# source

title: Association of Fungi with Some Insect Galls
author: Lekh R. Batra and Robert W. Lichtwardt
pubyear: 1963
link: https://www.jstor.org/stable/25083343
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Batra, Lekh R., and Robert W. Lichtwardt. “Association of Fungi with Some Insect Galls.” Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 262–278.


title: The identity and host plants of blossom midge in Hawaii (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Contarinia)
author: D. D. Jensen
pubyear: 1946
link: https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/db303bb9-ce2c-464f-93fa-c8dd80481b26
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Jensen, D.D. “The Identity and Host Plants of Blossom Midge in Hawaii (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Contarinia).” Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, vol. 12, no. 3, 1946, pp. 525–534.


title: Crop Knowledge Master: Contarinia maculipennis
author: Arnold H. Hara and Ruth Y. Niino-DuPonte
pubyear: 2002
link: http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/bloss_midgei.htm
license: Public Domain / CC0
licenselink: https://creativecommons.org/public-domain/
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Hara, Arnold H., and Ruth Y. Niino-DuPonte. “Contarinia maculipennis.” Crop Knowledge Master, University of Hawaii Extension, 2002, www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/bloss_midgei.htm. Accessed 27 Sept. 2023.


author: Raymond J. Gagné
pubyear: 1995
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Contarinia maculipennis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a polyphagous pest newly reported for North America

link:
  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-entomological-research/article/abs/contarinia-maculipennis-diptera-cecidomyiidae-a-polyphagous-pest-newly-reported-for-north-america/68E8E97331F366324FA8163E9BE64F82

citation:
  Gagné, Raymond J. “Contarinia maculipennis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a Polyphagous Pest Newly Reported for North America.” Bulletin of Entomological Research, vol. 85, 1995, pp. 209–214.


title: Gall Midge – American Daylily Society
author: American Daylily Society
pubyear: 2023
link: https://daylilies.org/daylily-dictionary/hemerocallis-gall-midge/
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Gall Midge – American Daylily Society. https://daylilies.org/daylily-dictionary/hemerocallis-gall-midge/. Accessed 28 Sept. 2023.


author: Raymond J. Gagné and Jean Etienne
pubyear: 2006
link: https://ia601502.us.archive.org/15/items/biostor-55290/biostor-55290.pdf
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Gephyraulus mangiferae (Felt), n. comb. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): A mango pest from India newly recorded from the western hemisphere

citation:
  Gagné, Raymond J., and Jean Etienne. “Gephyraulus mangiferae (Felt), N. Comb. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): A Mango Pest from India Newly Recorded from the Western Hemisphere.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, vol. 108, no. 4, 2006, pp. 930–937.


author: Teja Tscharntke
pubyear: 1989
link: https://doi.org/10.2307/3565298
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Changes in Shoot Growth of Phragmites Australis Caused by the Gall Maker Giraudiella Inclusa (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

citation:
  Tscharntke, Teja. “Changes in Shoot Growth of Phragmites Australis Caused by the Gall Maker Giraudiella Inclusa (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae).” Oikos, vol. 54, no. 3, Mar. 1989, p. 370, https://doi.org/10.2307/3565298. Accessed 14 Oct. 2021.


title: Diseases in Aspen: Ecology and Management in the Western United States
author: Thomas E. Hinds
pubyear: 1985
link: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4850&context=aspen_bib
license: Public Domain / CC0
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  T.E. Hinds. Diseases in Aspen: Ecology and Management in the Western United States. General Technical Report RM-119. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station (1985).


title: Animals that produce galls in Allegheny County
author: M.G. Maze
pubyear: 1949
link: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44109418
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Maze, M.G. “Animals that produce galls in Allegheny County.” Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science, vol. 23, 1949, pp. 133–150.


author: Victor Cuesta-Porta, George Melika, James, A. Nicholls, Graham N. Stone, Juli Pujade-Villar
pubyear: 2023
link: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5366.1.1
license: CC-BY
licenselink: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

citation:
  Cuesta-Porta, Victor, et al. “Re-Establishment of the Nearctic Oak Cynipid Gall Wasp Genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), Including the Description of Six New Species.” Zootaxa, vol. 5366, no. 1, 7 Nov. 2023, pp. 1–174, www.mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5366.1.1, https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5366.1.1. Accessed 9 Nov. 2023.

  ‌


title: A cabbage-like cecidomyiidous gall on Bigelovia
author: C. H. Tyler Townsend
pubyear: 1893
link: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47616#page/545/mode/1up
license: Public Domain / CC0
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Townsend, C. H. Tyler. “A Cabbage-like Cecidomyiidous Gall on Bigelovia.” Psyche, vol. 6, July 1893, p. 491.


title: Plant galls in the vicinity of Seward, Nebraska
author: C. T. Brandhorst
pubyear: 1977
link: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1447&context=tnas
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Brandhorst, C. T. “Plant Galls in the Vicinity of Seward, Nebraska.” Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences, vol. 4, 1977, pp. 13–20.


title: Canadian galls and their occupants. Diplosis eregeroni, n. s.
author: W. Brodie
pubyear: 1894
link: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52022492#page/15/mode/1up
license: Public Domain / CC0
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Brodie, W. "Canadian galls and their occupants. Diplosis eregeroni, n. sp." The Biological Review of Ontario, vol. 1, 1894, pp. 13-15.


title: On the specific epithet "vaccinii" of Ashmead, 1887 and Burks, 1979 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae)
pubyear: 2023
link: https://jhr.pensoft.net/article/110687/download/pdf/
license: Public Domain / CC0
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
author:
  Juli Pujade-Villar, Y. Miles Zhang, Matthew L. Buffington, Denis J. Brothers, Irene Lobato-Vila, Victor Cuesta-Porta

citation:
  Pujade-Villar, Juli, et al. "﻿ On the specific epithet “vaccinii” of Ashmead, 1887 and Burks, 1979 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae)." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 96 (2023): 955-965.


title: A pedicel gall on Trichostema
author: James G. Needham
pubyear: 1945
link: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50773974
license: CC-BY
licenselink: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Needham, James G. 1945. A pedicel gall on Trichostema. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 53(3): 259-261.


title: The Biology of Two Sunflower Gall Makers (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae; Lepidoptera: Lyonettidae)
author: Osmond P. Breland & Lucille Hagan Schmitt
pubyear: 1948
link: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2560106#page/597/mode/1up
license: CC-BY
licenselink: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Breland, Osmond P., and Lucille Hagan Schmitt. “The Biology of Two Sunflower Gall Makers (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae; Lepidoptera: Lyonettidae).” Entomological News, vol. 59, no. 9, Nov. 1948, pp. 225–234, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2560106#page/597/mode/1up.

  ‌


title: The Genus Bucculatrix in America North of Mexico (Microlepidoptera)
author: Annette F. Braun
pubyear: 1963
link: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38632183#page/7/mode/1up
license: CC-BY
licenselink: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Braun, Annette F. “The Genus Bucculatrix in America North of Mexico (Microlepidoptera).” Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, vol. 18, 1963, pp. 1–208.


title: Observations on a flower gall of the chaparral
author: J. G. Needham
pubyear: 1925
link: https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=u85BAQAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PA18&hl=en
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Needham, James G. “Observations on a Flower Gall of the Chaparral.” Pomona College Journal of Entomology and Zoology, vol. 17, no. 3, 1925, pp. 17–20.


title: Lasioptera reared from a gall on the golden-rod
author: R. Osten Sacken
pubyear: 1863
link: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3328701#page/416/
license: Public Domain / CC0
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Osten Sacken, R. “Lasioptera Reared from a Gall on the Golden-Rod.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, vol. 1, 1863, pp. 368–370.


author: R. J. Gagné & M. W. Palmer
pubyear: 2019
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Neolasioptera spp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from stem galls of Verbesina (Asteraceae) with the description of a new species

link:
  https://bioone.org/journals/proceedings-of-the-entomological-society-of-washington/volume-121/issue-3/0013-8797.121.3.429/Neolasioptera-Spp-Diptera--Cecidomyiidae-from-Stem-Galls-of-Verbesina/10.4289/0013-8797.121.3.429.short

citation:
  Gagné, Raymond J, and Michael W Palmer. “Neolasioptera spp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from stem galls of Verbesina (Asteraceae) with the description of a new species.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, vol. 121, no. 3, 6 Aug. 2019, pp. 429–429, https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.121.3.429


title: Two new cockle burr midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
author: E. P. Felt
pubyear: 1936
link: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2597216#page/671
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Felt, E. P. “Two New Cockle Burr Midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae).” Entomological News, vol. 47, 1936, pp. 231–233.


author: J. C. Roskam
pubyear: 1977
link: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/65866
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Biosystematics of insects living in female birch catkins. I. Gall midges of the genus Semudobia Kieffer (Diptera, Cecidornyiidae)

citation:
  Roskam, J. C. “Biosystematics of Insects Living in Female Birch Catkins. I. Gall Midges of the Genus Semudobia Kieffer (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae).” Tijdschrift Voor Entomologie, vol. 120, no. 6, 1977, pp. 153–197.


title: New psyllid pest of California pepper tree
author: James A. Downer, Pave1 Svihra, Richard H. Molinar, Jack B. Fraser, & Carlton S. Koehler
pubyear: 1988
license: CC-BY
licenselink: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.en
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
link:
  https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/Culture/Culture-epices/baie-de-rose/New%20psyllid%20pest%20of%20California%20pepper%20tree.pdf

citation:
  Downer, James A. Pave1 Svihra, Richard H. Molinar, Jack B. Fraser & Carlton S. Koehler. New psyllid pest of California pepper tree. California Agriculture, University of California, March-April 1988, pg. 30-32. © 1988 The Regents of the University of California. 


title: The catalpa midge. Cecidomyia catalpae Comstock
author: H. A. Gossard
pubyear: 1908
link: https://kb.osu.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/712809a6-e842-514c-afe5-5bb65058986f/content
license: Public Domain / CC0
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Gossard, H. A. “The Catalpa Midge. Contarinia Catalpae Comstock.” Bulletin of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, vol. 197, 1908, pp. 1–13.


title: The species of Holcaspis and their galls
author: William Beutenmuller
pubyear: 1909
link: https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/791a6f66-9265-4321-b422-4a3844554ca2
license: Public Domain / CC0
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Beutenmüller, William. "The species of Holcaspis and their galls." Vol. 26. Order of the Trustees, American Museum of Natural History, 1909, pp. 29-45.


title: Some North American Cynipidæ and their Galls
author: William Beutenmuller
pubyear: 1909
link: https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/66f4acd9-db73-4835-b2df-9f2a4790975f
license: Public Domain / CC0
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Beutenmüller, William. "Some North American Cynipidæ and their Galls." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History; v. 26, article 22 (1909).


title: New genera and new combinations in nearctic Chloropidae (Diptera)
author: Sabrosky, Curtis W.
pubyear: 1980
link: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/56149
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Sabrosky, Curtis W. “New Genera and New Combinations in Nearctic Chloropidae (Diptera).” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, vol. 82, no. 3, 1980, pp. 412–429.


author: Owen Lonsdale
pubyear: 2014
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Redefinition and synonymy of genera in the Ophiomyia genus group, with the description of Euhexomyza new genus (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

link:
  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-entomologist/article/abs/redefinition-and-synonymy-of-genera-in-the-ophiomyia-genus-group-with-the-description-of-euhexomyza-new-genus-diptera-agromyzidae/5A39B94BBCD107F154B152BB42E5D5F2

citation:
  Lonsdale, Owen. “Redefinition and Synonymy of Genera in the Ophiomyia Genus Group, with the Description of Euhexomyza New Genus (Diptera: Agromyzidae).” The Canadian Entomologist, vol. 146, no. 5, 26 Mar. 2014, pp. 481–513, https://doi.org/10.4039/tce.2014.2. Accessed 31 Mar. 2020.


title: The Agromyzidae of Canada and Alaska
author: Kenneth A. Spencer
pubyear: 1969
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
link:
  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/memoirs-of-the-entomological-society-of-canada/article/abs/agromyzidae-of-canada-and-alaska/EA0A2765B3E0221550A989133C47200F

citation:
  Spencer, Kenneth A. “The Agromyzidae of Canada and Alaska.” Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, vol. 101, no. S64, 1969, pp. 5–311, https://doi.org/10.4039/entm10164fv. Accessed 26 Jan. 2023.


author: Owen Lonsdale
pubyear: 2021
link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8342412/pdf/zookeys-1051-001.pdf
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Manual of North American Agromyzidae (Diptera, Schizophora), with revision of the fauna of the “Delmarva” states

citation:
  Lonsdale, Owen. “Manual of North American Agromyzidae (Diptera, Schizophora), with Revision of the Fauna of the “Delmarva” States.” ZooKeys, vol. 1051, 29 July 2021, pp. 1–481, https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1051.64603.


title: A new gall on Peritoma serrulatum
author: T. D. A. Cockerell
pubyear: 1913
link: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9542348#page/319/
license: Public Domain / CC0
licenselink: https://creativecommons.org/public-domain/
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Cockerell, T.D.A. “A new gall on Peritoma serrulatum.” Journal of Economic Entomology, vol. 6, 1913, pp. 279–280.


title: The Scale Insects of California: Part 2. The Minor Families (Homoptera : Coccoidea)
author: R.J. Gill
pubyear: 1993
license: Public Domain / CC0
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
link:
  https://web.archive.org/web/20170126001831/https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/PPD/PDF/Technical_Series_02.pdf

citation:
  Gill, R.J. 1993 The Scale Insects of California: Part 2. The Minor Families (Homoptera : Coccoidea). California Department of Food & Agriculture.


title: A Field Guide to Insects and Diseases of California Oaks
author: Tedmund J. Swiecki, Elizabeth A. Bernhardt, U.S. Department of Agriculture
pubyear: 2006
link: https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/25928
license: Public Domain / CC0
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Swiecki, Tedmund J. and Bernhardt, Elizabeth A. 2006. A field guide to insects and diseases of California oaks. Gen. Tech Rep. PSW-GTR-197. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 151 p.


title: Elderberry Rust
author: Brian Hudelson
pubyear: 2021
link: https://pddc.wisc.edu/wp-content/blogs.dir/39/files/Fact_Sheets/FC_PDF/Elderberry_Rust.pdf
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Hudelson, Brian. UW Plant Disease Facts: Elderberry Rust. Division of Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Madison (2021-2024). https://pddc.wisc.edu/wp-content/blogs.dir/39/files/Fact_Sheets/FC_PDF/Elderberry_Rust.pdf. 


title: COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Maleberry Lyonia ligustrina in Canada
author: COSEWIC
pubyear: 2020
license: Public Domain / CC0
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
link:
  https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/cosewic-assessments-status-reports/maleberry-2020.html

citation:
  COSEWIC (2020). COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Maleberry Lyonia ligustrina in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/cosewic-assessments-status-reports/maleberry-2020.html. 


title: Tar Spot of American Holly
author: E. S. Luttrell
pubyear: 1940
link: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2481331?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
license: Public Domain / CC0
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Luttrell, E.S. "Tar Spot of American Holly." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. 67, No. 8 (Nov., 1940), pp. 692-704.


title: Parasitic fungi of Newfoundland based on specimens from Gros Morne National Park
author: Parmelee, J.A.
pubyear: 1988
link: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28243715#page/460/mode/1up
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Parmelee, J.A. 1988. Parasitic fungi of Newfoundland based on specimens from Gros Morne National Park. Canad. Field-Naturalist 102(3): 442-464.


pubyear: 2024
link: https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.121918
license: CC-BY
licenselink: https://jhr.pensoft.net/article/121918/element/7/0/Cynipoidea/
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Cryptic or underworked? Taxonomic revision of the Antistrophus rufus species complex (Cynipoidea, Aulacideini)

author:
  Louis F. Nastasi, John F. Tooker, Charles K. Davis, Cecil N. Smith, Timothy S. Frey, M. J. Hatfield, Tara M. Presnall, Heather M. Hines, Andrew R. Deans

citation:
  Nastasi, Louis F., et al. "Cryptic or underworked? Taxonomic revision of the Antistrophus rufus species complex (Cynipoidea, Aulacideini)." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97 (2024): 399-439.


author: Philips, T.K. and D.C. Smith
pubyear: 1998
license: CC-BY
licenselink: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Notes on the biology and hosts of Procecidochares atra (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae): Evidence for cryptic species

link:
  https://www.researchgate.net/profile/T-Philips/publication/260319917_The_Biology_And_Hosts_Of_Procecidochares_Atra_Diptera_Tephritidae_Evidence_For_Cryptic_Species/links/55f72ff208aeba1d9ef4404a/The-Biology-And-Hosts-Of-Procecidochares-Atra-Diptera-Tephritidae-Evidence-For-Cryptic-Species.pdf

citation:
  Philips, T.K. and D.C. Smith. Notes on the biology and hosts of Procecidochares atra (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae): Evidence for cryptic species. Entomological News. 109: 159-164 (1998). 


author: Scholler, Marcus, Uwe Braun, Ramona Buchheit1, Thomas Schulte & Ben Bubner
pubyear: 2022
link: https://literatur.thuenen.de/digbib_extern/dn067545.pdf
license: CC-BY
licenselink: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Studies on European rust fungi, Pucciniales: molecular phylogeny, taxonomy, and nomenclature of miscellaneous genera and species in Pucciniastraceae and Coleosporiaceae

citation:
  Scholler, Marcus, Uwe Braun, Ramona Buchheit1, Thomas Schulte & Ben Bubner. Studies on European rust fungi, Pucciniales: molecular phylogeny, taxonomy, and nomenclature of miscellaneous genera and species in Pucciniastraceae and Coleosporiaceae. Mycological Progress (2022) 21: 64. 


title: A review and extension of our knowledge of Calyptospora goeppertiana Kühn
author: Faull, J.H.
pubyear: 1939
link: www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8369702#page/110/mode/1up
license: Public Domain / CC0
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updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
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title: Clarification of the life-cycle of Chrysomyxa woroninii on Ledum and Picea
author: Patricia E. CRANE, Yasuyuki HIRATSUKA, Randolph S. CURRAH
pubyear: 1999
link: https://www.fs.usda.gov/detailfull/r10/forest-grasslandhealth/?cid=FSEPRD608415
license: All Rights Reserved
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updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Crane, Patricia E., et al. “Clarification of the Life-Cycle of Chrysomyxa Woroninii on Ledum and Picea.” Mycological Research, vol. 104, no. 5, May 2000, pp. 581–86. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756299001677.


title: Featured Creatures: Pacific shoot-gall nematode
author: Kammerer, Christian and William T. Crow
pubyear: 2022
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
link:
  https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/Creatures/NEMATODE/Anguina_pacificae_Pacific_shoot_gall_nematode.htm#:~:text=Anguina%20pacificae%20feeds%20on%20the,northern%20coastal%20California%20and%20Ireland.

citation:
  Kammerer, Christian and William T. Crow. Featured Creatures: Pacific shoot-gall nematode. June 2022. University of Florida/IFAS.


title: Some New or Noteworthy Fungi on Ericaceous Hosts in the Pacific Northwest
author: Zeller, S.M.
pubyear: 1934
link: https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.271381/2015.271381.Mycologia-Volxxvi_djvu.txt
license: Public Domain / CC0
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title: Annotated checklist of insects associated with Garry oak in British Columbia
author: David Evans
pubyear: 1985
link: https://scf.rncan.gc.ca/pubwarehouse/pdfs/2475.pdf
license: Public Domain / CC0
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updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Evans, David. Annotated checklist of insects associated with Garry oak in British Columbia. Pacific Forest Research Centre, 1985.


title: A gall-maker of the Family Agromyzidae (Agromyza tiliae, n. sp.)
author: Couden, F. D.
pubyear: 1908
link: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54606#page/44/mode/1up
license: Public Domain / CC0
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updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Couden FD (1908) A gall-maker of the family Agromyzidae (Agromyza tiliae, n. sp.). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 9: 34–36.


author: Chetverikov P.E., Rector B.G., Tonkel K., Dimitri L., Cheglakov D.S., Romanovich A.E., Amrine J.
pubyear: 2022
link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8876007/
license: CC-BY
licenselink: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Phylogenetic position of a new Trisetacus mite species (Nalepellidae) destroying seeds of North American junipers and new hypotheses on basal divergence of Eriophyoidea

citation:
  Chetverikov P.E., Rector B.G., Tonkel K., Dimitri L., Cheglakov D.S., Romanovich A.E., Amrine J. Phylogenetic position of a new Trisetacus mite species (Nalepellidae) destroying seeds of North American junipers and new hypotheses on basal divergence of Eriophyoidea. Insects. 2022;13:201. doi: 10.3390/insects13020201. 


author: Marchosky, Ruben J. & Timothy P. Craig
pubyear: 2004
link: https://academic.oup.com/ee/article/33/3/709/458449
license: CC-BY
licenselink: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en
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updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Gall Size-Dependent Survival for Asphondylia atriplicis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Atriplex canescens

citation:
  Marchosky, Ruben J. & Timothy P. Craig, Gall Size-Dependent Survival for Asphondylia atriplicis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Atriplex canescens, Environmental Entomology, Volume 33, Issue 3, 1 June 2004, Pages 709–719, https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-33.3.709


author: Headrick, David H. & Richard D. Goeden
pubyear: 1993
link: https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=hcs_fac
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Life History and Description of Immature Stages of Aciurina thoracica (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Baccharis sarothroides in Southern California

citation:
  Headrick, David H. & Richard D. Goeden. 1993. Life history and description of immature stages of Acuirina thoracica (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Baccharis sarothroides in Southern California. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 86: 68-79. 


title: Descriptions of new curculionid beetles of the tribe Anthonomini
author: Pierce, W.D.
pubyear: 1908
link: https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/14029/USNMP-34_1604_1908.pdf
license: Public Domain / CC0
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updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Pierce, W. D. 1908. Descriptions of new curculionid beetles of the tribe Anthonomini. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 34(no. 1604):173-81.


title: Distribution and impact of exotic gall flies (Lipara sp.) on native and exotic Phragmites australis
author: Lambert, AM, Winiarski, K, Casagrande, RA
pubyear: 2007
link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304377006001446
license: All Rights Reserved
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updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Lambert, AM, Winiarski, K, Casagrande, RA. (2007) Distribution and impact of exotic gall flies (Lipara sp.) on native and exotic Phragmites australis. Aquat Bot 86:163–170. 


author: Povolný, Dalibor F.
pubyear: 1998
link: https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/STAPFIA_0055_0327-0347.pdf
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  New taxa and faunistic records of the tribe Gnorimoschemini from the Nearctic Region (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae)

citation:
  Povolný, Dalibor F. 1998. New taxa and faunistic records of the tribe Gnorimoschemini from the Nearctic Region (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae). Stapfia 55: 327–347.


pubyear: 2024
link: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/view/52636
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Reticulodermis lithogalla gen. nov. and sp. nov. of oak gall wasp from Mexico (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae)

author:
  Rosa D. García-Martíñón, Amando Equihua-Martínez, Edith G. Estrada-Venegas, George Melika, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Víctor Cuesta-Porta, & Juli Pujade-Villar

citation:
  García-Martiñón, Rosa D., et al. "Reticulodermis lithogalla gen. nov. and sp. nov. of oak gall wasp from Mexico (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae)." Zootaxa 5486.1 (2024): 109-120.


author: Munro, J. Alex
pubyear: 1963
link: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53373630#page/203/mode/1up
license: All Rights Reserved
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updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Biology of the Ceanothus Stem-Gall Moth, Periploca Ceanothiella (Cosens), with Consideration of Its Control

citation:
  Munro, J. Alex. “Biology of the Ceanothus Stem-Gall Moth, Periploca Ceanothiella (Cosens), with Consideration of Its Control.” The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, vol. 1, no. 3, 1963, pp. 183--190, https://doi.org/10.5962/p.333423


author: Baine Q, White B, Martinson VG, Martinson EO
pubyear: 2024
link: https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/130171/
license: CC-BY
licenselink: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Discovery of a new gall-inducing species, Aciurina luminaria (Insecta, Diptera, Tephritidae) via multi-trait integrative taxonomy

citation:
  Baine Q, White B, Martinson VG, Martinson EO (2024) Discovery of a new gall-inducing species, Aciurina luminaria (Insecta, Diptera, Tephritidae) via multi-trait integrative taxonomy. ZooKeys 1214: 217–236. https://doi.org/10.3897/ zookeys.1214.130171


title: Rust diseases
author: Schalau, Jeff
pubyear: 2015
link: https://cales.arizona.edu/yavapai/anr/hort/byg/archive/rustdiseases.html.
license: All Rights Reserved
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updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Schalau, Jeff. "Rust Diseases." Backyard Gardener (September 16, 2015). https://cales.arizona.edu/yavapai/anr/hort/byg/archive/rustdiseases.html.


title: Juniper > Trunk/Branches > Unusual growths on branches
author: University of Minnesota Extension
pubyear: 2024
link: https://apps.extension.umn.edu/garden/diagnose/plant/evergreen/juniper/branchesgrowths.html
license: All Rights Reserved
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updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  University of Minnesota Extension. Juniper > Trunk/Branches > Unusual growths on branches. https://apps.extension.umn.edu/garden/diagnose/plant/evergreen/juniper/branchesgrowths.html (accessed 10/22/2024).


title: Notes on four eastern species of Gymnosporangium
author: W.H. Long
pubyear: 1945
link: www.jstor.org/stable/24531068
license: All Rights Reserved
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updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Long, W. H. Notes on four eastern species of Gymnosporangium (1945). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 35:6 (182-188). www.jstor.org/stable/24531068.


title: Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera of Erysiphaceae, part 1: Golovinomyces
author: Michael J. Bradshaw, Uwe Braun, Donald H. Pfister.
pubyear: 2022
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
link:
  https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00275514.2022.2115419?casa_token=D2pR896MKJsAAAAA:TDg3BDxI60Njd4aboDNUuSGXx-aqenNzNPcsGhTJ7gX7BgV10fB4zrZYbO2lqMD3Ue4xJOwGuqy4

citation:
  Bradshaw, Michael J., Uwe Braun, and Donald H. Pfister. "Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera of Erysiphaceae, part 1: Golovinomyces." Mycologia 114.6 (2022): 964-993.


author: Woods, Dale M., Michael J. Pitcairn, Donald B. Joley, & Charles E. Turner
pubyear: 2008
link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1049964408002077?np=y
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Seasonal phenology and impact of Urophora sirunaseva on yellow starthistle seed production in California

citation:
  Woods, Dale M.,  Michael J. Pitcairn,  Donald B. Joley,  & Charles E. Turner. Seasonal phenology and impact of Urophora sirunaseva on yellow starthistle seed production in California (2008). Biological Control 47(2) 172-9. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1049964408002077?np=y.


title: Eastern Spruce Dwarf Mistletoe
author: Baker, F.A., J.G. O’Brien, R. Mathiasen, & M.E. Ostry
pubyear: 2006
link: https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev2_043490.pdf
license: Public Domain / CC0
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updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Baker, F.A., J.G. O’Brien, R. Mathiasen, & M.E. Ostry. “Eastern Spruce Dwarf Mistletoe,” USDA Forest Service: Forest Insect and Disease Leaflet NA-PR-04-06 (Rev’d 2006). www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev2_043490.pdf.


author: Ronald Baer
pubyear: 1978
link: https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/103d6354-e9cc-4ec2-a921-6762016f478f/download
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  A morphological and systematic study of the first and second instars of the Kermesidae in the Nearctic region (Homoptera: Coccoidea)

citation:
  Baer, Ronald G. "A morphological and systematic study of the first and second instars of the Kermesidae in the Nearctic region (Homoptera: Coccoidea)." (1978).


author: Stephen Bullington, Michael Kosztarab
pubyear: 1985
link: http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=8683977
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Revision of the family Kermesidae (Homoptera) in the Nearctic Region based on adult and third instar females

citation:
  Bullington, Stephen W., and Michael Kosztarab. "Revision of the family Kermesidae (Homoptera) in the Nearctic Region based on adult and third instar females." (1985).


author: Cranshaw, Whitney
pubyear: 2016
link: https://wiki.bugwood.org/HPIPM:Sphaerotheca_phytophila
license: CC-BY
licenselink: https://wiki.bugwood.org/Bugwoodwiki:Copyright
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  A complex involving a powdery mildew Podosphaera phytoptophila and an eryiophyid mite Eriophyes celtis

citation:
  Cranshaw, Whitney, compiler. "A complex involving a powdery mildew Podosphaera phytoptophila and an eryiophyid mite Eriophyes celtis." High Plains Integrated Pest Management. https://wiki.bugwood.org/HPIPM:Sphaerotheca_phytophila. as modified 11 April 2016. 


title: Redescription of Dasineura epilobii (Löw), a Holarctic Gall Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
author: Raymond J. Gagné, Jung W. Kim, Alexandria Wenninger, Jason L. Mottern
pubyear: 2024
link: https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.126.3.292
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Raymond J. Gagné, et al. “Redescription of Dasineura Epilobii (Löw), a Holarctic Gall Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae).” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, vol. 126, no. 3, Dec. 2024, pp. 292–99, https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.126.3.292.


pubyear: 2017
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Primer reporte de una especie de cinípido dañina para Q. humboldtii en Colombia: Zapatella petiolata n. sp. Pujade-Villar & Caicedo (Hym., Cynipidae)

author:
  Juli Pujade-Villar, Guadalupe Caicedo-Ramirez, Pedro Rodriguez, Sara Fernandez-Garzon, Marcos Roca-Causachs

link:
  https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sara-Fernandez-Garzon/publication/322277564_Primer_reporte_de_una_especie_de_cinipido_danina_para_Q_humboldtii_en_Colombia_Zapatella_petiolata_n_sp_Pujade-Villar_Caicedo_Hym_Cynipidae/links/5a4ffce2a6fdcc7690003cfa/Primer-reporte-de-una-especie-de-cinipido-danina-para-Q-humboldtii-en-Colombia-Zapatella-petiolata-n-sp-Pujade-Villar-Caicedo-Hym-Cynipidae.pdf

citation:
  Pujade-Villar, Juli. "Primer reporte de una especie de cinípido dañina para Q. humboldtii en Colombia: Zapatella petiolata n. sp. Pujade-Villar & Caicedo (Hym., Cynipidae)." Butlletí de la Institució Catalana d’Història Natural 81 (2017): 37-46.


author: Taylor GS, Martoni F.
pubyear: 2019
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Case of mistaken identity: resolving the taxonomy between Trioza eugeniae Froggatt and T. adventicia Tuthill (Psylloidea: Triozidae)

link:
  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-entomological-research/article/abs/case-of-mistaken-identity-resolving-the-taxonomy-between-trioza-eugeniae-froggatt-and-t-adventicia-tuthill-psylloidea-triozidae/934554B7F0F00D6491A42CE30134888D

citation:
  Taylor GS, Martoni F. Case of mistaken identity: resolving the taxonomy between Trioza eugeniae Froggatt and T. adventicia Tuthill (Psylloidea: Triozidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research. 2020;110(3):340-351. doi:10.1017/S0007485319000695


author: Enrique Medianero, José Luis Nieves-Aldrey
pubyear: 2010
link: https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2360.1.3/36314
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  The genus Amphibolips Reinhard (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) in the Neotropics, with description of three new species from Panama

citation:
  Medianero, Enrique, and JOSÉ LUIS NIEVES-ALDREY. "The genus Amphibolips Reinhard (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) in the Neotropics, with description of three new species from Panama." Zootaxa 2360.1 (2010): 47-62.


title: Effectiveness of gall inducers in weed biological control
author: Harris, P. & Shorthouse, J.
pubyear: 1996
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
link:
  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250370157_Effectiveness_of_gall_inducers_in_weed_biological_control

citation:
  Harris, P. & Shorthouse, J.. (1996). Effectiveness of gall inducers in weed biological control. Canadian Entomologist - CAN ENTOMOL. 128. 1021-1055. 10.4039/Ent1281021-6. 


author: James Nicholls, John DeMartini, Graham Stone
pubyear: 2024
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Re-discovery and detailed description of the gall of Andricus mendocinensis Weld, 1957 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) on the tanoak Notholithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Manos, Cannon & SH Oh (Fagaceae).

link:
  https://bioone.org/journals/the-pan-pacific-entomologist/volume-100/issue-4/2024-100.4.343/Re-discovery-and-detailed-description-of-the-gall-of-Andricus/10.3956/2024-100.4.343.short

citation:
  Nicholls, James A., John D. DeMartini, and Graham N. Stone. "Re-discovery and detailed description of the gall of Andricus mendocinensis Weld, 1957 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) on the tanoak Notholithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Manos, Cannon & SH Oh (Fagaceae)." The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 100.4 (2024): 343-347.


title: The cup fungus, Ciboria carunculoides, pathogenic on mulberry fruits
author: Whetzel, Herbert Hice, and Frederick A. Wolf.
pubyear: 1945
link: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00275514.1945.12024007
license: Public Domain / CC0
licenselink: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
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updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Whetzel, Herbert Hice, and Frederick A. Wolf. "The cup fungus, Ciboria carunculoides, pathogenic on mulberry fruits." Mycologia 37.4 (1945): 476-491.


title: Observations on popcorn disease of mulberry in south central Kentucky.
author: Gray, Elmer, and Richard E. Gray
pubyear: 1987
link: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4033499?seq=1
license: All Rights Reserved
licenselink: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
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updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Gray, Elmer, and Richard E. Gray. "Observations on popcorn disease of mulberry in south central Kentucky." Castanea (1987): 47-51.


title: Notes on California aphids, with descriptions of new genera and new species (Homoptera: Aphididae)
author: Lambers, Dirk Hille Ris
pubyear: 1966
link: https://hilgardia.ucanr.edu/fileaccess.cfm?article=152663&p=KTZZVF
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Lambers D. 1966. Notes on California aphids, with descriptions of new genera and new species (Homoptera: Aphididae). Hilgardia 37(15):569-623. DOI:10.3733/hilg.v37n15p569. https://hilgardia.ucanr.edu/fileaccess.cfm?article=152663&p=KTZZVF.


title: Nantucket's Neglected Herbivores II: Diptera
author: Eiseman, Charles & Blyth, Julia
pubyear: 2022
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
link:
  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366133143_Nantucket's_Neglected_Herbivores_II_Diptera/citation/download

citation:
  Eiseman, Charles & Blyth, Julia. (2022). Nantucket's Neglected Herbivores II: Diptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 124. 10.4289/0013-8797.124.3.564. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366133143_Nantucket's_Neglected_Herbivores_II_Diptera/citation/download.


title: Notes on Some Exoasceae of the United States
author: George F. Atkinson
pubyear: 1894
link: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7999#page/479/mode/1up
license: Public Domain / CC0
licenselink: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
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updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Atkinson, G.F., 1894. Notes on some Exoasceae of the United States. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, pp.372-380.


title: Common Pests of Arbutus in British Columbia
author: Hunt, R.S., B. Callan and A. Funk
pubyear: 1992
link: https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2012/rncan-nrcan/Fo29-6-63-1992-eng.pdf
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Hunt, R.S., B. Callan and A. Funk. "Common Pests of Arbutus in British Columbia." Forest Pest Leaflet 63. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service. Rev'd June 1992. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2012/rncan-nrcan/Fo29-6-63-1992-eng.pdf. Accessed March 19, 2025. 


author: Han, Xiao, Xiao-Yue Hong and Zhi-Qiang Zhang
pubyear: 2016
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Identification of Aceria genistae species complex (Acari: Eriophyidae) from broom, gorse and related plants (Fabaceae: Genisteae) in western US and a new record of Aculops hussongi

link:
  https://bioone.org/journals/systematic-and-applied-acarology/volume-21/issue-11/saa.21.11.8/Identification-of-Aceria-genistae-species-complex-Acari--Eriophyidae-from/10.11158/saa.21.11.8.full

citation:
  Han, Xiao, Xiao-Yue Hong and Zhi-Qiang Zhang. Identification of Aceria genistae species complex (Acari: Eriophyidae) from broom, gorse and related plants (Fabaceae: Genisteae) in western US and a new record of Aculops hussongi.  Systematic and Applied Acarology, 21(11), 1525-1533, (3 October 2016). https://bioone.org/journals/systematic-and-applied-acarology/volume-21/issue-11/saa.21.11.8/Identification-of-Aceria-genistae-species-complex-Acari--Eriophyidae-from/10.11158/saa.21.11.8.full. 


author: VICTOR CUESTA-PORTA, GEORGE MELIKA, MAR FERRER-SUAY, ALEXIS VERA-ORTIZ, JULI PUJADE-VILLAR
pubyear: 2025
link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40173479/
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini)

citation:
  Cuesta-Porta, Victor, et al. "Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini)." Zootaxa 5617.1 (2025): 1-195.


title: A new species of the nearctic gall-forming genus Tamalia Baker (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Tamaliinae)
author: Kanturski, M. & Wieczorek, K.
pubyear: 2015
link: https://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2015/f/z03926p278f.pdf
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Kanturski, M. & Wieczorek, K. (2015). A new species of the nearctic gall-forming genus Tamalia Baker (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Tamaliinae). Zootaxa, 3926 (2), 268–278. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3926.2.7.


title: Miscellaneous Records of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) from the USA
author: Eiseman, Charles
pubyear: 2025
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
link:
  https://bioone.org/journals/proceedings-of-the-entomological-society-of-washington/volume-126/issue-4/0013-8797.126.4.454/Miscellaneous-Records-of-Cecidomyiidae-Diptera-from-the-USA/10.4289/0013-8797.126.4.454.short

citation:
  Eiseman, Charles S. "Miscellaneous Records of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) from the USA." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 126(4), 454-473, (21 April 2025). https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.126.4.454.


pubyear: 2025
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  First record of a gall-inducing mordellid in North America: Pseudomordellina hattorii (Coleoptera: Mordellidae) induces galls on common mugwort, Artemisia vulgaris in the Northeastern United States

author:
  Mapes, C. C., Lawrence, J. T., Setliff, G. P., Looney, C., Elsayed, A. K., Datko, A. C., Friehauf, K., Bohn, E., Falkowski, J., Wink, Z. W., & Tsuru, T. K.

link:
  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/394807156_First_Record_of_a_Gall-Inducing_Mordellid_in_North_America_Pseudomordellina_hattorii_Coleoptera_Mordellidae_Induces_Galls_on_Common_Mugwort_Artemisia_vulgaris_in_the_Northeastern_United_States

citation:
  Mapes, C. C., Lawrence, J. T., Setliff, G. P., Looney, C., Elsayed, A. K., Datko, A. C., Friehauf, K., Bohn, E., Falkowski, J., Wink, Z. W., & Tsuru, T. K. (2025). First record of a gall-inducing mordellid in North America: Pseudomordellina hattorii (Coleoptera: Mordellidae) induces galls on common mugwort, Artemisia vulgaris in the Northeastern United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 151(2), 207-216.  


title: Why are Cecidomyiinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) so successful?
author: Gagné, Raymond
pubyear: 2024
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
link:
  https://bioone.org/journals/the-pan-pacific-entomologist/volume-100/issue-4/2024-100.4.333/Why-are-Cecidomyiinae-Diptera-Cecidomyiidae-so-successful/10.3956/2024-100.4.333.short

citation:
  Gagné, Raymond. (2024). Why are Cecidomyiinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) so successful?. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. 100. 10.3956/2024-100.4.333. 


title: Collections of Epiblema rudei Powell, 1975, (Tortricidae) in Utah
author: Looney, C. & Murray, M.
pubyear: 2022
link: https://doi.org/10.18473/lepi.76i2.a8
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Looney, Chris, and Marion Murray. “Collections of Epiblema rudei Powell, 1975, (Tortricidae) in Utah.” The Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society, vol. 76, no. 2, 24 May 2022, https://doi.org/10.18473/lepi.76i2.a8. Accessed 10 Apr. 2025.


title: A New Species of Cecidomyia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Feeding on Resin of Baldcypress
author: Gagné & Hibbard
pubyear: 2008
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
link:
  https://bioone.org/journals/florida-entomologist/volume-91/issue-3/0015-4040_2008_91_431_ANSOCD_2.0.CO_2/A-New-Species-of-Cecidomyia-Diptera--Cecidomyiidae-Feeding-on/10.1653/0015-4040(2008)91[431:ANSOCD]2.0.CO;2.full

citation:
  Gagné, Raymond J., and Kenneth L. Hibbard. “A New Species of Cecidomyia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Feeding on Resin of Baldcypress.” Florida Entomologist, vol. 91, no. 3, 1 Oct. 2008, pp. 431–435, doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2008)91[431:ANSOCD]2.0.CO;2, https://doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2008)91[431:ANSOCD]2.0.CO;2. Accessed 21 Oct. 2025.


author: Stireman, J.O. et al.
pubyear: 2010
link: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.010
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Evolutionary diversification of the gall midge genus Asteromyia (Cecidomyiidae) in a multitrophic ecological context

citation:
  Stireman, John O, et al. Evolutionary Diversification of the Gall Midge Genus Asteromyia (Cecidomyiidae) in a Multitrophic Ecological Context. Vol. 54, no. 1, 1 Jan. 2010, pp. 194–210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.010.


author: R. Diaz et al.
pubyear: 2015
link: https://journals.flvc.org/flaent/article/view/84406
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Diversity of arthropods associated with Mikania spp. and Chromolaena odorata (Asterales: Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) in Florida

citation:
  Diaz, R., et al. “Diversity of arthropods associated with Mikania spp. and Chromolaena odorata (Asterales: Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) in Florida.” Florida Entomologist, vol. 98, no. 1, Mar. 2015, pp. 389–393, https://doi.org/10.1653/024.098.0168.

