induces green, glabrous, club-shaped, monothalamous galls on leaves of creosote bush.


description:
  This species forms a digitate, bilaterally flattened gall on the under surface of the leaf (Fig. 2h).


description:
  Antler-Gall Midge
  Asphondylia digitata

  This midge induces monothalamous, antler-like leaf galls on creosote bush.


description:
  Diagnosis.— This species forms a circular, bilaterally flattened gall on the undersurface of the leaf (Fig. 2c).


description:
  Paddle-Gall Midge
  Asphondylia discalis

  This midge induces paddle-shaped, monothalamous galls that usually grow at right angles from the ventral midrib on creosote bush leaves.


description:
  Gall Midge
  Asphondylia fabalis

  This midge induces stringbean-shaped, monothalamous galls that protrude from the underside of leaves of creosote bush.


description:
  Flower-Gall Midge
  Asphondylia florea

  This midge induces club-shaped monothalamous galls at the base of flowers and fruiting bodies of creosote bush.

  Range: Arizona to the southern Mojave Desert, California.


description:
  This species forms a short, leafy stem gall (Fig. 1 b). Such galls are never found in aggregate as are those of auripila.


description:
  Leafy-Bud-Gall Midge
  Asphondylia foliosa

  This midge induces round, monothalamous, single stem galls on creosote bush. When fresh, presumably in spring, the galls have numerous slender, green, leafy bracts that do not completely cover the base of the gall body.


description:
  This species forms a short, leafy stem gall that is completely covered with hard, brown resin (Fig. Ig).


description:
  Resin-Gall Midge
  Asphondylia resinosa
  This midge inducs small, round, monothalamous stem galls on creosote bush that are usually covered with hardened, glossy brown resin.


description:
  This species and clavata are indistinguishable. Galls of the two species have the same general form except that that of pilosa has a thick covering of hair (Fig. 2e), while that of clavata is smooth (Fig. 2g),


description:
  Leaf-Club Gall Wasp
  Asphondylia pila
  This midge induces monothalamous, club-shaped galls that stand erect on ventral midrib of creosote bush leaves


description:
  Cone-Gall Midge
  Asphondylia rosetta

  This midgee induces leafy, monothalamous, cone-shaped galls on stems of creosote bush.


description:
  This species forms a podlike, elongate, bilaterally flattened gall on the under surface of the leaf (Fig. 2d). 


description:
  Leaf-Pod-Gall Midge
  Aspohndylia silicula

  This midge induces pod-like, pointed, laterally flattened, monothalamous galls on the underside of leaves of creosote bush.


description:
  Scimitar-Leaf-Gall Midge
  Asphondylia sp.

  This midge induces flat-sided, sword-shaped, striated, monothalamous bud galls on creosote bush. These galls are green when fresh but turn brown with age.


description:
  Clasping-Leaf-Gall Midge
  Contarinia sp.

  This midge induces monothalamous galls composed of two leaves joined together to create flat, circular galls on creosote bush.


description:
  This species and barbata are indistinguishable, but their galls are distinctly different. Both are squat leaf galls with a rugose, hairless patch at the base.
  That of villosa is covered for almost its entire length with long hair (Fig. lb), while that of barbata is covered for only slightly more than half its length with short hair.


description:
  Fresh galls of this species were observed in the Bay Area in <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79846711">May</a>. A [similar gall observed on fruit](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3134) in September may or may not be the same species.


externallink: https://bugtracks.wordpress.com/2012/12/08/midges-from-desert-blooms/
description:
  In 2012, Charley Eiseman reported galls occurring on Ocotillo. Exuviae were seen sticking out of some buds. Most buds on the host were aborted due to midge activity inside. Raymond Gagné stated that this species may be Asphondylia websteri.


description:
  Bud-Gall Midge
  Contarinia zauschneriae

  This midge induces robust polythalamous bud galls along the stems of the host. Galls comprise overlapping bud scales covered in bristly white hairs.


description:
  Smooth-Bud-Gall Midge
  Asphondylia sp. A

  This midge induces green, smooth, glabrous monothalamous bud galls on cheesebush. 

  [Plate 401]


description:
  Woolly-Bud-Gall Midge
  Asphondylia sp. B

  This midge induces round, white, woolly, monothalamous bud galls on cheesebush.


description:
  This gall was noted on bud galls of Cheesebrush in <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/69703866">February</a> from California. Galls are soft, woolly and dirty-white.


description:
  Among the showy pink flowers can also be seen flower buds that have been aborted. Lying among the scales and flower parts of the aborted buds are yellow gall midge larvae less than 3 mm long.


description:
  Midrib-Gall Moth
  Sorhagenia nimbosa

  This moth induces swollen, monothalamous midrib galls on leaves of California coffeeberry (Frangula californica) and Sierra coffeeberry (F. rubra).


description:
  Red-Topped-Cup-Gall Wasp
  Unknown #54

  Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia

  Galls of this species or variety occur just off the ventral midrib on Mexican blue oak leaves. This gall has a yellow base column that is covered with small white bumps. As the column rises, it flares out into a round, dark red bowl.


description:
  Unknown #52
  Pink-Thorn-Gall Wasp

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella

  The top half of the gall rises into a distinctive, thornlike point, while the base flares outwardly into a star shape. 

  Range: Payson, AZ


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=26
description:
  Quercus subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Conical, 10 mm high with a star-shaped base, on midrib. Fig 163.


description:
  Midrib-Gall Wasp
  Unknown #53

  Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia

  Chains of larval cells reach 15 mm long, with each gall (cell) measuring 2 mm long by 1 mm wide.


description:
  Globular galls on the lower side of leaves of Quercus pumila, integral to the leaf with a flat top above flush with the leaf surface. Observed in numbers on each leaf, clustered largely but not exclusively around the leaf edge. The exterior of the galls is shortly fuzzy, not quite concealing the surface. They are thin-walled and contain a free-rolling cell, suggesting the inducer likely belongs to the genus Dryocosmus. Observed in Florida in early April. 


description:
  A gall similar in shape to this one was observed on Quercus falcata in Virginia in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/83200513). 


description:
  A spindle-shaped Amphibolips gall similar to that of [Amphibolips quercuscitriformis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/906) in every way except that it was found at the end of a catkin rather than the leaf, stem, or bud. The catkin was slightly thicker and remained on the tree longer than ungalled catkins. 

  Observed on Quercus hemisphaerica in Florida in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/81741951). 


description:
  Cone-Gall Midge
  Cupressatia thujae

  Galls are composed of slightly enlarged cone scales and measure 7 mm high by 5 mm in diameter. In fall, galls are beige-green, often with black tips on each cone bract.


description:
  Exterior damage becomes more noticeable when larvae have  been feeding for a few weeks. The scale margins split and turn brown. This damage is  accentuated in mature infested cones which are often smaller than normal cones. Tissues inside the cone become darkened wherever feeding has occurred.


description:
  Tip-Gall Midge
  Chamaediplosis nootkatensis

  This gall induces slight swelling of the branchlet tips of Nootka cypress and pygmy cypress and possibly other cypress species. These monothalamous galls develop in spring and are light beige-yellow when fresh.


description:
  [Synergus flavens, nigroornatus, and pacificus are listed as inquilines in galls of Heteroecus pacificus. It isn't clear which, if any, of these species cause the deformation of the gall that is the subject of this page.]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54814#page/271/mode/1up
description:
  Heteroecus pacificus [sexgen]

  Host: Quercus chrysolepis

  Description of Gall: (Fig. A) A conical, thorn-shaped, monothalamous or single chambered gall growing from the undersurfaces of the leaves. The leaf surface immediately above the gall is darkened and slightly depressed. Galls may occur singly or in groups or clusters that may be so numerous that the developing leaf is completely aborted with the resulting growths resembling twig galls. Often the new twigs are killed by heavy infestations. Development is quite rapid with the galls containing large larvae in late May and pupae in June. The young galls are pale red in color when they first appear but darken to deeper red or reddish-purple as they mature. Adults of both sexes begin to emerge the last few days of June and continue to appear until late July. Some of the gall clusters yield only males whereas others yield only females, indicating that certain gall clusters result from female wasps that lay eggs producing only the haploid males whereas others produce the eggs that develop into the diploid females. Male specimens outnumbered the females three to one. 

  Range: La Crescenta, Pasadena, Switzer's Camp, Mt Wilson, Chilao in the San Gabriel Mountains, CA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54814#page/272/mode/1up
description:
  Heteroecus pacificus [agamic]

  Host: Quercus chrysolepis

   The galls produced by the parthenogenetic or agamic generation show considerable morphological variation. Some are rather slender and elongated with a tapering point, whereas others are much more robust, with a shorter point. Using the shape of the gall as a primary distinguishing characteristic, Kinsey in 1922, described several varieties of Heteroecus pacificus. During the course of this study, females were obtained from galls that varied greatly in form (Figs. B, C, D). These galls were often on the same tree and sometimes on the same branch ; however, in each instance the typical alternate generation was obtained. Some galls of H. pacificus are almost globular with little or no point whereas others are so slender that they resemble a thorn. These extreme variations were not numerous in the area that was used for this work, hence insects from these types were not used. It is significant to note that the extremely slender forms did not yield inquilines or guests whereas the more robust types housed Synergus which suggests that these inquilines influence the shape of the gall. It is hoped that future rearings and studies will help to clarify the taxonomy of this species. 

  Range: La Crescenta, Pasadena, Switzer's Camp, Mt Wilson, Chilao in the San Gabriel Mountains, CA


description:
  Gall Midge
  Chamaediplosis 

  This midge induces tiny, barely noticeable bud galls at the branch tips and occasionally along the sides of branches on Monterey cypress and pygmy cypress. These galls are detectable because normal terminal buds are rounded, while galled tips appear as tiny cups.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=83
description:
  Antron douglasii, agamic

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, lobata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 93. Obconic, blunt horns on rim.

  Fig 95. Q. douglasii. Occurs on lobata and dumosa also. Full-grown by August. Adults may be cut out in Nov.; emerge in January and February


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=83
description:
  Quercus chrysolepis
  Leaf galls, separable from leaf intact
  Crenate spangle, on under side, dia 2 mm. Fig 96.

  Fig. 96. A midrib cluster. Q.chrysolepis. Those collected May to November have been empty.


description:
  Douglas-Fir-Needle Midge
  Contarinia pseudotsugae

  On the dorsal surface, galls appear as smooth, yellowish, succulent swellings, while on the underside the needle tissues swell around the larva with ridges of tissue growth.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=83
description:
  Dros atrimentum

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, garryana, lobata
  Leaf galls, integral
  Fig 98. Black cell, 3 mm long, supported by fine fibers inside a tissue paper thin membrane. On under side before the new leaves are full-grown. Adults out in late April.