  ‌


author: Yates, H.O. & Smith, D.R.
pubyear: 2009
link: https://jes.kglmeridian.com/view/journals/ents/44/3/article-p276.xml?body=PDF
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  History, distribution, damage, and life cycle of a pine shoot gall sawfly, Xyela gallicaulis (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae)

citation:
  Yates, H.O.III & Smith, D.R. (2009) History, distribution, damage, and life cycle of a pine shoot gall sawfly, Xyela gallicaulis (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae). Journal of Entomological Science, 44:276–283. 


title: A Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World 6th Edition - 2025
author: Raymond J. Gagné and Matthias Jaschhof
pubyear: 2025
link: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15409750
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Gagné, Raymond J. and Jaschhof, Matthias “A Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World.” Zenodo no. 25, 22 May 2025, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15409750. Accessed 11 Nov. 2025.‌


title: Some unreported cecidia from Connecticut
author: B. W. Wells
pubyear: 1914
link: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50337295#page/351
license: Public Domain / CC0
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Wells, B. W. “Some Unreported Cecidia from Connecticut.” The Ohio Naturalist, vol. 14, no. 6, 1914, pp. 289–296.


author: J. C. Roskam & H. Nadel
pubyear: 1990
link: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/63995
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  Redescription and immature stages of Ficiomyia perarticulata (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a gall midge inhabiting syconia of Ficus citrifolia

citation:
  Roskam, J. C., and H. Nadel. “Redescription and Immature Stages of Ficiomyia perarticulata (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), a Gall Midge Inhabiting Syconia of Ficus citrifolia.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, vol. 92, 2025, pp. 778–792, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/63995. Accessed 25 Nov. 2025.


title: Biology of Janetiella coloradensis Felt, a needle gall midge on Pinus edulis Engelm.
author: Gillet, C. & Brewer, J. W.
pubyear: 1983
link: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1983.tb02651.x
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Gillet, Carol, and J W Brewer. “Biology of Janetiella coloradensis Felt, a needle gall midge on Pinus edulis Engelm.” Zeitschrift Für Angewandte Entomologie, vol. 95, no. 1-5, 12 Jan. 1983, pp. 326–335, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1983.tb02651.x. Accessed 26 Mar. 2024.


title: Biology of the pinyon stunt needle midge
author: J. W. Brewer
pubyear: 1971
link: https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/64.5.1099
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Brewer, J W. “Biology of the Pinyon Stunt Needle Midge” Annals of the Entomological Society of America, vol. 64, no. 5, 15 Sept. 1971, pp. 1099–1102, https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/64.5.1099. Accessed 10 Dec. 2025.


title: A New Species of Cecidomyia Injurious to Cones of Slash Pine in Florida
author: Raymond J. Gagné
pubyear: 1978
link: https://doi.org/10.2307/3494240
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
citation:
  Gagné, Raymond J. “A New Species of Cecidomyia Injurious to Cones of Slash Pine in Florida.” The Florida Entomologist, vol. 61, no. 3, Sept. 1978, p. 193, https://doi.org/10.2307/3494240. Accessed 24 Apr. 2019.


author: Gagné, R.J., Kim, J.W., Palmer, M.W. et al.
pubyear: 2026
link: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13355-025-00943-7
license: All Rights Reserved
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
title:
  A new genus and species of gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Populus spp. (Salicaceae) in western North America

citation:
  Gagné, R.J., Kim, J.W., Palmer, M.W. et al. A new genus and species of gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Populus spp. (Salicaceae) in western North America. Appl Entomol Zool (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-025-00943-7


# alias

name: Andricus palustris form compressus
type: scientific
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
description:
  Kinsey took this gall to be the alternate generation of what's now called Dryocosmus quercuspalustris


name: Philonix nigra
type: scientific
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
description:
  partial; Philonix nigra remains valid for a wasp but the gall Weld assigned this name to was later shown to be induced by Philonix fulvicollis


name: "Eriophyes" amelanchieri
type: scientific
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
description:
  The described and photographed gall was, we believe mistakenly, attributed to a mite. Words "allowing the insect to emerge" suggest this. 


name: Tetraneura nigriabdominalis
type: scientific
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
description:
  Tetraneura nigriabdominalis (Sasaki, 1899) was discarded as an erroneous combination and replaced with T. akinire Sasaki, 1904 by Watanabe & al. (2022).


name: Rice root aphid
type: common
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
description:
  This common name is strictly applicable to a root generation that is no longer thought to be associated with the elm galling generation


name: Diplolepis polita (Bassett)
type: scientific
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
description:
  This is not the same as the rose gall of the same name, known as Rhodites polita Ashmead at the time this synonymy was coined.


name: Eutreta sparsa
type: scientific
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
description:
  the records from Felt, Painter, and Blanton of galls in Vernonia species in the Eastern US have all been attributed to Eutreta caliptera


name: Diplolepis ignota
type: scientific
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
description:
  Name used by Weld in his Field Notes. Distinct from Diplolepis ignota on rose, used by Weld in his 1959 catalog.


name: Trioza eugeniae
type: scientific
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
description:
  Not truly a synonym: The psyllid galling Syzgium in N. America was MISTAKENLY identified as T. eugeniae for many years


name: Andricus dimorphus variety verifactor
type: scientific
inserted_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
updated_at: 2026-02-04 13:47:58
description:
  Kinsey took this synonymy to apply to Cynips vacciniiformis but he seems to have been mistaken; see ID Notes


# form

form: non-gall
description:
  Any gall-adjacent plant symptom or other structure that doesn’t meet the definition of a gall: a novel element of a plant caused by an organism living within the plant. Examples of non-galls include scale insects; leaf curl, spots, or blisters caused by pathogens or external herbivores; and stem swellings caused by miners or borers lacking internal cells. 


form: leaf curl
description:
  Broad deformation of the lamina of a leaf, pulling the edges in. Typically irregular and sometimes causing entire leaves to roll up. Often accompanied by discoloration.


form: leaf blister
description:
  Localized distortions of the leaf lamina, typically creating a cup opening toward the lower side of the leaf.


form: scale
description:
  An herbivorous insect of the superfamily Coccoidea. The post-reproductive females of the family Kermesidae have thin, globular, hollow shells fixed in place on their host.


form: rust
description:
  Plant deformations caused by fungi in the order Pucciniales. They cause swelling and curling of stems and petioles and blisters on leaves, easily recognizable for their bright orange coloration, seen in characteristic rings.


form: abrupt swelling
description:
  A significant increase in the diameter of a stem, petiole, etc, emerging directly from unaffected tissue. Sometimes encircling the stem, other times emerging only from one side.


form: hidden cell
description:
  A gall making no externally visible change to the host (typically in a stem or fruit) until the inducer chews its egress hole.


form: stem club
description:
  A substantial enlargement of the growing tip of a woody plant, tapering more or less gradually from normal stem width below it, blunt or rounded above.


form: oak apple
description:
  A spherical or near-spherical gall with thin outer walls, a single central larval cell surrounded by either spongy tissue or fine radiating fibers.


form: leaf spot
description:
  A flat (never more than slightly thicker than the normal leaf), typically circular spot on the lamina of the leaf, sometimes with distinct rings of darker and lighter coloration (eye spots). Fungal leaf spots often have small dots above; midge spots have an exposed larva below.


form: pocket
description:
  A structure formed by pinching the leaf lamina together into a narrow opening (a point or line) and stretching it into various forms, from beads to sacks to spindles to long purses. The walls may or may not be thickened relative to the normal leaf.


form: modified capitulum
description:
  Flowers in Asteraceae are clustered into tight structures called "capitula", which themselves resemble a flower at first glance. Developing capitula have the overall appearance of flower buds, and are sometimes called "flower buds" or "inflorescence buds" in technical and popular literature. Several gall-formers develop within developing capitula. These occupied capitula are referred to as galls, even when there is not an obvious external difference. There are usually at least some external clues (arrested development vs. nearby capitula, color change, change in texture, swelling, etc.), however.


form: pip
description:
  A small kernel-like gall, typically hairless and often secreting honeydew, on an immature or mature oak acorn.


# articles

slug: undescribedfaq
title: FAQ About Undescribed Galls
author: Adam Kranz
tags: ["faq","taxonomy"]
inserted_at: 2026-01-26T22:14:08
updated_at: 2026-01-26T22:14:08
content:
  # Preface

  At the time of writing, of the 3112 galls listed on the Gallformers database, 1117 are undescribed. That ratio has not changed significantly since the early days of the site and isn't likely to change much in the future. 
  You might reasonably wonder, if a gall can be distinctly identified by its morphology and host plant, such that we can represent it with its own Gallformers entry and consistently apply a Gallformers Code to observations, in what sense is it "undescribed", and what would it take to change that?

  A gall is part of the extended phenotype of the inducing organism, and in many cases the traits of the gall are sufficient to identify the species that induced it. The traits of the gall can often even be used to make an educated guess about what other species the inducer is related to.

  Regardless, the rules of taxonomy dictate that in order to formally describe a new species, taxonomists need to examine a physical specimen of the inducing organism. The species isn't considered "described" until their description is published in a peer-reviewed academic journal (so species described in grad school theses but never published in a journal are still considered undescribed). 

  One of our main goals at Gallformers is to facilitate you, an amateur or academic naturalist, in the process of collecting and rearing such a specimen and getting it to an appropriate taxonomist. 

  Raising an inducer is not hard, but each individual attempt has low odds of success. The biggest reason experts are more likely to succeed is not any particular technique but because they search harder and collect galls in larger numbers than any individual amateur. As a community, we can distribute that effort across many observers. So while you might not be successful yourself, you are still contributing to the process that builds the knowledge we need for someone to eventually succeed. 

  # Being Prepared

  When in the field looking for undescribed galls you need to be prepared if you want to maximize your chances of success in collecting and rearing. Bringing a couple of basic tools with you will greatly improve your odds.

  - Something to cut or cross-section galls. e.g., a small sharp pocket knife. I like pruning shears
  - Containers for collection. Ziploc bags, organza bags, and small plastic vials are each useful for different purposes
  - A way to capture the details of the collection. Ideally a geotagged photograph of the gall, plus a written tag to associate the physical collection with that image and track it going forward

  When you collect a gall it is critically important that you capture several pieces of information. Without this information the specimen can be useless:

  - Date of collection
  - Location of collection: ideally Lat/Long (smart phone cameras often append this information to photographs automatically, but check first to make sure if you plan to rely on this method); if not, at least write down locale info and a rough description of the location so a future observer could find the site
  - Host plant species. If there is any uncertainty, and even if not, it's best to take photos of diagnostic features of the plant that will allow others to confirm your ID. This is especially important if you're in a location you can't conveniently return to

  # So, You Have an Interesting Gall, Now What?

  So if you find a gall you determine to be undescribed (or perhaps a described gall that is of interest for other reasons), what should you do?
  The answer varies significantly depending on the taxon of the inducer. 

  ## 1. Broadly place the taxon of the inducer. 
  Most galls can be placed taxonomically by comparison to other galls using the ID tool. For a truly new, unknown gall, or a gall listed as Unknown on Gallformers, the first step is to figure out what the likely taxon of the inducer is. This can sometimes be done with obvious external features, like rust fruiting bodies or mite erineum, but in general it requires dissection. 

  Carefully cut apart the gall. For most galls, a scalpel is a good tool for this (disposable ones are cheap online); thick-walled or woody galls you'll be better off with pruning shears or a sharper wood-carving knife. Try to make a shallow cut and then pull or pry the gall apart rather than passing the knife through the center of the gall, which destroys the larva. 

  Once you've made the section, photograph both the structure of the gall and the larvae as well as you can. This information should allow us to approximately place the inducer relative to known species.

  ## 2. Determine the gall's development timeline
  Generally speaking, the most difficult part of collecting an inducer specimen is making your collection at the right time. To do that, you need to have a reasonable idea of when the inducer is likely to reach different points of its life cycle. If you find a gall that already has emergence holes, you're either too late or just in time (if the galls are abundant, section one to determine if others may still have inducers within). 

  To help determine when a gall should be collected, I've [created a phenology tool](https://megachile.shinyapps.io/doycalc/) that presents records from the literature and from iNaturalist and extrapolates to latitudes with no data. The records in the tool are incomplete both because existing information hasn't been imported and because it simply doesn't exist yet. Use phenology of apparently-related galls where possible. Otherwise, any information you obtain in collecting and rearing will help improve the tool for future users. 

  There are a few ways to investigate the phenology of a gall, and all of them are valuable even if you don't end up successfully rearing an inducer. 
  If you can conveniently revisit the site, the most informative and least invasive is to simply check the gall at frequent intervals (2x a week is ideal) until you see evidence of emergence, which will give us at least one estimate of its emergence timing. 

  If you aren't likely to see it again, you should collect it immediately and try to rear it (see below). If you succeed, great; if not, then we know to wait a bit longer next time. If you don't want to take it home, or you have a lot of galls in front of you, it's once again informative to cut one open to see what developmental stage the inducer is in. This also lets us better calibrate future collections.

  ## 3. Collect at the right time  
  Once your gall is in the right stage for collection (pupae or adults; sometimes large larvae), depending on the taxon, you can either collect the sample directly or take the gall off the plant and bring it home to complete maturation. When removing the gall from the plant, it's often wise to collect not just the gall but the general area of the plant the gall is on, like stem sections above and below a stem gall or the full leaf or even twig for a leaf gall. 

  In every case, collecting more specimens is better for science and generally (but not necessarily or universally--use your discretion) not a threat to populations.

  In a Pucciniales rust or an eriophyid mite gall, #2 is where the tricky part ends: if you collect the gall at the right time (when it is sporulating for a rust, when it is fresh for a mite gall), you just need to dry it and store it in an envelope. 

  For other taxa, like aphids, midges, or wasps, collections can't be made until after the point when the inducer no longer relies on the plant to complete its maturation. This happens at different life stages for different inducing taxa, but there are some general patterns. 

  Hemipteran inducers like aphids, phylloxera, and psyllids exist as nymphs for much of the gall's growth, and eventually produce winged adults at maturation. These winged adults are the ones necessary for description, and they typically hang out in the gall for some time before leaving through an opening called an ostiole. These can be collected directly from the gall as adults and preserved (see below).

  Cynipid wasps exist as larvae for most of the gall's growth, and if the gall is collected in the larval stage they will likely die rather than emerge. Once they begin to pupate, however, they no longer need to feed on the gall and will likely survive to emerge from pupation and chew their way out of the gall. 

  Cecidomyiid midges exist as larvae in the gall and either pupate in the gall or emerge as a larva and pupate in the soil. The appropriate time to collect may vary by species for this group.

  ## 4. Bring the gall home to rear
  Now that you've collected the gall, you need to store it in a sealed container so that whatever emerges won't escape. For spring galls on fresh, succulent, tissue, these need to be watertight so that the gall doesn't dry out. These will likely emerge within a relatively short timespan, so mold is often not a fatal issue. Ziplocs are a good choice but jars also work. Don't worry about air holes; inducers are small and don't use much oxygen before they emerge. Agamic cynipini or other detachable overwintering galls need to be kept humid but not too much so. Try to replicate the conditions they might experience overwintering outdoors in the leaf litter to the extent possible. We have had success for some galls with simple mesh bags indoors, however. Note that the emergence may be within a day or less of collection, but it may also take more than two years. If nothing has emerged yet, that may mean it's just waiting for the right moment.

  For cecidomyiid midges, the process can be more involved. See [this post by Charley Eiseman](https://bugtracks.wordpress.com/rearing/) for more information, but you may need to transfer the larva/pupae from the gall container into soil and potentially refrigerate it over the winter before an adult can emerge.

  ## 5. Preserve what you reared
  Once you have a specimen in hand, you need to preserve it to make sure your hard work doesn't go to waste through rot or degradation. The primary concern here is water: DNA-destroying enzymes are only functional when water is present. Water can be removed either by storing the specimen in a low-humidity environment like a freezer, or using a high-proof ethanol. Low proof ethanol (70%) is not ideal because it contains substantial proportion of water; 95% is great. 

  For eriophyid mite and rust galls, preservation means drying the tissue and storing it in a paper envelope. 

  For other arthropods, adults should be killed in a freezer and stored there dry until they can be mailed to a taxonomist. To ship the specimens, pack with cotton or tissue to prevent them from being damaged by rattling around the container. The galls from which these arthropods emerged should be preserved as well if possible--in many cases they can also simply be dried; if they are especially succulent or fleshy, they are likely no longer worth preserving by the time the adult emerges.

  Some small specimens are prone to collapse or shrivel if dried. These can be better preserved in ethanol, but it must be high proof (95%). If you do choose to use ethanol, note that it dissolves both pen ink and graphite, and care must be taken to avoid smearing labels. A key concern is ensuring that the specimen can always be associated with its collection information, so making sure the label remains legible is crucial. Ideally, labels should be printed on a printer rather than written with pen or pencil, but if you do use pen or pencil, make sure the alcohol is sealed properly and the writing will not be in contact with it. 

  ## 5.5 Inquilines
  Unfortunately, it's as likely as not that you've gone through this whole process and ended up with something that isn't the inducer specimen needed to describe the gall. Depending on the gall, the adult arthropod emerging from your gall may be vastly more likely to be another species that displaced the inducer. Luckily these are also of scientific interest and can be preserved the same way. This is another reason rearing an inducer often takes many attempts.

  ## 6. Mail your specimens to a taxonomist
  [Contact the Gallformers team](mailto:gallformers@gmail.com) and we will do our best to help you network with someone who can describe your specimen. We have contacts working on most groups, with the conspicuous exception of eriophyid mites, which seem to be underserved taxonomically right now.


slug: patrons
title: Gallformers Patrons
author: Adam Kranz
tags: ["meta","supporters"]
inserted_at: 2026-01-26T22:14:08
updated_at: 2026-02-07T16:12:08
content:
  Thank you to all our Patrons!

  # Oak tier:

  - Madeleine Doney
  - Joshua Newbend

  # Cecidomyiid tier:

  - Timothy Frey
  - Kathleen Sweetman

  # Cynipid tier:

  - Andrew Deans
  - Leslie Flint
  - Ellen Martinson
  - Dale Ball
  - Sam Smith

  # Eriophyid tier:

  - Mark Apgar
  - Lisa Appelbaum
  - Deborah Barber
  - Bird Bird
  - Tricia Bippus
  - Mimi Brown
  - Andrew Cameron
  - Catherine Chang
  - Ruta Daugavietis
  - Andrew Forbes
  - Jennifer Flynn
  - G Froelich
  - Chris Friesen
  - Michael Gates
  - Bert Harris
  - Sara Ruth Harrison
  - Noriko Ito
  - Henrik Kibak
  - Joseph L
  - Karlyn Lewis
  - Moe Morelock
  - Maureen Murphy
  - Robert Riedl
  - ribbon
  - cassi saari
  - Carrie Seltzer
  - Ramsey Sullivan
  - tser
  - Scott Ulian
  - Linyi Zhang
  - Miles Zhang


slug: populusmidgekey
title: Populus Midge Gall Key
author: Adam Kranz
tags: ["identification","keys","midges","populus"]
inserted_at: 2026-01-26T22:14:08
updated_at: 2026-01-26T22:14:08
content:
  This key is largely based on original categorizations of iNaturalist observations, with some remarks on the limited prior literature. Even moreso than many gall-inducer taxa, midge galls on native North American poplars seem to map very closely onto midges known from Europe; these similarities are noted below. 

  ## The Key

  1. Leaf edge roll: [Prodiplosis morrisi](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2166) (can be confused with [Aceria dispar](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4004), which causes ragged leaf edge rolling but also shortens the petiole and occurs in bunched clusters)
  2. Concentric circular spot with raised papilla and exposed larva below
  1. A green spot on Populus balsamifera: [p-balsamifera-leaf-gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3987)
  2. A green spot on Populus tristis (= trichocarpa): [p-tristis-leaf-spot](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4027) (this and the previous are indistinguishable without host ID and may be sympatric where the hosts both occur. They may be conspecific.)
  3. A reddish blister on Populus grandidentata: [?Harmandiola stebbinsae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3985) (It’s ambiguous whether H stebbinsae fits in this group. Gagne 1989’s drawing matches this description, but no observations of this gall type have been reported from the host or range given for that species. It also seems unlikely that none of the sources would note that the gall has an exposed larva if it did. The text descriptions suggest something like [p-tremuloides-like-globuli](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4033) but that gall looks very different from Gagne’s drawing. No galls matching this description have been observed on Populus grandidentata so far.)
  3. Larva concealed within galled tissue, protruding at least slightly at least one side of the leaf
   1. Gall entirely on the upper side of the leaf, with only a flat opening on the lower side
      1. A relatively large, spherical, thick-walled pea gall on a leaf vein: [p-tremuloides-like-tremulae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4028) (Similar to [Harmandiola tremulae](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/cecidomyiidi/cecidomyiidi-unplaced/harmandiola/harmandiola-tremulae/) in Europe. [Russo’s species B](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3999) might key here but it has an opening above.)
      2. A relatively small, capsule-shaped, thin-walled gall anywhere on the upper leaf: [p-tremuloides-like-globuli](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4033) (Similar to [Harmandiola globuli](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/cecidomyiidi/cecidomyiidi-unplaced/harmandiola/harmandiola-globuli/) in Europe. Easily confused with [H helena](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4005) from above)
   2. Gall largely on the lower side or evenly protruding from both sides
      1. Circular to ovate openings typically on the upper side but sometimes on the lower or even on both sides of the leaf. 
          1. Circles often visible before inducers emerge. Gall protruding more or less but typically to the same degree on either side of the leaf. Variable in size, shape, and number but often confluent with each other and with nearby veins, glossy and succulent, often but not always clustering in large confluent masses at the leaf base though never on the petiole: [p-tremuloides-like-populnea](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4030) (Similar to [Lasioptera populnea](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/lasiopteridi/lasiopterini/lasioptera/lasioptera-populnea/)/Contarinia populi in Europe. Galls with confluent and thus linear/elongated slits can be confused with [p-tremuloides-lips-gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4029). Seems to be Russo’s sp A. His [species B](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3999) might key here as well but I haven’t seen anything matching that description yet. This is a highly variable gall and is perhaps the morphotype most likely to represent multiple species?)
      2. Linear slit openings on one or the other side of the leaf
          1. Linear slits on the lower side of the leaf (based on Gagne’s drawing; opposite of the original Felt description) 
              1. Numerous small globular galls in loose rows along the midrib, protruding equally on both sides of the leaf, with a hole on the lower side: [Harmandiola helena](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4005) (Similar to [Harmandiola pustulans](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/cecidomyiidi/cecidomyiidi-unplaced/harmandiola/harmandiola-pustulans/) in Europe. Easily confused with [p-tremuloides-like-globuli](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4033) from above. All of my IDs of H helena are made based on Gagne’s figure, which is listed as “possibly helena,” contradicts the original description, and are essentially all on Populus grandidentata rather than the type host, Populus tremuloides.)
              2. Pocked, globular galls with a hairy slit on the lower side. Apparently unique in having globular galls that expand toward the base: [Russo’s species C](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4000) 
          2. Linear slits on the upper side of the leaf
              1. Small, numerous, thin-walled pouch galls in rows on either side of the midrib or lateral veins, only a small protrusion if any on the upper side around the opening: [p-tremuloides-pouch-gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4031) (Similar to [Harmandiola populi](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/cecidomyiidi/cecidomyiidi-unplaced/harmandiola/harmandiola-populi/) in Europe)
              2. Large, thick-walled, globular galls singly or in clusters on the lamina, often with wide succulent lips protruding slightly on the upper side of the leaf: [p-tremuloides-lips-gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4029) (Similar to [Harmandiola cavernosa](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/cecidomyiidi/cecidomyiidi-unplaced/harmandiola/harmandiola-cavernosa/) in Europe. Can be confused with galls of [p-tremuloides-like-populnea](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4030) with confluent, elongate openings on the upper side)


slug: idguide
title: Gall Identification Guide
author: Adam Kranz
tags: ["identification","guide"]
inserted_at: 2026-01-26T22:14:08
updated_at: 2026-01-26T22:14:08
content:
  A gall is a novel organ grown by a plant when another organism alters the way the plant expresses its genes. Gall-inducers are found in a wide range of taxa. Insects, mites, and fungi are the most common, but nematodes, bacteria, and even plants can also induce galls.

  Because gall induction is a biochemical alteration of the growth pattern of a plant, galls are highly targeted, usually specific to a single part of one or several closely related{' '} host species. Some gall-inducing species form distinct galls on different hosts or, in different portions of their lifecycle, on different parts of the same host. These galls are listed separately in the database.

  Galls typically have unique, recognizable exterior features that are distinct from galls formed by their close relatives. This means that identifying a gall-inducer to species requires no taxon-specific anatomical knowledge and is generally much easier than identifying other fungi or arthropods.

  Galls are created to feed and protect their inducers, and these conditions are attractive to other organisms. Many galls are targeted by predators, parasitoids, and inquilines that live within the gall, some of which do not harm the gall-inducer. In most cases this database does not include these organisms, but a few inquilines modify developing galls and create distinct galls, and in these cases the gall is listed as a separate entry in the database.

  ## Using our ID tool

  The most important step in gall ID is the correct identification of the host plant. If you’re not sure what your plant is, you can take a photo and make an observation on iNaturalist. The site’s computer vision algorithm will give you a plausible suggestion, which you can confirm yourself with other resources and will likely be confirmed or corrected by other users. There are many plant ID resources available online:

  - [New England](https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/advanced/)
  - [Michigan](https://michiganflora.net/)
  - [North America](http://efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1)
  - [California (willows only)](http://tchester.org/plants/analysis/salix/key.html#picture)

  For plants with few galls, host ID alone will likely filter the possibilities enough that your gall is recognizable. However, most galls are found on plant species with many galls. In those cases, select additional traits, starting with location and detachable, until the results are manageable. See the gall{' '} filter term guide for more info on what these selections mean.

  Once you find a plausible set of options, you may want to confirm your ID by checking the original descriptions of the gall, available on its page. Additional information about taxonomic shifts and ID tips is also available on each gall page.

  Be aware that this database is a work in progress and many galls may not be added yet. The database is complete for plants and galls marked as such. However, many gall-inducing species are not yet described, and if you find a gall that is not listed on a host that is marked complete, please contact us at gallformers@gmail.com.

  ## ID Tips and Troubleshooting

  If you’re not finding a match, try using only host, location, and detachable before you give up. Common issues using these filters include

  - Wrong host ID (try moving up to the genus level or checking your second or third guesses)
  - Host not included in the database. Many hybrids or rare species, especially among highly speciose host groups like oaks or goldenrods, may not appear in the database at all or may not have comprehensive gall associations. Try searching a close relative or hybrid parent instead, or the section for Quercus or Carya.
  - Whether a gall is “Between veins” or “on leaf veins” can occasionally be ambiguous or misleading; try choosing the opposite or avoiding these terms entirely
  - Bud galls are often mistaken for stem galls
  - Acorn galls on red oaks can be mistaken for bud galls (red-group oaks have small overwintering acorns with similar size and placement as their buds)
  - A gall looks detachable but is not (or vice versa); check the results for the opposite option
  - If your gall is only found on the leaf midrib, it may be a species that could theoretically be found on any of the leaf veins; check “on leaf veins” instead
  - Gall-inducers, especially cynipid wasps, occasionally form galls on the opposite side of the leaf from their normal habit; check the results for the opposite option
  - Wrong season selected. Galls often persist long after their season of appearance. Only use this filter if the gall is obviously fresh

  Generally speaking, it’s a good idea to try sequentially removing filters to make sure you’re not missing relevant possibilities.

  Other traits, including color, walls, cells, alignment, shape, and texture, may not be added comprehensively or at all. Check the gall filter term guide to make sure you’re applying the terms consistently with our usage.

  Note that if you search by host at the section or genus level, you are likely to encounter galls from other parts of the country than your observation. Be sure to confirm the range makes sense before making an ID.


slug: vitisgallkey
title: Key to Galls on Grapes (Vitis)
author: Adam Kranz
tags: ["identification","keys","vitis"]
inserted_at: 2026-01-26T22:14:08
updated_at: 2026-01-26T22:14:08
content:
  ## The Key

  1. Integral
  1. On main stem, a slight swelling typically directly adjacent to a node. Contains beetle larva and frass: [Ampeloglypter sesostris](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3111)
  2. Swollen buds containing gall midge larvae: [Contarinia johnsoni](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3109)
  3. On petiole or tendrils; tapered swellings with matte green exterior when fresh, brown and often splitting longitudinally with age: [Neolasioptera vitinea](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1408)
  4. On leaves, petioles, inflorescences, and tendrils; abrupt swellings, either densely clustered across many tissues or scattered in globules on leaves, exterior pink-red, succulent and glossy, developing small egress holes on the upper side later in the season: [Vitisiella brevicauda](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1407)
  5. Exclusively on leaves
      1. Blistering above with corresponding patches of white, red, or brown erineum below: [Colomerus vitis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/689)
      2. Numerous globular pockets on the lower side of the leaf with hairy tufts above. Extremely common: [Daktulosphaira vitifoliae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1406)
      3. Broad, flat, light yellow-green swellings on both sides of the leaf, thick-walled in spring but hollow with large opening holes by early summer: [Heliozela aesella](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1419)
      4. Many small globular swellings, often pink-red and succulent and resembling Vitisiella brevicauda but differing in the presence of
          1. a tuft or covering of hairs. Highly variable; may represent multiple species: [Vitisiella vitis-tuft-gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2687)
          2. a narrow, hairy, sometimes curved protrusion on the lower side: [Dasineura v-cinerea-hook-gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1748)
  2. Detachable
  1. On stem at nodes (replacing buds)
      1. One (sometimes several) large, globular, polythalamous gall(s). May be hairy or glabrous, ribbed or smooth: [Ampelomyia vitispomum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1405)
      2. A cluster of typically 10 or more pointed-globular monothalamous galls. May be hairy or glabrous: [Ampelomyia vitiscoryloides](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1404)
  2. On leaves
      1. Numerous elongate, conical galls scattered on either the upper or lower side of the leaf (typically not both). Yellow, turning red with exposure to the sun. May be hairy or glabrous: [Ampelomyia viticola](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1403)
          1. Nearly identical galls on Vitis tilifolia in Mexico may or may not be a distinct species: [Ampelomyia v-tiliifolia-pubescent-conical-gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3355)
      2. Numerous abruptly truncated cylindrical hairless yellow galls scattered on the lower side of the leaf. Common on Vitis mustangensis but similar galls have been observed on other Vitis species: [Ampelomyia v-mustangensis-lower-tube-gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1357)
      3. One or two wide ovate-conical galls causing a bunching of leaf tissue beyond the location of the gall. Green, turning red in the sun. May be hairy or glabrous. [Ampelomyia vitis-large-cone-gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2265)


slug: contributing
title: Contributing to the Gallformers Reference Library
author: Jeff Clark
tags: ["meta","contributing"]
inserted_at: 2026-01-26T22:14:08
updated_at: 2026-01-26T22:14:08
content:
  If you would like to contribute to the Gallformers Reference Library it is quite easy. This article will describe the type of articles that we are looking for as well as the steps needed to get your article published.

  ## Types of Reference Material We Publish

  We are primarily interested in publishing articles about galls. The types of content that we are currently looking for are:

  - Guides to rearing adults from galls
  - Beginners guide to finding galls
  - Guides for host identifications
  - Keys for complex groups
  - Any original gall related research or findings

  ## Understanding How Your Article Will Be Licensed

  Currently all original content that is published on the site is released under a [Creative Commons 4.0 Attribution License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Attribution will refer to gallformers generally but most folks citing information want to give credit where credit is due and will include the specific author.

  If you want to publish an article under a different license, [get in touch with us](mailto:gallformers@gmail.com) and we will see what we can do.

  ## Writing Your Article and Getting it Published

  First you will need 2 things:

  1. A [Github](https://github.com/) account
  1. An understanding of [Markdown](https://www.markdownguide.org/getting-started)

  ### Writing

  With these two steps complete you are ready to write! Write your article in whatever editor you choose. It is helpful, but not necessary, to use an editor that is markdown aware. You can also write it in another format, like MS Word or Google Docs, and then use one of the many online tools that will covert that format to markdown. Generally it is a good idea to stick to simple markdown as some of the various extensions to markdown will likely not render properly. If you are looking for a basic template you can view [this article's markdown source](https://github.com/jeffdc/gallformers/blob/main/ref/contributing.md).

  #### Required Metadata

  At the top of your article you must create a required metadata section that will contain the title, publishing date, author, and other info. I suggest copying this from this [article's source](https://github.com/jeffdc/gallformers/blob/main/ref/contributing.md). The metadata section must look like this:
  ```
  ---
  title: 'The Title of Your Awesome Article'
  date: '2022-02-27'
  description: 'A short one sentence description of this article.'
  author:
  name: Your Name
  ---
  ```

  #### Limitations

  Currently it is not possible to add hosted images to the article. You can link to images that are already published on the web, but please use this sparingly. We will eventually have the ability to publish images along with articles.