  Fig 98. Q. douglasii, dumosa, lobata. On under side of leaf. Outer wall thin as tissue paper. Within is a black cell supported by fine fibers. Fresh galls are found in mid-April when the new leaves are 1/2 to 5/4 inch long. Miss Egbert reared adults in April (Stanford). Adults emerged Apr. 25 (Paso Robles). Andricus brunneus Full. was erroneously associated with this gall. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=84
description:
  Quercus chrysolepis, vacciniifolia
  Leaf galls, integral
  Cell on a prolongation of a vein beyond the leaf margin, spindle-shaped. Fig 99.

  Fig 99. On Q. chrysolepis. Occurs on Q. vaccinifolia also. Often more slender than the photo. Usually single, sometimes 4 on one leaf. Those collected in summer and fall have been empty. Never reared.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=84
description:
  Quercus dumosa
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Like a star-headed tack, erect, on upper surface, 5-7 mm long. Fig 101.

  Fig 101. On Q: dumosa. From Santa Catalina Island in March. Never reared.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=84
description:
  Paracraspis patelloides

  Quercus chrysolepis
  Leaf galls, separable from leaf intact
  Fig 103. Saucer-shaped, dia 9 mm.

  Fig 103. Q. chrysolepis. Pea-green with a red margin on under side of leaf in summer on leaves of previous season. Usually single. There is a cavity under the larval cell. Adults have been cut out on Nov. 10 and Dec. 50. 


description:
  Balsalm Woolly Adelgid
  Adelges piceace

  This adelgid induces stem swellings, usually near the tips of new growing shoots on fir trees.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=82
description:
  Quercus chrysolepis, vacciniifolia
  Stem galls
  Lenticular, smooth, tan, hard, bare, detachable, single. Mono. Fig 79.

  Fig. 79. Unknown gall. Q. chrysolepis. Occurs on Q. vaccinifolia also. Tan, hard, smooth. Starts to develop in August (Kyburz). Monothalamous.


description:
  Needle-Gall Midge
  Paradiplosis tumifex

  This midge induces swollen, elliptical, green-beige galls near the base of needles of white fir, balsam fir, and Fraser's fir.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=85
description:
  Unknown gall.

  Q. chrysolepis, vaccinifolia
  Leaf galls, integral
  Hard, smooth, lenticular parenchyma thickening, single or groups. Fig 128.

  Fig 128. Empty in June to Aug. Unknown gall. X 5. Q-agrifolia and wislizeni [apparently a mistake--the same picture is listed on Quercus chrysolepis in Weld's 1960 book]. May be same as Fig. 125 [tentatively listed as [Callirhytis quercussuttoni sexgen](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1319)]


description:
  Bud-Gall Midge
  Walshomyia sp. A  [plate 69]

  This midge induces noticeable green, four-sided, terminal-bud galls with flared, leafy bracts on incense cedar.


description:
  Heart-Gall Midge
  Walshomyia sp. B

  This midge induces heart-shaped bud galls, either singly or in clusters of opposing pairs on each side of new growth of incense cedar. These monothalamous, swollen buds have vertical furrows running parallel to the branches.


description:
  Tip-Gall Midge
  Walshomyia sp. C.

  Galls of this midge occur at the tips of branches of incense cedar and initially look like normal buds or developing fruiting bodies in spring. The round, monothalamous bud galls with overlapping bud scales are light beige to yellow.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/299/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis sessilis, new species

  Host. — Quercus arizonica.

  Gall (figs. 7 and 35). — Cylindrical with a deep broad cup at apex, dark red, attached on under side of leaf in the fall, falling with the leaf. Usually only one or two on a leaf. The galls measure up to 5 mm. high and 5 mm. in diameter at upper end. The lower end with a sharp flaring rim is sessile on the leaf surface, the upper half dilated, not so smooth, brownish, often inrolled at top, giving the gall somewhat the appearance of a sea anemone. The basal half of the gall is occupied by a centrally placed conical cavity, above which and immediately below the floor of the cup is an excentrically placed larval cell which is cut transversely, if at all, when the gall  is split lengthwise.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/355/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus tubularius, new species

  Host. — Quercus undulata.

  Gall (fig. 22). — Smooth, tan-colored, blunt, cylindrical cells bursting out through the bark singly or in vertical rows of 2-6, only the upper third or less protruding, not deciduous. Single cells measure 3.2 mm. long by 1.7 mm. in diameter with Avail .1-.2 mm. thick.
  Occur in early summer on small twigs of previous season's growth. Exit hole at apex and old galls show as a row of holes.


description:
  Andricus tubularius
  Ruptured-Stem Gall Wasp

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella

  In October, stems rupture, exposing rows of yellow, egg-like larval capsules. These integral, polythalamous stem galls can easily exceed 15 mmm in length and 6 mm in diameter.


description:
  Little-Teardrop-Gall Wasp
  Unknown #58

  Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia

  Galls measure 1-2 mm high and usually occur at the margins of leaves. Galls in October were fawn brown and had a swollen base that contains the larval chamber.

  Range: Santa Catalina mts AZ


description:
  The different between Aceria dina and Phylloxerina nyssae can be seen clearly in the first picture of [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/83246314). Aceria dina is the densely curled gall found in various places around the edge of the leaf, of the same color as the leaf. P nyssae is the section where the leaf is more deeply incised to form one smooth yellowish fold.


description:
  Distinct rings of orange rust with a gap in the center, swelling distinctly above the surface of the leaf of an undetermined Hypericum species (H kalmianum selected as a placeholder). Species has been tentatively identified as <bold>Uromyces triquetrus.</bold>

  Observed in Illinois in [May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/81082035).


description:
  Gagné and Jaschhof. A Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World (6th Edition - 2025) lists "Quercus sp." as a host, stating "Macrodiplosis ... erubescens. USA (widespread eastern). Quercus sp.; Q. coccinea (Fagaceae)."

  Quercus georgiana added tentatively as a host based on [this observation in Virginia in June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/83285534).

  Quercus hemisphaerica added tentatively as a host based on [this observation in North Carolina in October](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98652931).

  Quercus shumardii added tentatively as a host based on [this observation in North Carolina in October](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/100778945).

  Quercus coccinea added tentatively as a host based on [this observation in Georgia in July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/126295157).

  Quercus pumila added tentatively as a host based on [this observation in Georgia in July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/155759942).


description:
  Large red pouch galls sparsely covered in hair, extending on the lower or occasionally upper side of leaves of Sibbaldiopsis tridentata, apparently containing erineum within. 

  Observed in Minnesota in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/51268552) and [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/53618148). 


description:
  A thickened leaf curl of one of both halves of leaves of Ulmus crassifolia, containing white material suggesting the presence of woolly aphids. 

  Observed in Texas in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/81661615).  


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/63/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus wheeleri 

  Irregularly rounded or elongate, somewhat potato-shaped, polythalamous oak twig gall, length 15 to 30 mm, diameter 14 to 20 mm, on unknown scrub oak.  Beutm. '07, p. 464


description:
  *Rudbeckia* (coneflower)
  ...
  Tapered stem swelling...*Neolasioptera rudbeckiae* (Felt)

  Occasionally one larva lives in the stem pith without causing an enlargement. This species has also been reared from the soft tissue of galls of *Asphondylia rudbeckiaeconspicua*. More than one generation per year may occur because an adult was reared from galls in September. Host: *R. laciniata*. 


description:
  Small clumps of white/yellow fuzz, fading to tan or brown, in pinched areas of the leaf lamina, along the midrib, down the petiole and onto stems of new growth on Notholithocarpus densiflorus. Sometimes coalesced clusters became larger swellings. 

  "Dasineura" is a very tentative ID, based on the fact that [larvae extracted from leaf midrib galls](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/323672741) matched descriptions of Dasineura in Gagne (1989). The taxon responsible for this gall is not known. It also remains to be determined whether the [fuzzy midge gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2264) found on tanoak flowers is caused by the same midge. 
  .


description:
  "Dasineura" sp.
  Tanoak-flower-gall midge

  Hosts: Notholithocarpus densiflorus var. densiflorus, var echinoides

  This new species induces polythalamous, round-globular, hairy galls on the staminate flowers of both varieties of tanoak. 


description:
  One or two large, round cone galls on the upper surface of leaves of Vitis labrusca. The galls are hairy or hairless and green turning to pale orange to red in color. They resemble those of Ampelomyia viticola but are much wider and fewer in number. They are apparently always associated with a bunching of the leaf tissue beyond the attachment point of the gall.

  Observed in North Carolina in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/83185962). 


description:
  Eriophyes calaceris
  Erineum mite

  Hosts: Acer glabrum

  Galls appear on the upper surfaces of leaves, mostly along the edges (although the erinea may cover entire leaves in some cases)

  Range: from the Rocky Mountains to the West Coast and north into southeast Alaska


description:
  Iteomyia sp. B
  Tube-gall midge
  [Page 220]

  Hosts: Salix lasiolepis

  The distinguishing character of these midge galls is the apical hole or depression that develops at the end of each gall.

  Range: central coast area of CA


description:
  Leafy witches' broom on Platanus occidentalis causing leaves to shrink and deform (lacking the typical lobed appearance) densely around tips of new growth.

  Observed in Virginia in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/83044698).


description:
  Erineum cups similar to those of [Aceria mackiei](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/683) but found on white-group oaks in Arizona. 

  Observed on Quercus grisea in [March](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/40433323) and on Quercus arizonica in [August](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/56528943). 


description:
  Cecidomyia verbesinae Beutm.
  1907 Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bui. 23, p. 391
  The galls are budlike, rounded, obtuse, usually unilocular or sometimes flattened and occur on the flower heads of Verbesina alternifolia. Polygnotus actinomeridis Ashm. MS (Insect Life 4: 126) was apparently reared from this gall. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=37
description:
  Plagiotrochus cornigerus O. S. 
  Agamic form, cornigerus O. S.

  Irregular, ovoid, horned woody twig and branch galls, dia. 1-3 cm.

  Adults in April. 

  On Q. rubra, Q. palustris, Q. imbricaria, Q. ilicifolia. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=37
description:
  Plagiotrochus cornigerus O. S. Bisexual form 

  Ovoid, whitish leaf galls, 1.5 - 2.5 mm long, along midrib or major veins.

  Adults in July.

  On Q. rubra, Q. palustris, Q. imbricaria, Q. ilicifolia. 