  ### Publishing

  To get your article published you will open a Pull Request against the gallformers repository on Github. To do this, follow these steps:

  1. Navigate to the [gallformers repository](https://github.com/jeffdc/gallformers) on Github
  1. Make sure that you are logged in to Github
  1. Click on the "Add File" button
  1. Select "Create a New File"
  1. This will create a fork of the repository under your account and allow you to open a pull request
  1. Name your file. This should be a short but descriptive title for your article. Please use all lowercase letters with no spaces or punctuation
  1. Copy the source of your article and paste it into the "Edit New File" box
  1. Click "Propose New File" at the bottom of the page
  1. On the next screen click on "Create pull request"
  1. In the comment section write any details that you want. These will seen by the reviewer and might be useful to describe why you think the article should be published on Gallformers
  1. Click on "Create pull request"

  At this point a Pull Request has been created. One of our reviewers will review the article. We may request changes to the article. We will do this via Github's review mechanism. You will be notified by email so make sure you have added Github to your address book so the messages do not end up lost in your spam folder.

  Once the review process is done the article will go live on the site within a couple of hours.

  ### Future Edits

  If for whatever reason in the future you want to update the article the process is straight-forward. 

  1. Navigate to the article on Github. They are all in the [`ref`](https://github.com/jeffdc/gallformers/tree/main/ref) directory 1. Once you have clicked on the article you want to edit, find the pencil icon in the toolbar above the article content and click on it
  1. This will take you into an editor where you can make the changes
  1. Once the changes are complete fill in a comment as to the nature of the changes that you made
  1. Click on "Propose Changes"
  1. On the next screen click on "Create pull request"

  This will then trigger the review process which is the same as with the Publish step above.

  ## Closing Thoughts

  We thank you for the articles that you write. The gallformers site would not exist without the hundreds of hours of volunteer time from our band of gall nerds.


slug: populusaphidkey
title: Populus Aphid Gall Key
author: Adam Kranz
tags: ["identification","keys","aphids","populus"]
inserted_at: 2026-01-26T22:14:08
updated_at: 2026-01-26T22:14:08
content:
  *This key is a synthesis of gall descriptions given in the literature. There is reason to believe that these gall descriptions may not map perfectly onto monophyletic aphid taxa; cases where this is known to be true will be noted but the full extent of variation for all species is likely not known, and cryptic species likely await description.*

  ## Table of Contents

  1. [Populus Sections](#populus-sections)
  2. [Notes](#notes)
  3. [The Key](#the-key)
  - [1. Leaves folded into loose “nest.”](#1-leaves-folded-into-loose-nest)
  - [2. Gall on stem, dropping late in the season leaving a flat circular scar](#2-gall-on-stem-dropping-late-in-the-season-leaving-a-flat-circular-scar)
  - [3. Full or most of leaf galls](#3-full-or-most-of-leaf-galls)
  - [4. Pouch or pocket galls on leaf](#4-pouch-or-pocket-galls-on-leaf)
  - [5. Globular to conical galls on petiole at or below leaf base](#5-globular-to-conical-galls-on-petiole-at-or-below-leaf-base)

  ## Populus Sections

  | **Section**     | **Species**                                                   |
  |-----------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
  | **Aigeiros**    | *deltoides*, *fremontii*, *nigra*                             |
  | **Populus**     | *alba*, *tremula*, *tremuloides*, *grandidentata*              |
  | **Tacamahaca**  | *angustifolia*, *balsamifera*, *tristis* (= *trichocarpa*)    |

  ## Notes

  > **Note:** *Populus tremula*, *alba*, and *nigra* are non-native species found in cultivated settings.

  > **Caution:** Some galls may require DNA or anatomical evidence to distinguish between closely related species.

  ## The Key

  ### 1. Leaves folded into loose “nest.”

  No galled tissue, leaves often not even curled, aphids exposed along the petioles causing them to shorten and bend together. Only on *Populus tremuloides*:

  [Pachypappa rosettei](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4012)

  ---

  ### 2. Gall on stem, dropping late in the season leaving a flat circular scar

  Slit opening usually aligned with stem rather than perpendicular to it. On Sect. Tacamahaca and Aigeiros:

  [Pemphigus populiramulorum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3459)

  ---

  ### 3. Full or most of leaf galls

  <details>
  <summary>Expand for details</summary>

  1. **Galling of all or part of leaf**

   <details>
     <summary>Expand for options</summary>
     
     - **Entire leaf with walnut-like corrugations**  
       Wax-glossy, only on *Populus deltoides*:
       [Mordwilkoja vagabunda](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3678)
     
     - **Large, broadly wrinkled sacks**  
       Dull in texture, only on *Populus tremuloides*:
       [Pachypappa sacculi](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4013)
   </details>

  2. **No galling, leaf folded to varying extents**

   <details>
     <summary>Expand for options</summary>
     
     - **Tight folding, blistering, or convolution**
       
       <details>
         <summary>Expand for specifics</summary>
         
         - **Native poplars**:  
           [Thecabius gravicornis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4010)  
           [Thecabius populiconduplifolius](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4034)
         
         - **Non-native poplars**:  
           [Thecabius lysimachiae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4011)  
           [Thecabius affinis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3989)
       </details>
     
     - **Loose bending at midrib without discoloration**  
       [Pachypappa pseudobyrsa](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3677)
   </details>

  </details>

  ---

  ### 4. Pouch or pocket galls on leaf

  <details>
  <summary>Expand for details</summary>

  1. **Leaf edge fold**

   <details>
     <summary>Expand for options</summary>
     
     - **A thick, crescent shaped gall containing many aphids.**  
       On *Populus angustifolia*:
       [Cornaphis populi](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4057)
     
     - **A globular, near spherical, pouch bulging out of a leaf edge fold.**  
       On *Populus tremuloides*:
       [p-tremuloides-cherry-gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4058)  
       *(only tentatively thought to be induced by an aphid)*
     
     - **A simple ungalled leaf edge fold**
       
       <details>
         <summary>Expand for specifics</summary>
         
         - On *Populus deltoides* or *balsamifera*: stem mother  
           [Thecabius populiconduplifolius](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4034)  
           *(some sources state this is also known from *Populus nigra* but these reports may be *T. affinis*; broadly this seems to be a native species found on native hosts)*
         
         - On *Populus nigra*: stem mother  
           [Thecabius affinis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3989)  
           *(a European species present in NA but likely only found on non-native *Populus* like *P. nigra*; similar observations on native poplars are presumably *T. populiconduplifolius*. The species are closely related but have different chromosome counts.)*
       </details>
     
   </details>

  2. **Linear or ovate pocket(s) on lamina or along edge, often parallel to midrib**

   <details>
     <summary>Expand for options</summary>
     
     - **Large, smooth, flat-sided cockscomb gall.**  
       On *Populus deltoides*:
       [Pemphigus longicornis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3451)
     
     - **Pseudogall pocket/pouch**
       
       <details>
         <summary>Expand for specifics</summary>
         
         - **A single long, narrow, pseudogall parallel to the midrib, barely raised above the leaf, containing one apterous aphid.**  
           In spring. Typically on Sect. Tacamahaca; apparently the same species on *Populus fremontii*: stem mother  
           [Thecabius populimonilis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4009)
         
         - **Apparently similar, on Sect. Tacamahaca:** stem mother  
           [Thecabius gravicornis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4010)  
           *(disagreement in the literature whether this is on the midrib, adjacent to the midrib, or halfway between the midrib and the leaf edge)*
         
         - **One to four rows of bead-like galls parallel to midrib or (on *Populus fremontii*) along the edge of the leaf, each containing a single winged or apterous aphid.**  
           In summer. Often in numbers, overtaking the whole leaf and causing it to spiral. Typically on Sect. Tacamahaca.  
           Apparently the same species forms similar galls on *Populus fremontii* but this may be worth confirming:  
           [Thecabius populimonilis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4009)
       </details>
     
     - **Pseudogall pocket on midrib.**  
       Typically on *Populus deltoides*: stem mother  
       [Pachypappa pseudobyrsa](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3677)
     
     - **Gall on midrib**  
       *(many of these aphids occur on the same hosts and cause similar or overlapping symptoms; DNA or anatomical evidence is likely necessary to distinguish them)*
       
       <details>
         <summary>Expand for specifics</summary>
         
         1. **Lower midrib**
            
            <details>
              <summary>Expand for options</summary>
              
              - **An elongate-globular or triangular pocket gall, typically near the base of the leaf.**  
                Only on Sect. Tacamahaca:
                [Pemphigus betae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3461)
              
              - **Similar, only known from *Populus angustifolia* in Utah:**  
                [Pemphigus knowltoni](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3462)
              
              - **Similar, typically found on the upper leaf per early lit but Foottit et al 2010 state that this aphid was found predominantly in galls on the lower side. A third, undescribed taxon was also reported on similar galls:**  
                [Pemphigus populivenae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3456)
              
              - **Irregularly globular, twisted galls on the lower midrib, opening with a thick slit on the upper midrib.**  
                On *Populus fremontii*:
                [Pemphigus p-fremontii-midrib-gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3996)
            </details>
         
         2. **Upper midrib**  
            *(these three galls all occur chiefly on Sect. Tacamahaca and their galls may overlap morphologically especially when populations are high)*
            
            <details>
              <summary>Expand for options</summary>
              
              1. **Localized at the base of the leaf**
                 
                 <details>
                   <summary>Expand for specifics</summary>
                   
                   - **A single or sometimes two large irregularly globose galls. Narrow to a small thickening of the midrib where they connect to the leaf base.**  
                     Alate aphids emerge in mid-July. Only on Sect. Tacamahaca:  
                     [Pemphigus populiglobuli](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3458)
                 </details>
              
              2. **Along the length of the leaf**
                 
                 <details>
                   <summary>Expand for specifics</summary>
                   
                   - **Leathery, slightly sinuous thickening of the midrib with sometimes one but typically at least 2 globular galls, often confluent in irregular cockscomb divided by saddle-like furrows, typically with a roughened surface.**  
                     Alate aphids emerge in late August-September. Only on Sect. Tacamahaca:  
                     [Pemphigus monophagus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3457)
                   
                   - **An elongate-globular or triangular pocket gall, typically near the base of the leaf.**  
                     Typically on Sect. Tacamahaca:  
                     [Pemphigus populivenae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3456)
                 </details>
              
            </details>
         
         3. **Clusters of yellow-red globular galls on the lower side of the leaf of *Populus tremuloides***  
            [Pemphigus rileyi](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3990)  
            *(unclear if this is in fact an aphid species; no sources mention the aphid past Stebbins)*
       </details>
     
   </details>

  </details>

  ---

  ### 5. Globular to conical galls on petiole at or below leaf base

  <details>
  <summary>Expand for details</summary>

  1. **Not twisted (occasionally bending the petiole), not incorporating any leaf tissue**

   <details>
     <summary>Expand for options</summary>
     
     - **Opening with a round ostiole. Conical, often squatly triangular but sometimes elongate and narrow.**  
       Only on *Populus nigra var italica*:
       [Pemphigus bursarius](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3450)  
       *(reported from North America in the literature but apparently not observed on iNaturalist yet?)*
     
     - **Opening with a simple linear slit, sometimes with protruding lips**
       
       <details>
         <summary>Expand for specifics</summary>
         
         - **Slit oriented parallel to petiole, a stem gall rarely found on only petiole:**  
           [Pemphigus populiramulorum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3459)
         
         - **Slit oriented nearly perpendicular to petiole**
           
           <details>
             <summary>Expand for specifics</summary>
             
             - **Globular (some galls in CA almost laterally compressed), near junction with leaf (though not incorporating leaf midrib), slit has protruding, sometimes almost conical, lips. May cause petiole to bend slightly but never twist.**  
               Aphids in galls from May to October (longer in CA?). On *Populus fremontii* and *deltoides*:  
               [Pemphigus obesinymphae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3453)  
               *(eastern galls of this species were formerly considered a morph of *P. populitransversus*)*
             
             - **Elongate, near center of petiole, opens via slit.**  
               Aphids in galls from March to July. On *Populus deltoides* only:  
               [Pemphigus populitransversus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3460)
           </details>
         
       </details>
     
   </details>

  2. **Twisted, with a long winding groove or slit (which may or may not ever open), gall sometimes including base of midrib**

   <details>
     <summary>Expand for options</summary>
     
     - **Only at junction of petiole and leaf**  
       *(these aphids apparently have at least some host overlap and cause nearly indistinguishable symptoms; DNA or anatomical evidence is likely necessary to distinguish them)*
       
       <details>
         <summary>Expand for specifics</summary>
         
         1. **Almost entirely above upper surface of leaf; on Sect. Tacamahaca**
            
            - **A single or sometimes two large irregularly globose galls. Narrow to a small thickening of the midrib where they connect to the leaf base.**  
              Alate aphids emerge in mid-July. Only on Sect. Tacamahaca:  
              [Pemphigus populiglobuli](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3458)
         
         2. **To either side of the leaf; on Sect. Aigeiros**
            
            <details>
              <summary>Expand for options</summary>
              
              - **Large, near leaf base but almost entirely on petiole. Opening with a slit.**  
                On *Populus deltoides* and *fremontii*:  
                [Pemphigus nortonii](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3452)  
                *(Russo notes that uncited DNA evidence suggests the CA galls that key to this species are more closely related to *populiramulorum*; this key leaves them together pending further information)*
              
              - **Galls with a visible exit hole or fully on the leaf lamina can be identified as *populicaulis*; those with no hole and found equally on the petiole are apparently indistinguishable from *tartareus*.**  
                On leaf base with some of the petiole twisted into the gall. On *Populus deltoides*  
                [Pemphigus populicaulis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3454)
              
              - **Principally on the petiole but with enough of the gall on the blade that the leaf margin can be traced along the edge.**  
                On *Populus deltoides*:  
                [Pemphigus tartareus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4014)
            </details>
         
       </details>
     
     - **Typically below junction of leaf along the petiole, though some galls may be near the junction**
        
        - **Twisted petioles maturing to large, irregularly globular, rough-textured galls.**  
          Only on *Populus nigra var italica*:  
          [Pemphigus spyrothecae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3994)
     
   </details>

  </details>

  ---


slug: link-undescribed-inat
title: Using Gallformers Codes on iNaturalist
author: Gallformers Team
tags: ["guide","inat","undescribed"]
inserted_at: 2026-01-30T00:03:46
updated_at: 2026-01-30T00:03:46
content:
  # What is a Gallformers Code?

  Many galls are caused by species that haven't been formally described by scientists yet. While we can recognize these galls by their distinctive appearance on specific host plants, we can't assign them to a named species because the inducing organism hasn't been studied and published in the scientific literature.

  To track observations of these undescribed galls, Gallformers assigns each one a unique **Gallformers Code**. This code is typically based on the host plant and a descriptive element of the gall (for example, `q-lobata-integral-leaf-gall` for an integral leaf gall on *Quercus lobata*).

  # The Gallformers Code Observation Field on iNaturalist

  [iNaturalist](https://www.inaturalist.org) allows users to add custom observation fields to their observations. The **Gallformers Code** observation field lets you tag your gall observations with the corresponding code from our database.

  **Why use it?**

  - **Track undescribed galls**: Since these galls can't be identified to a species on iNaturalist, adding the Gallformers Code creates a way to search for and aggregate observations of the same gall type
  - **Build phenology data**: More observations with codes help us understand when and where these galls appear
  - **Aid future research**: When a taxonomist eventually describes the species, having a corpus of linked observations provides valuable data on distribution, phenology, and host associations
  - **Connect the community**: Other gall enthusiasts can find your observations when researching specific undescribed galls

  # How to Add a Gallformers Code to Your Observation

  ## Step 1: Find the Code

  On any undescribed gall page on Gallformers, you'll see an amber-colored box with the Gallformers Code displayed. You can click the code to copy it to your clipboard.

  ## Step 2: Go to Your iNaturalist Observation

  Navigate to the observation you want to tag. You can do this from your observations page or directly after uploading a new observation.

  ## Step 3: Add the Observation Field

  1. Scroll down to the **Observation Fields** section (below the Data Quality Assessment)
  2. Click **Add a Field...**
  3. Search for "Gallformers Code"
  4. Select the field from the dropdown
  5. Paste or type the code in the value field
  6. Click the checkmark or press Enter to save

  That's it! Your observation is now linked to this specific gall type in the Gallformers system.

  # Finding Observations with a Specific Code

  From any undescribed gall page on Gallformers, click the **"View observations collected with this code on iNaturalist"** link to see all observations that have been tagged with that Gallformers Code.

  You can also search directly on iNaturalist by using the observation field filter in the Explore or Identify pages.

  # Tips for Best Results

  - **Copy the code exactly**: The field value must match exactly, including hyphens and lowercase letters
  - **Use it for undescribed galls only**: Described species should be identified to species level on iNaturalist when possible
  - **Include quality photos**: Clear photos of the gall, any cross-sections, and the host plant help others confirm your identification
  - **Add host plant info**: If you're not certain of the host plant species, make a separate observation of the plant for identification

  # Learn More

  - [FAQ About Undescribed Galls](/articles/undescribedfaq) — comprehensive guide to collecting, rearing, and preserving specimens from undescribed galls
  - [Gall Identification Guide](/articles/idguide) — tips for identifying galls using the Gallformers ID tool
  - [iNaturalist Observation Fields](https://www.inaturalist.org/pages/observation_fields) — iNaturalist documentation on observation fields


# users

auth0_id: redacted-1
inserted_at: 2026-02-04T15:30:45.206940Z
updated_at: 2026-02-04T17:13:46.203372Z
about_me:
  Jeff is a Software Engineer who stumbled upon galls and became obsessed. So much so that he co-founded this site, wrote all the code for this site, and is responsible for keeping it going, fixing it, and implementing new features. If the site is broken, it is most likely his fault. He is also way too into Oaks and has started to an ID tool and database for them. Check the link out in my profile.


# plant_part

part: bud
description:
  Galls are located in buds (often found where branches intersect the stem, can be mistaken for stem galls).


part: underground (roots+)
description:
  Galls are located at or below the soil surface, on roots, rhizomes, underground stems, or other organs. May include galls that sometimes occur on stems slightly above soil surface.


part: on leaf veins
description:
  Galls are located exclusively on or very close to the veins of the leaf, including but not limited to the midrib.


part: between leaf veins
description:
  Galls are not specifically located only on leaf veins. Galls with this term may sometimes incidentally appear close to veins.


part: at leaf vein angles
description:
  Galls located exclusively in the inside of the intersection between the lateral veins and main veins of the leaf.


part: flower
description:
  Galls are located in flowers. Note this is a botanical term referring to reproductive structures, and some flowers (eg oak catkins) may not be obviously recognizable as such.


part: fruit
description:
  Galls are located in fruit. This is a botanical term referring to seed-bearing structures, and some fruit (eg maple samaras) may not be obviously recognizable as such.


part: stem
description:
  Galls are located anywhere in or on the stem (except within buds, which are occasionally deformed by gall inducers enough to appear as stem galls).


# species_source

description:
  Aceria calaceris

  Eriophyes calaceris

  Hosts: Acer glabrum, Acer heldreichii, Acer macrophyllum

  Relationship: These mites are found in and probably cause the red erineum on leaf tips [upper surface]; produce bright red erineum on upper leaf surfaces.

  Notes: This mite's records from Acer negundo L. in the east are probably Aceria negundi (Hodgkiss, 1913) [white or brown erineum, not red]. All three erineum mites should be carefully studied and rearing studies conducted.

  Range: CA, SD, WA


description:
  Aceria elongata

  Erineum roseum
  Eriophyes regulus
  Eriophyes elongatus

  Hosts: Acer saccharum

  Red erineum patches on the upper surfaces of leaves.

  Note about Erineum roseum Schultz (Harlow): Hagen (1885) p. 24, # 25, "Acer saccharinum Wang". Pl. [Place] Shelburne, NH, August 1882. Prof. Harlow [collector of fungi]. Erineum roseum Schult. (Farlow); small velvety patches [red] on the upper surface of leaves. [This shows the great confusion in the names of the maples; Silver Maple, Acer saccharinum, never has red erineum on the upper surface of the leaves. The host was actually Acer dasycarpum Ehrh., regarded by , the old name for the sugar maple, Acer saccharum L. I have collected it many times from Sugar Maple.]

  "Aceria regula is the deutogyne and a junior synonym; Aceria elongata is the protogyne; Aceria elongata has seniority by pagination in the 1913 paper (#272)" based on comments in #4062. Aceria regula is not the deutogyne; the deutogyne lacks MT on dorsal opisthosomal annuli; Hodgkiss illustrated a mite with complete dorsal microtuberculation and a distinctive shield pattern. Aceria regula is probably an inquiline that occurs in the red erineum in New York. 

  Range: MI, NY, WV, Canada


description:
  Eriophyes elongatus sp. nov.

  Described from individuals found among red erineum galls on the upper surfaces of leaves of the sugar maple, Acer saccharum L.

  [Eriophyes maculatus is also described from galls of an identical description; later work treats that species as an inquiline of elongatus]

  Eriophyes regulus sp. nov. 

  Described from individuals found among red erineum galls on the upper surfaces of leaves of the sugar maple, Acer saccharum L.


description:
  Eriophyes modestus sp. nov.

  Described from individuals found among greenish erineum galls on the under surface of leaves of the sugar maple, Acer saccharum L.


description:
  Aceria modesta

  Eriophyes modestus

  Hosts: Acer saccharum

  Relationship: Whitish or greenish erineum patches on the lower surfaces of leaves or along the veins.

  Range: Canada, NY, WV


description:
  Aceria aceris

  Eriophyes aceris

  Hosts: Acer saccharinum

  Relationship: The mites causes greenish to reddish erinea on lower leaf surfaces.

  Notes: Probably occurs on silver maple throughout eastern North America.

  Suggest Aceria hodgkissiae for this erineum mite. This distinctive mite species needs a new name; it is a junior homonym of Aceria aceris (Murray, 1877), which is a valid mite species in Europe causing elongate, red carmine galls, filled with hairs, with a large open aperture on the leaf underside, with leaf-hairs protruding; it occurs on Acer pseudoplantanus, the Planetree Maple, in Europe

  Range: NY, MA, VT, WV, WI


description:
  Eriophyes aceris

  Acer saccharinum

  And in erineum on leaves of silver maple, E. aceris Hodgkiss is abundant. The erineum patches, which are on the undersurface of the leaves, are pale greenish or greenish yellow, often with a reddish tint, and later red. In July most of the erineum turns brown and becomes dry.


description:
  Eriophyes major sp. nov.

  Described from individuals found among galls of pinkish erineum on the under surface of leaves of the red maple, Acer rubrum.

  Eriophyes ornatus sp. nov.

  Described from individuals found among galls of pinkish erineum on the under surface of leaves of the red maple, Acer rubrum.


description:
  Aceria major

  Aceria ornatus
  Eriophyes major

  Hosts: Acer rubrum, Acer circinatum? macrophyllum?

  Relationship: Pale-greenish or greenish-yellow lower surface, leaf erineum often with a reddish tint, later becoming red, then brown and dry. 

  Range: NY, CA, FL, MA, Washington, WV


description:
  Phyllocoptes minutissimus, sp. nov.

  Described from individuals found among red erineum galls on the upper surfaces of leaves of the red maple, Acer rubrum L.


description:
  Aculus minutissimus

  Phyllocoptes minutissimus
  Eriophyes minutissimus

  Hosts: Acer rubrum

  Relationship: White or red erineum consisting of large capitate multicellular processes on the upper surfaces of leaves. It may be an inquiline.

  Range: NH, NY, WV


description:
  Phyllocoptes quinquilobus, sp. nov.

  Described from individuals found among pinkish erineum galls on the under surfaces of leaves of the red maple, Acer rubrum L., Causes whitish or pinkish erineum galls on the lower surfaces of leaves.


description:
  Aculus quinquilobus

  Phyllocoptes quinquilobus

  Host: Acer rubrum

  Relationship: Causes whitish or pinkish erineum galls on the lower surface of the leaves.

  Distrbution: Canada; NY; Washington


description:
  Eriophyes negundi

  Described from individuals found in wart-like swellings of leaves of the black maple, Acer negundo L.


description:
  Aceria negundi

  Eriophyes ryderi

  Host: Acer negundo

  Relationship: Wart-like swellings or pouch galls on leaves, lower surface erineum

  Range: Canada, FL, GA, IL, NY, OH, WV


description:
  Eriophyes negundi

  Hosts: Acer negundo

  The galls are large, rounded, and peculiarly pouchtype. They develop on the underside of the leaf blade as thickened cavities filled with a dense mass of felty, whitish, unicellular hairs. They protrude on the upper side and have slightly wrinkled domes. Their dimensions are variable. The galls are solitary and widespread on the leaf blade but are not on the veins.

  Range: NY, IL, Canada, OH.


description:
  Described from individuals found associated with P quadripes Shimer in bladder galls on the leaves of the soft maple, Acer saccharinum.


description:
  Vasates quadripedes

  Eriophyes confusus
  Phytoptus quadripedes
  Eriophyes quadripedes

  Hosts: Acer saccharinum, rubrum, pseudoplatanus [mistake?]

  Relationships: Bladder galls on leaf upper surface

  Notes: The gall in each maple is caused by a different species of Vasates

  Range: Quebec, Nova Scotia, CA, IL, IN, KS, MD, MO, NJ, NY, OH, PA, SD, WA, WV, WI


description:
  Bladder galls on leaf upper surface., The mite causes a pouch gall type known as bladder gall, which is periodically common and abundant on the upper leaf surface of red and silver maples. The galls on the latter are variable in shape, rounded or elongate. Each has a slender short stem or neck. The length varies from 1.5 to 5 mm. They are solitary and are usually crowded and numerous at the basal part of the leaf blade in the angles between the larger veins. The exterior of the galls appears wrinkled and glossy. They change from yellowish green or dark green to pink, to brown, to black. The interior is hollow, and the exit hole, which is on the underside of the leaf, is lined with unicellular whitish hairs. In heavy infestations, the leaves become curled, form cylindrical rolls, and drop prematurely. The galls on red maple differ in size and form. They are smaller, I to 2 mm, somewhat beadlike, and without a basal constriction or neck. 
  Vasates quadripedes is found on red and silver maples in the United States and Canada.


description:
  Vasates aceriscrumena

  Phytoptus acericola
  Acarus aceris crumena
  Eriophyes aceris-crumena
  Eriophyes crumena
  Phyllocoptes aceris-crumena

  Hosts: Acer saccharum, leucoderme

  Relationship: Upper surface, leaf finger galls with lower surface opening

  Range: IN, OH, WV, Quebec


description:
  Another common and abundant pouch gall that develops on the upper surface of sugar maple leaves is the spindle or finger gall, which is caused by Vasates aceriscrumena. The gall is distinguished from that of V. quadripedes Shimer by its form, position, color, and texture. The galls are solitary, elongate, with pointed or truncate apices, or spindle shaped. They are variable in size, up to 5 mm in length, and tend to crowd at the apical half of the leaf blade. They vary from greenish tinged with yellow to pink, to crimson. The exit hole on the underside of the leaf has a tuft of unicellular hairs, but the interior of the gall is thin walled and lacks hairs. 

  Specimens are found in galls through July on sugar maple in the Eastern United States and Canada. 


description:
  Eriophyes parallelus sp. nov.

  Described from individuals found in a whitish erineum on the under surfaces of leaves of the mountain maple, Acer spicatum L., collected by Prof. F.C. Stewart at Seventh Lake, Adirondack Mountains, New York.


description:
  Aceria spicati

  Eriophyes spicati
  Eriophyes parallelus

  Hosts: Acer spicatum

  Relationship: Small white "frost" (= erineum) galls on leaf underside at vein angles

  Notes: Listed as nomen nudum by Nalepa (1929b) and Amrine & Stasny (1994), Baker et al. (1996), but meets all criteria for a valid species. 

  Range: MA, NY, NC, WV


description:
  Cecidophyes naulti

  Hosts: Acer rubrum

  Relationship: The mites were found on the lower surface of leaf curling.

  Range: OH, WV


description:
  Phyllocoptes magnificus 

  Described from individuals found in epidermal hairy growths which occur in the axils of the veins on the under surfaces of leaves of the Norway maple, Acer platanoides L.


description:
  Rhyncaphytoptus magnificus

  Phyllocoptes magnificus 

  Hosts: Acer platanoides, rubrum?

  Relationship: Epidermal hairy growths which occur in the axils of the veins on the under surfaces of leaves.

  Range: Finland, NY?, WV


description:
  Infestation is common and typical of the leaf galls. It consists of puckered, irregular, rounded, or wartlike pouches affecting both upper and lower surfaces of the leaves. The galls are usually scattered about indiscriminately on the leaf blade. They range from green to pinkish, to red brown. Poison oak leaves are often so heavily attacked that they become visibly crinkled and distorted. 

  Specimens were collected on poison oak in Oregon and California and on poison ivy in Ohio and Maryland. It has also been found on poison sumac (Rhus vernix L.) in Ohio. The mite is probably present throughout its host range.


description:
  Aculops rhois

  Eriophyes sp.

  Hosts: Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans, diversilobum, vernix

  Relationship: "Corrugations (galls) on upper and lower surfaces of leaf with numerous, whitish hairs or erinea"; leaf deformation; stunting of plant? Flowers of large vines sometimes become deformed producing numerous long narrow filaments that are narrow rolled leaves; mites develop in large numbers within the rolls; in some cases the filaments are somewhat more leaflike (West Virginia: Monongalia, Nicholas, Preston and Tucker counties; Maryland: near mouth of Susquehanna River). Are these a different species?

  Range: MA, CA, FL, GA, IN, MD, OH, PA, SD, WV

  Notes:

  Amrine & Stasny, 1994, erroneously listed this mite as nomen nudum. The mite described by Stebbins meets all code requirements for an older description: "a name, a mention of the animal and a description of the work of the animal"; thus her name is valid and has priority over Ewing's toxicophagus. We hereby elevate her name, Eriophyes rhois Stebbins 1909 to the accepted name for the poison ivy ( Toxicodendron radicans) gall mite. Ewing's Phyllocoptes toxicophagus is valid and occurs on Toxicodendron diversilobum. The deutogyne of rhois was photographed by Briones & McDaniel, 1976, 41, f. 88 and was observed by J. Amrine, 2 Sep. 1998 on specimens collected from Monongalia Co. WV, Cobun Creek Trail, by pasture, south of Cobun Creek Rd, 1 Sep, 1998, ex poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans); they need to be described. The name rhois is a modified form of Rhus. Mites, if they occur on Toxicodendron pubescens Mill. (Atlantic Poison Ivy) and T. rydberghi (Small ex Rydb.) Greene (Western Poison Ivy) may all be separate, distinct species.  

  Nalepa 1929 listed on p. 124, under Rhus radicans, Eriophyes rhois Stebbins 1909, and under Rhus diversilobus, Phyllocoptes toxicophagus Ewing, 1922; it may be that galls on each species of Rhus is caused by a different mite. Very careful morphological studies should be done, with rearing experiments and DNA studies. Probably, Aculops toxicophagus (Ewing) will be the name for the mite causing galls on Rhus diversilobus, and Aculops rhois (Stebbins, 1909) for the mite causing erineum galls on Rhus radicans.

  NOTE: Inflorescences of Rhus radicans often have flowers & fruits formed into long foliar filaments, with the edges curled in toward the upper midrib, containing numerous mites and a few hairs. Much of this dries up during the season and becomes brown or black and brittle, resembling Spanish Moss on poison ivy. But, many deformations continue to have parts of the deformity growing, tender and green containing mites eggs and offspring even into November. Deutogynes in August were more common in older filaments; protogynes and developing mites in the tender growth. Deformed fruiting bodies have been found at cliffs at Blackwater Falls St. Park (Tucker Co., WV),at the Summersville Library on several large plants on three large trees (Nicholas Co.), at I-79 Rest Area N. Bound, north of Clarksburg, Harrison Co., WV, at Cheat Lake south of Mont Chateau (WV Geological Survey), at Cheat Lake, Morgan's Run Park and Trail, at Monongahela River, just south of the Morgantown Dam, east side along bike path, and at 24 Pinnacle Lane, Monongalia Co., WV. Originally, the foliated fruit was thought to be injury from glyphosate (A.I. of Roundup herbicide), but, symptoms have been found where pesticides have never been used. These mites are very similar to Aculops rhois and careful descriptions should be made to determine if one and the same species causes both kinds of deformities. It is not known if this symptom occurs on Poison Oak, Poison Sumac or other species of Rhus in North America. Examination of large hedgerows of poison ivy in New Orleans failed to find any of this new symptom. So far, it has only been found in several locations in West Virginia, in Bridgeport, Morgantown, Cooper's Rock State Forest, and Black Water St. Park in Tucker Co. 


description:
  These beadlike galls are particularly striking because they appear on both surfaces of the leaves. They are small, hemispherical, of variable size and are scattered singly or crowded alongside the midrib. The galls are firmly attached, with the exit holes on the underside. They are shiny externally and the interior contains fleshy tissue. They range from green to yellowish, to red, to reddish brown as they mature. A single leaf may carry numerous galls so that it becomes distorted and its growth inhibited. Although P. laevis is a common species on alder, little is known of its seasonal history and habits. Specimens were abundant in August. The hosts are Oregon or red alder, white alder, and mountain alder in California and hazel alder in Ohio and Georgia. 


description:
  Eriophyes laevis

  Bursifex alni
  Phytoptus laevis
  Phytoptus pustulatum

  Hosts: Alnus glutinosa, incana, rugosa, tenuifolia, pubescens, rhombifolia, rubra, viridis. [Betula papyrifera and Salix nigra listed as likely mistakes reported in the literature]

  Relationship: Numerous cephaloneon galls of various sizes, on both leaf surfaces (mostly upper); Cephaloneon pustulatum Bremi.

  Range: Europe; CA, GA, KS, WA, WV

  Notes: 

  Host associations on some plants are probably missidentifications, such as Betula papyrifera.

  This may be a complex of very similar species, each restricted to one or two species of Alnus.

  Amrine & Stasny (1994) mistakenly made laevis (Nalepa, 1889) a nomen nudum; they did not see the brief description on p. 132, which is sufficient according to the code.


description:
  This gall is known as Baccharis leaf blister, a pimplelike swelling that develops on both sides of the leaf blade, with the exit hole on the underside. Generally an infestation gives the leaf a pimply, blistered appearance. The galls vary in size and from greenish to yellow, to brown. The mites occur among the fleshy tissue in the galls and presumably leave the galls and migrate to the buds during unfavorable weather. The host plant is locally known as chaparral broom, a spreading evergreen shrub that occurs in coastal and inland hills in California and southern Oregon. The mite specimens were first collected in California in April. Eriophyes baccharipha should not be confused with two other eriophyids that infest Baccharis in California. They are Eriophyes calibaccharis Keifer, which occurs in the terminal buds of chaparral broom, and E. baccharices (Keifer), which causes irregular, wartlike, rough-looking galls on the upper surface of the leaves of seep willow (Baccharis glutinosa Pers.) and mule-fat (B. viminea D. C. [salicifolia]).


description:
  Aceria baccharipha

  Eriophyes baccharipha

  Hosts: Baccharis pilularis

  Relationship: Leaf blisters.

  Range: CA, FL


description:
  The pouch galls induced by this mite on the upper surface of the leaves invariably appear at random between the lateral veins and on the midrib. The galls are often solitary, 3.6 mm in dimension, irregularly globular, and shiny with roughened surface. They range from green to yellowish green with red-dish or brown tinge. The interior of the gall, which becomes red as it matures, consists of multicellular structures, as shown in plate 6, E. Galls at times are numerous on some trees, causing considerable distortion to the foliage. 


description:
  Aceria brachytarsa

  Aceria amiculus
  Eriophyes brevitarsus

  Hosts: Juglans hindsii, californica, nigra

  Relationship: Undersurface purse galls; purse galls filled with parenchymatous tissue and sparse hairs, with channels for mite development. The leaf gall on Juglans nigra is mostly on the upper surface and hollow with hairs; nothing like this gall. 

  Range: CA, OH, WA, WV

  Notes: 

  Eriophyes brevitarsus was preoccupied by the senior homonym, Eriophyes brevitarsus Fockeu, 1890, which was later assigned to Acalitus brevitarsus (Fockeu). Farkas (1965) changed the spelling to Aceria brevitarsa (Fockeu).

  Aceria amiculus (Keifer, 1940) is the deutogyne and junior synonym according to Keifer (1969), in C3 [358: 15].

  The mite causing leaf galls in Juglans nigra is a different species.


description:
  This is an exceptionally interesting and beautiful pubescent gall, often brightly colored, passing from greenish through pink and crimson to reddish brown. The gall most frequently develops as an irregular, solid, hard mass on the leaf petiole. It is often solitary and variable in size. The exterior is covered with a dense mass of silky, unicellular, erineumlike hairs (see pl. 7, A). The gall tends to be large and to spread to and partly envelop the stem and leaf. The affected structure is greatly distorted and twisted, and leaflets fail to develop. This mite was found infesting black walnut in New Jersey and Pennsylvania in July-August. It is probably distributed throughout the range of its host from Ontario to Massachusetts and south to Florida and eastern Texas.


description:
  Aceria caulis

  Erineum anomalum
  Juglandis caulis
  Acarus caulis

  Hosts: Juglans nigra

  Relationship: The mites produce the Petiole Gall, peculiar reddish to purplish erineum-covered wooden swellings on the petioles; leaves often distorted and shortened; may be many galls per leaf.