  [Ovoid,](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=162&skin=2021&q1=punctatus) whitish galls, along midrib or larger veins, 1/15 to 1/10 inch long, on Spanish oak, pin and scrub oaks, early summer, sexual generation, gall wasp


description:
  Gall. This species was reared from an elongate fusiform swelling on the stem of Asclepias incarnata. It occurs invariably at the joint and on that account presents a symmetrical appearance, which at first sight appears normal. The galls usually contain two larvae, one on each side of the septum of the joint.


description:
  Gall. 
  Infested stems can usually be discerned by a somewhat abnormal thickening, though occasionally a badly infested stem may be nearly twice the usual size. The female appears to deposit eggs in a small slit in the stem, the larva usually tunneling the pith and frequently excavating a channel just beneath the surface


description:
  Life History. Smooth oval leaf gall (Fig. 221) on *Laportea canadensis*. The gall is about 8.0-12 mm long and 4.0-5.0 mm wide. There are two generations a year, the full grown larva from the autumn generation overwinters in the central chamber of the gall.


description:
  Contarinia phytolaccae Plakidas is a multivoltine species which attacks the flower blossoms of Phytolacca americana Linnaeus. Infested blossoms do not open and are larger than uninfested ones (Fig. 8). The first generation occurs in early June and ends in October with the larvae overwintering in the soil.


description:
  The larvae of Ametrodiplosis fulvescens Plakidas are found actively feeding in fuzzy, oval leaf galls on Eupatorium perfoliatum from July through August. This gall is described in Gagné (1989) page 137 as a "hemispherical leaf swelling" "about 5.0 mm in diameter".


description:
  Life history. The larvae of Ametrodiplosis fistulosae Plakidas are in tubular leaf galls on Monarda fistulosa from June through August. The galls are 2.0 mm wide and 4.0 mm long, extending above the upper surface of the leaf. Larvae overwinter in the soil.


description:
  Life history. Contarinia rudbeckiae Plakidas is a multivoltine species whose larvae live at the base of the sepalsflush with the rim of the flower disc of Rudbeckia laciniata Linnaeus. One to three larvae develop in the infested area. The first generation occurs in the mid-July when the flowers first begin to develop and ends in early September with the larvae leaving the galls and overwintering in the soil.


description:
  *Schizomyia vernoniae* Plakidas is a univoltine species which attacks the flower blossoms of *Vernonia noveboracensis* (Linnaeus). Infested flower heads have no apparent gall formation and are only slightly larger than uninfested flower heads.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=34
description:
  Acraspis gemula Bass.
  var. gemula Bass.
  Bi-sexual form, gemula Bass.

  Gall, egg-shaped, in buds or surrounded by deformed bracts.

  Adults, May.

  On Q prinoides.

  Cynips fulvicollis Fitch
  Bi-sexual form, pallipes bass.

  Gall, egg-shaped, inside buds or deformed or dwarfed leaf clusters.

  Adults, April, May.

  On Q alba, michauxii


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=34
description:
  Acraspis gemula Bass.
  var. gemula bass.
  Agamic form, prinoides Beutm.

  Gall, globular, spined, monothalamous, on leaves.

  Adults, Dec.

  On Q prinoides


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=34
description:
  Acraspis pezomachoides O.S.
  var. erinacei Beutm.
  Bisexual form, bicolens Kins.

  Gall, seed-like, egg-shaped, in buds.

  Adults, May.

  On Q alba.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=34
description:
  Andricus clavigerus O.S.
  Agamic form, clavigerus OS

  Irregular, ovoid, horned, woody twig or branch galls, dia 1-3 cm.

  Adults in May

  On Q phellos


description:
  Contarinia negundinis produces a swelling at the base of the leaf buds of Acer negundo Linnaeus. I have never reared adults. The galls occur in April and early May and the larvae quickly leave the galls and drop to the soil where they overwinter.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=34
description:
  Andricus palustris OS
  Bi-sexual form, palustris OS

  Gall hollow, succulent, dia 3-12 mm, singly or in clusters on young buds, aments, petioles and leaf blades.

  Adults, mid May to June 4. 

  On Q coccinea, falcata, palustris, phellos, rubra, velutina, ilicifolia, imbricaria, marilandica


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=34
description:
  Andricus palustris OS
  Agamic form, compressus Gill.

  Gall small, globular, dia 2-3 mm, on under surface of leaf, pinkish, wax-like, solid.

  Adults, April or early May.

  On Q coccinea, falcata, palustris, phellos, rubra, velutina, ilicifolia, imbricaria, marilandica


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=35
description:
  Callirhytis futilis OS
  Agamic form, radicola DT

  Gall, larval cells in scurfy bark of roots.

  Adults, April.

  On Q alba, bicolor, prinoides, prinus [montana], stellata


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=35
description:
  Callirhytis futilis OS
  Bi-sexual form, futilis OS

  Gall, blister-like, subglobular swellings on the leaf blade.

  Adults, June to July.

  On Q alba, bicolor, prinoides, prinus [montana], stellata


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=35
description:
  Callirhytis operator OS
  Agamic form, operatola Bass.

  Gall, seed-like galls at base of nut, inside cup.

  Adults, May.

  On Q rubra, coccinea, nigra, and ilicifolia


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=35
description:
  Callirhytis operator OS
  Bi-sexual form, operator Bass.

  Gall, large woolly. 

  On Q rubra, coccinea, nigra, and ilicifolia


description:
  *Resseliella globosa* Plakidas is a univoltine species which produces a flower blossom gall on *Acalypha virginica* Linnaeus. Infested blossoms do not open and are larger in size than uninfested ones. The gall is illustrated in Gagné (1989) page 195.


description:
  The galls (Fig. 230) occur at the stem apex and incorporate the leaflets of *Laportea canadensis*. The polythalamous galls are about 2.0 cm long and house 3-5 larvae. There is one generation a year, with the larvae overwintering in the galls.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=35
description:
  Cynips fulvicollis Fitch [not certain this is a synonym]
  Agamic form, fulvicollis Fitch

  Gall, globular, smooth to pubescent, on leaves.

  Adults Nov, Dec

  On Q alba, michauxii


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=35
description:
  Cynips echinus OS
  var douglasii Ashm.
  Agamic form, douglasii Ashm

  Gall, squash-shaped, 5-11 short projections, on leaves.

  Adults, Nov

  On Q lobata


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=35
description:
  Cynips echinus OS
  var douglasii Ashm.
  Bi-sexual form, lobata McCracken & Egbert

  Gall, spherical, short, soft spines, on twigs.

  Adults, April

  On Q lobata


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=35
description:
  Neuroterus batatus Fitch
  Agamic form, batatus Fitch

  Gall, tuber-like, irregular, polythalamous stem swellings.

  Adults, April, May

  On Q alba

  Neuroterus batatus var. prini Kins.
  Agamic form, deprini Kins

  Gall as described for agamic forms on Q prinus [montana]

  Adults, April


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=36
description:
  Neuroterus batatus Fitch
  Bi-sexual form, bisexualis Kins

  Gall, moderate sized swellings of young stems and petioles.

  Adults, June

  On Q alba

  Neuroterus batatus var prini Kins
  Bi-sexual form, prini Kins

  Gall similar to that of noxiosus form vernalis on Q prinus [montana]

  Adults, June, July


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=36
description:
  Neuroterus noxiosus Bass
  Agamic form, noxiosus Bass

  Gall, irregular, elongate woody swellings of young stems and sometimes petioles

  Adults, late March to early May

  On Q prinus [montana], bicolor


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=36
description:
  Neuroterus noxiosus Bass
  Bi-sexual form, vernalis Kins

  Gall, nearly as above [irregular, elongate woody swellings of young stems and sometimes petioles]

  Adults, June to July 

  On Q prinus [montana], bicolor


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=36
description:
  Neuroterus tectus Bass
  Agamic form, abundans Kins

  Gall, most likely similar to bisexual generation, but on mid-vein of leaf.

  Adults, April and May

  Bi-sexual form tectus Bass

  Gall, small swellings of the stems of flower clusters, of petioles or of young stems

  Adults, June

  On Q prinoides


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=37
description:
  Plagiotrochus punctatus Bass
  Agamic form, punctatus Bass

  Irregular, ovoid, woody twig and branch gall, dia 1-3 cm.

  Adults in April.

  On Q rubra


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=37
description:
  Plagiotrochus punctatus Bass
  Bi-sexual form, 

  Blister-like leaf galls, on or near veins, length 1-2 mm.

  On Q rubra

  [Blister-like,](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=162&skin=2021&q1=punctatus) narrowly oval galls on or near the veins, length 1/25 to 1/12 inch, on Spanish oak, early summer, sexual generation, gall wasp.


description:
  A spherical plum gall on immature second year acorns. Light brown-red in color and rough in texture, resembling a Disholcaspis quercusglobulus gall. A cross section revealed a solid succulent interior with a single central larval cell. 

  Observed in Florida on Quercus nigra in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/83423315) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/83445365) and on Quercus hemisphaerica in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/84370542). 

  This gall is likely the agamic gall formed by the same wasp that induces [this leaf gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4197) in the spring.


description:
  These galls seem to frequently cooccur with Aceria nyssae galls, which are more apparent from the upper side of the leaf, so they can be easy to overlook.


description:
  Gall. Dark purplish, fusiform, frequently clustered bud galls with a length about I cm. and a diameter of .5 cm. Clusters of six or seven are not unusual though occasionally only three or four, or one or two may develop upon a shoot. One small shoot bore eleven galls ... The galls occur on the subterranean stems or root stalks of Aster macrophyllus [Eurybia macrophylla], pushing up through the dead leaves in the spring and when numerous preventing the development of the foliage. 


description:
  Gall. — This is a deformed or aborted, usually lateral branchlet forming a small rosette, frequently with the tip more or less recurved, length 1.5 cm., diameter 1 cm. 


description:
  Rosette-Bud-Gall Midge
  Rhopalomyia ericameriae

  This midge induces rosette bud galls with flaring and slightly recurved bracts on California goldenbush and Palmer's goldenbush. At first, leafy bracts are erect, but they recurve and turn brown with age.


description:
  This midge induces tightly clustered, yellow to whitish-yellow, globular galls on the needles of Bald Cypress.

  Observed in Louisiana in [October](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/61699746) and [August](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/57966964).


description:
  T. cupressi forms the flowerlike galls on the leaves of bald cypress, figured on page 46 in Felt, 1940.


description:
  The buds do not elongate and the larvae remain covered by the apparently unmodified bud scales. The branch tips turn brown and die when the larvae cease feeding. The larva pupates in the bud and adults emerge a short time later. Both species are multivoltine.


description:
  Janetiella coloradensis, new species.


  Gall. — Length 4 to 5 mm., diameter 3 mm. This is a more or less regular, oval swelling at the base of the needles, containing near the center, a smooth, oval cell some 3 mm. long. 


description:
  Xanthoteras sp.
  Crystalline-Tube-Gall Wasp

  [Russo notes that his Crystalline-Tube-Gall Wasp differs from [Xanthoteras pungens](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3444) only in being found on the lower rather than the upper side of the leaf.]

  Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia, pungens, turbinella

  The beautiful, tubelike, monothalamous galls of this wasp occur on the ventral lateral veins on leaves of Mexican blue, sandpaper and shrub live oaks. The surface is coated with crystalline granules, which appear to be crusted hairs.