  Range: IL, GA, MD, NJ, NY, OH, PA, WV


description:
  An affected plant shows a remarkable proliferation of unsightly, irregular outgrowth, clustered densely on the surface of the leaf blades or in leaf axils. The infestation may be con-fined to the base in the leaf axils as bunched, greenish, tiny-to-large globular sprouts or as a lumpy, rough-looking thickening in the form of wartlike growths from the base of the leaf blade extending to the tip. The longitudinal pattern of growth follows that of the lanceolate shape of the leaf. It ranges from yellowish to brownish, to green tinged with yellow. The mites also attack the inflorescence and cause galled blooms. This eriophyid attacks golden-tooth aloe, spider aloe, and star cactus or wart plant in southern California and Florida. It is probably found wherever these plants are grown. 


description:
  Aceria aloinis

  Eriophyes aloinis

  Hosts: Aloe spinosissima, striata; Haworthia spp, retusa

  Relationship: The mites cause severe deformation on the inner sides of leaf axils and on inflorescences.

  Range: CA, WA


description:
  This is an unsightly pouch gall that develops on the underside of the leaf blade as a concavity filled with erineum and on the upper side as a rounded outpocketing with irregular puckered domes. The pouch is greenish, becoming blackish, and the erineum turns brownish at maturity. The galls are variable in size and are frequently coalesced and crowded, giving a lumpy appearance to the leaf blade. Eriophyes sandorici has been found only on santol of the mahogany family Meliaceae, a tropical tree with edible fruit from the lndomalayan region and Mauritius. 


description:
  Aceria sandorici

  Eriophyes sandorici

  Hosts: Sandoricum koetjape

  Relationship: Erineum pockets on upper and lower sides of leaves, the pockets protruding out of both surfaces.

  Range: Asia


description:
  The galls on the upper surface of ash leaves are unmistakable and often particularly numerous on the terminal leaves. They are small and solitary, somewhat reniform in shape, and generally scattered at random on the lateral veins. Their greenish-yellow color and shape give a striking effect on an infested leaf. Specimens were found in galls on leaves of white, Oregon, and green or red ash in California, Wisconsin, Virginia, New York, Vermont, and Canada. In Europe, Eriophyes fraxinicola (Nalepa), a closely related species of E. chondriphora, makes similar galls on leaves of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). 


description:
  Aceria fraxini

  Phytoptus fraxini
  Eriophyes fraxini

  Hosts: Fraxinus pennsylvanica, americana, latifolia, nigra

  Relationship: Elongate, smooth, often bead-like leaf galls on upper leaf surface with elongate, fringed openings mostly on lower leaf surface.

  Range: IL, Quebec, CA, FL, IN, ME, NY, OH, SD, VT, VA, WV, WI


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15672479#page/385/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis furva, new species

  Small, somewhat globular galls, 3-4 mm in diameter covered with short, straight, stiff brown hairs, scattered along midrib or main veins on upper side of leaf in the fall and dropping off singly when mature. The hairs do not weather away during winter. Similar to galls of C infuscata on Quercus laevis in Florida., On Quercus catesbaei [laevis], coccinea, falcata, ilicifolia, imbricaria, laurifolia, marilandica, myrtifolia, nigra, palustris, phellos, velutina: Small cluster of globular galls, 3-4 mm in dia., each covered with short, straight brown hairs, on upper side of leaf in fall.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/124/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis furva

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], falcata, ilicifolia, imbricaria, laurifolia, marilandica, myrtifolia, nigra, palustris, phellos, velutina
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Small cluster of globular galls, 3-4 mm. in dia., each covered with short, straight brown hairs, on upper side of leaf in fall.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q marilandica. Probably on all the red oaks. Galls drop in Oct. Adults emerged the second and third springs Mar 20-29 (DC).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32293#page/154/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus infuscatus, n. sp. 

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis]

  Gall.--A globular, fleshy gall, densely covered with yellow wool; diameter .23 to .25 inch. It is attached by a slight point to the upper surface of the leaf and when mature is in reality nothing but a hard, tough, larval cell, covered with wool; the wooly covering is easily detached. It is monothalamous; occasionally several galls occur together on the leaf compressing one another into odd shapes but the galls fall to the ground, separate and renew their globular form, and the fly reaches maturity in the damp earth. 

  Described from several specimens reared in March.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/118/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus infuscatus 

  Globular, fleshy, monothalamous leaf gall with dense, yellow wool, diameter 5 to 6 mm, on upper surface, on Q catesbaei [laevis].


description:
  Callirhytis infuscata

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis]
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Woolly midrib cluster on under side in fall dropping in late Nov. When wool weathers away each element is white and flat-topped.

  Quercus cinerea [incana], laurifolia, marilandica, myrtifolia, phellos
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Globular, fleshy, densely covered with yellow wool, single or cluster on midrib on upper surface in fall, dropping when mature, then the wool coming away clean.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/362/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis infuscata (Ashmead)

  Andricus infuscatus

  This species was described from Jacksonville, Fla., from galls on Quercus catesbaei [laevis], the adults emerging in March. The species is here transferred to Callirhytis. The writer has collected the galls on the above host at Green Cove Springs, Marianna, River Junction, Madison, Tallahassee, Carabelle, Gainesville, Ocala, St. Petersburg, and Clearwater, Fla. Similar galls were seen at Marianna on Q. marilandica and Q. cinerea [incana] and on Q. laurifolia at Gainesville, Ocala, and Clearwater. Galls collected November 20, 1919, at Daytona on Q. laurifolia and sent to Washington and Evanston for rearing gave flies May 23, 26, June 3 and 15, 1920. From galls collected at Savannah, Ga., November 2G, 1919, living flies were cut March 14, 1921, having pupated the previous November. Galls on Q. myrtifolia collected at Daytona November 20, 1919. gave flies May 23, 1920, but some galls still contained larvae as late as September 4, 1920, so that the emergence may be distributed over at least two seasons. The writer has been unable to separate these reared specimens from the types of infuscata. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/338/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus piperoides, n. sp.

  Galls from one-eighth to three-eighths of an inch in diameter, in dense clusters along the mid-vein of full grown red oak leaves (Quercus rubra). They are found only on the largest leaves of the thriftiest shoots of young oaks. The clusters contain from one or two dozen galls up to a hundred or more, and extend along the vein two, three or even four inches. The vein is considerably enlarged, and is often split by the crowding of the galls as they increase in size. The blade of the leaf is often torn by the same force and the galls appear on both surfaces. When on the tree they are covered with a dense, coarse pubescence which is, in color, a dusky drab, or when exposed to the sun a brownish red. They are round except a very slight elongation at the point of attachment to the leaf. After falling to the ground they soon turn black, and after losing their pubescence they resemble quite closely small black pepper corns. At this time they are a solid mass of vegetable cells with a minute jelly-like center, which is the undeveloped larva. The growing larva devours the gall till at maturity nothing remains but a thin shell. 

  My galls were collected in October and were kept until late the next Summer under conditions as nearly normal as possible. As the flies seemed mature in August I placed the galls in dry boxes, expecting the insects would soon appear.

  During October and November I removed from the galls some two hundred insects. They were somewhat torpid but seemingly mature. These were alive in January of the next year, and those in the galls had undergone no change. A few individuals emerged from the galls in the Winter, though most remained alive in the galls many months after. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/23/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus piperoides

  These galls are found in clusters of one to five dozen along the midrib, looking as if they had burst out from the inside of the leaf or vein. Each is smooth, spherical, attached by a small stem, 3.8 mm in diameter, monothalamous, grayish or tinged with red. They fall to the ground, where the larva completes its metamorphosis, which sometimes requires two years. Insects in second summer. Leaves of red oak Q rubra. Not rare.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/201/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus piperoides

  Similar in size and shape [to Andricus dimorphus] but red in color, in an elongated less compact cluster on upper or lower side of large leaves on thrifty shoots of Q rubra, dropping in October. Pubescent under lens. Adults emerged April-May the second spring and some hang over to emerge still later.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/114/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus piperoides

  Clustered, pubescent, globular, drab or brownish red midvein galls, frequently splitting and extending along the vein 4 to 8 cm, diameter 3 to 9 mm, occur in clusters of 10 to 100 or more on a leaf, on Q rubra. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/312/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus piperoides

  Andricus piperoides

  Galls of this species were noted on the leaves of Q maxima [rubra] in IL, NY, and VA. Some specimens sent from Maine were determined by the writer as those of this species. Galls collected in IL in October contained both pupae and larvae in September and adults and larvae in November. Adults emerged April to May. The emergence is evidently distributed over at least two seasons. Beutenmueller notes that the galls were very common in the fall of 1916 and again in 1918, but none were noticed in 1917. 

  The species is here transferred to Dryocosmus.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/123/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis piperoides

  Quercus coccinea, ilicifolia, rubra, velutina
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Cluster on upper or lower side, each spherical, red, pubescent, 1-4 mm. in dia. & dropping in fall.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q rubra. Also on Q ilicifolia, coccinea, texana [buckleyi]. Adults emerged Apr 22-May 11 the second spring and Apr 16 the third spring.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8571764#page/206/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta lanata, n. sp.

  Galls. During late summer and autumn the galls of this species are found on the under side of leaves of Quercus rubra and Q coccinea, appearing externally as little bunches of compact brown wool and hardly distinguishable in outward appearance from the galls of Andricus flocci Walsh. The galls seldom occur singly, but usually in clusters of from four to eight. A cluster of eight galls when fully grown will measure about 3/8 of an inch in width by 5/8 of an inch in length. An individual gall when denuded of its covering is in the form of an irregularly shaped cone with a bulging base, the diameter of the base being three or four sixteenths of an inch, which is nearly twice the height. 

  The galls fall to the ground in the autumn in advance of the leaves, and the flies emerge the following summer. The galls are abundant at Ames, Iowa and I have taken a number in the vicinity of Champaign, IL. 

  Described from two bred females from galls taken at Ames, Iowa. Male unknown.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/118/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta lanata

  Bunches of pale brown wool on under surface of leaf, each with 2 to 8 triangular or irregularly conical cells, diameter 5 to 15 mm, on Q rubra, coccinea, velutina, marilandica, phellos, nana [ilicifolia]. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/363/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis lanata

  Dryophanta lanata

  This species is here recorded from two new host oaks, Q. rubra and Q. texana, and from the following localities: Evanston, Wilmette, Glencoe, Ravinia, Fort Sheridan, Waukegan, and Glen Ellyn, IL.; Minneapolis (C. J. Weld), Minn.; Delevan (D. Watt), Wis.; North East, Pa.; Ithaca (J. C. Bradley), Riverhead (C. R Crosby), and Medina, N. Y. ; Bluemont, Va. ; Poplar Bluff, Mo. ; Hugo, Okla. ; Palestine, Austin, and Mineola, Tex. ; and Troy and Dothan, Ala. Galls collected at Evanston in fall of 1916 contained pupae and larvae on September 17, 1917, and adults and larvae on November 26. Adults issued April 6 and April 22, 1918, and about 50 more came out April 10 and April 18, 1919. The.se agree with the type in National Museum. 

  The species is here transferred to Callirhytis. 

  Brodie found the galls common about Toronto on red and black oak, forest trees as well as second growth. They appear in August, mature in October dropping before the leaves, the producers emerging May 8 and June 24, 1888, May 1, 1889, and April 4-July 24, 1898, in each case from galls collected on the ground under the trees the previous fall. Beutenmueller collected galls on red oak near Fort Lee, N. J., in October, 1922, and cut flies out of the galls in January, 1924. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/25/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta lanata

  A cluster of several light brown, wooly galls, sometimes pink-tinted, found on the under side of the leaf. Individual galls cone-shaped, monothalamous, attached by tip of cone to common center. About 5 mm wide, 5-7 mm high. The galls fall from the leaf in early autumn. The flies emerge the following spring. Common on scarlet oak, Quercus coccinea, figured on red oak, Quercus rubra. [The photo (Figure 25) Stebbins lists as C lanata resembles C piperoides; presumably an error] 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/200/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis lanata

  Hemispherical brownish woolly mass on midrib on underside of leaf of Q rubra and velutina. Made up of a cluster of easily detached separate angular galls which drop to the group in the fall in Oct before the leaves, each covered with a dense coating of wool. They are then fleshy and apparently solid as the larval cavity is very minute. Adults emerge the second and third springs in April. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/25182#page/24/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis lanata

  This gall, which occurs as a woolly mass on the under side of the leaves of several species of the red oak group, is composed of angular galls closely joined. When young the galls are covered with a whitish wool which later turns brown. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/123/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis lanata

  Quercus coccinea, falcata, ilicifolia, marilandica, rubra, texana [buckleyi], velutina
  Leaf galls, detachable
   Woolly midrib cluster on under side of leaf in fall, dropping before the leaves. 

  [Photo caption]
  On Q velutina. Also on Q coccinea, rubra, ilicifolia, falcata, marilandica, texana [buckleyi]. Galls drop in Oct and the wool weathers away during the winter. Adults emerged the second, third, and fourth springs Apr 1-7 (DC); Apr 4-13 (IL).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32293#page/150/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus laurifoliae, n. sp.
  The Laurel-oak wooly gall

  Galls on the Laurel Oak (Quercus laurifolia)

  Gall. An oblong, wooly gall on the upper or lower surface of the leaves; the wool is fawn colored, long and fine, covering three or four, sometimes more irregularly rounded, flattened disks, in the centre of which live the flies; they are attached to the midrib by a nipple-like point; the disk or cell is concave above and measures .08 to .10 inch in diameter. 

  Several specimens bred. The fly very strikingly resembles Neuroterus verrucarum, but the gall is very distinct and cannot be confounded with it.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/124/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus imbricaria
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Woolly midrib cluster on under side of leaf in fall. Wool comes off clean leaving a conical gall with a sunken crenate top. Fig 209.

  [Photo caption]
  This gall on Q imbricaria with the wool easily detached may be what Ashmead described as the "Laurel-oak Woolly Gall," Neuroterus laurifoliae Ashm (the type now lost)(no Neuroterus on a red oak) or Callirhytis perplexa from an unknown oak in MO or Callirhytis infuscata described from Q catesbaei [laevis].


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/116/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus laurifoliae

  Globose, kernel-like leaf galls occurring singly or in clusters and covered with long, loose, fawn-colored wool, diameter of kernel 2 to 2.5 mm, on Q laurifolia, Q imbricaria.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13762219#page/225/mode/1up
description:
  Holcaspis bassetti, n. sp.

  Gall: The gall occurs, sometimes singly, but usually in clusters about the twigs. The cluster represented at Fig. 2 was composed of 30 of these galls closely crowded together. The galls resemble very much the galls of Holcaspis duricoria Bass ([Cynips mamma Wal](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/568)) (Fig 3). The galls are very much the shape that a thick waxy material would take if dropped on the twigs and then suddenly congealed, leaved stout, test-like projections standing out from each drop. The central cell is placed low in the gall and can usually be seen protruding when the latter is broken off. Some entomologists have thought this gall to be identical with Walsh's C. mamma, but I have examined a large number of both forms and find the following points of difference, which convince me that this, if not a new species, is certainly a well marked variety:

  H bassetti as compared with H duricoria, is rather larger and more irregular in outline. The teat-like projection is much heavier and longer in proportion to the size of the gall and appears to be a drawn-out portion of the substance of the gall, while in duricoria it is a small, hard pointed projection much resembling a spine in many cases, and often almost entirely wanting. In bassetti the substance of the gall is more corky and easy to cut. The central cell, as before stated, is at the base of the gall, and when the latter is removed the point of the cell can usually be seen protruding below. Before the gall is detached the central cell is situated with its greatest diameter perpendicular to the limb at the point of attachment of the gall. In duricoria the cell is situated at the center of the gall; it never protrudes from below when the gall is detached; and it always has its greatest diameter parallel with the limb at the point of attachment of the gall. The central or larval cells are also differently shaped. In duricoria the cell is egg-shaped, while in bassetti the end towards the twig is somewhat pointed, so that the cell is very much the shape of a plump apple seed with the point rounded off. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/99818#page/55/mode/1up
description:
  Holcaspis bassetti

  Host Quercus macrocarpa

  A monothalamous gall occurring singly or in clusters around the stems of the host. When grouped the galls often cover completely 4 to 5 inches of the stem.

  When the gall is not deformed by crowding, it is irregularly circular in outline at the base, gradually tapering to a distinct point that is recurved in most cases. The gall is attached to the host by a small stalk at the centre of the base. Colour green, often tinged with pink when young; becoming brown when more mature. The larval chamber resembles closely that found in the former species [Disholcaspis quercusglobulus] in being oval and free at maturity, but it differs in being placed nearer the base of the gall and in tapering to a point at the end nearer the twig.

  Diameter at base, average, 16 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/74/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis bassetti

  Globose, usually with a produced, curved apex, single or clustered twig gall, green turning to brown, on Q platanoides [bicolor], Q imbricaria [mistake--likely confused with Callirhytis ventricosa].


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/193/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis bassetti

  Bassett's bullet gall. Broadest at the clasping sessile base and tapering gradually above, the apex often lop-sided, 15-20 mm high, the larval cell basal. Single or in crowded clusters on twigs of trees of Q bicolor in fall. Adults emerge in early Oct.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/304/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis bassetti

  Galls of this species have been observed on Quercus bicolor at Evanston, Winnetka, Waukegan, and Blue Island, IL. At Evanston the galls contained pupae on September 16, and adults emerged October 3, 1915. 

  Brodie collected the galls on Q. macrocarpa on several occasions at Toronto. In 1886 the adults emerged November 29-December 5, in all 247 specimens, all females. In a few days several oviposited in buds, thrusting the ovipositor between fold of bud scales. None survived the winter. In 1893 adults issued November 9-23, all females.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13762219#page/226/mode/1up
description:
  Holcaspis duricoria

  H bassetti as compared with H duricoria, is rather larger and more irregular in outline. The teat-like projection is much heavier and longer in proportion to the size of the gall and appears to be a drawn-out portion of the substance of the gall, while in duricoria it is a small, hard pointed projection much resembling a spine in many cases, and often almost entirely wanting. In bassetti the substance of the gall is more corky and easy to cut. The central cell, as before stated, is at the base of the gall, and when the latter is removed the point of the cell can usually be seen protruding below. Before the gall is detached the central cell is situated with its greatest diameter perpendicular to the limb at the point of attachment of the gall. In duricoria the cell is situated at the center of the gall; it never protrudes from below when the gall is detached; and it always has its greatest diameter parallel with the limb at the point of attachment of the gall. The central or larval cells are also differently shaped. In duricoria the cell is egg-shaped, while in bassetti the end towards the twig is somewhat pointed, so that the cell is very much the shape of a plump apple seed with the point rounded off.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/177444#page/84/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis quercusmamma

  Twig gall. Light tan globular woody gall with a rough surface, found in groups of 3 or more. Bur oak. Summer. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/74/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis mamma

  Globose, obscurely pointed, green, bright red, turning to brown or dark red, diameter 6 to 18 mm, on Q platanoides [bicolor] Q macrocarpa. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/25182#page/24/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis mamma (Gill.) 

  This gall may be confused easily with the preceding [Disholcaspis quercusglobulus]. The distinguishing characters are a velvety surface and pointed apex. It usually occurs in large numbers and in variable sizes on the branches of the burr oak, Quercus macrocarpa. 

  Color: green, turning brown. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/56067#page/23/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis mamma

  Rough Bullet Gall Gall Wasp (Disholcaspis mamma Cresson) Swamp White Oak (Quercus bicolor Willd.) These round, nipple-tipped galls are found on several species of oaks. They are colored green and red when young, velvety to touch, later becoming red or dark brown. In winter the galls are very hard and may be cut with difficulty. Rough Bullet Galls are generally found on young shoots of oak. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/306/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis mamma

  Galls on Quercus macrocarpa are here recorded from the following localities: Mandan (H. F. Bain), N. Dak.; Walnut Grove (C. J. W.) and Becker (L. Haney), Minn.; Evanston, New Lenox, Glen Ellyn, and Moline, IL.; Corinth (C. Barracks), Iowa; Cedar Point, Kan.; Nebraska City, Nebr.; Surry (C. Chupp), and Waterloo, Ind.; Manistee, Mich., and Medina, N, Y. On Q. bicolor at Evanston, IL. On Q. lyrata similar galls yielding similar adults at Hoxie and Texarkana, Ark., and Poplar Bluff, Mo. 

  In the Chicago area the galls start about the middle or end of July and some are full grown by end of August, adults emerging in different years from October 20 to November 10. At Poplar Bluff galls contained pupae October 8 and adults emerged November 13- December 3. Brodie found the galls at Toronto on Q. macrocarpa, the adults emerging in 1896 from October 17 to November 6. Some lived until November 22, but they do not survive the winter. In order to determine the next season's galls he "put 25 females in a muslin bag tied around a couple of low branches of burr oak from which the leaves had fallen on November 10 and for some days noted them ovipositing. They stood upon the tops of the buds grasping them firmly, then curving up the abdomen they pushed the ovipositor between the scales of the buds and remained a few minutes but they do not place more than one to three eggs in a bud." On May 30, 1897, he found numerous galls, the petiole or midvein beginning to bulge. By July 1 they were full grown and adults emerged July 11-17. "These galls were similar in form and texture to galls of H. petiolicola from white oak, contained from 3-10 cells, the producers emerge in the same way as A. petiolicoIa. Producers sexual, sexes about equally numerous." So far as the writer is aware this is the first published indication of an alternating generation for a Disholcaspis — a genus whose species are all known by agamic females emerging in the late fall. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/193/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis quercusmamma

  Pointed bullet gall. Similar [to Disholcaspis quercusglobulus] but pointed at the apex, subclasping at base, often distorted by crowding and extending along the stem for several inches sometimes. Frequently on sprouts from stumps or on small trees in large numbers in the fall. On Q. macrocarpa and bicolor. Adults emerge Oct. 20-Nov. 10. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22852#page/80/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus tubicola n. sp.

  Host: Quercus obtusiloba [stellata]

  Clusters of yellow, tubular galls with red spines, on the underside of the leaves. The gall is a perpendicular tube 0.3 to 0.4 [no unit given] long, slightly narrowed at its point of attachment, open at the other end, yellowish and covered on its outer surface with numerous red spines. If cut open longitudinally, its inside appears divided into three compartments like so many floors, by two horizontal partitions; the compartment nearest to the base is empty, the intermediate one contains the insect and the third one is open at the top. 

  If the red spines are removed with a knife and the surface of the gall examined under a strong lens, it shows dense longitudinal fibres and numerous little pale yellow crystals. The substance of the gall itself is hard, as if crystalline. From 30 to 40 of these galls are found sometimes on the underside of a single leaf. I frequently found them near Washington, in October and obtained the fly soon afterwards, each tube containing a single fly.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/126/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis tubicola

  Quercus stellata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Cluster of yellow tubular galls bearing red spines, erect on under side of leaf in fall, 12 mm. high.

  [Photo caption]
  On Quercus stellata. Galls stand erect in a group on under side of leaf. Adults May 11-28 the next spring. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/279/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus saltarius, new species

  Hosts: Quercus macrocarpa

  Gall (fig 2) -- Small, seed-like bodies, inserted in cup-like depressions on the under surface of leaf and causing a prominent light-colored bulging on the upper side of the leaf opposite, often two or three hundred on a leaf, less numerous on the basal part of leaf blade. When growing the galls are greenish-white, somewhat globular, flattened above with a papilla in center and a raised rim, not pubescent. They start to develop in June and in July or August drop to the ground where they exhibit the phenomenon of bouncing about until the lodge in some crevice in the soil where they pass the winter. When detached a large scar is left on base of gall. During the winter the galls become tan-colored and somewhat compressed laterally, one measured 1.2 mm long by .9 mm thick and 1.1 mm high. 

  This gall seems to have been first described in 1876 by Riley who unfortunately applied to it the name of a California species with similar jumping habits. Under this name the eastern gall has been mentioned many times in literature and good figures have been published of it but up to the present no one seems to have reared the adult. 

  Habitat. — The types are from Hope, Ind. Galls collected on burr oak by C. J. Casey showed the bouncing when received at Washington June 26, 1923. These galls were placed in rearing and adults were cut out of them on December 5 and 12, and March 26. The writer had collected the galls in four different years at Evanston and Kenilworth, IL., but failed to rear them. At Medina, N. Y., they were full grown by June 30. Galls were received also from Ann Arbor (Pennington), Mich., and Corinth (Barracks), Iowa. They have also been reported in literature from Missouri and Minnesota. A similar gall occurs on Q. bicolor. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22092#page/108/mode/1up
description:
  Galls, clusters of larval cells along the midvein of the leaves of Quercus obtusiloba [stellata], on the under side, and standing perpendicular to its surface. The cells are completely hidden in a short, dense brownish wool. The largest clusters often extend along the midvein more than half the length of the leaf. They are found on young trees, and usually on the leaves near the top of the stronger growing shoots. The insects live over winter in the galls. My specimens gathered in October were kept in a warm room and the insects came out in the February following. The galls resemble in their woolly covering those of C. flocci [Andricus quercusflocci] of Walsh, but the latter are round and the woolly hairs are longer, and the species is only found on Quercus alba.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22092#page/116/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips ignota, n. sp.

  Small oval cells, found singly or in small clusters of from two to eight together on the under side of the leaves of Q. bicolor. They are sessile on the midrib and principal veins, and usually lie in a position nearly horizontal to the surface of the leaf They are at first covered with short woolly hairs, but when ripe become more or less denuded. The naked surface when examined with a microscope shows numerous minute papillae, and between these a fine and regular reticulation. They are .10 of an inch in length and . 05 in diameter, and might easily be mistaken for the cocoons of some species of Microgaster. 

  About fifteen years ago I found a few of these galls on the fallen leaves of a large oak and also on a small tree a few rods distant. The next year the greater part of the leaves on the large tree were covered with galls, a hundred or more being sometimes found on a single leaf I gathered a large quantity after the leaves fell, and the flies came out the next spring. I have examined this tree every year since and have never found any of these galls, nor have I ever seen them on other trees. 

  There are some specimens of this species in the Museum at Cambridge, which Dr. Hagen informs me were found on oaks in the University grounds. I examined some oaks of the same species in the borders of the Botanical Garden at Cambridge last fall, and found several species of galls, but none of these. Can it be that the species has disappeared entirely?


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22852#page/296/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus strobilana, n. sp. (as yet not reared)

  On Quercus prinos, var bicolor [Quercus bicolor]. Large gall, at the tip of twigs, consisting of a number of wedge-shaped bodies, fastened by their poitned ends to a common centre. Diameter about an inch and a half. C q. stobilana [sic] (as yet not reared)

  These specimens measure rather more than an inch and a half in diameter and look somewhat like the cones of some kinds of pine, for instance, of the scrub-pine, as they consist of a number from 20 to 25 or more of wedge-shaped bodies, closely packed together, with their pointed ends attached to a common centre. These wedges are hard and corky and break off very easily when the gall is dry. Each of them contains a hollow kernel with a plump, large larva inside. This gall is evidently produced by the sting of the insect on the single leaves of a bud, each leaf growing into the shape of a wedge.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22852#page/297/mode/1up
description:
  [unnamed]

  Quercus obtusiloba. Post oak. 

  Clusters of small, somewhat bell-shaped, petiolate, greenish galls on the under side of the leaves, along the midrib.

  Their shape may be compared to that of the flowers of Vaccinium. They are attenuated at the basis into a short petiole, fastened to the midrib of the leaf; the opposite end is truncated the truncature being excavated; the length, from the foot of the petiole to the truncated end, is from 0.12 to 0.15 inch. They grow in numbers, sometimes of ten or more together, so that six, for instance, form a row on one side of the midrib and four or five on the opposite. When found by me on the tree in October, 1861, these galls were pale green; the dry specimens are brownish. Inside of each was a small whitish larva, probably of a Cynips. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32293#page/146/mode/1up
description:
  Acraspis vaccinii n. sp.

  On the Post Oak (Quercus obtusiloba [stellata])

  Galls. — "Clusters of small, somewhat bell-shaped, petiolate, greenish galls on the under side of the leaves, along the midrib. Their shape may be compared to that of the flowers of vaccinium. They are attenuated at the basis into a short petiole, fastened to the midrib of the leaf; the opposite end is truncated the truncature being excavated; the length, from the foot of the petiole to the truncated end, is from 0.12 to 0.15 inch. They grow in numbers, sometimes of ten or more together, so that six, for instance, form a row on one side of the midrib and four or fi\e on the opposite." — Osten Sacken. 

  Described from two specimens bred in February, 1886. 

  This gall is common; begins developing in August, but does not reach maturity until last of December. I have found the same gall on the Post Oak at Asheville, N. C. Baron Osten Sacken mentions having found this species in his second paper on North American Oak Galls 1862, p. 255, from whom the description of the gall is taken; he did not, however, breed the fly. 


description:
  Zopheroteras vaccinii

  Acraspis vaccinii
  Trigonaspis vaccinii

  Gall. In clusters on the midrib on the under side of the leaves of post oak (Quercus minor [stellata]) in autumn. They grow in numbers on the opposite sides of the rib. Monothalamous, somewhat bell-shaped and greenish in color gradually becoming reddish late in the season. They are attenuated at the base into a short petiole, fastened to the rib, and at the opposite end they are truncated, and excavated, making their shape somewhat like that of a huckleberry blossom. Length 3 to 4 mm.

  Habitat: New England States south to Florida and Texas

  The gall begins to develop in August, but does not reach maturity until late in the fall.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2570776#page/411/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus impositus, sp. nov. [This may be a mistaken synonymy; see ID Notes]

  Gall. On the under sides of the leaves of post oak (Quercus minor [stellata]) in clusters from about 4-40 individuals closely packed together, on the mid-rib and lateral veins, September to November. Monothalamous. Green, sometimes tinged with red. Elongate, rounded at the sides, narrow at the point of attachment and concave at the apex with a small central nipple. Outside it is rather densely covered with small pustules. When young, the gall is almost solid, but as it grows older the larval chamber gradually occupies the entire interior. After it drops to the ground, late in the fall, the gall gradually changes its shape to almost globular (berry-like) with the concave apex flattened and the surrounding rim less prominent. The crystal-like pustules change, the gall becoming evenly rugose. The point of attachment becomes long, narrow and sharply pointed. The entire inside becomes hollow with the outer wall thin and brittle. Length, 2.50 to 5 mm.; width, 2 to 4 mm.; length of clusters, 5 to 35 

  Habitat: Westchester, New York City. 

  My observations on the galls were made from at least 500 clusters. At first I considered it to be that of Zopheroteras vaccinii Ashm., which it resembles when immature. But the flies are different, the female of vaccinii being apterous. The gall of A. impositus when mature resembles somewhat, those of Cynips dimorphus and C. vacciniiformis. My galls were collected during September and until November 1st, 1915, but they evidently also occur earlier in the season, because some of the flies emerged in June and July and others in September, 1916. But the majority remained over until 1917, the flies emerging indoors in January and February. My specimens were collected on a small rocky elevation in a, swamp, close to the Bronx River, near Westchester, New York City. This locality is gradually being filled in for streets and other improvement and soon will become extinct. I have also taken the gall at Lakehurst, New Jersey, and it probably will be found in other places where Quercus minor grows. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/363/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis lustrans

  Andricus lustrans
  Andricus impositus
  Andricus dimorphus verifactor
  Acraspis vaccinii (gall only)

  Lustrans was described from two adults captured at Austin, Texas, gall and host unknown. One of these specimens was given in 1921 to the writer, who recognized its close relation to impositus. Lustrans is described as without a median groove, but this specimen in certain positions shows a faint median line, while the groove in some of the many available parataypes of impositus is fully as faintly defined. The writer is unable to separate paratypes of verifactor from lustrans. The gall of this species was first described by Osten Sacken in 1862, but Ashmead was evidently in error in thinking he had reared it in 1887, associating the wingless fly he reared with the wrong gall. These galls occur as midrib clusters on under side of leaves of Quercus stellata in the fall, dropping when mature. When fresh the individual galls are shaped like huckleberry flowers, somewhat cylindrical with the end distinctly truncate and depressed, but during the winter on the ground they become globular except for a short pedicel, and the depressed end becomes a flattened circular scar at apex with a slightly raised rim, and the greenish or reddish color changes to brown. 

  Beutenmueller sent the writer galls from New York City which contained pupae on November 1 and adults on November 25 (age of galls unknown). The writer collected galls at Poplar Bluff and Ironton, Mo.; Wharton, Trinity, Arlington, and Boerne, Tex.; Hugo, Okla. At Hugo they were just starting to develop on July 25. Galls collected in October, 1917, at Trinity, Tex., gave two adults May 18, 1919. In galls collected at Ironton in fall of 1917 pupae were found in October, 1918, and in March, 1919, flies emerging before May 12, 1919. S. A. Rohwer collected galls at Ironton in October, 1918, and reared adults April 9-16, 1919, and a few more were found dead in cage May 12, 1920 (Hopkins U. S. No. 10777J). A precisely similar gall on the shin oak, Q. breviloba., was seen at Austin and Boerne, Tex., and may prove to be that of this species. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/77/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus dimorphus variety verifactor, new variety [Based on Kinsey's description of the gall and Weld's synonymy of the wasp, the association of this name with vacciniiformis is likely mistaken and this gall is most likely Callirhytis vaccinii]

  Cynips vacciniiformis (gall only!)

  GALL. — Clustered, seed-like leaf galls. Each gall monothalamous, elongate, rather cylindrical, urn-shape, broadest at the middle, less broad apically, flattened at the end, taper-pointed basally, up to 4.0 mm. in diameter by 6.0 mm. in length; colored dark green when young, becoming a dark red or purplish red when old. Mostly solid and fleshy when young, becoming hard, thin-walled, and hollow when old, without a distinct larval cell lining. In compact clusters of up to 30 galls, attached to the midrib, on the under sides of leaves of Quercus stellata (and Q. breviloba). 

  RANGE.— Texas: Buffalo, Hearne, Elgin, (Leander?), Austin. Probably thruout more eastern Texas and a part of Oklahoma and Louisiana. 

  This gall is very common on the post oaks in Texas. Patterson states that the punctures from which the galls will arise may be detected about the first of May, that the galls do not develop from the scars until about the middle of July, that the galls are fully grown in size by the first of October, and in a couple of weeks most of them fall to the ground. I have collected them in late November and December, but the larvae are then still so small that they do not mature after becoming dry. Evidently they need to be kept moist, as they are when lying on the ground, to allow the insect to develop. Patterson secured over a hundred adults which emerged from February 12, 1922, to March 8. Inasmuch as the breeding of the insect is difficult unless carefully handled on the field, we are considerably indebted to Dr. Patterson for successfully rearing the adult. 

  I collected the galls, but did not obtain the insects from the other Texas localities listed. It is possible but not probable that other varieties occur at some of those points. The gall occurs on Q. breviloba at Leander, and Patterson reports it as occasionally on breviloba at Austin. It is not unlikely that the breviloba insect is a distinct variety with a range centering about Burnett County, Texas. 

  This is certainly a variety of Andricus dimorphus, described as a Cynips (Beutenmuller, 1913, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, XXXIX, p. 245) from galls taken by Weld at Evanston, Illinois, on Q. macrocarpa. Similar galls have been recorded and are common on white oaks of many species from the whole of eastern United States. Unfortunately I cannot examine the types of dimorphus, and cannot furnish a comparative description. Cynips vacciniiformis was described from Q. stellata galls which are undoubtedly those of verifactor, and from Austin. But the description of the single insect obtained is far from correct for the true producer of this gall, and apparently applies to a different species mistakenly supposed to have come from verifactor galls. Vacciniiformis was described in 1913. Of course insects bred from galls collected in 1917 and now labelled cotypes in at least a couple of collections, cannot have any standing as type material. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/87/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis lustrans

  Quercus breviloba, stellata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Midrib cluster on under side of leaf in fall, each with a short stalk, end truncate and depressed. Fig 203

  [Photo caption] 
  On Q stellata. Also on Q breviloba. Galls from Q breviloba gave adults the second and third springs in April. There is a similar gall on Q margarettae and on Q chapmanii which has never been reared.

  Zopheroteras vaccinii

  Quercus stellata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Galls shaped like those of Callirhytis lustrans, Fig 203, in numbers in rows on either side of the midrib in the fall. Turn black in drying. Entered from lit. 

  [Presumed synonyms]
  "like Callirhytis lustrans"

  Quercus margaretta
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Midrib cluster like Callirhytis lustrans Fig 203


description:
  Parateras hubbardi Ashmead

  Habitat: MI (Detroit)

  Nothing is known regarding the habits of this species.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/309/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus deciduus

  Andricus decidua

  These galls long known in literature under the name decidua before the adult was reared are the ones to which Dr A D Hopkins referred under the name of "black oak wheat" in a note. These specimens were from Wescott, Mo., and Texarkana, Ark. Doctor Hopkins collected galls at Kanawha Station, W. Va., September 25, 1923. The writer collected galls at Evanston and High- land Park, IL.; Ironton and Poplar Bluff, Mo., and at Bluemont, Va. Galls collected at Evanston on October 8, 1916 contained pupae on September 22, 1917 and adults on November 16 which emerged March 23-April 22, 1918. After the galls drop they change shape somewhat as the thick nutritive layer is used up, becoming distinctly spindle-shaped and only a thin brittle shell is left in the swollen central region. The species is here transferred to Dryocosmus. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36243#page/179/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus decidua, new species

  Cynips quercus decidua
  Cynips decidua

  Gall : On the midribs of the leaves of red oak (Quercus rubra) and black oak (Q. velutina). Rounded or elongated swellings filled with oblong kernels from a few to about 40, all depending upon the size of the gall. When young these bodies are concealed in the hard, fleshy part of the gall and as the swelling grows older the seed-like kernels gradually protrude therefrom and when fully grown late in September and early in October the swelling bursts open completely and the kernels fall to the ground. The gall is green when fresh and the kernels are whitish, yellowish, sometimes tinged after they become exposed. 