  Range: Payson, Santa Catalina mountains, AZ


description:
  Clustered-Flower-Gall Wasp
  Unknown #34

  Hosts: Quercus emoryi

  The individual monothalamous galls that develop are smooth, mostly glabrous and protrude from among anthers still showing.


description:
  Leafy-Flower-Gall Wasp
  Unknown #35
  [Page 164]

  Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia

  This wasp induces galls near the terminus of branches where flowers form on Mexican blue oak. The initial appearance of these galls is a collection of aborted leaves in disarray with noticeable anthers among the leafy bracts.


description:
  Andricus balanella
  Acorn-Cup-Gall Wasp

  Hosts: Quercus emoryi

  Galls of this wasp protrude either from the outer or inner edge of the acorn cup of Emory oak. These mottled green and dark brown monothalamous galls are glabrous, smooth, glossy and often covered with honeydew.


description:
  Gall (pl. 1, fig. 4): A thin-walled, conical, tan gall measuring up to 2.2 mm long by 1.0 mm. in diameter, developed from a filament and bearing distally trace of a shriveled anther, scattered in among normal stamens in a much-shortened inflorescence.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  Disholcaspis spissa

  Quercus arizonica, havardi, reticulata [rugosa], subturbinella [turbinella]
  Stem galls 
  Detachable 
  Fig 54. 


description:
  Gall: An abrupt woody swelling about 30 mm. in diameter, thought to be a "root gall", containing many separable cells


description:
  Acorn-Cup-Gall Wasp
  Andricus prescotti

  Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia, Quercus arizonica, Quercus rugosa, Quercus turbinella, Quercus gambelii

  If acorns are examined closely, one might notice small, glossy, beige, or chestnut-brown chambers emerging from the sides of acorn cups, or large holes if they have dropped out. 

  Range: Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15672479#page/375/mode/1up
description:
  Gall (p. 17, fig 15). —A bare, smooth ellipsoidal gall, 5.0 mm. long by 2.9 mm. in diameter with a nipple at the apex, protruding from a shallow depression in the side of the acorn cup and dropping to the ground when mature in late summer, and then showing a girdle of hairs at the base. From one to eight on an acorn. Monothalamous.


description:
  Pear-Gall Wasp
  Andricus sp.
  [Page 165]

  Hosts: Quercus gambelii

  This wasp induces pear-shaped galls that usually occur in clusters of two to four at the terminal acorn buds of new branches on Gambel oak in late spring. Galls measure 5-8 mm long by 3-4 mm in diameter and are covered with tightly appressed hairs except where the gall has been contacted and the hair has been worn off.


description:
  Erupting-Stem-Gall Wasp
  Antron daileyi

  Hosts: Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, rugosa, turbinella

  This wasp induces clusters of galls on stems of shrub live, Arizona white, Mexican blue, Toumey and netleaf oaks that stand out from normal branch tissues. Galls are fawn- to chestnut-brown, glabrous and slightly pitted.

  Range: Payson, AZ


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56138670#page/200/mode/1up
description:
  Antron daileyi Lyon, new species

  Range: El Paso cty TX

  Host: Quercus pungens. Galls of this type were also seen on Q arizonica, grisea, and oblongifolia, but no wasps were reared from them.

  Gall.--Fig 17. Monothalamous, thin-walled blisters that burst from cracks in the bark of twigs; galls are smooth, tan, 5-7 mm long. Adult females emerged 23-26 Mar and oviposited in unopened, dormant buds.


description:
  Andricus spicatus
  Brown-Fig-Gall Wasp

  Hosts: Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi

  The fig-like, individual galls of this wasp occur in tight clusters of a dozen or more on stems of Arizona white, Mexican blue and Toumey oaks. The surface of the galls is striated with small fissures and micro-bumps. The monothalamous galls are deep wine or purple-brown and glabrous.

  Range: Santa Catalina mountains, AZ


description:
  Pointed-Bract Gall Midge
  Walshomyia sp. D

  Swollen terminal buds made of pointed buds with elongated shoots or tips protruding from the main gall body on incense cedar. Galls are polythalamous, bright green, with long, pointed bracts, and measure 15-20 mm long by 7 mm wide.


description:
  Crystal-Gall Wasp
  Unknown #59
  [Page 202]

  Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia

  Galls of this wasp species occur on the underside of leaves of Mexican blue oak. These monothalamous galls look like they are covered with crystalline granules that appear to be made of white hairs.


description:
  Integral, elongate, ribbed galls on midribs of Quercus phellos. The reddish galls cause the leaves to contort and wrinkle into a spindle shape.

  Observed in North Carolina in [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/73764690) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/73764692), and Virginia in [April](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/74317009).


description:
  Abrupt, cream-colored galls seen on the developing fruits of Physocarpus opulifolius. The galls swell on the fruits and the petiole, creating noticeable swellings.

  Seen in Michigan in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/52373057). The galls are induced by a Contarinia species based on this Bugguide [report](https://bugguide.net/node/view/735802/bgimage).


description:
  Bud-Gall Midge
  Asphondylia enceliae
  [Page 230]

  This midge induces white, wooly, globular monothalamous bud galls along the leafy stems of brittlebush (Encelia farinosa) and California brittlebush (E. californica).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16152993#page/788/mode/1up
description:
  Asphondylia bacchariola Gagne, new species

  Holotype.--Third instar, from apical leaf fascicle gall of Baccharis pteronioides. AZ

  Gall (Fig. 1). — Each gall is made up of several leaves forming a conical, one-celled cylinder about 4 mm long and contains a single larva or pupa. Galls appear singly at the apices of branches, are green at first, but turn brown after the single larva in each gall changes to the pupal stage. The interior gall surface is covered with a white fungal mycelium while the larva is alive.

  Additional galls from Baccharis bigelovii similar to those from B pteronioides but without gall midge specimens are tentatively referred to A bacchariola. AZ.

  Distribution. — Arizona and western Texas.

  Hosts. — Baccharis pteronioides and possibly B. bigelovii. The gall is similar on both plants but no gall midge specimens were found on the latter host to make a positive identification.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16152993#page/790/mode/1up
description:
  Neolasioptera baccharicola Gagne

  This species forms a hard, woody gall at the base of the stem of B. halimifolia. It is known only from a series reared from galls taken at Virginia Beach, Virginia, V-1960, by F D. Bennett (Gagne 1971).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16152993#page/790/mode/1up
description:
  Neolasioptera lathami Gagne

  Galls (Fig. 2) of this species can be found near the base of the plant as well as among apical branches of B. halimifolia, B. neglecta, B. salicina, and B. sarothroides. This species has two or more generations per year. It is known from New York south to Florida and west to Texas and Arizona (Gagne 1989). Palmer and Bennett (1988) recommended this species for introduction into Australia to control B. halimifolia, and Diatloff and Palmer (1987) reported on its biology and host specificity.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16134911#page/180/mode/1up
description:
  Neolasioptera rostrata Gagne, new species

  Neolasioptera rostrata produces an enlargement of the receptacle of either male or female flowers of fl. halimifolia (Fig. 11). The gall is usually single-celled with one single larva. Two of the 227 galled flowers dissected during this work contained two larvae, each in its own cell and separated from the other by a thin wall. The full-grown larva is curled in a circle and fills the chamber. The gall in the receptacle is not apparent externally until the mature larva pushes the top of the gall into a conical shape and forms an exit hole at the apex. The hole is then covered with a silky membrane presumably produced by the larva. The larva then pupates or diapauses. Fifteen galls measured 0.69 ±0.12 mm wide by 1.06 ± 0.20 mm high (.y ± SD).

  Hosts and Distribution.--MD on B halimifolia; FL on B glomeruliflora; TX on B halmifolia and B neglecta; NM on B salicina; and Dominican Republic on B myrsinites

  The development of the midge is closely related to the bud and flower development of its host. In Maryland, adults emerged in August and September, 1984 from flowers collected in October of the previous year. Emergence coincided with normal flowering of B. halimifolia in Maryland. In 1987, galls were first observed in Texas on September 24, in male flower buds at two of three lo- cations (Table 1). Male flowers were probably attacked first because they developed sooner and were larger than female flowers. Pupae were present in both male and female flowers on October 14 at Port Lavaca. Empty galls, indicating previous adult emergence, were found on October 28, the only sample date when A', rostrata was present in both male and female flowers at all plots. 

  Of 600 senescent or blooming flowers sampled, 151 contained galls (25.2% infestation). The actual infestation rate was probably smaller because most of the senescent flowers had already dropped from the plant by that date and were uninfested. Of the 151 galls, adult midges had emerged from 37. Eight others contained pupae, nine contained small larvae, and 97 contained medium or large larvae. The presence of galls in the receptacles did not appear to affect pollen or seed production. Adult emergence in late October indicated the probability of a second generation. The small larvae present at that time were probably the progeny of the last adults of the first generation to oviposit. 

  On November 10, all male flowers had dropped, but some senescent female flowers remained on the shrubs. Of the 300 flowers sampled, 53 were galled (17.7% infestation) and contained medium to large quiescent larvae. Only a few empty galls or galls containing larvae were found in each of the following months through February, 1988 when sampling was discontinued. 


description:
  TUBE-GALL MIDGE "Contarinia" sp.  Pl[ate]s 389 & 390

  This midge induces clusters of bristle-covered, round to tubular, monothalamous bud galls on the stems of catclaw ...  Fresh galls are usually green and round with soft bristles.


description:
  Petiole-Gall Wasp
  Unknown

  This petiole gall wasp induces spindle-shaped, integral, monothalamous galls at the base of new leaf baring petioles of catclaw.


description:
  Gall. — These are green, glabrous, cortical stem swellings which, as they age, become brown and present a very close resemblance to a group of Lecaniums. The gall has a height of about 2 mm. and a diameter of 3.5 mm., the midge escaping through a circular apical orifice.


description:
  Jellybean-Gall Midge
  Rhopalomyia glutinosa

  This midge induces globular, shiny, lime-green or black, monothalamous stem galls. These hard, flat-topped glutinous blobs measure 3 mm high by 4 mm wide.


description:
  Acalitus longisetosus

  Erineum roseum
  Phytoptus longisetosus

  Hosts: Betula pendula, pubescens

  Relationship: Erineum rosum, nerve angle protrusion

  Range: [Europe; not listed in North America]


description:
  Irregular green bumps on the lower side of the leaves of Parthenium integrifolium, densely covered in white erineum. 

  Observed in Illinois in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/83638771) and [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/85731290). 


description:
  Eriophyes dinus

  Hosts: Nyssa sylvatica

  Two species of Eriophyes infest tupelo. Eriophyes dinus is responsible for the irregularities of the leaf margin, which consist of thickened rolled edges with one or two windings, and the transforming of the leaf tip into a twisted or spiral tube. At first the colonized areas are the same color as the rest of the leaf, later becoming reddish, and finally brown. The thickness of the leaf roll is variable, and the whole length of the leaf margin may become infested, producing an attractive crinkly, wavy leaf. Rolled edge leaf sometimes has beadlike galls colonized by beadlike galls colonized by Eriophyes nyssae. These galls, which also occur on the upper surface of the leaf, are small and may be solitary or coalesced. 


description:
  Eriophyes nyssae

  Hosts: Nyssa sylvatica

  Two species of Eriophyes infest tupelo. Rolled edge leaf sometimes has beadlike galls colonized by beadlike galls colonized by Eriophyes nyssae. These galls, which also occur on the upper surface of the leaf, are small and may be solitary or coalesced. 


description:
  Cenalox nyssae

  Hosts: Nyssa sylvatica

  [Galls] caused by C nyssae are small, rounded pockets filled with erineum; the galls appear alongisde the midrib at angles of lateral veins [and] form slight swellings on the upper surface of the leaves.


description:
  [T]wo distinctive species, Cenalox nyssae and C. conyssae also infest túpelo. Specimens were found recently on the underside of the leaves in galls along the midribs and veins. The simple distinctions of the two galls concern their form, position, and texture. Those caused by C. nyssae are small, rounded pockets filled with erineum; the galls appear alongside the midrib at angles of lateral veins. <b>The C. conyssae galls are rough, open pockets filled with fleshy lobes, and they appear alongside the veins. Both galls form slight swellings on the upper surface of the leaves.</b>

  [no photo provided of C. conyssae] 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/180/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes sp.