  Habitat: New England States, Middle States, and southward to at least North Carolina and westward. 

  This singular species was hitherto known by the gall only. Described from a single female from the Black Mountains, North Carolina, altitude 3,500 feet. The gall is quite common, but the imago is difficult to raise. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/85/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus decidua

  Rounded or elongate midrib swellings filled with oblong or elongate kernels, a few to 40; when young concealed in the tissues and bursting open in October, on Q rubra, Q velutina.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23810#page/709/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus decidua, n. sp. [described from gall only without insect]

  Quercus rubra. 

  Clusters of seed-like bodies, often thirty or forty together rowing on the midvein on the under side of the leaves of Q. rubra. The larger cells are about the size of a grain of wheat. They are smooth, greenish-white, the apex enlarged, and would remind a botanist of the sessile stigma of some flowers. Gall fly unknown. 

  My specimens were collected about the first of October, and were then fully grown. Some had fallen to the ground, but on cutting open a large number I could not detect any larvae. The leaf stems and twigs were placed in water to keep them green, but the galls soon dried and many fell off. A few fell into the water, and these not only kept green, but on opening them a few days since, half-grown larvae were found. From this I infer that the growth of this species is dependent upon the galls being covered in the earth. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/202/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus deciduus

  Black oak wheat. Individual galls about size and shape of a kernel of wheat with a fleshy knob at upper end, greenish, smooth, bare. When young concealed in the swelling midrib but later bursting out of a crack in a compact cluster of from a few to 40 galls often rupturing the leaf blade so as to be visible from above, dropping in Oct. On Q. rubra and velutina. Galls collected in Oct. 1916 gave adults Mar. 23-Apr. 22, 1918. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/123/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus deciduus

  Quercus coccinea, falcata, ilicifolia, imbricaria, marilandica, rubra, velutina
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Black Oak Wheat. Cluster of up to 40 bursting out of midrib in early Oct, dropping when mature.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q velutina. Also on Q coccinea, ilicifolia, imbricaria, rubra, falcata, marilandica. Adults emerged Mar 13- Apr 22 the second spring (IL). Galls burst out of a crack in the midrib in a group and drop early in Oct. Dr Hopkins referred to them as "black oak wheat" as poultry were feeding on them. They are said to contain 63.9% carbohydrates and 9.34% protein. The photo is of isolated galls after a winter outside in breeding cage.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/349/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus robustus, new species

  Host.--Quercus stellata

  Gall (fig. 18). — A midrib cluster on under side of leaf in fall, the galls dropping to the ground when mature. The individual galls are somewhat globular, tapering to a pedicel at base and pointed with a slight scar at apex, greenish and mottled with white when fresh, turning brown during winter on ground. This is the gall described in connection with the fly of Cynips vacciniformiis Beutenmueller which seems to have come from an accidentally included gall of a different sort in the breeding cage. 

  Habitat. — The type material was collected at Arlington, Texas, November 3, 1917, when the galls were still dropping to the ground. On December 1, 1919, living flies (that would probably have emerged in spring of 1920) were cut from the galls. Some of the same lot of fresh galls were sent to William Beutenmueller, who reared adults January 10, February 14, 15, 20, 21, 1919, and more in February, 1920. Paratype flies were cut out December 1, 1919, from galls collected at Texarkana, Ark., in October, 1917. The galls have been collected also at Webster Groves, Poplar Bluff, and Ironton, Mo.; Hoxie, Little Rock, and Hot Springs, Ark.; Palestine, Cuero, and Austin, Tex. ; Cottondale, Fla.; Wasliington, D. C.; Falls Church, Va. Galls collected at Washington in late October, 1923, gave adults February 22, March 1, 14, 17, 1925, and these have been included among the paratypes. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27823#page/323/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips vacciniiformis sp. nov.

  Gall. — In clusters on the midrib of post oak (Quercus minor [stellata]), Monothalamous and moderately thick walled with a large round larval chamber. Globular and almost like a huckleberry or fruit of hack- berry (Celtis occidentalis) with a more or less distinct nipple at the apex and long petiole or stem at the base by means of which it is attached to the leaf. Brown when old and probably green when fresh. The outer surface is slightly roughened or almost smooth. Diameter 4-7 mm.; petiole 1-2.50 mm. long. 

  Habitat. — Austin, Texas. 

  The gall somewhat resembles that of C. dimorphus, but is larger and more globose. It occurs in clusters like dimorphus, but the galls are less closely together and not pressed out of shape, each individual gall retains its globose shape. The male is not known. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/84/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips vacciniiformis

  Globose, clustered, monothalamous, midrib gall with a more or less distinct nipple apically and a long stem basally, brown when old, probably green when fresh, diameter 4 to 7 mm, stem i to 2.5 mm, resembles a huckleberry, on post oak.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/123/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus robustus

  Quercus breviloba
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Midrib cluster on under side of leaf in fall.

  Quercus stellata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Midrib cluster on under side of leaf in fall, each pointed at apex, dropping when mature.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q stellata. Also on Q breviloba. Adults emerged Feb 22, Mar 11-19, 1925 and one was cut out Jan 11, 1926, from galls collected in Oct 1923 (DC).

  Adleria vacciniiformis

  Quercus stellata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Midrib cluster of thick-walled, one-celled galls shaped like a huckleberry or hackberry fruit, with nipple at apex, stalk 1-2.5 mm long, gall 4-7 mm in dia. Entered from lit.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Globular, 4-7 mm in dia, with a petiole in a loose midrib cluster on Q stellata. Austin TX.


description:
  Amphibolips confluens form spongifica

  Cynips confluens
  Cynips quercus coccinea
  Amphibolips cocciniae
  Amphibolips coccinea
  Cynips quercus spongifica
  Cynips spongifica
  Amphibolips spongifica

  Gall. On the leaves usually from a vein or the petiole on red oak (Quercus rubra), scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), quercitron or yellow oak (Quercus velutina) in May and June. Globular or nearly so, smooth, shining or opaque with a thin outer shell. Internally filled with a juicy white spongy substance and with a large, hard, central larval cell. When fresh the gall is green, and light brown when old and dry, with the internal spongy substance dark brown. Diameter, 25 to 50 mm.

  Habitat: Canada; New England and Middle States, south to GA and west to CO.

  This well-known gall is very common and hundreds may often be found upon a single tree. It makes its appearance early in may, as soon as the leaves put forth, on different kinds of oaks belonging to the red oak group, and is fully grown in a few weeks. It is popularly known as "oak-apple" or May-apple, owing to its superficial resemblance to a small apple. From a certain number of the galls emerge, by the middle of Jun, both male and female gall flies. The gall-flies which emerge in October or the following spring are all agamous females.

  [Beutenmuller's drawings are the ones reprinted in Felt as "A confluens"]

  Amphibolips caroliniensis

  Gall. Attached to the midrib near the base of a leaf and prevents its development beyond the point of attachment. It occurs on a species of oak probably, Quercus minor [stellata--this is likely erroneous and perhaps should be marilandica]. Resembles the galls of Amphibolips spongifica and Amphibolips cinerea, but the surface is more coarsely reticulated and less glossy. Internally the spongy mass surrounding the larval cell is of a much darker color. The outer shell is thinner and in dried specimens is irregularly shrunken and depresssed. 

  Habitat: NC

  Amphibolips longicornis

  Gall. Allied to A spongifica, and probably found in similar situations on the leaves and young twigs of oak. Monothalamous and very thin shelled. Internally it is of a soft, light and spongy consistency not unlike that of A spongifica. Length 35 mm. Width 30 mm.

  Habitat: TX


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22852#page/285/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus coccineae

  Quercus coccinea. Scarlet oak. Large, more or less round gall, not attenuated at the basis, surface glossy, shell thin and brittle; on the inside with a spongy substance, surrounding a kernel in the centre. Diameter upwards to an inch and a half. 

  The external appearance of this gall is very like that of the gall of C. q. inanis. It is more or less globular (although irregular specimens of both frequently occur), that is, not narrowed towards the basis; its surface is glossy. Internally, it is easily distinguished by the spongy mass which fills it. It seems to reach a larger size than the former gall, as among six specimens now before me, one measures an inch and a half in diameter and two others are but little smaller, whereas among eight specimens of the gall of C q inanis the largest does not much exceed an inch. 

  From the following gall [Cynips quercus spongifica] it is distinguished by its glossy surface, its less dense and more whitish spongy internal matter, its much thinner and brittle shell and by its shape, which is more rounded on the top. 

  Cynips quercus spongifica

  Quercus tinctoria [velutina]. Black Oak. Large, round gall, somewhat attenuated and pointed at the top; surface more or less opaque, as if powdered or dusted; shell thick, inside, a dense, spongy, brownish substance, surrounding the kernel. Diameter about an inch and a half.

  This is the opaque variety mentioned [in "On the Cynipidae of the North American Oaks"] under the head of Cynips confluens. On the 25th of May last I found four full-grown specimens of this gall on the leaves of a large black oak and have obtained, on June 15, three female specimens of the gall-fly. They look exactly like C. q. inanis, only they are a little larger (the gall also being larger). 

  Of these galls three, taken from a high branch of the tree, can be considered as typical specimens. They are slightly oblong, that is, somewhat extended into a point at the end, although not narrowed at the basis. Their diameter is about an inch and a half. Their color is drab, sometimes spotted with brown on one side; the surface is more or less opaque, as if powdered or sericeous, and shows very little gloss. The shell is much thicker than that of the two previous species [Cynips quercus coccineae and Cynips quercus inanis]; the spongy mass is more dense and brownish.

  A fourth specimen, found on the same tree, is more irregular in its shape; its surface is without any gloss and altogether drab, without brown spots. Specimens of this kind are frequently found on young shrubs of Q tinctoria [velutina], the leaves of which are very rusty-puberelent beneath.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/195/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips spongifica

  Leaf galls
  Large spongy oak apple. Galls appear with the leaves in spring, becoming 40 mm in diameter, green until full grown early in May, turning brown about the time the flies, males and females, emerge the latter half of June. On Q velutina.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50337404#page/460/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips confluens form spongifica 

  Leaf-gall, globular, suppressing part or all of leaf, at first green, soon becoming light brown, with shiny, paper wall, containing a spongy mass of radiating fibres covered with down, which hold in place the oblong central larval chamber. 3-5 cm in diameter. Common at Huron. This insect shows an alternation of generations, hence the long list of synonyms.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/121/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips spongifica

  Quercus palustris
  Leaf galls, integral
  Spongy Oak Apple.

  [Photo caption (no figure appears)] Gall similar in size and appearance to [A confluenta] on Q velutina, coccinea, ilicifolia, palustris, rubra, falcata [host associations not listed in the main text except palustris]. Galls appear with the leaves in spring. Adults of both sexes emerged June 16-20 (IL); June 1-15 (DC), June 12-29 (CT), all out by July 1 (ON).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27609#page/407/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips confluentus

  The largest galls in this country [Massachusetts] are commonly called oak-apples. They grow on the leaves of the red oak, are round and smooth, and measure from an inch and a half to two inches in diameter. This kind of gall is green and somewhat pulpy at first, but, when ripe, it consists of a thin and brittle shell, of a dirty drab color, enclosing a quantity of brown spongy matter, in the middle of which is a woody kernel about as big as a pea. A single grub lives in the kernel, becomes a chrysalis in the autumn, when the oak-apple falls from the tree, changes to a fly in the spring, and makes its escape out of a small round hole which it gnaws through the kernel and shell. This is probably the usual course, but I have known this gall-fly to come out in October. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/99/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips confluens

  Oak apples, intervening substance is spongy, size large

  Globular, smooth, shining or opaque leaf gall, internally a juicy, white, spongy substance and a large central larval cell, green, turning with age to light brown, diameter 2.5 to 5 cm, usually on a vein or petiole, on Q rubra, coccinea, and velutina in May and June.


description:
  Amphibolips confluens

  Cynips confluens
  Cynips aciculata
  Cynips quercus aciculata
  Amphibolips aciculata
  Andricus confluens
  Amphibolips confluens
  Amphibolips confluentus
  Amphibolips confluentis

  [Beutenmueller gives no description of A confluenta itself, only the form spongifica, which he treats as the same species:]

  Gall. On the leaves usually from a vein or the petiole on red oak (Quercus rubra), scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), quercitron or yellow oak (Quercus velutina) in May and June. Globular or nearly so, smooth, shining or opaque with a thin outer shell. Internally filled with a juicy white spongy substance and with a large, hard, central larval cell. When fresh the gall is green, and light brown when old and dry, with the internal spongy substance dark brown. Diameter, 25 to 50 mm.

  Habitat: Canada; New England and Middle States, south to GA and west to CO.

  This well-known gall is very common and hundreds may often be found upon a single tree. It makes its appearance early in may, as soon as the leaves put forth, on different kinds of oaks belonging to the red oak group, and is fully grown in a few weeks. It is popularly known as "oak-apple" or May-apple, owing to its superficial resemblance to a small apple. From a certain number of the galls emerge, by the middle of Jun, both male and female gall flies. The gall-flies which emerge in October or the following spring are all agamous females.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22852#page/76/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips confluens

  Quercus rubra. Red Oak. Large, smooth, globular gall on the leaves, filled, when ripe, with a brown, spongy mass. Diameter about 1.5.

  These galls are more than one inch, sometimes almost two inches in diameter. "They are green and somewhat pulpy at first," says Dr. Harris, "but when ripe, they consist of a thin and brittle shell, of a dirty drab color, enclosing a quantity of brown, spongy matter in the middle of which is a woody kernel about as big as a pea. A single grub lives in the kernel, becomes a chrysalis in the autumn, when the oak-apple falls from the tree, changes to a fly in the spring and makes its escape out of a small round hole which it gnaws through the kernel and shell. This is probably the usual course, but I have known the fly to come out in October." 

  I am more inclined to agree with Dr Fitch who supposes that there are annually two generations of this fly. They are not rare around Washington, but I have never found them so abundantly as they seem to occur in other localities. On the first of June I found balls of this kind already ripened, measuring one inch and a half in diameter, of the usual drab color and somewhat greenish only at its base. One of them, which I opened contained a larva. On the 13th of June another gall was opened, it contained the perfect insect, but with wings yet wet and folded and evidently not quite ready to escape. 

  On examining the specimens of this gall in my collection, I notice two varieties of it. The one, the surface of which is glossy, occurs on the smooth leaves of the red oak; the other, with a more opaque, almost downy surface, always occurred on tomentose leaves. I am unable to tell at present from what kind of oak the latter leaves were taken and hence, whether the gall is a different one or only a variety. I know that the same gall is said to occur on the black oak [Quercus velutina]; I found a similar one on the blackjack oak (Q nigra) and by cutting it open, obtained a gall-fly closely resembling C confluens.

  [OS also describes Cynips aciculatus, reared from galls "answering exactly" Harris' description of C confluens but a distinct species based on adult morphology. C aciculatus was later synonymized with A confluenta.]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22852#page/287/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus aciculata 

  Quercus tinctoria [velutina]. Black Oak. Large, round gall, broad and rounded at the top; surface smooth and glossy; shell thick, inside, a dense, brown, spongy substance, surrounding the kernel. Diameter upwards to an inch and a half. 

  The specimens can be distinguished at once from the gall of C q spongifica, by their smooth, glossy surface and their subglobular or short-oval form, their basis being slightly attenuated, their top, on the contrary, being broad and rounded. Otherwise, their thick shell and their dense, brownish spongy substance reminds of C q spongifica. 

  Mr. Walsh noticed their appearance in summer (about July). The gall-flies usually remain in the gall through the winter and escape in the spring; sometimes, however, especially when the weather in the fall is unusually warm, the flies leave the gall already at that season.

  The synonymy of this species with C confluens Harris, supposed by Mr Walsh, is founded on the occurrence of their galls at the same season, and on the statement of Mr Norton about the agreement of C q aciculata with the original specimens of C confluens in Dr Harris' collection. But if Dr Harris' gall-fly really lives on the red-oak (Q rubra),  its great resemblance to C. q. aciciculata, occurring on the black oak (Q. tinctoria [velutina]) would no more be a proof of their identity, than the great resemblance of C. q. inanis and spongifica is of theirs. The two latter gall-flies, although almost perfectly similar in appearance, occur on different oaks and produce quite different galls. It may be that the true C confluens Harris, although closely resembling C. q. aciculata, produces on the red oak a gall, sufficiently different from that of the other species, to be distinguished by constant characters. The synonymy of both therefore, although probable, seems to require further confirmation.

  It is also worthy of remark that both species of one group (C. q. aciculata and centricola) are produced by autumnal galls, and escape either late in the fall, or remain in the gall through the winter, whereas, the species of the other group all belong to vernal galls, the gall growing with the leaves and the fly passing through all the stages of its growth between the earliest spring and the end of June.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/195/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips confluentus

  Leaf galls
  Similar [to Amphibolips spongifica] but the adults, all females, emerge in Nov. Probably an alternating generation of the above but the life history needs further study.


description:
  Amphibolips confluens 

  Heterogony or alternation of generations in Cynipini was discovered, independently, in United States by Bassett (1873) and Riley (1873). However Osten Sacken (1861) suspected alternation of generations in Callirhytis quercusfutilis (Osten Sacken, 1861) and Amphibolips confluens (Harris, 1841). Later, Walsh (1864) supported the idea about alternate generations in Amphibolips confluens, but no direct experiments were carried out and so first “clear” demonstration of a life cycle in Cynipini is due to Bassett (1873) (after Wehrmaker, 1998). 

  In some cases, studies on life cycles were taken by some specialists with scepticism, as in the case of Walsh’s studies on Amphibolibs confluens in United States.

  [A table appears that lists Amphibolips confluenta's sexual form as "known, not named ?", referencing Osten Sacken 1861]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12267172#page/248/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips confluentus

  Large, globular, more or less smooth outside and filled with a spongy substance in the center of which is a hard woody kernel containing the larval cell. From 1 to 2 in in diameter. When fresh, it is pale green, soft and succulent, with the contents whitish. Later in the season the shell becomes brown, hard and brittle, with the kernel woody and the spongy substance dark brown, but remaining soft. Confined to the leaves of the trees belonging to the red oak group. Common.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/213997#page/9/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips confluens

  B.D. Walsh (1864) had reported in great detail the discovery of two very different forms of adults, one agamic and the other bisexual, emerging at different times of the year from very similar if not identical galls of Amphibolips confluens. The work was undoubtedly exact as far as it went and, if it covers the complete life cycle of the species, it furnishes the first completed record of alternation. But Walsh, though he attempted to control the insects by confining them in nets placed on the trees, was unable to discover oviposition and it is not yet satisfactorily shown that the complete life cycle of the species has been discovered. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/132738#page/491/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips confluenta

  The Large Oak Apple gall, occurs from southern Canada to Virginia. It produces galls on the leaves or leaf petioles of various oaks, principally red, black, and scarlet. These galls are quite large, from 12 to 50 mm in diameter, and greenish to brownish in color, depending on age.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/121/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips confluenta

  Quercus coccinea, falcata, ilicifolia, marilandica, rubra, texana [buckleyi], velutina
  Leaf galls, integral
  Spongy Oak Apple. Aborts the development of the leaf. Agamic females emerge in October. 

  [Photo caption] Spongy Oak Apple. On Q velutina. Also on Q coccinea, rubra, falcata, marilandica, texana. Galls in NY contained pupae Aug 1 and adults Sept 12. Adults emerged Nov (CT), Toronto Nov 10--all females.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22852#page/78/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus inanis (Syn C confluens Fitch, non Harris)

  Quercus rubra. Red oak. Large, smooth, globular brownish-yellow gall, attached to the underside of the leaves, inside with whitish, delicate filaments radiating from the kernel to the shell. Diam about an inch.

  Very like gall No. 1 [Cynips confluens, now Amphibolips confluenta] at first glance, but smaller, the specimens in my possession measuring an inch or a little more in diameter. It is also fastened to the leaf by a small point on its surface. The outside of this gall shows no other difference from the oak-apple of the red oak but the size. The inside on the contrary distinguishes them at once; instead of the spongy, brown mass with which the other gall is filled, this one is almost empty, the kernel being kept in its central position by a certain number of whitish filaments which radiate from it to the shell. 

  Habitat: DC


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22852#page/284/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus inanis

  Q coccinea. Scarlet oak? Large, more or less round gall, not attenuated towards the basis; surface glossy; shell thin and brittle; on the inside whitish filaments radiating from the kernel to the shell. Diameter about an inch. 

  I have found this gall more than once on young trees, belonging either to Q coccinea or Q rubra. (the leaves were elongate, cuneate at the basis and hardly or, at least, not deeply, sinuate; this is, I believe, one of the varieties of the scarlet oak.)

  Among the specimens of my collection, I find a number of galls, collected in one locality and somewhat different in shape from the typical specimens of C q inanis. The latter are more or less globular, the leaf being, so to say, the tangent of the globe. There is no distinct point or nipple on the top. The other gall, on the contrary, is somewhat lemon-shaped, being attenuated at its basis with a corresponding elongation, ending in a minute nipple, at the opposite end. Its color is more brownish than that of C q inanis; on the inside, I did not detect any difference between both galls. The tree is also either the red or the scarlet oak.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/23/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips inanis

  Empty oak apple. 

  This is a spherical gall with thin walls from which many fibers extend towards the center, these holding in place the cell in which the larva develops. The gall is between 15 and 30 mm in diameter, light yellow-green changing to light brown. Common on leaves of scarlet and red oak, Quercus coccinea and rubra. Matures in June.


description:
  The Smaller Empty Oak-apple is found on the post-oak and measures three fourths of an inch or less in diameter. It also differs from the preceding in that the outer shell is mottled.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/195/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus singularis

  Smaller oak apple. Diameter 14 mm a third of the sphere projecting from the upper surface of the leaf, the rest on the under side, seldom more than one on a leaf, green, not spotted. On Q rubra in May and June, the adults emerging early in July.

  Andricus osten sackenii

  Similar [to Andricus singularis] but smaller, diameter about 8 mm, on Q coccinea in June. Adults emerged July 8-15.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/250/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis globosa, new species

  Hosts: Quercus alba

  Similar to those of Disholcaspis globulus (Fitch) in appearance, but less regular in shape and dark red or sometimes yellowish. They occur in clusters at base of 2-3 year old sprouts from stumps and are almost always hidden by debris. Scattering small ones are sometimes seen exposed a few inches above the surface. They are closely crowded together about the base of sprouts and there may be from two or three to as many as forty in the cluster. Each is 8-12 mm in diameter, the interior spongy, with a distinct thin inner shell.

  Type locality. — Fort Sheridan, Illinois. The writer has also collected these galls at Highland Park, Ravinia, Evanston, Glen Ellyn, and New Lenox, Illinois; at Ithaca, New York; and at Tuskahoma, Oklahoma. About Chicago the galls have been found containing pupae on September 12, and with adults October 3. Adults emerge in the late October and early November. At Ithaca pupae were found as early as September 1. The American Museum of Natural History has galls from Bartow, New York, collected by E. B. Southwick. 

  Note. — Similar galls were collected on Quercus prinus Linnaeus at East Falls Church, Virginia, August 31, 1919, and contained pupae September 13. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/108/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis globosa

  Quercus alba, prinus [montana]
  "Root" galls
  Cluster of 3-40 reddish bullet galls 8-12 mm in dia, at base of sprouts, usually hidden by debris.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Also on Q prinus. Adults emerge in late Oct and early Nov.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/185/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis globosa

  Individual galls averaging over 7 mm in diameter.

  Globular bullet galls with a distinct inner cell often free in an irregular cavity within. Up to 40 in a cluster at base of sprouts from stumps of Q alba. Adults emerge in late Oct and early Nov.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28154038#page/832/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus gemmiformis

  On the trunk of the white oak (Quercus alba), May-October. Monothalamous. Green, sometimes tinged with red. Bud-shaped, elongate, pointed at the apex, thin-walled when mature and hollow inside and containing no separate larval chamber. When young it is more solid. Length 3-4 mm.

  Habitat: Fort Lee district, New Jersey; Woodlawn, NYC

  The gall is found on the trunk of large white oak, where the same is gnarly and young shoots sprout forth. It is imbedded in a cavity and may be easily removed. The gall looks exactly like the bud of a young sprout, and may be readily mistaken for such and overlooked. I have found fully developed galls May 30th and in June, and also late in October, 1915. One female emerged in October, 1915, from a gall collected in May, 1915, and one female in May, 1916, from a gall taken in October, 1915. Mr. L. H. Weld has also taken the gall at Evanston, Illinois. The male is unknown. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/60/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus gemmiformis

  Bud-shaped, elongate, pointed apically, thin-walled and hollow. Length 3 to 4 mm, on trunk of white oak.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/362/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis gemmiformis

  Andricus gemmiformis

  Galls of this species have been collected on Q. alba at Fort Sheridan, Kavinia, and Glen Ellyn, IL., and on Q. bicolor at Fort Sheridan and Wilmette. Galls collected October 29, 1916, contained pupae on September 17, 1917, and adults on November 15. These would probably have emerged in the spring of 1918. From galls collected in October, 1918, living flies were cut December 2. 1919, which agree with the type. As the claws are simple the species is here transferred to Callirhytis. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/189/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis gemmiformis

  Conical, greenish becoming brown when mature, 3-4 mm high, from weak dormant buds on limbs or from adventitious buds on trunk of large trees of Q alba in Sept and Oct. Deciduous. Adults emerge the second spring, transforming the fall before.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30313791#page/168/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips weldi sp. nov.

  Gall: On the underside of the petiole of the leaf of white oak (Quercus alba) at the junction of the leaf blade, July to October. A rounded ball-like cluster of bright red or brownish galls closely pressed together and out of shape. The individual gall is rounded or tuberculated on the summit, flattened at the sides and pointed at the place of attachment. It is solid when fresh with a single barely visible larval chamber in the center. Late in September and in October the galls become detached, drop to the ground and the larvae continue to feed therein. The gall gradually changes its shape and becomes subtriangular or polyhedral and may be taken for that of another species. The outer shell becomes thin, soft, darker in color, and the inner part is eaten away until only a hard and woody shell remains. Diameter of clusters 8-20 mm. Individual galls 5-10 mm.

  Range: Ithaca, NY; Glencoe, IL; Boston, MA; NY and NJ

  The late Miss Cora H. Clarke sent me a lot of the galls of this species collected late in September, 1914, which did not produce adults before March (indoor), 1916, and Mr. Weld has had adults issue the second, third and fourth years. It is allied to C. nigrescens. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/201/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips weldi

  A globular cluster, 8-20 mm in diameter, on under side of petiole at its junction with the leaf blade, consisting of a dozen or more reddish brown galls, closely pressed together, tuberculate at the distal end, flattened at the sides, tapering to the point of attachment, dropping to the ground in late Sept or Oct before the leaves. On trees of Q alba. The emergence of the flies is in March or early April and distributed over a period of five or six years, none probably appearing until the second spring. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/54/mode/1up
description:
  Adleria weldi

  Quercus alba, prinoides
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Cluster of 6-10 brown galls, 10 mm in dia, closely pressed together at junction of petiole and leaf blade in fall, dropping singly when mature.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Also on Q prinoides. Galls drop in Oct. Emergence is distributed over three seasons beginning the second spring, Mar 20, Mar 21, Apr 6 (DC).


description:
  Black blister on leaf or stem. Galls are occasionally bordered with purple. Leaf galls may dehisce separately from the leaves. A euthamiae has several generations per year and presumably overwinters as full-grown larvae in the last generation of galls. 


description:
  Leaf blister gall. Galls contain a symbiotic fungus that apparently is not eaten by the larva. The fungus turns hard and black and becomes incorporated with the plant tissue as the larva matures. This species is found on most goldenrods and is widely distributed across North America. As the season progresses, galls develop on leaves progressively farther up the stem. The color of the galls is characteristic of the host species. The size is variable also, 5-15 mm in diameter on S canadensis with one to several larvae, 3-4 mm in diam on S juncea with one larva. Hosts: most species of Solidago.


description:
  This species is less common on goldenrod than *A. carbonifera* and, unlike the latter, does not have a fungus associated with it but lives simply in the mesophyll layer of the leaf and forms only a single convexity on the leaf. Hosts *Erigeron* spp., *Conyza* spp, *Grindelia* spp.

  Blisters are often inconspicuous unless discolored... This gall midge is multivoltine, each succeeding generation appearing on newer leaves.


description:
  Amphibolips globulus sp. nov.

  Gall. On the twigs of black jack oak (Quercus marylandica [marilandica]) in September. Globular, thick-shelled, with a small nipple at the apex. Filled with a very dense mass of radiating spongy substance. Green when fresh, brown when dry. Diameter 14 to 17 mm. 

  The gall very much resembles that of Holcaspis globulus [Disholcaspis quercusglobulus] externally, but the internal structure is very different. 

  Habitat: NJ


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/72/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips globulus

  Globular, thick-shelled, slightly nippled twig gall, green, becoming brown, diameter 14-17 mm, on Q marilandica.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/113/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips globulus

  Quercus cinerea [incana]
  Stem galls, detachable
  Globular, thick-walled with a slight nipple at apex, 14-17 mm in dia Sept. Described from NJ.

  Quercus falcata, marilandica, phellos
  Bud galls
  Type galls are like the figure and are labeled: "VI, Lakehurst, NJ" on Q marilandica.

  [Photo caption]
  The type galls are like those in photo collected in TX in Sept under Q marilandica.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22852#page/80/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus coelebs n. sp.

  Quercus rubra. Red Oak. Elongated, fusiform, pale green gall, with a pedicel, inserted on the edge of the leaf and being the prolongation of a leaf-vein. Length about an inch. 

  The pedicel is about 0.15-0.2 long; the gall itself is an elongated, subcylindrical body, tapering on both sides, 0.6 or 0.7 long; its apex is slender, about 0.1 or 0.15 long. I have found three specimens of this gall near Washington, in June; two are inserted on the margin of the leaf, not far from the stalk; the third is on the leaf-stalk itself, but so that on the side of the gall the leaf originates about half an inch above its place of insertion, whereas on the other side the beginning of the leaf corresponds exactly to the place of insertion of the gall-stalk. In all the three cases, the gall is the prolongation of a vein; in the latter case, the vein, in consequence of the growth of the leaf, has become entirely independent of the blade and appears to be growing out of the leaf-stalk. 

  The inside of these galls is hollow; each contains a brownish, oblong nucleus, kept in position by woody fibers. On the 17th of June I obtained the gall-fly from one of my specimens; on June 28th a parasite from the other; the third was dry when I found it. The gall-fly is a male.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32322#page/84/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus (callirhytis) seminosus n. sp.

  Galls.--Hard, woody knots, sometimes terminating the shoots in a clump of oak sprouts (Q castanea?), but oftener an enlargement of the base of the small lateral branches. In my specimens the terminal galls are an inch in diameter and shaped like a strawberry. The others are about half as large, and of the same shape. All are more or less uneven on the surface. These are all old galls and the outer bark has mostly fallen off, and the entire surface is dotted as thickly as possible with very small, open larval cells. The larger galls must contain, each, several hundreds of these tenantless cells. The cells are distinct from the woody fibre in which they are imbedded, but cannot be separated from it. The galls are easily taken for those of A scitula Bass. and such I took them to be until I found that the insects were very different. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/116/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis punctata (O.S.)

  Quercus cinereae [incana], coccinea, imbricaria, nigra, palustris, rubra, velutina
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Oak Knot Gall. Abrupt, completely encircling branch, covered with normal bark. Immature galls cut like cheese. 

  [Photo caption]
  On Q velutina. Also on Q palustris, rubra, imbricaria, cinerea, nigra. Twig beyond gall usually dies and this has been known to kill isolated trees. Adults emerged Apr. 16. The alternating generation is a small blister on main veins about May 12. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23810#page/707/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus hirta n. sp.

  Quercus montana. Hard, round galls, .25 of an inch in diameter with a finely papillose surface and a solid radiated cellular structure; growing sometimes on the upper, but as often on the under side of the leaf; attached to the larger veins by a very short pedicel. 

  These galls are rarely met with, and I have seldom found more than one on a leaf. In a single instance there were three on the same leaf, two on the under side and one on the upper. My specimens were found in October and contained perfect insects. Through the gall of several, gathered October 20th, the insect had eaten a passage but they still remain in the galls. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/326/mode/1up
description:
  Acraspis hirta

  Galls agreeing with the Bassett types on rock chestnut oak were collected on Q. montana at Storm King (M. D. Leonard), and Ithaca, N. Y., and at Bluemont, Va. They are found in September and October. No adults reared. Probably emerge in late fall. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/430/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips hirta variety hirta, agamic form

  Cynips q hirta
  Cynips hirta
  Biorhiza hirta
  Biorrhiza hirta
  Philonix hirta
  Philonyx hirta
  Trichoteras quercus-hirtum
  Philonix pezomachoides (error)
  Acraspis hirta

  GALL. — Quite spheroidal, moderately large, up to 6.0 mm. in diameter; the faceted surface without projecting spines and consequently smooth in appearance; on leaves of Quercus montana (= Q. Prinus = Q. monticola of authors), Q. Michauxii, and probably related chestnut oaks. 

  RANGE. — Toronto (Brodie in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Massachusetts: Worcester? (gall, M. T. Thompson in Boston Soc.). Connecticut: Waterbury (types; Bassett coll.). New York: West Point (Bassett in Mus. Comp. Zook). Storm King (gall, M. D. Leonard acc. Weld 1926). Highbridge (gall, Amer. Mus. coll.). Huntington (J. C. Bridewell in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Ithaca (gall, acc. Weld 1926). New Jersey: Fort Lee (gall, acc. Beutenmiiller 1910). Richland (gall, Kinsey coll.). Pennsylvania: Washingtonville (gall, E. C. Zeliff in Kinsey coll.). D.C. (acc. Beutenmiiller 1909). Virginia: Bluemont (gall, acc. Weld 1926). Blue Ridge Mountains near Natural Bridge Station (gall, Kinsey coll.). Winchester (Kinsey coll.). North Carolina: Asheville (Ashmead in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Kentucky: Livingston (gall, Q. Michauxii, Kinsey coll.). Indiana: Nashville ( Q . Michauxii, Kinsey coll.). Michigan: Agricultural College (Gillette? in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Kansas: state (acc. Bridewell 1899). St. George (in U.S. Nat. Mus.). 

  Probably confined to the chestnut oaks in a more northeastern area of the United States and Canada, at least from Connecticut to Indiana, perhaps westward to Missouri. The Atlantic Coastal Plain, the more southern, and the most western records given above need further examination when the bisexual adults become known. 

  This is the chestnut oak variety of the species, originally described from Q. Prinus and now recorded from Q. Michauxii. Most of the Cynipidae do not make distinctions between the several species of Middle-Western chestnut oaks. Beutenmuller’s 1900 record (in Ashmead in Smith (1900:548)), and Viereck’s 1916 records of Q. ilicifolia as the host are certainly errors, while the Q. macrocarpa records should apply to variety macrescens. 

  Mature galls of this variety in the American Museum are dated September 11 (1904). Bassett collected galls in October, finding that the insects had begun to eat passages thru the walls of the galls on October 20, altho the first emergence occurred on November 29. Galls I collected in Virginia on October 18 (1919) showed exit holes, but whether of gall makers, inquilines, or parasites, I cannot determine. An adult gall maker was alive in a gall I collected on October 31 (in 1920) at Nashville, Indiana. I have bred adults on De- cember 20 and January 5 (1928). Bassett (1870) notes that the peculiar, acid odor characteristic of several short-winged cynipids is found in hirta. 

  This insect is very close to variety macrescens from which it appears to be distinguished only by the longer wings and by the large, spherical gall. From variety undulata, hirta appears to differ in having the antennae darker at base, the lateral lines absent, and the mesopleura more hairy. But altho I have examined the holotypes of all of these insects, and made direct comparisons of paratypes of the three, I am not certain that I could determine additional insect material without locality records or galls. On the other hand, the galls of the three are so distinct that, with the additional host and geographic peculiarities of each, the varieties should be maintained as distinct. The much reduced thorax and the mere stubs of wings which these forms of Acraspis show offer very few characters for taxonomic determinations. The characters given for these agamic insects by Weld (1922) in his key to Acraspis did not seem to me to separate the paratypes of the several varieties when I studied them at Washington a couple of years ago. 

  [Cynips hirta variety undulata](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/420/mode/1up)
  agamic form

  GALL. — Of moderate size, more or less ellipsoid, the faceted surface fairly smooth in appearance; on leaves of Quercus Gambelii and its varieties (NOT on Q. undulata!) . 

  RANGE. — Colorado: Manitou (types, Gillette coll.). New Mexico: Kingston (galls, Kinsey coll.). Probably confined to Q. Gambelii and its varieties, in a Southern Rocky Mountain area of southern Colorado and more northern New Mexico. Figure 70. 

  There appear to be no data on this insect beyond Gillette’s record of the type collection. His galls, collected on June 30, contained mature adults that ran about when cut out. It is difficult to understand summer maturity, in the light of the data for related varieties of the species, unless these were survivors of the previous year’s growth that had failed for some reason to emerge in the late fall or the ( winter. Gillette stated that from June 30 to November 19 none of the insects emerged, tho a number were cut out of the galls. His further statement that the galls were kept in a warm room after the last of September may offer one more explanation of the failure to obtain normal emergence. 

  I have a single gall from Kingston, New Mexico, which might well represent the present variety. The insect had emerged when I collected this gall on December 27 (1919). We must await insect material before we can be certain that undulata extends as far south as Kingston. West of the Rockies, in Utah, there occurs variety packorum with its distinctly blunt-spiny and spherical gall. True undulata does not occur east of Colorado. 

  Variety undulata, so named because of Gillette’s confusion of the names of the Rocky Mountain oaks, really occurs on Quercus Gambelii and the closely related varieties or species of oaks. Fragments of leaves with the type material confirm our interpretation of the host. 

  Gillette described undulata by comparing it with macrescens (= Bassett’s macrocarpae) . Beutenmuller, examining paratypes of the two in 1907, failed to find these differences and considered the names synonymous. I agree with Beutenmuller that none of the characters noted by Gillette are reasonably appreciable or constant enough among the individuals of the type series to warrant taxonomic recognition. On the other hand, Beutenmuller, perhaps because he worked with a hand lens which would not show the diagnostic characters on the much reduced thoraces of these insects, failed to ob- serve several distinctions which seem to me to be of significance. Other authors have followed Beutenmuller’s synonomy without having examined material. Weld, whose 1922 revision of Acraspis was critical as far as it went, did have types of undulata but none of macrescens for comparison. 

  Undulata differs from macrescens chiefly in having more distinct lateral lines, more naked and shining areas on the mesopleuron, and wings that are (Gillette’s original description to the contrary) a little longer than in macrescens. My measurements are made from camera lucida drawings of type material. The discovery of the bisexual generations of these insects may (or may not) offer further data for making dis- tinctions, but the characters now recorded seem to warrant the recognition of these varieties with distinct geographic ranges and distinct hosts. 

  [Cynips hirta variety packorum, new variety](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/422/mode/1up)
  agamic form

  GALL. — Nearly spheroidal, moderately large, up to 6.0 mm. in diameter, with the faceted surface set with very short, cone-like projections, the gall consequently rough and short-spiny in appearance; on leaves of Quercus utahensis [synonym of gambelii]. Figures 317-318. 

  RANGE. — Utah: Wales and Central in Sevier County (galls, Hagen in Kinsey coll.). Salt Lake City (thru C. T. Dodds, in Kinsey coll.). Payson, Bountiful (types), Centerville, Farmington, Layton, and Willard (B. and H. J. Pack in Kinsey coll,). Probably confined to an area west of the Continental Divide. 

  This insect is best distinguished from variety undulata and more eastern varieties of the species by its more generally black color (but more rufous legs), by its slightly longer wings, and particularly by its rougher and even spiny, spherical gall. The gall suggests a small gall of an agamic form of Cynips gemmula rather than the smooth, faceted galls of the other varieties of hirta. Undulata is probably confined to an area in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico east of the Continental Divide. The cynipid fauna of Utah is usually related to but never identical with this fauna from the eastern side of the Rockies. 

  How far packorum ranges in Utah is not determinable from our present insect material. Many Cynipidae in that state have more northern and more southern varieties whose ranges meet somewhere between Provo and Brigham. Most of our insect collections of packorum were made in this critical territory, but I cannot recognize two varieties in this material. 

  Most of our galls of this variety were gathered early in September, at which time they were still young enough to be touched with a rosy pink, but old enough to breed with fair success. Adult insects emerged (out-of-doors, at Bloomington, Indiana) on November 18 and December 10 and 20. 

  The type material and fine series of this variety from several other localities were collected by Dr. H. J. Pack, Entomologist of the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, and his daughter Bessie Pack, for whom I am naming this insect. These collectors have sent me large series well representing the cynipid fauna of northeastern Utah, and they thus will contribute materially to our further revisions of the cynipid genera and our ultimate understanding of the distribution problems involved in that little-explored area west of the Continental Divide.

  [Cynips hirta variety obtrectans, new variety](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/424/mode/1up)
  agamic form

  GALL. — More ellipsoid than spheroidal; up to 5.5 mm. in length; the faceted surface distinctly smooth in appearance; on leaves of Quercus macrocarpa. 

  RANGE. — Texas: Austin (types; Patterson coll.). Oklahoma: Pawnee. (Kinsey coll.). Kansas: Winfield and 10 miles southeast of Winfield (galls, R. Voris in Kinsey coll.). Probably confined to eastern Texas and Oklahoma, or perhaps extending due east from that area as far as the host, Q. macrocarpa, occurs. Figure 70. 

  This is the more southern of the burr oak varieties of hirta. The present insect is distinct enough from the more northern varieties macrescens , scelesta , and opima, to allow certain determination. I have only one immature adult from the mate- rial I collected in 1920 at Pawnee, Oklahoma, but it shows the coloration and the lengthened wings of the types from Austin, Texas, and I take it that the range of the variety is largely east and northeast from Austin. Dr. Ralph Voris has collected young but full-sized galls, of this species but doubtfully of this variety, in southeastern Kansas as early as June 6, 1927. At that time the larvae were still microscopic in size. Dr. Patterson collected the type galls in the fall of 1921, cutting two mature (one not fully pigmented) and live adults from the galls on October 26 of the same year. 

  [Cynips hirta variety opima, new variety](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/425/mode/1up)
  agamic form

  GALL. — Nearly spheroidal, slightly ellipsoid; up to 3.5 mm. in diameter; the surface fairly smooth; on leaves of Quercus macrocarpa. 

  RANGE. — Michigan: Wayland. Illinois: Seneca (types, Kinsey coll.). Charleston and Green Valley in Tazewell County (Kinsey coll.). Indiana: Mongo, Delphi, Romney, Morocco, Rogers in Pike County, and Aurora (Kinsey coll.). Centering in more southern Indiana, Illinois, and possibly south- westward into the Ozarks; found northward into Michigan only within populations of the hybrid variety macrescens. Figure 71. 

  This is the more southern variety of hirta in the northern Middle West, occurring in Indiana and Illinois where we might expect an Ozark variety, altho we do not have collections of the species from localities within the Ozarks proper. This appears to be the form which, hybridizing with the northern scelesta, gave rise to the hybrid variety macrescens, and segre- gates of opima consequently occur on occasion as far north as macrescens extends. Quite different are the nearly pure populations of opima in Illinois and southern Indiana. Both insects and galls of typical opima are about as distinct from scelesta as anything in the present species ; but the occurrence of the hybrid macrescens in between provides such a gradation from opima to scelesta that determinations of anything less than large series of these insects cannot be more than approximations to natural interpretations. 

  Our emergence records for this insect are November 4, 16, 19, and 20, and December 1, 4, 8, 12, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22, and 28. 

  [Cynips hirta variety scelesta, new variety](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/426/mode/1up)
  agamic form

  GALL. — Always elongate ellipsoid; up to 4.0 mm. in length; the faceted surface quite smooth in appearance; on leaves of Quercus macrocarpa. 

  RANGE. — Michigan: Wayland (types, Kinsey coll.) Big Rapids and Tekonshah (Kinsey coll.). Indiana: Morocco, Romney, Delphi, and Mongo (Kinsey coll.). Illinois: Seneca (Kinsey coll.). Centering on the very northern rim of the range of Q. macrocarpa, probably from New York to Minnesota. Remnants of the species scattered southward (by the Pleistocene glaciation) thruout Indiana and Illinois. Figure 72. 

  This is the sub-Canadian variety of the species; to be expected everywhere on the most northern rim of the range of Quercus macrocarpa. The extreme form of the insect is distinguished more readily than any of the other eastern varieties of hirta. On the other hand, the hybrid of scelesta and opiwu is the widespread macrescens, and thruout more southern Michigan every transition occurs between scelesta and ma- crescens, while further south scelesta appears here and there as a segregate in the hybrid population. Since the host, Q. macrocarpa, does not extend into the true Canadian zone, it is possible that a pure population of scelesta has not been maintained north of the area of hybridization. Our emergence dates for this insect are November 20 and December 1, 4, 8, 12, 15, and 22. 

  [Cynips hirta variety macrescens, new name](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/427/mode/1up)
  agamic form

  GALL. — Usually elongate ellipsoid; up to 4.0 mm. in length; the faceted surface hardly with projecting tips and consequently fairly smooth in appearance; on leaves of Quercus macrocarpa. Figures 316, 329. 

  RANGE. — Quebec: Dows Lake (gall, Rowland in Gray Herb.). Ontario: province (acc. Jarvis 1907). Toronto (Brodie in U.S. Nat. Mus.). New York: Medina (acc. Weld 1926). St. Lawrence County (acc. Bassett 1890). Manorville (?) and Farmingdale (?) (acc. Weld 1928) . Ohio: Rockport (types; Bassett). Indiana: Delphi, Steubenville, Mongo, Romney, Morocco, Aurora, Clinton, and Rogers in Pike County (Kinsey coll.). Auburn (gall, Kin- sey coll.). Roachdale (gall, G. Blaydes in Kinsey coll.). Michigan: Lansing (acc. Gillette). Tekonsha, Wayland, Owosso, and Three Rivers (Kinsey coll.). Illinois: Evanston, Winnetka, Libertyville, Glen Ellyn, and Moline (acc. Weld 1926). Fountaindale (acc. Weld 1926; also gall, Bebb in Gray Herb.). Charleston, Green Valley in Tazewell County, and Seneca (Kinsey coll.). Minnesota: Hastings Road (gall, Ruggles acc. Felt 1921). Min- neapolis (galls, J. S. Benner in Kinsey coll.). Iowa: Ames (Gillette in 111. Lab. and U.S. Nat. Mus.). “Keo- sauqua” (?) (gall, MacDonald in Gray Herb.). Corinth (gall, C. Bar- racks acc. Weld 1926). Kansas: Cedar Point and Holton (galls, acc. Weld 1926). Probably confined to a more northern range of the host, Q. macro- carpa, from Quebec to Minnesota and Kansas. Replaced on the extreme northern limits of the range of the host by variety scelesta. The more western records need re-determination; the published Colorado records apply to variety undulata. Figure 70. 

  This is the common, nearly spineless, Acraspis gall on the burr oak in the more northern Middle West, but not on the very northern rim of the range of Q. macrocarpa. It is un- fortunate that Bassett’s well-known name, macrocarpae , for this insect is already pre-occupied in Cynips (as indicated in the synonomy above), and that it is necessary to introduce the new name macrescens for this insect. 

  Macrescens shows the considerable variation which is evident in northern Middle- Western varieties of Cynips fulvicollis and C. pezomachoides. Toward the north macrescens aver- ages smaller and darker, finally giving way in north-central Michigan to the variety scelesta. In southern Indiana and Illinois, and thru parts of more northern Illinois macrescens averages larger and more robust and gives way to purer popu- lations of variety opima. These three insects are not differ- entiated by many characters, probably because of the great simplicity of structure of all the sub-apterous Cynipidae; but their distinction is important because of the light it throws on the origin of a species by the hybridization of more northern and more southern varieties which were brought together during the glacial invasions of the Pleistocene. Thruout the range of macrescens individuals may be found with the characters of pure scelesta or opima, but the mass of the population of macrescens represents an intermediate blending of the parental characters. Variable and poorly fused as this aggregate may be, I feel we should continue to recognize it as a taxonomic unit deserving a name for convenience of reference. 

  The galls of scelesta are ellipsoidal, those of opima more nearly (but not quite) spheroidal. In the galls of macrescens the scelesta influence usually dominates, but there is some variation in this gall character. 

  Felt recorded young galls of this variety (misdetermined as hirta) from Minnesota as early as July 23. Weld found pupae in galls from northern Illinois early in September. Galls which I collected at Delphi in northern Indiana on September 21 (1926) were just beginning to drop to the ground. Many of them at that time showed exit holes which indicated the emergence of parasites. The cynipids were still larvae in the galls on that date. Weld cut living adults from his Illinois material as early as the last week of September. Normal emergence dates are recorded as follows: October 10 (acc. Gillette 1889) ; November 4 and 10 (Kinsey in 1926) ; November 9 to 14 (Brodie in U.S. Nat. Mus. ; in 1885 and 1893) ; November 14 (acc. Weld 1926) ; November 15 to 30 (Brodie in U.S. Nat. Mus.; in 1892); November 4, 16, 19, 20, and December 1, 4, 8, 12, 15, 18, 20, 22, and 28 (Kinsey 1926 to 1928). While the major part of the large series of material I have bred emerged in the first half of November, it will be seen that many of the insects emerged after December 1 and even as late as December 28. All of the adults had previously emerged from galls collected at Roachdale, Indiana, on December 26 (in 1922) . Some of the many parasites that are to be found in these galls emerge before the gall makers in the fall, but the majority of the parasites and inquilines do not mature until the following May or June. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/122/mode/1up
description:
  Acraspis hirta

  Quercus muehlenbergii, prinus [montana]
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Globular, 4-6 mm in dia, on under side of leaf on a secondary vein, one to three on a leaf, one-celled.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q prinus [montana].  Also on Q muehlenbergii. An adult was cut out Sept 12 (VA) and Sept 21 (NY). Normal emergence probably in late fall. An adult was captured on snow Dec 20 (DC).

  [Acraspis macrocarpae](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/72/mode/1up)

  Quercus macrocarpa
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Ellipsoidal, 3 by 4 mm, on the secondary veins in summer.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q macrocarpa. Maker emerged Nov 9-14, 1885; Nov 15-30, 1892; Nov 1 (Toronto).


description:
  Spindle-shaped, covered with a golden brown mass of short filaments; 6 mm wide by 11 mm long, widest slightly above the middle, distinctly tipped apically. Covered with a dense compacted mass of filaments, each filament short, wholly flattened with a slender, narrow blade 2 mm long, the tips purplish when fresh. The central stem is swollen to form a thin-walled, empty larval chamber, apparently monothalamous. A bud gall, or on leaves, attached to the end of the mid-rib, on Quercus breviloba.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/201/mode/1up
description:
  Trigonaspis ornata, new species

  GALL. — Spindle-shaped, covered with a golden brown mass of short filaments; 6. mm. wide by 11. mm. long, widest slightly above the middle; distinctly tipped apically. Covered with a densely compacted mass of filaments, each filament short, wholly flattened with a slender, narrow blade 2. mm. long, the tips purplish when fresh. The central stem is swollen to form a thin-walled, empty larval chamber, apparently monothalamous. A bud gall, or on leaves, attached to the end of the mid-rib; on Quercus breviloba. 

  RANGE.— Texas: Austin (Patterson). 

  The galls were collected March 3, and adults emerged April 15. In this country the genus has been known previously only from root galls, tho in Europe it is obtained from leaf and stem galls also. 

  The galls superficially resemble those of Neuroterus evanescens Kinsey, described in this paper, but the anthers in that gall are not particularly modified. The adult of this species closely resembles Trigonaspis radicola (Ashmead); the female of ornata differs in being more brilliant rufous in color, slightly smaller, the antennae are distinctly more slender, the scutellum is less rugose with the basal depression smooth (rugose in radicola), and the wing veins are much heavier, even the cubitus being heavy (quite faint in radicola). A further study of material from more localities and hosts may show that this is a variety of radicola, which occurs on Q. alba, and was first described from Missouri. Ornata will prove a distinct variety at least. 

  The connection of ornata and radicola prompts a suggestion concerning the life history of the species, which though resting on circumstantial evidence, may be hazarded if it is taken only as an hypothesis. Brodie (1896, Ann. Rpt. Clerk Board Forestry, Ont., pp. 114-116) records Biorhiza forticornis ovipositing on the rootlets of Q. alba. In a 1920 paper (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLII, p. 374), I recorded the observation of Biorhiza forticornis (which is wingless, agamic, coming from terminal twig galls on Q. alba) ovipositing in December at the roots of Q. alba. I have observed galls of Trigonaspis radicola on the roots of trees which bore old galls of forticornis, and recently Weld (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., LIX, pp. 203-204) notes thirty-six instances of coincidence of the two galls on trees of Q. alba. There is considerable circumstantial evidence, then, of the cyclic alternation of Biorhiza forticornis and Trigonaspis radicola. In the paper above mentioned I further described a March brood of forticornis, obtained from the same galls as the December brood, ovipositing in the terminal buds of the tree; no galls were obtained from these buds in the experiments. Is it possible that the ornata gall (or more probably a similar variety on Q. alba) is the bud gall from eggs of the March brood of forticornis Are there two interlocking cycles in the life of this species? What is the solution of the heredity questions presented? Such are the alluring problems to be solved only after the cycle has been experimentally investigated. 


description:
  Spindle-shaped galls on branches. They first appear as slight swellings on one side of the stem, but surround the entire stem as they continue to grow. The galls may reach lengths of up to 4 cm. If several galls are formed on a single small branch, it may die.


description:
  Galls are in the form of distinct swellings on leaf petioles, midribs and stems on new foliage of both young growth and mature trees. Mean length of a gall containing a single wasp is 2.1 mm, and leaves of rapidly growing trees may contain greater than 50 galls per leaf (Mendel et al. 2004). The female wasps insert eggs into the upper side of the leaves and stems. As larvae develop, galls begin to form and the green color of the leaves containing the galls turns glossy pink. Subsequently, the leaf glossiness then diminishes and the galls turn from pink to red. Upon emergence of the wasps, the galls on the leaves turn light brown and the galls on the stems turn reddish-brown. The adults leave round exit holes after emergence


description:
  There is no other known gall maker on seagrape. Small red blisters on both side of leaf. Possibly occurs across many other species of Coccoloba.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/126/mode/1up
description:
  Zopheroteras cuneatum [listed as Zopheroteras in the host index for Quercus alba but Sphaeroteras in the photo caption]

  Quercus alba
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 235. Conical, red, 4 mm. long, attached at the base of the petiole in the fall. Rare.

  [Photo caption]
  235. Sphaeroteras cuneatum. On Q alba. Adults emerged the second spring and also the third.


description:
  Large tree often 70' (max 108'); often with many dark twiggy tufts looking coarse and unkempt. Distinguished from similar species by sparsely-toothed leaves, small buds, scaly bark, and whitish underleaf. Common in wet woods and swamps, bottomlands, flodd-plains. Commonly cultivated.


description:
  Aprostocetus smilax sp. nov.

  It induces round galls on the stems of Smilax havanensis, often coalescing to form irregularly rounded, polythalamous swellings. Individual galls can also be found on the edge of leaves. Green when fresh and of a pithy structure (Figs 1, 63 inset), tissues around the emergence hole often form a black ring.

  We conclude that A. smilax is the true gall inducer on Smilax L., and thus the host records of Diastrophus smilacis Ashmead and its inquiline Periclistus smilacis Ashmead, both from Smilax, are erroneous.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/59016456#page/70/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus femoratus

  Quercus laurifolia, phellos
  Leaf galls, detachable 
  A small oak apple, 7.5 mm in dia., in spring. Type host [Quercus laurifolia]

  [Photo caption]
  On Q laurifolia. Also on Q phellos. The type was reared in May.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32293#page/151/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus femoratus n. sp.

  A small, very thin shelled globular gall, containing a larval cell held in place by fine radiating filaments; diameter 0.3 inch. Described from one specimen reared May, 1886 [On Quercus laurifolia]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15672492#page/363/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus tantulus, new species

  Small saucer-shaped galls occurring in large numbers attached by a broad base on under side of leaf in early summer. Individual galls measure 0.9-1.6 mm in diameter by 0.6-7 mm high, with an elevation in center of the concave free surface, brown, almost bare, dropping off when mature and leaving a scar 0.7 mm in diameter on the gall and a brown spot on the leaf.

  Habitat.—Type locality. College Park, Md. On May 24, 1948, W. H. Anderson swept up a tablespoonful of the galls, which had fallen on a table under a heavily infested white oak tree. These were placed in a breeding cage on the ground outdoors and when examined on April 1, 1949, scores of adults had emerged and many had already died. 


description:
  Visually similar to Neuroterus saltarius, which occurs on Quercus bicolor and macrocarpa rather than alba and stellata.

  Could be confused with the undescribed bead gall also found on Quercus alba, which is a similar size and density but lacks the distinct raised edge and dimple form of N tantulus.

  Quercus chapmanii added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/110837258).

  Quercus muehlenbergii added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/153131583).


description:
  Eriophyes calaceris

  Hosts: Acer glabrum

  This is a colorful and impressive erineum on maple leaves caused by Eriophyes calaceris in the Western United States. The erineum growth is pustulelike, consisting of a brightly colored aggregation of tiny papillae. Each papilla is filled with colored fluid, and when magnified it has a rounded or capitate tip. The erineum appears on the upper surface of the leaf and is thickest from the apical half to the edge of the blade, missing the larger veins. It ranges from greenish yellow to pink, crimson, and purplish red. The infestation may be wide-spread on some trees.

  The life history involves alternation of generations. The mites continue to colonize the erineum until September and then migrate to stems or twigs and bark crevices. Deutogynes overwinter in bark crevices and then move to newly developing buds in the spring. The inquiline eriophyids Aculops glabri (Keifer) and A. paraglabri (Keifer) are frequently in the erineum. Aculops paraglabri was recently found to be the overwintering form (deutogyne) of A. glabri and is therefore a synonym.

  This mite was found abundant on Rocky Mountain maple in September in California. It is probably generally distributed throughout the range of the host plant from Alaska to California and east to South Dakota and New Mexico. Eriophyes calaceris may be confused with E. elongatus Hodgkiss, which commonly infests sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) in the Eastern United States. In addition to the differences in morphological structures, the erineum growths caused by each species are distinguished by their position, form, color, and density. 


description:
  Eriophyes calaceris

  Hosts: Acer glabrum

  The mite is found in and presumably causes the magenta-colored erineum on the tips of the leaves of its host. This erineum is composed of hollow capitate hairs, containing magenta-colored fluid.

  White erineum on the leaves of big- leaf maple, Acer macrophyllum, proves to have the same complex of mites as this magenta erineum, although the precise relationships have not been determined. (Two other mites found in this magenta erineum are listed under the names Vasates glabri and V. paraglabri.) Banks in 1907 gave the catalog name ryderi to a mite which was the subject of a short article in 1879 by J. A. Ryder. This name was then the one available for maple erineum mites in North America and Essig (1926) used it for white erineum mites on California maple. Leonard (1928) uses this name for maple mites in New York State. However, Hodgkiss (1930) after a careful study of New York maple mites concludes that there is no way to apply the name. The writer, on examining Ryder's original article finds that while Ryder states the mite he saw to be a Phytoptus, he has omitted any mention of a locality, or the color of the erineum inhabited by the mites, or the precise species of maple infested. The conclusion here presented is that the name ryderi is useless.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53573625#page/72/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes calaceris

  The purple erineum maple mite, E. calaceris (Keifer), causes dense, magenta-colored, hairlike growths on the underside [sic] of leaves of Acer glabrum.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/165/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes elongatus
  [Eriophyes maculatus, regulus, Phyllocoptes constrictus and variabilis are also listed as distinct valid species causing the same symptom. Only elongatus is now understood to be a valid inducer; the others are synonyms, vagrants, or inquilines.]

  Acer saccharum

  Red erineum on the upper leaf surface


description:
  Eriophyes elongatus

  Hosts: Acer saccharum

  Hodgkiss distinguished Eriophyes elongatus and E regulus, which cause the familiar glossy crimson erineum on the leaves of sugar maple. According to Jeppson et al. (1975), the latter species is a synonym of E. elongatus. The colorful erineum on sugar maple is remarkably similar to that produced by Eriophyes calaceris (Keifer) on Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum Torr.). It is one of the most attractive and brilliant growths on the leaf surface. 

  The pustulelike patches, at first greenish white and later becoming crimson or purplish, are generally scattered on the upper surface of the leaves. Close examination of the erineum patch shows an aggregation of tiny, rounded, capitate papillae that contain red fluid. The density of the erineum is variable. Occasionally the growth becomes extremely abundant and causes leaf distortion and premature leaf drop.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49156#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Hormomyia crataegifolia, n. sp.
  Bred from whitish oval cocoons adhering to Crataegus leaves. Larvae taken from the cockscomb gall on Crataegus.
  Host: Crataegus sp. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/43/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia? venae, n.s.
  An irregularly oval fleshy gall on midribs or chief veins, above or below, opening by a slit on opposite side, retaining marks of vein along length; contracted towards ends so running out to substance of vein. 5-8 mm long. Color yellow, sometimes with red tinge. Slightly to densely pubescent. June and later. Several on one leaf. Two or more larvae in a cell. On thorn, Crataegus.


description:
  [moved from Cecidomyia (Stebbins) and Lobopteromyia (Felt) to the newly created genus Blaesodiplosis.]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9141312#page/383/mode/1up
description:
  Lobopteromyia venae, new species.
  Greenish, pouch-like vein galls are locally very abundant upon certain thorn bushes, Crataegus species at Nassau and have been recorded from Massachusetts by Miss Stebbins. The female provisionally referred to the above named genus was reared May 31, 1907. 
  Length, 1.5 cm. Greenish white, hollow, pouch-like vein swelling the size of a buckshot and on the underside of Crataegus leaves. 
  Host: Crataegus


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/43/mode/1up
description:
  [This gall, which we strongly believe resembles an undescribed Blaesodiplosis midge gall that has been found in the Northeast, was listed by Stebbins as "Eriophyes amelanchieri n. s. June-berry mite-gall"]  

  These rounded galls occur in great numbers upon the leaves. On upper side they are globular, below they open by a prolonged tube which on maturity splits in two at the end, allowing the insect to emerge. Usually red above, light yellow-green below. About 2 mm above, 1-8 mm below. On June-berry, Amelanchier canadensis, June.


description:
  When originally described by Stebbins (1910) this gall was presumed to be induced by an eriophyid gall. However, no mite has been described from the galls and similar galls on Amelanchier have been found to contain midges of the genus Blaesodiplosis.

  Plausibly a synonym of Blaesodiplosis canadensis, though also plausibly a distinct species. The morphological differences between the two are not clear based on photos and descriptions in the literature. 


description:
  Eriophyes? amelanchieri
  Hosts: Host originally listed as Amelanchier canadensis L., then Amelanchier ×intermedia Spach (pro sp.) [arborea × canadensis], and back
  Rounded galls on upper leaf surface, open on lower surface by an elongate tube that splits open at maturity (could it be a Phylloxera?).
  If they are eriophyoids, then the description is valid; otherwise, if they are Phylloxera or another insect, then the name is nude


description:
  Blaesodiplosis canadensis. USA (New York, Maine, Massachusetts). Amelanchier canadensis (Rosaceae). 
  Hormomyia canadensis Felt 1908b: 388. USA: Massachusetts, Magnolia; ST; ♂,♀; NYSM


description:
  Blaesodiplosis crataegifolia. Canada (Ontario), USA (Michigan, New York, Massachusetts, Virginia). Crataegus sp. (Rosaceae).
  Hormomyia crataegifolia Felt 1907c: 160. USA: New York, Nassau; ST; ♂,♀; NYSM.


description:
  Blaesodiplosis venae. USA (Oregon, New York, Massachusetts, Virginia). Crataegus sp.; C. punctata (Rosaceae).
  Cecidomyia venae Stebbins 1910: 39 10 vic. Springfield – USA: Massachusetts, vic. Springfield; T; G; NHSM.
  Lobopteromyia venae Felt 1914f: 120. USA: New York, Nassau; ST; ♀,L,egg; NYSM.


description:
  Nearly all observations on iNaturalist of this species are fuzzy galls in the Pacific Northwest. To our knowledge, no sources in the literature indicate this species is fuzzy, and its reported range (see Gagne 2017) is limited to the northeast US. Further study may reveal that these are in fact the same species, but it may also indicate multiple species with distinct morphologies in the two regions. 


description:
  The name "Aceria aceris" is current for this mite but that name is already used for a different species found in Europe. Amrine suggests the name be changed to Aceria hodgkissiae but that change has not been made in the published literature yet. 


description:
  Host association with Acer floridanum is a supposition made based on its close relationship to Acer saccharum and the appearance of a similar gall on A floridanum in [this iNaturalist observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/46335294). Further investigation may find this is a distinct mite species.


description:
  Hodgkiss described three mite species from erineum on the lower surface of Acer rubrum leaves, of which Aceria major and Aceria quinquilobus remain valid species (Eriophyes ornatus is a junior synonym of A major). These are either distinct species forming similar galls, in which case it is not clear how the galls might be distinguished, or an inducer-inquiline pair, in which case it is not clear which is the inducer. All current observations have been placed in Aceria major.


description:
  Amrine lists this mite on Acer pseudoplatanus based on a report in Batchelor G.S. 1952. The Eriophyid mites of the state of Washington. Wash. Agric. Exp. Stn., Tech. Bull., 6: 1-32. ; I believe this report is likely mistaken and the galls were instead formed by Aceria cephalonea. 

  Galls formed by this mite on Acer saccharinum tend to be larger, more wrinkled, and redder, while those on Acer rubrum are tight, beadlike, and tan. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26238329#page/751/mode/1up
description:
  These are located on the stems at the apical growing point, usually with one or more swollen pairs of leaves associated with them. Galled shoots are often prevented from flowering, but flowering is occasionally seen above the galled growing point. Post-emergence galls and associated leaves rot and turn black. After the apical growing region rots, the plant sends out a new shoot from a lower meristem.


description:
  Produces large (> 1cm diameter) spherical galls on the apical growing region of host plant stems (terminals). Stiling et al. (1992) described the life cycle of the midge on the marsh composite, sea oxeye,Borrichia frutescens (L.) de Candolle, which was its only known host plant at the time. Since this initial study, we have found two additional hosts of A. borrichiae, marsh elder, Iva frutescens L., and dune elder, Iva imbricata Walt.; like the sea oxeye, both are composites. 


description:
  Species: Vasates oldfieldi
  Description: In numerous, short finger galls on leaves
  Originally described as Eriophyes lionotus (Nalepa) by Wilson & Oldfield, 1970.
  Hosts: Betula occidentalis


description:
  Species: Vasates oldfieldi
  All three species are targeted by what has been identified morphologically as a single species of gall‐inducing mite (Vasates olfieldi) resulting in white to red bulbous protuberances on the adaxial surface of leaves.
  Hosts: Betula neoalaskana, Betula occidentalis, Betula glandulosa
  [Add image]


description:
  Species: Eriophyes lionotus
  Leaves of Betula occidentalis bearing numerous short finger galls were collected Sept. 10, 1968, along a stream bed on the outskirts of Estes Park, Colo. 
  Hosts: Betula occidentalis


description:
  As Aceria eucricotes
  The mite was found in all stages of development in the minute leaf galls. The galls of 1-3 mm in diameter were yellowish then greyish violet in colour and projected from both sides of the leaf.
  Hosts: Lycium barbarum


description:
  As Aceria kuko
  The mite was found in all stages of development in the leaf galls. The minute galls of 2-4 mm in diameter were yellowish green then violet in colour and projected from both sides of the leaf.
  Hosts: Lycium barbarum, Lycium chinense


description:
  Eriophyes modestus

  Hosts: Acer saccharum

  In New York, Hodgkiss (1930) reported an uncommon greenish erineum on the underside of sugar maple leaves caused by Eriophyes modestus. The erineum later changes to brownish or blackish. 


description:
  Eriophyes major

  Host: Acer rubrum

  In addition to bladder galls, Hodgkiss (1913) described four species of eriophyids that are associated with erineum on leaves of red maple in New York. They are Eriophyes major Hodgkiss, E. minutissimus (Hodgkiss), E ornatus Hodgkiss [now a synonym of E major], and E quinquilobus (Hodgkiss). 


description:
  Eriophyes minutissimus

  Hosts: Acer rubrum

  In addition to bladder galls, Hodgkiss (1913) described four species of eriophyids that are associated with erineum on leaves of red maple in New York. They are Eriophyes major Hodgkiss, E. minutissimus (Hodgkiss), E ornatus Hodgkiss [now a synonym of E major], and E quinquilobus (Hodgkiss). 


description:
  Eriophyes quinquilobus

  Hosts: Acer rubrum

  In addition to bladder galls, Hodgkiss (1913) described four species of eriophyids that are associated with erineum on leaves of red maple in New York. They are Eriophyes major Hodgkiss, E. minutissimus (Hodgkiss), E ornatus Hodgkiss [now a synonym of E major], and E quinquilobus (Hodgkiss). 


description:
  The taxonomic status of beadgall forming mites on Acer campestre and pseudoplatanus is currently unclear and quite confusing. The European gall site Bladmineerders lists at least three species: Aceria cephalonea on A campestre and pseudoplatanus, Aceria macrorhyncha on A pseudoplatanus and "rarely" on A campestre, and Aceria myriadeum on A campestre. Amrine, however, lists both Aceria macrorhyncha and Aceria cephalonea as junior synonyms of A myriadeum, implying there is one mite responsible for a range of upper-leaf bead and nail gall forms on both hosts. 

  For the moment, our taxonomy follows the Amrine catalog, while IDs on iNaturalist largely follow Bladmineerders. However, note that while galls similar to images Bladmineerders presents as Aceria cephalonea have been observed on Acer pseudoplatanus in North America, to our knowledge no anatomical IDs have been made of the mites on either Acer species outside of Europe. Any ID made of galls here is thus doubly uncertain. 


description:
  Kokkocynips imbricariae (Ashmead, 1896) n. comb.

  Andricus imbrecariae Ashmead, 1896. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 19, p.122.
  Holcaspis fasciata Bassett, 1900. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol, 26, p.328. [Syn. by Weld, 1926b: 43].
  Dryocosmus fasciatus (Bassett): Weld, 1922a. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 61, art. 18, p.7.
  Dryocosmus imbricariae* (Ashmead): Weld, 1926b. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 68, 43.* The original spelling ‘imbrecariae’ is a typographical error and Ashmead had corrected it in his own copy of the paper to align it with the name of the host oak (Weld, 1926b)

  Gall: according to the original description (Ashmead 1896) the gall is globular, brownish and hard, 7-10 mm in diameter. The surface of the gall has a striped pattern, and is hence commonly known as the banded bullet gall. The galls typically grow in clusters from a fissure in twigs from the previous year’s growth. The larval cell is nearly always closely cemented to the thick, hard, gall epidermis, but in a single instance there were a few fibers separating it.

  Host plant: the species was described from galls collected on Quercus imbricaria and Q. ilicifolia. Weld (1926b) added Quercus marilandica, Q. catesbaei, Q. texana and Q. laurifolia to the host plant records, and later mentioned that it galled all eastern US red oak species (Weld 1959).

  Biology: known only from an asexual generation. Adults emerge from galls from September to October. Galls collected in the autumn produced adults in the following year, but some emerged a year later after diapause (Ash-mead 1896).

  Distribution:  USA  and  Canada;  originally  described  from  Missouri,  and  also  recorded  from  many  localities from Ontario southwards to Florida and westwards to Texas (Weld 1926b).


description:
  Kokkocynips coxii (Bassett, 1881) n. comb.

  Cynips coxii Bassett, 1881. Canad. Ent., vol. 13, p.112. [Syn. by Kinsey, 1922: 123-125].
  Andricus coxii (Bassett), Ashmead, 1885. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 12: 295.
  Andricus coxi Bassett, 1900. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 26, p.320. 
  Andricus bassetianus Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1902. in Wytsman Gen. Ins. Hym. Cynipidae, p.61. [Syn. by Kinsey, 1922: 123-125].
  Plagiotrichus (sic.) coxii (Bassett), Kinsey, 1922. Ind. Univ. Stud. 53, pp.122-5.
  Plagiotrochus coxii var translatus Kinsey, 1922: 126 n. syn.
  Dryocosmus coxii (Bassett): Weld, 1926b. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 68(10): 41.
  Dryocosmus coxii var translatus (Kinsey) Weld, 1951: 646.

  Gall: the galls are elongate to globose twig swellings up to 20 mm. in diameter and 65 mm in length; on older twigs from previous years’ growth. Multilocular, smooth surface covered with normal bark. Larval cells closely embedded in the less solid part of the tissue (Kinsey 1922).

  Host plant: Quercus emoryi and Quercus hypoleucoides (=hypoleuca Engelm.).

  Biology: only known from an asexual generation. The original source is somewhat imprecise about gall phenology, saying that the whole life cycle takes more than one year, as the insects emerge in midwinter and the young galls appear immediately.

  Distribution: Arizona, New Mexico and possibly Texas (Kinsey 1922).

  Remarks: Kinsey (1922) transferred this species described by Bassett to the genus Plagiotrichus (sic.) (=Plagiotrochus Mayr) under the mistaken belief that this genus, described from the Western Palaearctic, was also present in North America. In his account of this species Kinsey gave a short re-description, summarized the data on biology and distribution, and described two new varieties. Kinsey (1922) emphasized the particularity of this species as he had some doubts about its correct generic placement, but his placement was finally made based on the structure of the gall. Weld later transferred the species to Dryocosmus, on the basis that “the flies run to Dryocosmus in the Tierreich key” (a reference to the work by Dalla Torre and Kieffer (1910); Weld 1926b).


description:
  Kokkocynips rileyi (Ashmead, 1896) n. comb.(Figs. 8, 10D, 11F)

  Andricus rileyi Ashmead, 1896. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, vol. 19, p. 121.
  Dryocosmus rileyi (Ashmead):Weld, 1926b. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 68(10): 44.