  Nyssa

  A narrow infolding of the leaf margin upon the upper surface, dark brown when dry, elegantly scalloped.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/179/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes nyssae

  Nyssa

  Small, round capsule gall on the leaf, often lobed above, conical below, with an opening at the apex


description:
  Ectoedema [sic] populella 
  Aspen petiole gall moth

  Hosts: Poplar. Populus grandidentata, tremuloides

  Globular to cylindrical, pea-sized galls form on the petioles just below the leaf-blade. Galls are the same color as the petiole and mostly 4 to 7 mm in diameter, but a few reach 10 mm in diameter. Heavily infested trees may have galls on nearly every leaf petiole. Heavy attacks cause early leaf fall in many shelterbelts or on shade and ornamental trees, but the impact generally is light.

  Range: North central and northeastern US and from Manitoba to the Maritime Provinces in Canada


description:
  Gnorimoschema baccharisella
  Coyote brush gall moth

  Hosts: Baccharis pilularis

  The larva bores into the apex of the growing terminal for a short distance and seals the entrance completely with frass. A hollow gall forms around the larva, beginning at the farthest point of the larval entry. The twig usually continues to grow, leaving the mature gall some distance from the tip. The gall is short, cylindrical, often spindle-shaped, and may persist for several years. Its outside wall resembles and is confluent with the bark of the stem. Mature galls are 17 to 36 mm long. Later, the larva chews an exit hole in the gall. The larva deposits frass at the apical end of the gall during most of its development. Galls are prevalent and can be found on nearly all plants in heavily infested areas. Infested twigs die and fall off, causing noticeable pruning.

  Range: very limited known distribution in the San Francisco and Berkeley areas and southern Monterey County in CA


description:
  Aegomorphus morrisi

  Hosts: Tupelo. Has been found in water tupelo and blackgum (Craighead 1923, Lugger 1884). Yellow-poplar has been mentioned as a host, but this report seems questionable (Beutenmuller 1896)

  Injury and Damage: Small to large areas of loosened bark, sometimes with coarse frass protruding from bark openings provide good evidence of infestation. Removing the bark reveals a large irregular cavity 5 to 8 cm in diameter packed with fibrous frass. Splitting an infested stem reveals the entrance and cavity under the bark, gallery, and exit. Bark scars resulting from previously healed attacks consist of rather large patchy scars with small round scars directly above. Attacks have been found on saplings from about 5 to 12 cm in diameter and at heights from slightly above ground to about 1.8 m. Populations are small and widely scattered; thus, overall damage has been minor. 

  Range: Reported only from a few widely scattered areas in eastern North America including South Carolina, Missouri, Pennsylvania, and Canada (Blatchley 1910, Craighead 1923). More recently, it has been observed in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas, loessal bluffs of Mississippi, and river bottomlands of Florida. 


externallink: http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Neopulvinaria%20innumerabilis%20innumerabilis/
description:
  Neopulvinaria innumerabilis innumerabilis (Rathvon, 1854) 
  cottony maple scale

  Coccus innumerabilis Rathvon 1854: 256. Type data: U.S.A.: Pennsylvania, Lancaster County, on Siver Maple and Linden trees
  Lecanium acericorticis Fitch 1861: 775. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Salem, west border of Jarvis Martin's woods, on maple
  Lecanium acerella Rathvon 1876: 101. Type data: U.S.A.: Pennsylvania, Lancaster County, on maple [=Acer] branches
  Pulvinaria innumerabilis (Rathvon, 1854); Putnam 1880: 293. change of combination
  Pulvinaria tinsleyi King 1900d: 360. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, near Roswell, on Celtis sp.
  Neopulvinaria imeretina Hadzibejli 1955: 233. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA
  Neopulvinaria innumerabilis (Rathvon, 1854); Hodgson 1994a: 402. change of combination
  Neopulvinaria inumerabilis (Rathvon, 1854); Dervišević, et al. 2021: 1. misspelling of species epithet 

  Hosts: [many other plants in other genera] Acer negundo, nigrum, platanoides, rubrum, saccharinum

  Range: British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, AZ, AR, CA, CO, FL, GA, IL, IN, LA, MS, NJ, NM, NY, OR, PA, RI, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WI


externallink: https://wiki.bugwood.org/HPIPM:Pulvinaria_innumerabilis
description:
  Pulvinaria innumerabilis (Rathvon) 
  COTTONY MAPLE SCALE 

  Hosts: Silver maple, honeylocust, hackberry, linden and other hardwoods. 

  Cottony maple scale is one of the largest and the most conspicuous scale insect that occurs in the region. Adult females may swell to over 1/4 inch diameter when producing a large cottony egg sack. Adults and nymphs feed on plant sap of twigs and leaves, respectively.

  Cottony maple scale also excretes honeydew as it feeds. 

  The cottony maple scale spends the winter as adult, mated females on twigs and branches. During winter they appear as small, indistinguished dark lumps but begin to grow rapidly when they resume feeding in spring. A very large, wax-covered egg sack is ultimately produced by late spring, somewhat of the appearance of a marshmallow, and may contain over a thousand eggs. Eggs hatch from late June through July and the newly hatched crawlers settle on the undersides of leaves, usually near the midrib. During this leaf-feeding stage the nymphs are flattened with oval form and nearly translucent.

  Nymphs feed on leaves until late summer, migrating to twigs and small branches before leaves drop. They then molt for the last time, after which the females remain in place for the rest of their lives. Males are produced at this time which are mobile and mate with the females, dying afterwards. There is one generation per year. 


externallink: http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Pulvinaria%20acericola/
description:
  Pulvinaria acericola (Walsh & Riley, 1868)
  cottony maple leaf scale

  Lecanium acericola Walsh & Riley 1868
  Pulvinaria innumerabilis acericola (Walsh & Riley, 1868); Cockerell 1896b: 329. change of combination and rank 
  Pulvinaria acericola (Walsh & Riley, 1868); Fernald 1903b: 128. change in status (level) 

  Hosts: Ilex cornuta, crenata, opaca; Picris; Cornus florida; Nyssa sylvatica; Persea borbonia; Sassafras albidum; Acer negundo, rubrum, saccharinum

  Range: AL, AR, CT, DC, FL, GA, IN, IO, LA, MD, MI, MN, MS, NY, NC, OH, OK, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA, WV


description:
  This species was formerly a subspecies of Pulvinaria innumberabilis, which may be why scales found on stems are sometimes attributed to this species. To our knowledge, this is incorrect and P acericola is found only on leaves. 

  Host species may not be sufficient for a definitive ID as scales in this genus are morphologically similar and highly polyphagous. 


description:
  Host species may not be sufficient for a definitive ID as scales in this genus are morphologically similar and highly polyphagous. 

  Quercus alba added as a host based on this observation in Michigan in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/84029012).


externallink: https://wiki.bugwood.org/HPIPM:Parthenolecanium_corni
description:
  Parthenolecanium (= Lecanium) corni (Bouche) 
  EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM (Brown Soft Scale)

  Hosts: European fruit lecanium has a very wide host range including many deciduous trees and shrubs. Elm and stone fruits (Prunus) are the most common hosts. 

  European fruit lecanium is a soft scale that feeds on the phloem of small branches. European fruit lecanium is also capable of producing large amounts of honeydew, which can be a serious nuisance problem and favor the growth of sooty mold.

  Coinfestations with other scales can occur, particularly mixed populations with European elm scale. The European elm scale can be identified by having a covering that is dome-shaped, dark brown, and fairly smooth. 


externallink: http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Parthenolecanium%20corni%20corni/
description:
  Parthenolecanium corni corni (Bouché, 1844)

  [dozens of synonyms, hosts, and range reports listed; see site]


externallink: http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Cerococcus%20quercus/
description:
  Cerococcus quercus Comstock, 1882

  Hosts: Quercus agrifolia, dumosa, engelmannii, oblongifolia, wislizeni

  Range: AZ, CA, DC [dubious given host species]


description:
  Contarinia sp.

  Host: Nyssa sylvatica

  Swollen, staminate flower
  Swellings are fruitlike, the pedicellate stamens in a circle around the periphery. [illustration provided in book]

  Range: MD


description:
  Cartodiplosis nyssaecola

  Host: Nyssa sylvatica

  Marginal leaf folds
  This species was originally believed to cause this gall, which is actually formed by Phylloxera nyssae. C nyssaecola is a predator on the phylloxeroids.

  Range: NY and MD


description:
  Cecidomyiid

  host: Nyssa sylvatica

  Swollen twigs
  Swellings are reportedly about 6 cm long.

  Range: VA


description:
  Acericecis ocellaris

  Hosts: Chiefly Acer rubrum; also A pensylvanicum, saccharinum, saccharum, spicatum; typical spots occur on A circinatum from OR and WA but larvae of the gall midge have not been reported.

  Circular, usually red, leaf spot, each with one exposed larva on under side of leaf

  Spots are about 5 mm in diameter, usually red, but sometimes green or yellow, and evident in spring as soon as leaves are fully expanded.

  Range: eastern (and possibly throughout) North America


description:
  Dasineura aceris

  Host: Acer saccharinum

  Crumpled leaf
  Damage usually occurs on expanding leaves, which grow distorted and crumpled.

  Range: Ontario to WI, south to MD and KS


description:
  Dasineura communis 

  Hosts: Acer pensylvanicum, rubrum, saccharum

  Crumpled leaf or vein pouch; on other maples [ie not Acer saccharinum], chiefly Acer rubrum
  More than one distinct type of damage has been attributed to D communis, but the various kinds may be caused by more than one species of gall midge. 

  The pouches, usually situated next to a major vein, open to the upper leaf surface and may be long and narrow to short and pea-shaped.

  Range: ME to WI south to MD and MO


description:
  Contarinia negundinis

  Host: Acer negundo

  Folded or swollen leaflet or swollen leaf bud
  Damage occurs in early spring when leaves are expanding. The feeding site of the larvae, in the bud at the base of developing petioles or, more commonly, the leaflets, evidently depends on the tissue available when eggs are laid.

  Range: MA to Saskatchewan, south to VA and IL


description:
  Contarinia sp.

  Host: Acer negundo

  Globular pouch gall along veins
  These reddish, inconspicuous galls appear in June on the upper side of fully expanded leaflets and result from an inpocketing of the leaflet. Each gall contains a single larva.

  Range: MD


description:
  Cecidomyiid

  Host: Acer negundo

  Rough, irregular twig swelling
  The swelling is reportedly 2-4 cm long (Felt 1940)


description:
  *Contarinia sp.* and *Dasineura sp.*

  Host: *Acer rubrum*

  Yellow and red marginal leaf fold
  One or two larvae of either genus, but usually of *Contarinia*, are found in each of these folds, visible in early spring after the leaves are fully expanded. [illustration shows galls similar to those of *[Macrodiplosis erubescens](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1053)* on oak leaves]

  Range: CT and NY to MD


description:
  Dasineura sp.

  Host: Acer rubrum

  Veins at junctures on underside of leaf expanded and compressed against the leaf surface [illustration shows galls in the vein angles]
  Galls are visible only from the underside of the leaf. They appear in spring, and each contains one larva.

  Range: MD


description:
  A. ambrosiae forms fuzzy, globose bud galls on Ambrosia spp. Pupation takes place within the galls.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16310692#page/65/mode/1up
description:
  *Contarinia partheniicola*

  *Contarinia partheniicola* forms whitish, woolly, cupulate galls 5-8 mm long and 4-5 mm wide. Previously reported only from *Parthenium, incanum*, the type host, it is now known to occur on *Ambrosia* spp....R. D. Goeden writes (pers. comm.) that the galls on *Ambrosia* are formed singly or in small groups on various parts of the shoots, e.g., on axillary buds along the stems, on the young leaves, on the staminate florets, and along the rachis of the inflorescence.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16310692#page/68/mode/1up
description:
  Neolasioptera ambrosiae

  N. ambrosiae is hard to find because there is usually no apparent gall or only the slightest swelling; occasionally, it causes a noticeable fusiform swelling on the small side branchlets. One to several larvae occur in a stem where they crawl up and down silken tubes where the pith would normally be. Before pupation, the larva cuts a hole almost all the way through the twig and retracts into the pith, where it overwinters. In spring the larva pupates, and the adult emerges a short time later.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16310692#page/68/mode/1up
description:
  Rhopalomyia ambrosiae

  CE Stegmaier, Jr writes that R ambrosiae forms a bud gall on the terminal tips of A artemisiifolia. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16145221#page/257/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis capronae, new species

  Host. — Quercus subturbinella Trelease.

  Gall. — Globular, 8 to 18 mm. in diameter, attached to midrib or strong vein on under side of leaf. Its straw-yellow color with vertical purple streaks makes it a beautiful object when fresh. The outer shell is about half a millimeter thick and crinkly radiating fibers support a central larval cell.


description:
  Striatoandricus cuixarti n. sp.

  [Photos of this gall appear on page 12 of the document]

  Gall (Fig. 7b–e): Located in the lower part of the central nerve of the leaf. It appears as a pubescent circular ball of small size (6–9 mm long by 5–6 mm wide), cream-colored sometimes purple. The 2mm thick pubescence is not brittle and completely covers the larval chambers.

  Biology: Only asexual females are known. The galls appear in July and the adults emerge in March or April of the following year.

  Host: It occurs on Q. frutex Trel. (section Quercus).

  Distribution: México (Hidalgo and Estado de México).


description:
  A tightly pinched linear opening visible on the upper side of Betula lenta leaves. Placement on veins or lamina, as well as any structure on the lower side of the leaf, are unclear.

  Observed in Pennsylvania in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82439788).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=263&q1=crataegus
description:
  Trishormomyia crataegifolia
  Thorn coxcomb gall

  Host: Crataegus

  Coxcomb leaf gall, green and red, length 0.5 inch, midge, summer


description:
  Can be confused with the Phytoplasma disease Aster Yellows; see [this article](https://bygl.osu.edu/node/881) and [this more detailed research presentation poster](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360450523_The_coneflower_rosette_mite_Eriophyoidea_new_insights_into_an_established_pest_of_Echinacea_spp_Asteraceae) for tips on distinguishing them.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/213997#page/10/mode/1up
description:
  Aylax glechomae

  Hosts: Glechoma hederacea

  Galls. — Rounded galls (Figs. 1 and 2) on the leaves, petioles, or stems of Nepeta (Glechoma) hederacea, the ground-ivy (gill-over-the-ground). Monothalamous, or several galls fused. Each gall is 6-12 mm., more or less, in diameter, rounded, covered with a rather dense, stiff pubescence, reddish and green when young; when old becoming dry, brown, smooth, with a thin, papery covering separating more or less or entirely lost from the gall during the winter. The larval cell is central, held in place by rather abundant, very irregular, coarse fibers. 

  Range: Europe. ME, MA, CT, NY, NJ, OH, IN, IL

  Mayr first pointed out the synonymy of the European glechomae and Bassett's similis. The species was undoubtedly introduced into America from Europe, for its host, the ground-ivy, is of European origin.

  The galls appear in late May or early June. In this young condition they are eaten in France. The galls mature in late July and, as the plants begin dying off in September, the dried galls drop to the ground where they overwinter, being in large part decayed by springtime. The galls are heavily parasitized. The insects mature in the fall and overwinter as adults, not emerging, however, until the following April or May. Adler proved, by experimentally raising successive generations, that there is no alternation of generations with the species and, since the male is unknown, it is likely that reproduction is purely agamic, the eggs never being fertilized. 


description:
  Andricus atrimentus, new species

  Galls (Pl. XXIV, Figs. 15, 16) - Small, inflated capsules in the leaf-blade. Monothalamous. Spherical, 3-5, mm. in diameter, about smooth, leaf-green when fresh, soon paling, finally drying yellow-brown. Walls thin, a thin-walled larval cell about 1.5 mm in diameter is connected with the outside by a tangle of dense, not not definitely branched fibers. In the leaf-tissue, projecting about equally on either side, usually near the edge of very young leaves of Quercus douglasii.

  Range - California: Three Rivers, Redding.

  These galls develop early on the unfolding leaves, looking like small air-bubbles blown in the tissue. The galls were always very new and fresh when gathered, but were also practically mature. The development of this generation of the species must be a matter of only a month or two; the other generation is unknown. The adults were maturing, had not emerged, but did emerge at some date later than the dates of collecting the galls: March 23 at Three Rivers, and April 2 at Redding. Of 23 adults, 13 were females. This species resembles Andricus palustris form palustris (Osten Sacken) of the black oaks of the eastern part of the United States, and it might prove desirable to consider the two as varieties of one species. Morphologically the two are very similar, even in many minute details of venation, thoracic sculpture, abdominal and antennal characters; in atrimentus the parapsides are more convergent at the scutellum, the scutellum is less elongate, less rugose, with the foveal groove smoother and less distinctly bifoveate than in palustris. In the male of atrimentus the abdomen is not as small as in palustris. Atrimentus occurs on a white oak in one distinct faunal area; palustris on black oaks in a very different faunal area. It is exceedingly significant that the galls of the two species show similarity of structure, for as has been repeatedly shown the gall is an expression of the physiological nature of the insect. Physiologically then the two species are related,just as they are morphologically, but physiologically they differ even more markedly than morphologically. For though the galls are similar hollow bladders in the leaf, the Pacific Coast species does not have the thick and succulent walls of palustris; while the attached larval cell of atrimentus is distinctly unlike the remarkable, loose cell of palustris.Both forms are bisexual generations, developing very quickly in early spring on the unfolding leaves. The other generation of palustris, namely Andricus palustris form compressus (Gillette), is a wingless, agamic species forming a small, hollow, egg-shaped, separable gall on theleaves in late summer, the gall dropping to the ground in autumn, the insect emerging very early in the spring. It is not unlikely that atrimentus has a similar history, but it will be important that some one determine exactly what differences exist in the life-histories of the two-insects.


description:
  Andricus attractans, new species

  Galls (Pl. XXIV, Fig. 2). —Sticky cells protruding from buds. Each cell is monothalamous, about 2x3 mm., oval, but with rather flattened ends; only microscopically roughened, marbled red to dark green when fresh, drying brown; thin-walled, hollow. Under the bud scales, but often largely protruding; covered with a sticky secretion when fresh; often several in a bud; on Quercus wislizeni

  Range: —California: Redding.

  These galls are distinct in appearance from other Pacific Coast bud galls, but probably reach maturity in such a short time that they will need to be discovered at just the opportune season. The very sticky secretion on the surface proves attractive to ants, and likely attracts wasps and bees. I am surprised to find all of the thirteen adults bred are males, and am at a loss to explain the situation. The insect shows relations to some species of Neuroterus, but does not belong to the typical group of that genus.


description:
  Andricus gigas, new species

  Galls (Pl. XXIV, Fig. 14). --Small, brown, egg-shaped cells scattered in the aments. Each cell monothalamous, naked, only microscopically granulate, well pointed at the apex, thin-walled and hollow. Apparently tremendous enlarged anthers, about 1 mm in diameter by 2 mm. long. Scatteringly in aments of Quercus douglasii.

  RANGE.-California: Merced Falls.

  The galls were just maturing on March 28. Because of the location and structure of the galls, this form of the insect must complete its history in a month or two; there is undoubtedly an alternate generation, probably agamic.


description:
  Andricus pedicellatus, new species

  GALLS (P1. XXIV, Fig. 10).-Small, elongate capsules attached by a slender thread near the edge of the leaf. Monothalamous. The capsule is elongate, 5.-7.mm. long by 1.0-1.5 mm. wide; sharp-tipped but broadest near the tip, basally slender tapered, continuing into a slender, thread-like stem 5.-12. mm. long, evidently a continuation of a vein of the leaf. The capsules are thin-walled and entirely hollow. Attached either near the edge or farther from the edge to very young leaves of Quercus Douglasii.

  RANGE.-California: Three Rivers, Oroville.

  This species appears very early in the spring, as soon as small leaves come out of the opening buds. At Three Rivers the galls were just maturing. It is likely that this is the short-lived bisexual generation of a species having an agamic alternate generation which takes all but one or two months of the year to develop. The species is in many respects related to species like Neuroterus irregularis (Osten Sacken), N. majalis (Osten Sacken), and N. resiculus (Bassett), but those species do not represent typical Neuroterus Hartig.


description:
  Andricus perdens, new species

  GALLS (P1. XXIV, FFigs. 5-7). Stem swellings, raggedly split open, containing flattened seed-like cells. The swellings are 6.-13. mm. in diameter by 1.5-20. cm. long. Within are large cavities, 4 or 5 arranged more or less radially about the axis of the stem, and a great many in series along the stem, each cavity sector shape, extending to the bark, 10. mm. wide or less at the edge. Inserted on the wall of each cavity is a larval cell; each cell is monothalamous, flattened, a somewhat squared oval in outline, 4. mm. high by 3. mm. wide, broadest at the top; concave at the base with a projecting tongue by means of which the cell is inserted in the twig; cells smooth, shining, buff-yellowish, finely streaked, more or less, with purplish brown. The cell walls are shell-like, moderately thick, entirely hollow within. At maturity the bark splits raggedly over each cavity, the larval cell drops to the ground, and the affected twigs die. On terminal twigs of Quercus Kelloggii.