  Gall: the main body of the gall is globular, small (around 3 mm.), with a detachable yellowish fleshy knob on the dorsal side of the gall (Fig. 11F). Galls are attached to the midrib or lateral veins of a leaf by a slender stalk. The young gall body is yellowish, and gradually turns brownish following maturation. The larval cell occupies the whole of the interior (Ashmead 1896).

  Host plant: this species was originally described from galls collected on Quercus rubra. It has subsequently been found on all eastern US red oaks (Weld 1926b, Weld 1959).

  Biology: known only from an asexual generation. Galls collected in the autumn produced adults in September and October of the following year; in other samples adults emerged from January to March next year.

  Distribution:  this  species  was  originally  described  from  Missouri. Weld  (1926b)  added  many  localities  from New York to Florida and westwards to Missouri and Texas.


description:
  Kokkocynips difficilis (Ashmead, 1887) n. comb.

  Andricus difficilis Ashmead, 1887. in: Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc, V. 14 p.143.
  Callirhytis difficilis (Ashm.): Mayr, 1902. Verh. Ges. Wien, v. 52, 289.

  Gall: small (12 X 15 mm), irregularly rounded, densely rugose, reddish when young and turns grayish following gall maturation, slightly flattened at sides, the rugosities arranged transversally in five to six rows. These galls occur in clusters, emerging in rows from fissures or slits in the terminal twigs; when mature fall to the ground (Ashmead 1887).

  Host plant: Quercus laurifolia, Q. cinerea [incana], Q. catesbaei [laevis], Q.nigra, Q. myrtifolia and Q. phellos (Weld 1959)

  Biology: only known from the asexual generation. According to Ashmead (1887), the adults emerge from galls from August to September; Weld (1959) noted that adults also emerged later in the year up to December.

  Distribution:  South-eastern  North  America,  from  Maryland  southwards  to  Florida  and  westwards  to  Texas (Burks 1979, pers. obs.).


description:
  Kokkocynips attractans (Kinsey, 1922) n. comb.

  Andricus attractans Kinsey, 1922. in: Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. His., vol. 46 p.281.
  Callirhytis uvellae Weld, 1944. in: Proc. U. A. Nat. Mus., vol. 95 p.23 [Syn. in Dailey, 1969: 132].
  Dryocosmus attractans (Kinsey): Weld, 1951: 644.
  Callirhytis attractans (Kinsey): Dailey, 1969: 132

  The molecular results placed one additional species, Callirhytis attractans (Kinsey 1922), within the same clade as species from Kokkocynips with 100% posterior probability support (Fig. 1). This is an interesting placement, as this species is known only from its sexual form, unlike other species in the genus. Accordingly, we transfer this species to Kokkocynips although we have not yet been able to study the type material. In the near future we hope to have the opportunity to re-describe this species.

  Callirhytis uvellae Weld was synonymized with Dryocosmus attractans (Kinsey) by Dailey (1969) but Burks (1979) did not mention this synonymy, which we consider to be a mistake. The galls (Fig. 11G) are unilocular, about 2 mm in diameter and develop gregariously in spring on buds (Dailey 1969). The host oaks are of all the section Lobatae present in California, Q. agrifolia, Q. kelloggii and Q. wislizeni.


description:
   Zapatella cryptica
  (Weld) comb. n.

  Callirhytis cryptica Weld, 1922b (female, galls).

  Only the asexual generation is known. It induces bud galls on Quercus myrtifolia Willd. and Quercus falcata Michx. in the USA (Florida and Alabama) (Weld 1922b, Burks 1979).

  Type galls were collected in October and adults emerged the next year in May (Weld 1922). The affected terminal bud cluster becomes enlarged, one or two green leaves sometimes grow out beyond the bud scales, and later the bud turns brown; the gall is completely hidden within the bud and is conical, with a thin-walled cell and a tuft of hairs near the apex (Weld 1922b).


description:
   Zapatella herberti (Weld) comb. n.

  Eumayria herberti Weld, 1926 (females, galls). 
  Bassettia herberti (Weld) (Burks 1979). 
  Callirhytis herberti (Weld) (Melika and Abrahamson 2007).

  Only the asexual generation is known. It induces stem swelling galls on Quercus agrifolia Née, Quercus kellogii Newb., Quercus wislizeni A. DC in California (USA) (Weld 1926, Burks 1979). Larval chambers (cells) are nested in the peripheral layer of wood, just under the bark of vigorous shoots 2cm or less in diameter. Adults emerge in late May (Weld 1926).


description:
   Zapatella quercusmedullae

  (Ashmead) comb. n.

  Cynips quercusmedullae Ashmead, 1885 (females, galls). Andricus (Andricus) medullae Ashmead, 1885. Callirhytis quercusmedullae (Ashmead) (Burks 1979). Andricus cryptus Ashmead, 1887 (synonym in Dailey and Menke 1980).

  Only the asexual generation is known. It induces stem swelling galls, in spring, on Quercus incana Bartram (= Quercus cinerea Raf.), Quercus marilandica (L.) Münchn. and Quercus myrtifolia in the USA (Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Missisipi, Texas) (Burks 1979). The adults emerge the following year in February and March (Ashmead 1885a, b; Weld 1959).


description:
   Zapatella quercusphellos

  (Osten Sacken) comb. n.

  Cynips quercusphellos Osten Sacken, 1861. Callirhytis quercusphellos (Osten Sacken ) (Burks 1979).

  Cynips quercussimilis Bassett, 1864, syn. n. Callirhytis quercussimilis (Bassett) (Burks 1979).

  Callirhytis (Cynips) quercussimilis (sexual form) was known, inducing stem swelling galls on Quercus incana, Quercus falcata, Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh., Quercus imbricaria Michx., and Quercus myrtifolia along the Atlantic coast, from Florida to New York state (Burks 1979). The galls are club-shaped swellings if they form on terminal twigs, with 1–4 cells (Weld 1959). Green and fleshy galls develop in May, and later turn woody (become lignified). Adults emerge in June to the beginning of July (Bassett 1864, Weld 1959).

  The author of Callirhytis quercusphellos (Osten Sacken 1861) collected greenish rounded woody swellings at the tip of the twigs of Quercus phellos (L.) in Virginia, near Potomac river in June; four sexual females emerged by the end of June Osten Sacken (1865) mentioned that his species somehow resembles Callirhytis quercussimilis (Bassett), however, differs from it. Dalla Torre and Kieffer (1910) treated them as different species. Weld (1922b) erroneously synonymised Cynips similis Bassett to Callirhytis quercusphellos (O.S.). Later, the two species were treated as different species (Weld 1926, 1928, 1951, 1959; Burks 1979). Weld (1922b) observed galls absolutely similar to those of Zapatella quercusphellos on Quercus falcata, Quercus incana, Quercus texana Buckley, Quercus laurifolia Michx. and Quercus myrtifolia.

  Zapatella quercusphellos was collected also at Rosslyn, Virginia from Quercus imbricaria in June and Quercus phellos in May, adults emerged in late June. In both cases the greenish fresh galls were similar terminal enlargements on new growths, inconspicuous, only 5 mm long; after maturation galls were 8–10 mm in diameter (Weld 1926).

  A detail examination of specimens of Callirhytis quercusphellos and Callirhytis quercussimilis, mentioned above, showed no appreciable morphological differences and thus, Callirhytis quercussimilis is a syn. n. of Callirhytis quercusphellos and here in the species transferred to the Zapatella genus, Zapatella quercusphellos, comb. n. 

  Only the sexual generation is known. It induces stem swelling galls on Quercus incana, Quercus falcata, Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh., Quercus imbricaria, Quercus myrtifolia and Quercus phellos along the Atlantic coast, from Florida to New York state (Burks 1979).


description:
   Zapatella oblata (Weld) comb. n.

  Callirhytis oblata Weld, 1952.

  Only the asexual generation is known. It induces bud galls on Quercus coccinea Muench. and Quercus falcata in Virginia, USA (Weld 1952). 


description:
  Callirhytis medularis Weld induces stem swelling galls on red oaks and is only known from the sexual generation.


description:
  Melikaiella ostensackeni n. sp. 
  sexgen

  [Pujade-Villar define this as a new species and don't formally synonymize it with Callirhytis quercus modesta, but this is the de facto result--C q modesta is a nomen dubius with no specimens and later specimens assigned to that species are determined as M ostensackeni.]

  Hosts: Quercus rubra

  Gall: The galls are hard small papillose or cone-like clusters on the upper side of leaves, projecting unequally and usually so crowded as to form a confluent mass of pustule-like elevations. Inferiorly the leaf is not deformed

  Range: WI

  Biology: Galls develop in May-June and mature in June-July. Adults start to emerge in July.

  [See paper for photos of galls corroborated with adult IDs.]


description:
  Melikaiella flora comb. n.

  Callirhytis flora
  Callirhytis milleri
  Callirhytis essigi 

  The sexual form induces midrib swelling galls on leaves of Q. agrifolia Nee and Q. wislinzeni A. de Candolle.

  The sexual gall (Figs. 15g, h-i) is a polythalamous abrupt smooth and  polished  formation  on  the  midrib,  at  the  base  and  underside of the leaf (10-30 x 6-9 mm). The gall occurs in spring and adults emerge from late March to June (Weld, 1922a; Dailey et al., 1974).

  Range: CA

  [They also note that there are two distinct varieties, one found on Quercus wislizeni and the other on Quercus agrifolia, which further research may determine to be two distinct species.]


description:
  Melikaiella fructicola. comb. n

  Callirhytis fructicola
  Callirhytis fruticola

  [No photo of the gall is included.]

  Only the asexual generation is known. Ashmead (1897) described this species after the examination of the Riley collection. The history of labels can be consulted in Weld (1922b). This species induces galls in red oak acorns, on Q. ilicifolia Wangenh., Q. marilandica (L.) and Q. velutina Lam. (= tinctoria W. Bartram) distributed in USA (Burks, 1979). The galls are similar to M. flora asexual galls. Galls occur in autumn and adults emerged in December under laboratory conditions, the natural emergence probably would be happening in spring (Weld, 1922b). 

  Range: PA, VA, SC, TN


description:
  Melikaiella fructuosa comb. n. 

  Callirhytis fructuosa

  [Weld's photo is reproduced but no new images are included.]

  Only the asexual generation is known to induce acorn galls on red oaks (Q. rubra Linnaeus, Q. coccinea Muenchhausen and Q. texana Buckley). It is distributed in USA (Weld, 1922b; Burks, 1979). The galls are stony mass of cells inside the acorn, more or less filling the interior and encroaching upon or obliterating the cotyledons (Fig. 15f). Galls occur in autumn and adults emerge in late April and May (Weld, 1922b); galls from Q. coccinea have emerged in 1st and 3rd year after collecting (Weld, 1922b).

  Range: NY, MD, VA, NC, SC, GA, AL, IL, MO, TX


description:
  Melikaiella lupana comb. n.

  Callirhytis lupana

  Only the sexual generation is known to induce leaf galls on red oaks (Q. emoryi Torr.). It is distributed in USA (Weld, 1944). The galls are very similar to sexual form of M. flora. They are in a form of an abrupt fusiform polythalamous enlargement on the underside of the midrib, stunting the development of the leaf (Fig. 15d). Galls were collected on June and adults emerged in the same month (Weld, 1944).

  Range: AZ

  Comments. The gall and adults morphology of M. lupana are closely related to sexual form of M. flora. As we have commented above, M. flora is a species complex or a highly variable species and thus, M. lupana could be well synonymic to M. flora. Further rearing and studies must be done in order to solve this problem. Herein we treat M. lupana as a distinct, valid species.


description:
  Melikaiella papula. comb. n. 
  sexgen

  Cynips papula
  [Weld's synonymy of Cynips papula and Callirhytis quercusmodesta is reversed and quercusmodesta is considered nomen dubius.]

  Hosts: Quercus velutina, rubra

  Gall. The  galls  are  hard  small  papillose clusters or cone-like on the upper side of the oak leaves, projecting unequally and usually so crowded as to form a confluent mass of pustule-like elevations. On the under side of the leaf they appear simply as a scar, projecting a little if at all. Galls were collected on June and adults emerged in the same month or July (Weld, 1922).

  Range: CT, MA


description:
  Melikaiella sonorae comb. n.

  Callirhytis sonorae

  Only the asexual generation is known to induce acorn galls on red oaks (Q. emoryi), distributed in Mexico and USA (Weld, 1944). The galls are flattened masses of cells (3-10) inside the surface of the acorn, beside the much-reduced cotyledons. Galls occur in autumn and adults emerge in April to June (Weld, 1944)

  Range: Mexico (Sonora), AZ, TX


description:
  Melikaiella tumifica (Osten Sacken) comb. n.

  Cynips tumifica
  Andricus tumificus
  Callirhytis tumifica

  Only the sexual generation is known to induce swelling-like galls on the midrib of the leaves on red oaks (Q. rubra and Q. velutina), distributed in several states of USA. Most of the galls are near the basis of the leaf, but sometime also on the petiole. Larval chambers are arranged in rows. Galls occur in spring, adults emerge in May and June.

  Distribution. USA (New York, Virginia, North Carolina, Illinois, and Iowa).


description:
  A gall matching the description of this species has been frequently observed on trees identified as Shreve oak, Quercus parvula var shrevei, which is known to hybridize with its known hosts. However, this relationship has not been confirmed by rearing to our knowledge.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15672489#page/382/mode/1up
description:
  In the box of Bassett cynipid types in the American Entomological Society the type of Cynips papula Bassett, a synonym of modesta, is a female of Ceroptres sp., a guest fly. A pinned specimen in another case marked "cotype" is the maker of the gall and has now been made the type. This is in spite of the fact that the original description of papula was drawn from specimens of two genera and combined the head and thorax of the guest with the abdomen and wing of the maker. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305422#page/466/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis modesta (Osten Sacken).
  Cynips modesta Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 1, 1861, pp 65-6.
  Cynips papula Bassett, Canad. Ent., vol. 13, 1881, p 107.
  C. modesta was described from three females from an irregular hard protuberance on both sides of leaf of red oak, the flies emerging in late June at Washington DC. In the Museum of Comparative Zoology the type flies are gone from the pins, and the type gall looks like a fragment of the gall of papula Bassett, whose types the writer has seen at Philadelphia.
  C papula was described from a few females from a similar gall on red and black oak, the flies beginning to emerge July 12 in Connectict. The only material of the adults of papula available for comparative study has been a fly reared by the writer from the characteristic gall on the leaves of red oak at Medina, New York (the gall contained pupae on July 2), and flies determined by Gillette from Iowa. The writer has seen the old galls at Rosslyn, VA, and at Hugo, OK, and taken the fresh galls many times in the Chicago area, where they were very common in 1917 and contained pupae on July 16. Thus the structure of the gall, the host oak, and the known facts of the biology correspond closely, for one would expect the flies to emerge two weeks earlier at Washington, and it seems propable that modesta and papula are but two names for one species.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27873892#page/115/mode/1up
description:
  C. papula, n. sp.

  Clusters of small papillose or cone-like galls on the upper side of the leaves of Q. rubra and Q tinctoria, projecting unequally and usually so crowded as to form a confluent mass of pustule-like elevations. They are very hard, though only transformed portions of the blade of the leaf. On the under side of the leaf they appear simply as a scar, projecting little if at all. They bear a slight resemblance to the galls of C futilis, but this species is rarely confluent and never beyond two or three galls, while C papula is quite often found in clusters of forty or fifty, or even a hundred. C papula is monothalamous, while C futilis has, usually, from three to five larvae in each gall.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22852#page/86/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus modesta n. sp.

  Quercus rubra. Red Oak. Small, irregular, hard protuberance, projecting on both sides of the leaf and not differing from it in color. Diameter about 0.15. 

  The two specimens in my possession are a little longer than broad, rising abruptly on the upper side of the leaf, more subconical on the opposite side. The substance is hard, almost woody. I cut one of my specimens open and found that notwithstanding its small size, it contained five hollows, each producing the comparatively large fly. Three of the flies had already escaped from this gall, the two others, although perfectly formed, were still in their cells; a third specimen I reared from the other gall (end of June). On the whole, this gall has so little peculiar and characteristic about it, that I apprehend it will be somewhat difficult to identify it, unless by the fly. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7490889#page/95/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus favosus n. sp. 

  Flattened, polythalamous galls on the leaves of Quercus tinctoria [velutina] varying in lateral diameter from one-fourth to almost an inch; they project from both surfaces of the leaf, but more prominently from the upper surface; their vertical diameter is not more than one-fourth of an inch. The upper and under surfaces, especially the first, bear a very close resemblance to a honey-comb. This resemblance is more striking after the insects have left, when the upper surface is literally full of holes. In general appearance they resemble the galls of N majalis Bass., but when green they are less succulent, and when dry they are of an extremely hard, ligneous texture, while the others are soft and pith like. I collected old galls in September, 1888, from a single oak tree in Rockport, Ohio. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33339948#page/17/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus favosus

  Category: Gall involving or attached to the lamina of the leaf
  Galls making a sort of thickened and elevated area in the lamina
  The platform is made by a single polythalamous gall. 

  Hosts: Q. tinctoria [velutina], Ohio; Q. palustris, Q. rubra, Mass. 

  Description: Irregular, pustular, elevated area. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9882848#page/11/mode/1up
description:
  Category: Monothalamous terminal enlargements or club-galls of twigs

  Callirhytis similis Bass. 1864. p 683. (Cynips) Q. ilicifolia, Conn; Harvard Coll, NY; Beut. Cat., Q. nana [ilicifolia], Q ilicifolia, NJ; Q ilicifolia, Q stellata [presumably an error?], Mass, RI.

  Description: Terminal or not terminal.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/116/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis medullae (Ashm.)

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], cinerea [incana], laurifolia, phellos
  Stem galls, stem swellings
  Gradual swelling on one side of twig in spring. "Adults the next Feb. and Mar." Have never reared it.

  Quercus falcata, myrtifolia
  Stem galls, stem swellings
  Not distinguished in field from [Zapatella quercusphellos]. "Adults the next Feb. and Mar." Have never reared it.

  [Photo caption] On Q falcata. Also on Q coccinea, phellos, laurifolia, catesbaei [laevis], myrtifolia. "Adults the next Feb. and Mar." The writer has never reared it. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/115/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis similis (Bass.)

  Quercus falcata, ilicifolia, imbricaria, myrtifolia, texana [buckleyi]
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Woody, club-shaped when terminal, with 1-5 cells. June. Described from Quercus ilicifolia.

  [Photo caption] On Q ilicifolia. Also on imbricaria, falcata, cinerea [incana], myrtifolia. Green and fleshy in May, becoming woody later. Adults emerged June 26, 28, 30, and July 3 (DC).

  Callirhytis phellos (Ashm.) 

  Quercus imbricaria
  Terminal on new shoots in spring, the larval cell supported by inconspicuous fibers.

  Quercus laurifolia, phellos
  Club-shaped at end of new shoots in spring with radiating fibers about the larval cell. 3-5 mm in dia.

  [Photo caption] On Q. phellos. Also on Q imbricaria. Terminal on new growth. Maker emerges in late June (DC).


description:
  [Melikaiella papula](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/753) and [Melikaiella ostensackeni](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/748) form similar galls on the same set of hosts, and at the moment no reliable method is known to distinguish them. M papula and M ostensackeni were confirmed to be distinct wasp species by Pujade-Villar et al, but the description they give of the galls formed by each species is the same. 

  [Callirhytis favosa](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/757) also forms integral leaf galls on red oaks, but can be distinguished by its much greater thickness and more circumscribed habit, not sprawling in numbers across the leaf as the Melikaiella galls do.

  Quercus ellipsoidalis added tentatively as a host based on [these unconfirmed observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96028087) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98839068) [(3)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96028086).


description:
  [Melikaiella papula](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/753) and [Melikaiella ostensackeni](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/748) form similar galls on the same set of hosts, and at the moment no reliable method is known to distinguish them. M papula and M ostensackeni were confirmed to be distinct wasp species by Pujade-Villar et al, but the description they give of the galls formed by each species is the same. 

  [Callirhytis favosa](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/757) also forms integral leaf galls on red oaks, but can be distinguished by its much greater thickness and more circumscribed habit, not sprawling in numbers across the leaf as the Melikaiella galls do.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22092#page/103/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips bella, n. sp.

  These belong to the class known as oak-apples. They are attached by a minute sessile point to the under side of the leaves of an oak found in Arizona--often near the margin of the leaf, but more commonly on or near the mid-vein. They are perfectly round, and those that have escaped the attack of parasites are quite uniform in size, measuring from 3/4 to 7/8 of an inch in diameter. Those stung by parasites are generally much smaller, and this species is so subject to their attacks that more than three fourths are thus affected. The galls (when dry) are of various shades of brown, mostly smooth but not polished; a few specimens have a decidedly russet color and a rough surface. The shell very thin and brittle. Each gall contains a single larval cell which is kept in a central position by fine, silky, radiating fibers, that reach from it to the outside covering. Besides these fibres, there are others that are attached to the inner surface of the shell, but which are not attached to the larval cell. They are much finer than the others and resemble coarse wool. Except that these galls are smaller, and the internal structure more delicate, and the surface less smooth and polished, they might easily be taken for those found on Quercus rubra--C inanis.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=14&q1=gambelii
description:
  Atrusca bella (Bass.) 1881. Canad. Ent. 13:93. Gall on Q. arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, subturbinella. Ariz, N. Mex.

  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, reticulata [rugosa], subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Fig 87.


description:
  Atrusca bella, brevipennata, simulatrix, and potentially other related wasps form superficially identical galls on an overlapping list of hosts. They are apparently only distinguishable by anatomical analysis of adult wasps.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95742#page/169/mode/1up
description:
  Podapion gallicola n. sp.
  A gall-like swelling of the two year old twigs of Pinus inops is not uncommon in the vicinity of Washington. 
  The gall is either spherical or ovoid, rarely elongate, and varies from 1/4 to 3/4 inch in length. It is usually single but exceptionally there will be two and even three on the same twig and sometimes they coalesce. The surface is somewhat smoother than the unaffected parts of the twig but concolorous; the interior is hard, woody, usually with an abundance of liquid resin. The larva or pupa of the Podapion may be found in the month of May in the center of the gall, completely surrounded with the resin, and in an irregular cavity which on one side extends to near the outer surface, probably to facilitate the exit of the imago which takes place late in May and early in June. One develops in each gall.
  As the fresh galls are found only in spring and as the beetle would seem to be short lived, the probabilities are that the egg is laid in the one-year old wood in June, and that either the egg or the larva remains in the twig without producing the gal till during the short growing season the following year.


description:
  Neuroterus archboldi Melika and Abrahamson, NEW SPECIES

  Distribution.-Florida (Archbold Biological  Station, Lake Wales Ridge, Highlands Co.; Jonathan Dickinson State Park, Martin Co.). 

  Biology.-Only the bisexual  generation is known, and  the  only  known host for N. archboldi is Quercus chapmanii. This species induces  blister-like  parenchyma  thickenings  which  are  visible on both  sides of the leaf but protrude  more on the underside of the leaf. The gall is rounded, monothalamous, 1.5-2.0 mm in diameter, 1.0-1.5 mm high,  green or whitish green,  very slightly lighter than the leaf,  and drier than the succulent polythalamous N. quercusirregularis galls. The larval cell is situated on the  underside of the leaf, not separated from the outer layers of the gall. There are 18 to 25 or more galls per leaf. After adults emerge,  the galls shrink and  wrinkle  and dry out  and  drop. Consequently,  rounded holes remain  in the leaf. We observed these galls  actively  growing for the  first time on 9  March 1995. Adults emerged the second and third week of March into April.  They were very  common leaf  galls on Q. chapmanii at the Archbold Biological Station. Simultaneous with this  species, N. quercusirregularis galls could develop on the same leaf,   but   they are easily   distinguishable from  those of the former on the  basis of galls. Our  efforts to rear the  alternate generation in  cages containing emerged wasps on Chapman oaks were  unsuccessful. 


description:
  Neuroterus chapmanii Melika and Abrahamson, NEW SPECIES
  Distribution.-Florida    (Archbold Biological  Station,  Lake Placid,  Highlands Co.; Jonathan  Dickinson State  Park, Martin Co.). 
  Biology.-Only the bisexual  generation is  known. Galls are on catkins of Quercus chapmanii, are ovoid, thin walled, up to 1.5 mm long,  and with a  groove  running from one  side to the  other  across  the  upper  surface thus resembling a  closed  purse. The  gall is covered  with  white  pubescence, especially on the top, and is monothalamous.  Galls are randomly scattered along the staminate axis and perpendicular to it. Sometimes two galls develop together. The galls  are surrounded by anthers. As the gall  and catkins mature,  the  color changes from  green  to  pale  brown.  They  remain  on the catkins until emergence of the adult or longer, dropping along  with  the  catkins.  In Florida, on the Lake Wales Ridge, Chapman oak begins to flower the  end of February to early March. We found the gall for the first time on 3 March 1995 when some of the  galls had emergence holes, likely made by the  gall-inducing wasps; also, pupae and adult wasps were cut from the galls on this date. 


description:
  Neuroterus  christi Melika and Abrahamson, NEW SPECIES

  Diagnosis.--The galls are also  quite  similar  in  appearance  to  those of N. quercusirregularis, but those of N. christi are  strictly  associated with Q. geminata and Q. virginiana Mill., not  nearly so succulent,  and  usually of a  regular  cylindrical shape and not so irregularly  shaped as those of N. quercusirregularis.

  Distribution.-FL

  Biology.-Only the  bisexual  generation is known. The host oaks are Quercus geminata and Q. virginiana. The galls are leaf parenchyma thickenings,  equally  protruding on both sides of the leaf along one side of the main  vein, green when  young but turning brownish green when  mature,  polythalamous, generally with four to six larval  cells   per gall,  about 12.0-15.0  mm long,  3.0-4.5 mm wide, and 3.0-4.5 mm high, and  usually of a  regular  cylindrical form. The walls of the inner cells are whitish green and  the  surface of the gall is smooth, without hairs. There  are usually one or  two  galls  per  leaf.  Adults usually emerge from  the upper  side. The first  galls appear in mid-March, and the adults  emerge the last week of May and beginning of June. 


description:
  Neuroterus weldi Melika and Abrahamson, NEW SPECIES
  Comments.-Weld (1959)  wrote of a stem  swelling found on Q. chapmanii, but he never reared the adults and consequently did not describe the species. The galls induced by N. weldi are probably those Weld described.
  Distribution.-Central and coastal sand ridges  of  south  central Florida (Archbold Biological  Station, Lake Placid,  Highlands Co.;  Avon  Park  Air  Force  Range, Highlands Co.;  Jonathan Dickinson State  Park, Martin Co.). 
  Biology.-Only the unisexual generation is known. The gall is cylindrical,  mostly  a terminal stem swelling, covered  with normal bark, on second year or older twigs and branches  only of Quercus chapmanii. It is 25.0-40.0 mm long, 6.0-9.0 mm in diameter, and polythalamous. Galls are not  woody,  rather  they are easily cut like cheese. The leaf petioles are never involved in gall formation. Galls persist on stems for several years.  Fully  developed  adults  over- winter in galls and emerge from the second half  of February  into March of the following spring. The first galls observed are formed by the end  of May.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16213231#page/582/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus quercusbatatus (Fitch) 

  Cynips Quercus-batatus Fitch 1859: 810. Females and males (type examined). 
  Neuroterus batata Basset: Ashmead 1885a: 296, 303. 
  Neuroterus  quercusbatatus: Burks 1979: 1074. 
  Cynips noxiosus Bassett 1881: 108. Females,  males, galls of both  generations (types examined). New synonymy. 

  Distribution.-Ontario, Rhode  Island, Connecticut  west to Illinois, Colorado, south to  Florida. 

  Biology.-Alternate bisexual  and unisexual generations  are known. Both  generations  induce  stem-swelling  galls  on Quercus alba L. (Ashmead 1885a, Burks 1979). The  gall is a  woody,  elongate stem swelling. It is polythalamous,  with an irregular  shape and a surface that is covered by normal  bark,  twisted,  but  in  large  part cylindrical, tapering  gradually  to  the  stem at  both ends and up to 60 mm long by 20 mm wide in the unisexual form. Sometimes several  galls  can  more or less fuse, drying brown in bisexual forms, or with a  whitish or purplish bloom in unisexual forms [an apparent mistake, copied from Kinsey; these should the other way around]. Internally hard and woody, the tissue is  little modified except by the larval cells which  are  densely  packed,  each  with a distinct but wholly inseparable lining. The unisexual form develops on  young stems, involving  petioles  and  leaf midveins. The unisexual form begins to develop in mid-summer, forming woody stem galls. The adults overwinter in the galls and emerge in spring after the oaks are  actively  growing. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16213231#page/583/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus quercusirregularis (Osten Sacken) 

  Cynips q. irregularis Osten Sacken 1861: 65. Species  described from one damaged male (sex not  certain) and one gall. Type lost. 
  Neuroterus   irregularis: Ashmead 1885a: 296,  304. 
  Neuroterus quercusirregularis: Burks  1979: 1074. 
  Cynips quercus-majalis Bassett  1864: 683. Females,  males, galls (types examined). New synonymy. 
  Neuroterus  majalis: Mayr  188 1 : 37. 
  Neuroterus (Dolichostrophus) irregularis var. majalis: Kinsey 1923: 100

  Distribution.-Ontario, New  York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia,  west to Illinois,  Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas, and southward (Beutenmueller   1910). We found this  species  in North Carolina (on Q. stellata), and in Florida (common,  locally  abundant, occurs  everywhere  the host plants  grow).

  Biology.-Only the  bisexual  generation is known  to induce integral  leaf  galls  on Quercus alba and Q. montana Willd. (Ashmead 1885a, Beutenmueller 19 10, Kinsey 1923, Weld 1959), and Q. chapmanii and Q. stellata (Burks 1979). We frequently found this species on Q. margaretta as well. According to Kinsey (1923), N. quercusirregularis var. albipleurae Kinsey induces galls  on Q. breviloba (in  Texas only). 

  The gall is a leaf parenchyma thickening, with the larval cells mostly deeply embedded, and is polythalamous. It  is usually elongate, oval, as  thick as wide,  up  to 5.0 mm wide by 15.0 mm long, several galls often fusing, green, very succulent,  shriveling considerably  upon drying, and  the larval cell has a distinct  but inseparable layer. The galls are smooth and large  when on Q. alba and the pubescence is denser and the galls are smaller when on Q. stellata, Q. margaretta, or Q. chapmanii. Galls usually  appear on very  young, unfolding leaves, very  quickly mature,  and develop from April until  early June, earlier farther south. Adults emerge from May through July.


description:
  Neuroterus  quercusminutissimus (Ashmead)

  Cynips q. minutissima Ashmead 1885a: 7. 
  Neuroterus minutissimus: Ashmead 1885b: 296. 
  Neuroterus (Diplobius) verrucarum var. minutissimus: Kinsey  1923: 72.

  Distribution.-Florida. Common everywhere Quercus geminata, Q. minima, and or Q. virginiana grows. 

  Biology.--Only the unisexual generation is known. This species induces small, 1.25-2.50 mm, detachable galls,  covered with coarse, light  brown mossy pubescence, on the underside of leaves in numbers  in  the fall on  Quercus  geminata, Q. virginiana, and Q. minima. In Florida, adults  emerge early in the spring, but  the galls do not  develop  until  mid- to late summer. The fully grown adults overwinter in the galls


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16213231#page/585/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus quercusverrucarum (Osten Sacken) 

  Cynips quercus  verrucarum Osten Sacken 1861: 62. Females  and  galls  (types examined). 
  Cynips verrucarum: Osten Sacken 1865: 354. 
  Neuroterus  verrucarum: Ashmead 1885a: 296,  304. 
  Neuroterus   quercusverrucarum: Burks 1979:  1075. 
  Neuroterus exiguissimus Bassett  1900: 332. Females and galls (types examined). New synonymy. 
  Cynips flocossa Bassett 1881 : 111. Females and galls  (types examined). New synonymy. 
  Neuroterus  verrucarum var. pernotus Kinsey  1923: 74. 
  Neuroterus flocossus:  Burks  1979:  1073

  Biology.--Only  the unisexual  generation is  known. This species induces detachable leaf galls which are small, smooth, seed- like larval cells, hard, thin-walled, and covered with a dense flattened yellowish brown mass of wool  that dries brown. The gall is monothalamous, attached to the underside of the leaf by a small point to the leaf vein, separable,  but the leaf is depressed at the point of attachment. The average diameter of a gall is 2.0 mm by 1.0 mm high. The galls are usually numerous, covering the whole underside of the leaf and  are found on Quercus alba, Q. bicolor Willd., Q. chapmanii, Q. margaretta, and Q. stellata. Viereck (1916) also recorded Q. macrocarpa Michx. as a  host, but this  must be confirmed. Galls begin to develop in September (Weld 1959). According to Kinsey (1923), the galls  appear  after  mid-summer in August and the larvae do not mature  until late in the fall. Adults emerge the next spring in February to March.

  Distribution.-Ontario, New York, New Jersey,  Connecticut,  west to Illinois, Oklahoma, Texas,  south to Florida. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3745772#page/704/mode/1up
description:
  C. q. batatus Fitch. 

  Quercus alba.

  I am satisfied that there are annually two generations of C. q. batatus. The first appears early in May, from galls of the preceding year's growth,--the last late in June, from green galls. I have often found perfect insects in the galls in winter, and have reared flies from them, apparently of the same species reared from the summer galls. Inquilinae in great numbers are produced from the winter galls and few true gall flies, while the reverse is true of the summer form. As many of the summer galls remain green after the flies have left them, and as the tree's annual growth is nearly or quite complete the first of July, it seems probable the June flies oviposit in the galls from which they were produced.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3745772#page/704/mode/1up
description:
  C. q. scitula, n. sp.

  There is little or no apparent difference [between this and Neuroterus quercusbatatus] in the gall than pertains to the different species of oak on which they grow. 

  Quercus tinctoria [velutina]. 

  Woody, tuber-like galls, growing on the green branches of Q tinctoria [velutina], sometimes simply an enlargement of the limb, at others entirely checking its growth and covered with leaves. They are from three-fourths to an inch and a half in length, and rather more than half an inch in diameter at the base, tapering to a cone-like point.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/115/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis scitula 

  Quercus coccinea, velutina
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  An abrupt enlargement of new growth bearing normal leaves, 12 by 35 mm. Full grown in June. 

  Quercus imbricaria
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Abrupt enlargement of new growth bearing normal leaves, 12-25 in dia. May.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q ilicifolia. Also on Q velutina, imbricaria. Full-grown in June. Adults emerged July 3 (Chi); June 10, 11, 16 (DC).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/226481#page/336/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus (Dolichostrophus) batatus (Fitch)

  GALL.--A woody, elongate stem swelling, wholly inseparable. Polythalamous, with a great many larval cells. Of irregular surface and shape, twisted, but in large part cylindrical, tapering gradually to the stem at either end; up to 60 mm long by 20 mm wide (agamic forms); but sometimes several galls more or less fused, the surface covered with normal bark, drying brown in bisexual forms, with a whitish or purplish bloom in the agamic forms [this is backwards compared to every other source except Melika et al 1997, who clearly copied their description from Kinsey]. Internally hard and woody, the tissue not considerably modified except by the larval cells, these cells densely packed, largely toward the surface, each with a distinct but wholly inseparable lining. The agamic form on young stems, involving petioles and leaf midveins; on white oaks. 

  Neuroterus batatus variety batatus 
  agamic form batatus (Fitch)

  Cynips Quercus-batatus
  Cynips quercus tuber
  Cynips batatus
  Neuroterus batata
  Neuroterus batatus
  Neuroterus quercus-batatus

  Gall.--As described for the species; large, woody, on stems of Quercus alba.

  Range.--NH, MA, RI, CT, NY, NJ, New Brunswick. Probably restricted to a northeastern area of the US.

  The gall of this generation begins development in midsummer, the insects remaining in the galls over winter and emerging in April or early in May. Thus this agamic generation takes nine or ten months to develop, while the bisexual occupies only a couple of months. This variety is probably restricted to the single oak, Q, alba, in the northeastern part of the United States. The insect of variety noxiosus is very similar, differing mainly in coloring and its restriction to Q, bicolor. 

  Neuroterus batatus variety obtusilobae (Karsch)
  agamic form

  Diplolepis (Neuroterus) q. obtusilobae
  Cynips obtusilobae
  Neuroterus obtusilobae
  Neuroterus quercus-obtusilobae

  Gall.--As described for the species; on Quercus stellata.

  Range.-- TX. Probably confined to more eastern TX and parts of adjacent states.

  Neuroterus batatus variety prini
  agamic form deprini, new form

  Neuroterus noxiosus form noxiosus

  Gall.--As described for the species for agamic forms; on Quercus prinus [montana]

  Range.--RI or eastern MA. Probably confined to Q prinus [montana] in a more northeastern part of the US.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/259461#page/336/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips q. sculptus n. sp.

  Quercus montana. 