  RANGE.-Oregon: Ashland and Grants Pass. California: Gilroy (RedwoodSchool), Placerville and Ukiah.

  This is a very common cynipid throughout the Pacific Coast region, its presence being made noticeable because the leading shoots and ultimately the whole tree may be killed. I have seen small stands of young black oaks, possibly fifteen years old, almost completely killed out in this way. It has, however, been difficult to obtain the wasp, apparently because the larval cells fall out of the twigs before maturity; possibly the insect completes development and emerges only after it has been on the ground for some time. From galls collected from January through April no adults were obtained, and only two individuals which had failed to quite complete development were cut out of the few larval cells remaining in the twigs. A very similar if not specifically identical gall is found on Quercus Wislizeni.


description:
  Andricus perfoveatus, new species

  Galls (Pl. XXIV, Fig. 8). —Small, fleshy-walled capsules imbedded in the leaf-blade. Monothalamous. Spherical or more elongate, about 6. mm. in diameter (perhaps larger when fresh), leaf-green, drying brown, projecting about symmetrically from either surface of the leaf. The walls are thick, succulent, the cavity (in shriveled galls) about oval, 2. X 3. mm., with a distinct larval cell lining, but the cell inseparable (at least in the shriveled gall). On the very young leaves of Quercus kelloggii.

  Range: —California: Santa Rosa and Redding.

  At the time the galls were collected they were very fresh and succulent, on the very young, unfolding leaves of the black oaks, but inasmuch as adults emerged from some of these galls, in spite of their immediate shriveling on collecting, it would appear that the insects complete their development in a very short period in the early spring. Such species of cynipids are usually bisexual, so the male may yet be discovered for this species.


description:
  Andricus serricornis, new species

  Galls (Pl. XXIV, Fig. 3). —Dense clusters of grain-like cells, yellow or yellow-brown. Bithalamous, though often several galls will fuse; the whole cluster rounded or elongate-oval, containing 20 to 40 or more cells. The cells are thin-walled, almost wholly hollow except for the partition separating the larval chambers. Apparently modified anthers of aborted, compacted aments, the clusters sessile on the young twigs of Quercus wislizeni and Q agrifolia.

  Range: —California: Alpine, Three Rivers.

  Galls collected February 24 at Alpine showed the adults to have emerged at an earlier date, but galls collected at Three Rivers on the following March 23 did not give adults until some (unrecorded) later date. It is likely that the emergence dates of spring galls for more northerly latitudes or higher elevations are regularly later. Although I do not have adults from the galls on Q. agrifolia the galls appear so identical as to make the identification at least specifically certain. I secured 99 females and 49 males, which is not the usual ratio for a bisexual form in this group of Cynipidae. Because of the early appearance of the gallon an evanescent part of the plant it is probable that this species has an alternate, agamic generation. The galls of this species resemble those of Neuroterus pallidus Bassett of the eastern United States, but in that species the clusters are borne at the ends of the aments instead of sessile on the young twig, distorting the whole ament.


description:
  Andricus spectabilis, new species

  GALLS (P1. XXIV, Figs. 11, 12).-Elongate stem swellings. Polythalamous. Large, elongate, oval to spindle-shaped, averaging 2.5 cm. wide by 5.0 cm. long; large specimens of scarcely greater diameter will reach 11.0 cm. in length; covered with bark ofnatural color. Internally hard and woody, only the peripheral tissue being less com-pact than the normal stem wood; larval cells toward the center of the gall, oval, 3.by 5. mm., tissue almost not at all distinct from rest of wood; exit holes upon aging show a distinct, smoother area on the bark. On smaller stems of Quercus chrysolepis.

  Range: —California: San Jacinto Mountains, San Bernadino, Upland, Pasadena, Placerville, Auburn.

  The galls of this species have been mistaken for those of Andricus suttoni (Bassett) which occurs on Quercus agrifolia; and it is likely that all the records of suttoni occurring on Quercus chrysolepis apply actually to spectabilis. Though the galls of the two cynipids closely resemble each other, the insects are not similar, exhibiting what will be interpreted as generic differences when Andricus is subdivided. In several respects,such as the median depression of the scutellum, this species shows relations to Andricus pomiformis (Bassett). Adults emerged from galls at Placerville, California on March 30; but it is likely that there is an earlier emergence date for more southern material. The gall is prominent and very abundant wherever I have seen Quercus chrysolepis.


description:
  Bassetia ligni, new species

  GALLS (P1. XXIV, Fig. 1).-Cells within the wood of small twigs, usually not distorting the stem, or producing hardly noticeable swellings. Each cell is elongate-oval, about 1.0 by 2.5 mm., with a shell-like lining, distinct from but hardly separable from the wood; the cells lie wholly within the wood, which is not particularly modified; often a hundred or more are closely crowded in dense clusters. Exit holes, cleanly circular, about 0.5 mm. in diameter, disclose the infestation. On twigs of Quercus Douglasii.

  Range: —California: Galt.

  This very distinct genus regularly produces galls of about this simple type, and search for exit holes in otherwise undeformed twigs will prob-ably produce, as I have already experienced, more species of the group. Species have been obtained heretofore only from Georgia, Florida, Missouri, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico, but not from the Pacific Coast. Insects were still emerging at Galt on March 29, but apparently most of them had emerged previously. The galls were mostly in the two-year-old wood, only rarely in the wood of the previous summer; but whether it takes the species more than one year to develop I cannot say because it was not carefully determined at the time which galls were producing the emerging insects.


description:
  Neuroterus engelmanni, new species

  Galls (Pl. XXIV, Fig. 4). —Pustulate swellings embedded in the leaf-tissue; monothalamous, but often several galls confluent; about circular, averaging 1.2 mm. in diameter. The surface of the leaf not modified, the undersurface somewhat distended, the upper surface less so but very evidently swollen; thin-walled, hollow. On leaves of Quercus engelmannii.

  Range: —California: Alpine, Fallbrook.

  The galls were very abundant on the few trees on which they were found. On February 24 and 26 they contained only larvae. Of the two or three thousand insects bred from one of the lots of galls, only eleven gall-makers were recovered, the other insects being parasites. The galls closely resemble Neuroterus niger Gillette which occurs on Quercus macrocarpe, N. perminimus Bassett on Q. alba, N. papillosus Beutenmuller on Q. bicolor, and several other species which I shall describe from other species of oaks. The insects of these species show evident relationships morphologically, and it is of considerable significance to find the galls (an expression of the physiology of the insect!) similarly related. These species are certainly distinct, but it may be desirable at some time to label them varieties. Such "host varieties" are biologically important because of the material they may offer for experimental work on the possible effect of environment (the host) on the insect.


description:
  Neuroterus varians, new species

  Galls (Pl. XXIV, Figs. 17, 18). —Short, blunt, irregular stem swellings. Polythalamous. Distorted lateral stems, 5-12. mm in diameter, 6-35 mm. long, very rough, covered with bark of natural color; very irregular in shape; involving distorted buds, petioles or leaves. Internally the larval cells are closely compacted, located mostly at the periphery; cells oval, averaging 1.5 by 0.8 mm., but varying in size; cells with a distinct, shell-like lining which is not, however, separable. On Quercus lobata.

  Range: —California: Byron.

  This species shows a considerable variation in the size of the adults,the color of the legs, and the size of the areolet. All of the material, which gave almost eight hundred adults, was collected from a single tree; the smaller individuals appear structurally and almost entirely in regard to color indentical with the largest individuals, and what differences do exist show all the intermediate stages in still other individuals. So I have no doubt that these variations are all within a single species, but to avoid any chance of confusion I have sorted out a series of the largest individuals as paratypes.

  Adults emerged March 21, a couple of days after collecting the galls.


description:
  Thecodiplosis piniradiatae

  This gall midge induces elliptical, spindle-shaped galls at the base of Monterey pine needles. It has also been reported on Coulter and gray pines. 

  Hosts:
  Pinus radiate
  Pinus coulteri 
  Pinus sabiniana 


description:
  Disholcaspis (fungiformis) insulana, new species
  Agamic form

  Gall: A dense cluster of fungiform galls similar to those of [Disholcaspis fungiformis Kinsey](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/815). Usually topped with a slender and sharply pointed or broader tip. The base of the gall is rather small. Light red yellow when fresh, weathering to brown and black; entirely naked.

  Host: Quercus laeta, the peach-leaved-oak of the region.

  Range: San Luis Potosi: Rio Verde, 14 W, 5500' (types). Possibly restricted to this one mountain range west of Rio Verde, in the eastern part of San Luis Potosi.

  LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: December 6, 9. Before February 10, and on February 26. Most of the emergence in January ("before February 10"). 


description:
  A gall(?) that technically conforms to this description, with a markedly hairy surface and differing in being on a terminal rather than lateral bud, was seen on Quercus alba in Virginia in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82187633). 


description:
  This could be [the undescribed Polystepha](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1811) gall found on Quercus nigra and imbricaria. 


description:
  Amphibolips zacatecaensis Melika & Pujade-Villar, new species

  [Photos of this gall appear on page 6 of the pdf]

  Gall (Figs 15–17). A rather large, subglobose, slightly spindle-shaped oak bud gall, with a nipple at the top. The body of the gall is quite globose, with greatest diameter near middle of the gall, up to 5.0 cm and 6.8 cm in length; from the middle the gall gradually tapering to a point (nipple) at the top. The gall is very thin-walled, light brown when mature, with smooth and naked surface; spongious internally, with radiating filaments and a central ovate, hard-walled larval chamber, with largest length of 5.0–6.5 mm.

  Biology. Only the female is known, inducing galls on Quercus eduardi Trel. (Section Lobatae of Quercus, red oaks) which is found only in Mexico (Govaerts & Frodin 1998). The mature gall was collected in May and the dead adult wasp was cut out from the gall.


description:
  Amphibolips hidalgoensis Pujade-Villar & Melika, new species

  [Photos of this gall appear on page 6 of the pdf]

  Gall (Figs 18–20). A large, globose oak bud gall, with greatest diameter up to 6.5 cm. The gall is very thinwalled, light brown when mature, with smooth and naked surface; with spongy-like parenchyma and radiating filaments supporting the central, hard-walled ovate larval chamber, with largest length 5.0–6.5 mm

  Biology. Only females are known, inducing galls on Quercus crassipes Humb. & Bonpl. and Q. crassifolia Humb. & Bonpl., which are distributed in Mexico and Guatemala, and Q. candicans Humb., an endemic oak species to Mexico (all in Section Lobatae of Quercus, red oaks) (Govaerts & Frodin 1998, Pujade-Villar et al. 2009). The mature galls were collected in early June and adult wasps emerged soon after field collection. 

  Distribution. Currently known from Mexico: Hidalgo State, Acoxachitlan, Barrio de Tlacpac and Los Romeros; San Marcos, Tlaxcala. 

  Comments. This may represent the asexual generation [we reared about 50 females and no males emerged from the collected galls]. This is the first gallwasp species reared from Quercus crassipes (Pujade-Villar et al. 2009)


description:
  Atrusca capronae
  Striped-Oak-Apple-Gall Wasp

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella

  These monothalamous oak-apple galls, with their centrally located larval chambers supported by radial fibers, measure 15-20 mm in diameter. Galls usually have a white, gray, or rarely bluish background color with irregular, bold, maroon, or purple stripes.


description:
  Diplolepis spinosa

  Galls are usually found widely dispersed in patches of R. blanda or R. woodsii with one-three galls per plant (Fig. 2). Larval chambers are elongate and dispersed about the gall, but often are clustered near the centre (Fig. 3). Galls on both wild (Fig. 2) and domestic roses (Fig. 4) are spherical or irregularly rounded and clothed with stout, sharp spines, although sometimes the surface is smooth. Immature galls are yellowish-green and soft whereas mature galls are reddish-brown and so firm they are difficult to cut open. 


description:
  Diplolepis rosaefolii

  Mature galls are lenticular (Fig. 5), 2.0-2.5 mm thick and 3.0-5.5 mm in diameter, appearing as circular swellings protruding from both the adaxial and abaxial surface of leaflets. Galls are single chambered and occur either scattered over the surface of leaflets, or are so densely packed and coalesced that entire leaves are obscured.


description:
  Diplolepis polita

  Diplolepis polita is also a common galler on wild roses from western Canada where it is found along the Pacific coast on R. nutkana to central Quebec on R. acicularis. Mature galls are spherical, spinulose, single chambered and appear in clusters on the adaxial surface of leaflets (Fig. 6). Galls are frequently so dense that their weight causes leaves to droop. Galls are found on numerous varieties of R. rugosa (Shorthouse 1994).


description:
  Diplolepis radicum

  Although present in most regions, its galls are frequently overlooked because they form below the surface of the ground on the tips of shoots arising from rhizomes (Shorthouse 1988). Galls are variable in size and shape, but most are irregularly rounded and potato-shaped with numerous bulges (Fig. 7). The surface is smooth and tan to reddish brown throughout all stages of development.


description:
  Diplolepis rosae

  The surface is covered with thick tangles of yellowish green, mossy-like, hairy protuberances (Fig. 9) and when the galls become large and encircle the stem, all signs of the host leaf disappear. Single and multichambered galls are soft and succulent when immature, but become woody and  firm when mature


description:
  Diplolepis centifoliae

  Galls are small, spherical with a smooth surface, single chambered and scattered over the surface
  of leaflets. They are yellowish green when immature then turn either dark green to
  purplish red when mature and finally brown once dry. They are found on both the adaxial
  and abaxial surfaces of leaflets and are easily dislodged because the point of attachment is
  narrow.


description:
  Diplolepis mayri

  Galls are globular shaped and multichambered with numerous protuberances and average 2.0 cm in diameter. Some smaller, singlechambered galls are spherical and form on the surface of leaflets while larger, heavier galls cause the host leaf to droop. Immature to maturing galls are dark
  green and when they dry at the end of the season they are tan-gray. The surface of mature
  galls are either smooth or clothed with fine prickles.


description:
  Knot Grass-Gall Midge
  Edestochilus allioides

  This midge induces large, polythalamous, globular, integral galls on stems of knot grass (Paspalum distichum), a worldwide species. In spring, these galls are fleshy [and] green. The outside of the gall is covered with overlapping leafy bracts.


description:
  An elongate pocket gall running nearly the full length of the midrib of leaves of Myrica gale. 

  Observed in Ontario in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/84243874). 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=84
description:
  Antron echinus agamic 

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 108. Covered with stout blunt spines.

  Fig 108. Full-grown, red, in August. Contain adults in November. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=84
description:
  Antron echinus sex. gen.

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa
  Stem galls, bud galls
  Globular, succulent, green to red, 6 mm hollow, almost translucent. Adults emerge in late April or early May.

  [Figure caption for Antron echinus agamic] Kinsey says the bisexual generation is a succulent, green or wine-colored, globular bud gall with an almost translucent wall on Q, douglasii and dumosa in early spring, the adults emerging in April, after which the galls shrivel. Needs experimental verification. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=84
description:
  Andricus fullawayi

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, engelmanni, garryana, lobata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 109. Single or cluster, woolly. Upper side.

  Fig 109 On upper side on midrib, often erect, pubescence fluffy, exit hole at apex. Adults out Mar.20 (Descanso), Apr. 5 (Monrovia).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=84
description:
  Quercus agrifolia
  Leaf galls, integral
  Contiguous small blisters in parenchyma, tan, often completely aborting the terminal group of leaves. Fig 110. Adults out before May 15 (Lyon). 

  Fig 110 Small blister in parenchyma. Q-agrifolia. Adults emerge before May 15 (Berkeley).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=85
description:
  Dryocosmus bicornis

  Quercus agrifolia, wislizeni
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 113. Single, on vein, under side.

  Fig 113: Occur in fall on under side of leaf. Have been known to be so numerous they have been collected by the quart on a sheet spread under the tree. Leaves turn yellow and drop and trees look ragged in winter. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=85
description:
  Quercus chrysolepis
  Leaf galls, separable from leaf intact
  Many-rayed spangle, dia 3 mm, on under side in fall. Fig 115.

  115. Unknown gall. Q-chrysolepis. On under side of leaf in late fall.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=85
description:
  Callirhytis flora Weld

  Quercus agrifolia, wislizeni
  Leaf galls, integral
  Fig 116. Midrib and petiole swelling. June. Poly.

  Fig 116. Q-agrifolia, wislizeni, kelloggii. From galls collected May 25 adults had emerged and died in packet by August 14.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=85
description:
  Neuroterus fragilis Bass. 

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa
  Leaf galls, integral
  Fig 118. Abrupt parenchyma thickening.

  118. Q dumosa, durata, douglasii. Develop in early spring. Flies were emerging Mar. 51 (Santa Catalina Island); April 25 (Paso Robles); May 1 (Palo Alto). Had not emerged by May 10 at Ukiah.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=85
description:
  Unknown gall. 

  Quercus chrysolepis
  Leaf galls, integral
  Many cells in the inrolled edge of leaf. Fig 130.

  Fig 130. Q. chrysolepis. Galls collected on old leaves under tree in April, May, July and September were empty.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=85
description:
  Unknown gall. 

  Quercus chrysolepis, tomentella
  Leaf galls, integral
  Oval parenchyma thickening of leaf blade, 3 mm, exit hole above. Fig 120.

  Fig 120 Only empty galls seen May to September. May be the same as Fig. 128. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=85
description:
  Quercus agrifolia, wislizeni 
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Toadstool-shaped, usually single, erect, June. Fig 121.

  Fig 121 toadstool-shaped. Develop in May. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=85
description:
  Quercus durata, garryana
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Collapsed-cup spangle. Fall. Fig 122.

  Fig 122. Adults emerged Apr. 5 but have not been described. They are closely related to those reared from Fig. 135 [[Phylloteras cupella](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1258)].


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=85
description:
  Trichoteras perfulvum Weld

  Quercus chrysolepis
  Leaf galls, separable from leaf intact
  Cluster on midrib, depressed, tan.

  Fig 123. Q. chrysolepis in the fall. Develop in May and June. Contained pupae in November. Both living and dead adults were found when galls were cut open on Feb. 9.


description:
  Consequently, all 8 known species [in the genus Trichoteras] must be transferred to Andricus: perfulvum (Weld), comb. nov.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=85
description:
  [undescribed species]

  Quercus agrifolia, wislizeni
  Leaf galls, integral
  Elliptical parenchyma thickening, single, 3 mm long, single. Fig 129.

  Fig. 129. Q agrifolia and wislizeni. May be same as Fig. 125. 

  [undescribed species]

  Quercus agrifolia, wislizeni
  Leaf galls, integral
  Similar, in a row on midrib on under side of leaf. Fig 125.

  Fig. 125. On midrib of Q agrifolia and wislizeni. Fig. 129 may be the same in the parenchyma of the leaf.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=85
description:
  Unknown gall. 

  Quercus chrysolepis
  Leaf galls, integral
  Conical, red, 2-10 mm long, surface above it depressed. Fig 170. The terminal cluster of similar galls in Fig 126 may be the same thing.

  Fig. 126. Q. chrysolepis. This is thought to be a cluster on an aborted leaf. A single one on a leaf is shown in Fig. 170.

  Fig 170. Conical, red, on under side of leaf of Q. chrysolepis; above it the leaf surface is depressed. Single or in a cluster on aborted leaves so that it looks like a stem gall (Fig.126). Full-grown in June. Those collected in September to December have been empty.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=86
description:
  Quercus chrysolepis, vacciniifolia
  Leaf galls, separable from leaf intact
  Small sphere, dia 1.5, surface granulate, bursting out of a crack in midrib. Fig 131.

  Fig 131. Q. chrysolepis and vaccinifolia. Usually on upper surface of leaf.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=86
description:
  Quercus douglasii, durata, garryana
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Cylindrical spangle, 2 mm in dia, 2-3 mm high. Fig 135.

  Fig 135. Q-dumosa, durata, douglasii, engelmanni [sic, not the same listings as in the host index] • Slightly inrolled at rim. Adults were reared April 5 but not described as they could not be separated from the maker of a similar gall in Arizona.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=86
description:
  Andricus crenatus Weld.

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, engelmanni
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 136. Saucer-shaped disk, 4-5 mm, under side.

  Fig 136. On Q. dumosa, douglasii, engelmanii. They mature in August. Adults emerged Nov 10 (Colfax), Nov. 22 (Stanford) emerged and died by Dec. 15 (Los Gatos).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=88
description:
  Quercus chrysolepis
  Leaf galls, separable from leaf intact
  Similar [to [this gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2061)], slightly spiny, near leaf margin on under side. Fig 166.

  Fig 166 Unknown gall. Ellipsoid, slightly spiny, l.5 mm. in diameter. On under side of leaf of Q. chrysolepis near the edge. Only specimen from Yosemite. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=86
description:
  Unknown gall. 

  Quercus chrysolepis
  Leaf galls, separable from leaf intact
  Small sphere, hilum on top, brown, surface slightly striate. Spring. Fig 137.

  Fig 137. Q. chrysolepis. On upper or lower surface, brown, the surface slightly striate or wrinkled.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=86
description:
  Neuroterus engelmanni Kinsey. 

  Quercus engelmanni
  Leaf galls, integral
  Fig 139. Small cells in numbers on leaf.

  Fig 139. Q-engelmanni. The types emerged after Feb. 26 (Fallbrook).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=86
description:
  Unknown gall. 

  Quercus chrysolepis
  Leaf galls, separable from leaf intact
  Shallow saucer, 2.4-3.6 mm, ivory color, no cavity below larval cell. Fig 146 [sic]

  Fig 140. Q. chrysolepis. On lower side of leaf. No cavity under the larval cell as in [patelloides (Fig. 105).](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2103)