  Club-shaped galls on the petioles of the leaves half an inch in diameter, hard and woody when fully matured. The gall is probably identical with a species described by Baron Osten Sacken as found on Q prinos. His description is as follows: "Swelling of the leaf stalk at the basis of the leaf, or, sometimes, of the midrib near the base." When on the petiole "subconical or club shaped; rounded when they occur on the midrib." 
  His specimens produced only parasites, and as mine have produced, besides many parasites, a few true gall flies, I will describe them under the specific name he has given to the parasite reared from the same gall.

  Cynips q. petiolicola n. sp.

  Gall from Quercus chinquapin [Quercus muehlenbergii]

  Compared with the last species [Cynips q. sculptus] I can discover no difference in the gall, and little in the insect. I have galls from the petioles of the leaves of the white oak very much like those last described. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/272/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus batatus (Fitch)

  The woody winter form of the "oak potato gall" on the stems of Quercus alba has been noted [in IL, IN, FL, DC, MA]. In the Chicago area the agamic females issued April 15-24, 1910, and were observed to oviposit in buds at end of the same twig in breeding jar. In 1913 they emerged April 20-26. At DC they were emerging March 14, 1921. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/348/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus petiolicola (Bassett)

  Galls of this species were noticed at several localities and on several hosts. On the rock chestnut oak, Q montana [in NY, PA, MA, DC, VA.] On Q. macrocarpa [in IL, NY] where they contained pupae June 30, 1914. On Q. bicolor [in IL] where adults began to emerge June 23. On Q. alba [in IL, MO, VA, MA, NY].  On Q. stellata [in OK, TX, AL, FL, VA.] 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/195/mode/1up
description:
  Midrib or petiole swellings
  Oak petiole gall. Somewhat globular, conical above with a depression at apex, hard, green, polythalamous, the larval cells radiating out from the center. On the petiole or basal part of midrib, usually several in close proximity on the tree. In May and June, the adults emerging in late June. On Q. alba, bicolor, and macrocarpa.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/191/mode/1up
description:
  Agamic gen. of Neuroterus batatus (Fitch)

  Stem galls.
  In winter a similar [to N batatus sex gen] but woody gall covered with normal brown bark, the adults emerging the latter half of April and ovipositing in the buds.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/21941234#page/31/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus petiolicola Bassett, Oak petiole gall.
  Cynips quercuspetiolicola
  Cynips petiolicola
  Andricus petiolicola
  A woody, club-shaped gall on petiole or midrib of leaf. Polythalamous. About 15 mm in diameter. Green becoming brown. Common on white oak, Quercus alba, chestnut oak, Q. prinus, and dwarf chestnut oak, Q prinoides.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/115/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus quercus-batatus (Fitch)

  Quercus alba
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Agamic. Woody, covered with normal brown bark, persisting over winter.

  [Photo caption]
  Fig 125. On Q. alba. The woody gall persists over winter. Adults emerge Apr 16-26 (IL); May 6 (DC). 

  [Presumed synonyms]
  Fig 126. Never reared. Woody stem swelling on Q chapmani. Resembles the woody form of Neuroterus quercus-batatus (Fitch).


description:
  Quercus georgiana added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/92180722). 

  Quercus pagoda added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/138760547). 


description:
  Neuroterus quercusbatatus winter (agamic generation) galls on Quercus alba are most likely to be confused with Callirhytis clavula. C clavula galls are always found at the very tip of the growing twig, beneath the buds, with a distinct club-shaped taper. N quercusbatatus galls occur along the stem and have a much more irregular form.

  On hosts other than Quercus bicolor, because both agamic and sexual generation galls occur primarily on "stems," the two generations can be somewhat difficult to distinguish when no longer fresh. Fortunately this is not necessary for a species-level ID. Beutenmuller's illustrations are not labelled to distinguish the generations so all 8 are included in both pages. 


description:
  There may be some morphological overlap between the fleshy sexual generation ["Neuroterus noxiosus"](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1339) galls on the petioles and midribs of Quercus bicolor leaves and Andricus quercuspetiolicola. Most A q. petiolicola galls are clearly distinguishable by their large size, smooth surface, lack of leaf deformation, and conical shape ending in a pronounced indentation. However, some galls that otherwise seem to match Neuroterus noxiosus have fairly regular spherical shapes that could theoretically be confused with A q. petiolicola galls, especially after the wasps have emerged and the galls have begun to dry out. 

  Quercus lyrata added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/116325757). 

  Quercus muehlenbergii added based on unpublished specimens validated with COI barcoding by the Forbes lab.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47616#page/558/mode/1up
description:
  [No name given]
  On June 16, 1892, I found a gall of very striking appearance, from its deep scarlet color, on Rhus microphylla, in New Mexico. The gall is of peculiar shape and resembles a cluster of many thickened leaflets massed together. At a casual glance, it might be mistaken for the fruit of the Rhus, which is in clusters and orange-colored but very different in form. 

  Gall.--Average diameter, 15 to 25 mm; length (on twig), about 20 to 30 mm. Galls luster-like, irregular in shape, sometimes, rounded, cocks-comb-like in appearance, springing from the small stems which shoot out laterally from the twig or branch, or terminal portions of latter. Consisting of irreglar massed clusters of many aborted, deformed, greatly thickened and fleshy leaflets springing from the side stems; surrounding the twig or branch but not attached thereto, dark scarlet-red in color on all surfaces exposed to the sun, the under side when no so exposed being annually greenish and always lighter than the upper or exposed portions. Inside portions green. External surface of the gall extremely irregular in outline, the fleshy leaflets arranged in irregular cocks-comb-like groups more or less pointed apically, the groups of leaflets longitudinally creased, appearing as though formed of many little columns set side by side and soldered together, much resembling groups of certain columnal crystals.

  The fleshy groups of leaflets contain irregular cavities within them. These, when opened the following spring, revealed only small pale brownish bodies attached to the walls inside. It may possibly be an acarid--perhaps a phytoptid.


description:
  Aculops arizonarhus Keifer, 1966
  Host: Rhus microphylla
  Relationship: The mites apparently deform flower bud.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/127/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus petiolicola (O.S.)

  Quercus alba, michauxii, prinoides
  Leaf galls, integral
  Abrupt, almost woody, with a scar at apex, 10-15 mm in dia., at base of leaf blade in early spring.

  Quercus bicolor
  Leaf galls, integral
  An abrupt firm enlargement, 10 mm in dia., with a scar at apex, at base of leaf blade, green and many-celled.

  Quercus macrocarpa
  Leaf galls, integral
  Abrupt firm swelling with a scar at apex on basal third of leaf in spring, green, many-celled.

  Quercus prinus
  Leaf galls, integral
  Abrupt, almost woody swellings with a scar at apex, 10-15 mm in dia., at base of leaf blade in spring, green, many-celled.

  Quercus stellata
  Leaf galls, integral
  Abrupt, firm, green swelling with scar at apex, at base of leaf blade in early spring.

  [Photo caption]
  Andricus petiolicola (O.S.) On Q prinus. Also on Q michauxii, bicolor, prinoides, macrocarpa. Adults of both sexes emerged June 21 (VA), June 27 (DC); July 5-13 (ON). Females were observed ovipositing in terminal buds. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/273/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus escharensis, new species

  Host.--Quercus bicolor.

  Gall.--A minute cell hidden in the tissue of the twig under a leaf scar, the tip protruding so slightly as to be scarcely noticed until the adult within begins to cut out a hole by which to emerge. Sometimes two cells occur side by side under the same leaf scar and more rarely the exit hole is just above the boundary of the scar. They may be found in winter or spring in previous seasons' growth usually underneath the scars just below the terminal bud cluster.

  Biology.--On April 24, 1909, flies were found at Evanston IL ovipositing on the buds of bicolor, perched on the side of the bud with the ovipositor thrust perpendicularly through the bud scales. Investigation revealed the galls described above in the leaf scars under these buds with adults just emerging.

  A precisely similar gall was found at Ravinia on Q alba. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=86
description:
  Dryocosmus grumatus Weld

  Quercus agrifolia, Quercus wislizeni
  Leaf galls, Detachable
  Single, on under side, bare. Sept.

  Quercus kelloggii
  Leaf galls, Detachable
  Single, on under side, smooth, Sept.

  [Photo caption]
  Fig 133. Q agrifolia. Occurs on Q wislizeni and kelloggii also. Develop in July. Drop in August. Adults emerge in spring.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15672479#page/381/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus grumatus, new species

  Host.--Quercus wislizeni These galls also occur on Quercus agrifolia and Q kelloggii.
  Gall.-- A smooth, bare, ellipsoidal gall about 3 mm in diameter attached to midrib on under side of the leaf in the fall and bearing a little fleshy knob on its summit exactly like the gall of rileyi (Ashmead) in the eastern United States. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16278306#page/820/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis serricornis

  Experimental rearings and field observations have shown that the cynipid wasp Dryocosmus grumatus Weld is actually the alternating, agamic generation of Callirhytis serricornis (Kinsey). Since Callirhytis serricornis was described in 1922, the name has priority over Dryocosmus grumatus, described in 1952. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/337/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus perditor, n. sp.

  The acorns of Q. ilicifolia are, as is well known, two years in reaching maturity. In the Spring of the second year they are still very small, hardly as large as a coriander seed. At this time ants are often seen hurrying about among the young acorns and feeding upon a liquid that exudes from some of the acorns. The affected acorns are really galls--transformed acorns--that differ little in form and color from the unaffected acorns. The larva of a gall-fly lives in each of these pseud acorns. Its larval growth is complete in Spring or early Summer. I have never found them very abundant though they appear quite constantly from year to year. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/66/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis perditor (Bass.)

  Quercus ilicifolia
  Acorn galls
  A pip gall in spring on small acorns of previous year, secreting honeydew, dropping when mature.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q. ilicifolia. Galls collected Oct. 5 1944 gave adults Mar. 21-29, 1946. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/111/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis balanosa Weld

  Quercus coccinea
  Acorn galls
  In spring on immature acorns of previous year, mottled, stunting the acorn.

  Quercus imbricaria
  Acorn galls
  In spring on immature acorns of previous year, pushing out from within the cup and stunting the acorn, not mottled.

  Quercus velutina
  Acorn galls
  Pip gall in spring on immature acorns of previous year, smooth, mottled, secreting honeydew.

  [Photo caption]
  On immature acorns of Q. coccinea in spring, secreting honeydew. Also on Q. velutina and imbricaria. Galls drop about the middle of June. Adults the next spring Apr. 22 - May 1.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305399#page/493/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis balanosa, new species

  Host.--Quercus coccinea

  Gall.--Found in spring on the immature acorns of the previous season, pushing out from within the cup and stunting the acorn. When growing in early spring they are fleshy, smooth, greenish, mottled with purple, flattened, and blunt at apex, where they secrete honeydew in such quantities that it often drips to the ground. They become full grown just as the buds are swelling. After they drop to ground in May the thin outer fleshy layer either shrinks up or decays away. The simple thin-walled larval cell inside is relatively large and transversely placed.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305399#page/502/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis perditor (Bassett).

  Andricus perditor
  Acraspis perditor

  Like [balanosa](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/781) Weld, this species is described as producing early spring galls which secrete honeydew on immature acorns of the previous season, but on a different host, Quercus ilicifolia instead of on Quercus velutina. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7735393#page/29/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus albidus, new species

  Hosts.--Quercus coccinea, Q. velutina

  Gall.--A depressed sphere, fleshy, bare, smooth, pure white or pinkish on one side, measuring up to 5 mm. in diameter by 3.8 mm high. On underside of leaf in October. Not common. Similar in external appearance to Biorhiza rubina Gillette on white oaks but with a different internal structure, the larval cell and nutritive layer being central instead of basal.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8571764#page/205/mode/1up
description:
  Acraspis compressus n. sp.

  Gall.--Small sub-globular bodies from 2 to 3 mm in diameter attached to the under side of the leaves of the red oak, Quercus rubra, in the fall, about the time the leaves are beginning to turn brown. The galls appear like wax, and are either pure white or tinged with red while on the leaves, and when cut into are fleshy and juicy like a potato. The galls fall to the ground with or a little before the leaves, and each develops a single larva which gets its growth in the fall but does not emerge until the following summer. Only a very thin shell of the gall is left after the fly emerges. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305399#page/500/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis balanopsis, new species.

  Host.--Quercus marilandica

  Gall.--Produced in fall on small acorns of current season, sometimes three or four on one acorn. They are green, smooth, 4 mm in diameter, laterally compressed and elongated slightly at base and apex. They secrete copious quantities of honeydew while growing and later fall to the ground.

  Habitat.--[MO, AR, TX, AL, FL]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/111/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis balanopsis Weld.

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], cinerea [incana], falcata, laurifolia, marilandica, myrtifolia, nigra, phellos
  Acorn galls
  A pip gall in fall on small acorns of current season, green, smooth, 4 mm in dia., secreting honeydew.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q. marilandica in autumn. Also on nearly all the red oaks. Adults emerged the second spring Mar. 23-Apr. 15.

  [Presumed synonyms]
  Quercus texana [buckleyi]
  A pip gall in the fall on acorns of the current season like Fig. 76 [depicting C balanopsis].


description:
  The host relationship with Quercus michauxii is likely, inferred based on its close relationship with all of this wasp's other hosts, but not confirmed by rearing an adult specimen.

  This species is considered likely to be the sexual generation of "Neuroterus saltatorius" bead galls on white oaks in eastern North America, including Kinsey's [Neuroterus saltatorius australis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1076) on Quercus stellata and the [white bead gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1071) on Quercus alba and others.

  Quercus oglethorpensis is added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/110756445).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/92/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis virens (Ashm.)

  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  Stem galls, detachable
  Cluster of hard, brown matte-surfaced galls crowded around a twig. 

  [Photo caption]
  On Q. virginiana. Also on Q. geminata. Adults emerge in December.

  Disholcaspis succinipes (Ashm.)

  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  Stem galls, detachable
  Cluster of 5-20 crowded around a terminal twig. Globular, yellowish brown, surface like buckskin, hard, 3-6 mm in dia. Entered from literature.

  [Photo caption (no photo included)]
  On Q. virginiana. Cluster of 5-20 globular galls, 3-6 mm in dia., with a buckskin surface. Described from one adult (FL). Gall not recognized in the field. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32798#page/305/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips q. succinipes n. sp.

  The Bud-like Gall of the Live Oak

  This gall seems to have been entirely overlooked by all observers; it is difficult to see why, for although not nearly so plentiful as the previously described species [Callirhytis quercusbatatoides], it is yet by no means rare and quite noticeable upon the ends of the twigs.

  Gall.--Clusters of from five to twenty small galls crowded around a terminal twig or branch; globular or bud-like in form; externally yellowish-brown with a surface like buckskin, becoming black with age; internally hard and tough with a single kernel hard and smooth. Diameter from .10 to 0.2 inch.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32798#page/304/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips q. virens n. sp.

  Quercus virens [Quercus virginiana]

  Galls.--Small, globular, the size of a pea or slightly larger; from two to ten, attached to the underside of the leaf; pale brownish in color, filled inside with a dense, yellowish-brown, spongy, cellular mass. A single kernel in the centre. Diameter 0.15 to 0.25 inch. 

  Issued from the gall early in February.

  [Weld cites this as the original description of his Disholcaspis virens, but it does not match his description (a stem gall) and seems to instead describe what was later renamed Belonocnema quercusvirens, which is now a species inquirenda likely referring to Belonocnema fossoria.]


description:
  Disholcaspis quercusvirens (Ashmead, 1881) agamic

  Cynips quercusvirens
  Cynips quercussuccinipes syn. nov.
  Andricus (Andricus) virens 
  Andricus (Andricus) succinipes 
  Cynips quercusficigera
  Holcaspis succinipes
  Holcaspis ficigera 

  Hosts: Quercus virginiana Mill., Q. geminata Small and Q. minima (Sarg.) Small.

  [Melika et al synonymize Ashmead's Cynips virens and succinipes, recount the taxonomic history of these two species, and present photos of the asexual generation galls on the stem.]

  The asexual galls form through the summer and mature in autumn. Adult asexual females emerge from late autumn.

  Distribution USA:Florida,  Georgia,  South  Carolina,  Mississippi,   Louisiana   and   Texas   (Burks   1979).   Disholcaspis quercussuccinipes was thought to be restricted to Florida (Burks 1979).


externallink: https://academic.oup.com/jee/article/106/4/1747/805904?login=false
description:
  Disholcaspis quercusvirens

  Bullet galls were initiated by the sexual generation of D. quercusvirens during early shoot expansion in the spring. Slight stem swellings were visible by June, and small red-colored bullet galls with soft and spongy tissue (Fig. 1A) emerged through the bark by August. A sweet and sticky exudate occurred on the bullet galls from August to mid-October, when only larvae were present inside the galls. This exudate attracted red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta Buren), velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) (Fig. 1B), and paper wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), and supported sooty mold growth (Fig. 1C). D. quercusvirens bullet galls were mature and woody (Fig. 1D) in the fall, reaching their maximum diameter by November (Fig. 2).

  Mean maximum bullet gall diameter was 7.7 ± 0.1 mm in 2007 and 4.8 ± 0.1 mm in 2008 on the trees at the nursery (Fig. 2). Compound galls were 30.4 ± 1.6 mm in length with 9.3 ± 0.6 bullet galls per compound gall (range: 1–44 bullet galls) in 2007 and 25.5 ± 1.4 mm in length with 11.0 ± 0.9 bullet galls per compound gall (range: 1–52 bullet galls) in 2008.

  Asexual females (Fig. 3A) emerged during cold weather periods from late-November through January and oviposited into dormant buds (1.3 ± 0.07 mm in length, 1.2 ± 0.09 mm in width at base). Females (n = 20) carried 64.0 ± 3.0 eggs (range: 43–88 eggs). All eggs within female abdomens appeared to be of similar size, but dimensions were not measured.

  In total, 1,650 bullet galls were collected from 1 August to 18 December 2007, and 91.3% were parasitized (Table 1). The natural enemy complex included species of Synergus (Cynipidae), Eupelmus (Eupelmidae), Eurytoma and Sycophila (Eurytomidae), Ormyrus (Ormyridae), and Acaenacis (Pteromalidae) (Fig. 4).

  Bullet gall height, diameter, and number of bullet galls per compound stem gall were influenced by the gall inhabitant. Bullet galls containing D. quercusvirens and parasitoids in 2007 were significantly wider than those containing inquilines. Bullet galls with live D. quercusvirens were significantly taller than those containing parasitoids or inquilines. Furthermore, compound galls with more than five bullet galls in a cluster produced more D. quercusvirens than compound galls having five or fewer bullet galls.

  Bullet galls from which gall makers successfully emerged did not produce any parasitoids or inquilines. However, two or more parasitoids and/or inquilines emerged from many D. quercusvirens bullet galls and presumably killed or out-competed the gall maker. Although inquilines are phytophagous, their development may cause gall maker death because of overcrowding or competition.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22852#page/82/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus palustris n. sp.

  Quercus palustris. Pin oak. 

  Globular, hollow galls on the buds and young leaves. Diameter 0.35-0.4.

  Shell green, succulent, hollow on the inside, containing a whitish, globular body, about 0.1 in diameter, which rolls freely about, not being fastened to the shell.

  I found these galls quite commonly very early in the spring, on the buds of the oak, before any leaves had appeared. At that early season already, the globular, whitish body contained the pupa. When the leaves came out, I observed the same gall on them, generally close by the leaf-stalk. The fly was obtained from the galls brought home on the 17th of May. In the woods, most of the galls were found empty on the 25th of May. Still, some of them contained the fly yet. 

  Several galls of this kind were observed on the pin oak; they seem to occur also on other oaks, but I neglected to observe on which, chiefly on account of their appearing before the leaves were developed. The gall shrinks completely when dried but can be preserved in spirits. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32798#page/311/mode/1up
description:
  Spathegaster q. laurifoliae n. sp.

  The Cherry Stone Leaf Gall
  This popularly designates a unique gall that appears early in February and March, on the tender new leaves--frequently three on a leaf. 

  Galls.--Green, globular, hollow galls, growing through the leafy expansion of the newly formed leaf, projecting about equally from the upper and on the under surface of the leaf, the size of a cherry stone and when removed not unlike it in shape, containing a yellowish, slightly elongated kernel, which rolls freely about. Length .20 to .25 inch, .15 or more through.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32798#page/312/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus confusa n. sp.

  Quercus laurifolia

  Another curious gall, constructed on the same principle as above [Dryocosmus quercuslaurifoliae] but smaller and not projecting through the leaf, was detected the middle of April.

  Galls.--Small, globular, slightly elongate, greenish-yellow, succulent galls, attached to the principal vein on the under surface of the leaf, hollow inside with a pupa-like kernel; fly escaping by perforating a hole through the upper surface of the leaf. Diameter transversely .06; vertically .10 inch.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32798#page/312/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus rugosa n. sp.

  Quercus laurifolia

  Another gall found on the under surface of the leaves

  Galls.--Semispherical, greenish yellow, smooth, hard galls, attached to the under surface of the leaf, slightly contracting the leaf on the upper surface, but not projecting, either flat or slightly concave; internally consisting of a hard fibrous substance in the centre of which the larva is transversely placed; fly escaping by perforating a hole through the upper surface of the leaf. Diameter transversely .2 inch; through or vertically .08 to .10.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42559#page/30/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta liberaecellulae n. sp. 

  Quercus rubra and coccinea

  Gall.--Globular excrescences on the leaves of the red and scarlet oaks, sometimes taking into themselves the entire leaf tissue and at others surrounded by the blade of the leaf as is the case of Amphibolips nubilipennis or Andricus singularis, either of which it very much resembles, but from which it differs by having a somewhat roughened and fuzzy exterior and a much thicker outer wall, and by having the larval cell perfectly free to roll about within. The galls vary from 6.5 mm to 9.5 mm in diameter. 

  When gathering the galls on May 20, 1889, it was noticed that some of the flies had already escaped, and on May 28th occasional galls could be found with the flies still in them. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/121/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus palustris (Ashm.)

  Quercus coccinea, falcata, ilicifolia, imbricaria, marilandica, nigra, palustris, rubra, texana [buckleyi], velutina
  Leaf galls, integral
  Globular, 10-17 mm in dia., with a free-rolling cell, wall 1 mm thick, appearing with the leaves in very early spring.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q. velutina. On all the red oaks. In Chicago emergence varied from year to year; May 31, 1906, June 19, 1907, May 28, 1908, June 12, 1909. Kinsey liberated adults on a small tree covered with a net in a greenhouse and females oviposited on under side of the leaves. In Sept. galls which he determined as those of Zopheroteras compressum (Gill.) were found. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/121/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus laurifoliae (Ashm.)

  Quercus laurifolia, phellos
  Leaf galls, integral
  Green, globular, hollow, projecting equally on both sides of the leaf, 5-6 mm long, sometimes three on the newly formed leaf, containing a free-rolling cell. Adults in March. Type host. Entered from literature. 

  [Photo caption (no photo included)]
  On Q. laurifolia, phellos. Galls appear with the leaves in Feb and Mar and are similar to palustris. 


description:
  Plausibly but not definitely a synonym of Drycosmus quercuspalustris. Weld lists D q laurifoliae on Q phellos and laurifolia, Krombein on Quercus nigra and laurifolia, but both assert D quercuspalustris is on "all red oaks," which would include all three of those hosts as well. No differences in gall morphology are known. 


description:
  [Eliason and Potter provide a thorough description of the phenology, morphology, and parasitoid and inquiline communities of both the agamic generation, forming large horned stem galls, and the sexual generation, forming inconspicuous galls on leaf veins. Pictures are included of both galls.]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32802#page/30/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis balanacea, new species

  Host.--Quercus palustris

  Gall.--A pip gall produced late in fall beside small acorns of the current season. Almost spherical, up to 6.3 mm in diameter, smooth, bare, green with a small black papilla at apex, secreting honeydew. Full grown and dropping off during October after which a thin, fleshy outside layer soon turns black, wrinkles, and dries down on the hard inner shell, 3.5 by 4 mm, within which is a thick nutritive layer containing the larval cavity.

  Biology.--Galls were collected in October 1930. During October 1931 most of the larvae transformed into adults, which remained within the galls on the ground during the winter and emerged March 26 to April 2, 1932. A few larvae hung over and adults emerged on April 1, 1933. From galls collected in October 1931 adults emerged March 14-28, 1933. October 1935 galls gave adults on March 28, 1937. On March 20 and April 1, 1940, adults emerged from galls collected in October 1938. One was captured at Mount Vernon, Va., on March 21, 1915, by W. L. McAtee. 

  Habitat. — The type material was collected from two trees at East Falls Church, Va. Galls were seen at Waterford and Bluemont, Va., and at Poplar Bluff, Mo. William Beutenmueller collected galls in Woodlawn Cemetery, New York City, but failed to rear adults.


description:
  Callirhytis quercuscornigera (Osten Sacken)

  Diagnosis. The galls of the asexual generation of Callirhytis quercuscornigera (Osten Sacken) are similar to those of C. pomiformis (Bassett), C. punctata (Osten Sacken), C. quercusclavigera (Ashmead), C. quercuspunctata (Bassett), C. quercussuttonii (Bassett), and C. seminosa (Bassett) (McCracken & Egbert 1922, Weld 1959, Lyon 1969b). However, the only other gall in which the larval chambers protrude externally is induced by C. pomiformis (McCracken & Egbert 1922).

  Taxonomic comments. Osten Sacken (1862) first described the gall-maker, based on stem gall characteristics, as Cynips quercus cornigera. He later reared two specimens, a female and possibly a male, from the same gall and named the wasp Cynips cornigera based on the female (Osten Sacken 1865). Because species names based on gall descriptions before 1930 are valid, the appropriate name for this species is Callirhytis quercuscornigera (Osten Sacken 1862), comb. rev.

  Distribution. Canada: Ontario; USA: New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Maryland, west to Illinois, Indiana, Montana, Iowa, Arkansas, Tennessee, Colorado, Texas, south to Virginia, North Carolina (Q. hemisphaerica and Q. falcata), Alabama, Georgia. New for Florida (Q. hemisphaerica. Trees in May 1995 were heavily infested; entire branches were killed by the galls and inducers).

  The asexual generation develops on Q. incana Bartr., Q. imbricaria Michaux, Q. ilicifolia Wangenh., Q. laevis Walt., Q. nigra L., Q. palustris Muenchhausen, Q. rubra L., and Q. velutina Lamarck (Weld 1959). This species was very common on Q. hemisphaerica, Q. laurifolia Michaux, Q. phellos L., and Q. myrtifolia Willd. in Florida, and on Q. falcata in North Carolina. 

  Biology. The biology of both generations of C. quercuscornigera was recently described in Lexington, Kentucky (Eliason & Potter 2000). Sexual females lay eggs into young shoots, and the subsequent stem galls, in which the asexual generation develops, begin visibly growing the following spring. Twelve-month-old galls appear as slight swellings on small diameter branches. Twenty-two month old stem galls are smooth in texture, green-colored externally, and the internal gall tissue is pale yellow. The larval chambers, or horns, begin to push through the thin gall epidermis when galls are ∼24 months old. Horns project up to 6 mm from the rounded, succulent stem galls, and harden after about a month. One asexual C. quercuscornigera larva develops at the base of the larval chamber. Horns break off several months after adults chew a circular exit hole and leave the galls at bud burst in the spring.


description:
  The Weld book implies that C quercuscornigera and C quercusclavigera are morphologically indistinguishable for much of their life cycles but can be distinguished by host oak species. However, the Melika and Buss paper places C quercuscornigera on all of the hosts Weld mentions for either species, removing that as a definitive character. C quercuscornigera  is the only one of the pair reported on most of the hosts, but on Quercus laurifolia and phellos (and possibly on other related oaks), galls could be caused by either wasp. 

  Old or damaged specimens of C quercuscornigera are difficult if not impossible to distinguish from C quercuspunctata by gall morphology alone. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22852#page/293/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus cornigera n. sp. (as yet unknown) [ie gall named without an adult wasp specimen]

  Quercus palustris Pin oak. 

  Woody knots on the limbs, emitting pale yellow, conical, brittle projections. 

  Of all excrescences on oaks in general, the present one, wherever it occurs, is perhaps the most conspicuous, as by its abundance it deforms the tree and seems to cause considerable injury. It consists of woody knots on the limbs, looking usually as if many of them were closely packed together and thus forming an oblong, woody irregular mass, sometimes two inches or more long. Its most striking character are its slightly curved conical projections, hollow on the inside, which bud forth from all sides of the gall. On dry, dead galls, these horn shaped projections are for the most part broken off, so that their bases alone are visible, projecting like short tubes from the cracks of the woody tubercle. 

  After having very frequently observed dead galls of this kind, I finally succeeded on the 13th of May, 1862, to find some young and growing ones. They were of moderate size; their back was greenish and their wood soft and succulent. The conical projections were just beginning to bud forth; when laid bare, by removing with a knife the wood around them, they appeared to extend deep inside of the gall, almost down to the twig. Their color was whitish, their consistency soft, apparently fibrous, and not woody. At that time, they were not hollow yet, and I could not find any larvae in them. When I visited the same spot during the latter part of June, I found some of the horn-shaped bodies already projecting about one-tenth of an inch; their substance had become harder and more woody; their inner end had become club-shaped, distinctly isolated from the surrounding wood, so that the whole of these bodies could be easily removed by cutting away the wood around them. On the inside, the inner end was hollow and contained a small larva. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32798#page/321/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus clavigera n. sp.

  Galls.--Abrupt, irregular, woody, tuber-like swellings, varying greatly in size, from a half to an inch and a quarter long by almost the same in width, attached to the terminal twigs and branches; externally (at the beginning of the season), it is smooth and resembles very much the gall of Cynips q batatoides, but later in the season it becomes rough with deep fissures, through which issue spiny, succulent tubes, which secrete a sticky honey-like substance; internally, at first it is white and soft but becomes brown and hard with age; the tubes are thickened at base in the centre of which the larva resides.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/259461#page/335/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus punctata n. sp.

  Quercus rubra

  A smoothish, club-shaped, woody knot, four inches long, and an inch and a half in diameter at the upper and largest end, completely encircling a branch half an inch in diameter. 

  This gall was cut from a very young and thrifty oak, April 11th. The flies were then fully grown and began to appear in less than a week. No other galls were noticed at the time, but now (Oct.) there are several of this year's growth,--some larger and others much smaller than the one described. The new galls were fully grown the middle of June, but no larvae could be detected then. The larvae are now, however, well developed.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/115/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis clavigera (Ashm.)

  Quercus cinereae [incana], laurifolia, phellos
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  A horned knot gall but the horns do not drop out. Described from Quercus laurifolia.

  Quercus myrtifolia
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Callirhytis cornigera or Callirhytis clavigera. A horned knot gall.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q. phellos (horns have been broken off in photo). Also on Q laurifolia, myrtifolia. Adults emerged Feb. 14-21 (TX).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/115/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis cornigera (O.S.)

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], falcata, ilicifolia, imbricaria, palustris, rubra, texana [buckleyi]
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Horned Knot Gall. Abrupt, cuts like cheese when growing in May-June, becoming woody, the horns finally protruding and even dropping out.

  Quercus myrtifolia
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Callirhytis cornigera or Callirhytis clavigera. A horned knot gall.

  [Photo caption]
  Horns picked up on ground under Q rubra July 15, 1917 (IL). Horned Knot Gall. Similar to [C q clavigera]. Adults were cut out Nov. 26 and some emerged May 12, 1918. Occurs also on Q. palustris, imbricaria, ilicifolia, cinerea [incana], catesbaei [laevis], texana [buckleyi].


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22092#page/66/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus nubila, n. sp.

  Galls: Densely hairy, sub-globular or hemispherical clusters of galls on the under side of leaves of an unknown species of oak; always on the midvein. When fresh the hairs are of a fine deep crimson, but fade somewhat in drying. At the base they are yellowish white. The galls in each cluster grow from the same point on the leaf, and the clusters are from one-half to one inch in diameter, and contain from one to five or more galls or larval cells. The cells, denuded of their covering of hairs, are nearly globular, tapering, however, to an obtuse point at the end attached to the leaf, and they measure from three-sixteenths to nearly or quite half an inch in diameter. The shell is about .02 of an inch in thickness (thicker than this at the base, however) and is very hard and brittle when dry; it contains no larval cell, and its inner surface is slightly roughened as if gnawed. 

  These galls, in their dense hairiness and in their size and outward appearance, resemble closely those of C q. tenuicornis n. s. from the same locality; but while in this species the larval cells are separate, in tenuicornis they are enclosed in an envelope of a dry porous consistence. The fine crimson color, seems to be a constant character of C q. nubila, and the insects from the two galls are widely different. 


description:
  Philonix nigra (Gillette).

  Acraspis niger
  Acraspis nigra
  Acraspis gillettei

  Gall. On the underside of the leaves of white oak (Quercus alba), burr oak (Quercus macrocarpa) and dwarf chestnut oak (Quercus prinoides) in the fall. Monothalamous. Globular and covered with a short, dense pubescence, which give them the appearance of felt. Pale ashen gray brown, but brown if long exposed to the weather. Internally it is a larval cell kept in place by a spongy mass that is loosely fibrous on the inner surface of the gall. The outer shell is thin and hard. Diameter 6 to 11 mm.

  Habitat: CT, NY, NJ, PA, OH, IL, MI, IO

  The gall is usually quite abundant on the leaves of Quercus prinoides. They become easily detached and may be found on the ground under the trees. The fly emerges the following summer. 


description:
  Belonocnema fossoria, Weld 1921 Rev. Stat.

  Belonocnema quercusvirens, Burks, 1979 [species inquirenda]

  Host plant: Quercus geminata

  Gall: Smooth, single-chambered pea galls (5.88–6.45mm in diameter) on the ventral side of leaves

  Distribution: GA, FL

  [See paper for photos of the galls]


description:
  Belonocnema kinseyi, Weld, 1921, Rev. Stat.

  Belonocnema treatae, Lund et al, 1998

  Host plant: Quercus fusiformis (OK, TX, Mexico) and Quercus virginiana (TX to FL to NC)

  Gall: Smooth, unilocular pea-like galls on the ventral side of leaves

  Distribution: LA, MS, OK, TX


description:
  Belonocnema treatae (Mayr, 1881)

  Dryorhizoxenus floridanus Ashmead, 1881

  Host plant: Quercus virginiana and (rarely) geminata

  Gall: Smooth, pea-like galls (4.92–5.50 mm) on the ventral side of leaves

  Distribution: AL, FL, GA, MS, NC, SC


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31780#page/149/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips trizonata, new species.

  Gall.--A large, globular gall, from an inch to an inch and a quarter in diameter, externally resembling A coccineae, Osten Sacken, but internally of a white, pithy, cellular structure.

  Five specimens, reared during June, 1882, from galls received May 2, 1882, collected in AZ. The gall is said to grow on the blossoms of an oak. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=28
description:
  Amphibolips trizonata Ashm.

  Quercus emoryi, hypoleuca [hypoleucoides]
  Stem galls
  detachable
  Fig 119.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305424#page/468/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips trizonata Ashmead.

  The gall of this species was said to be "in the blossoms of an oak," but no description was given and the host oak unknown. 

  Host.--Quercus emoryi and Quercus hypoleuca

  Gall.--Globular, 25-40 mm in diameter; green, turning to a tan later; smooth or with a finely coriaceous surface. Interior of a dense cellular structure lighter in color than surface, but darker toward the nonseparable larval cell in center. From the attachment a number of whitish strands run up through the cellular tissue to the larval cell. Atached singly to side of small twigs, not a flower gall. 

  Habitat.--AZ, NM


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10451542#page/388/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips trizonata Ashm.

  Galls of the aments or catkins
  Globose, moderately thick-shelled, yellowish, almost smooth, pithy gall, diameter 20 to 33 mm, possibly on oak blossoms. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/292/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis discalis, new species

  Host.--Quercus undulata

  Gall.--A thin disk, 3.6 mm in diameter on the under side of the leaf in the fall. Monothalamous, tan-colored, convex on upper surface, margin crenate, underside concave, the transversely placed larval cell occupying the full height of the gall. Exit hole on upper surface. Single or but few on a leaf.

  Habitat.--Galls were collected and living adults cut out on November 1, 1921, in NM. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Andricus discalis (Weld)

  Quercus toumeyi, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls, Detachable
  Fig 73 and 170


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/374/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips nigra Beutenmueller

  This species, whose gall was described as on an unknown oak in Durango, Mexico, occurs in AZ where the writer has collected galls on Quercus emoryi and Q. hypoleuca. The writer has not reared adults. Seventeen of the types range from 5.2-6.3 mm, Average 5.6 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28154038#page/834/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips nigra Beutenmuller

  Gall.--On the twigs of a species of oak; monothalamous; densely wooley and about the size of a small peach, and also somewhat the colour of this fruit, especially those on the trees suffering from peach-yellows, probably white when fresh and tinged with pink. It contains a hard, thick-shelled, oval cell about the size of a bean. Diameter 22-50 mm.

  Habitat.--Durango, Mexico. The adults emerged from January 30th to February 8th, 1897.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/283/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis aggregata, new species

  Host.--Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi

  Gall.--Globular oak apples, up to 35 mm in diameter, occurring in summer in clusters of sometimes as many as 12 on a twig at apex of previous season's growth. Each has an abrupt slender pedicel and usually only 2-4 galls in the cluster become well developed. The fresh galls are creamy white with a reddish blush on one side and spotted with numerous small red spots. Later they become yellowish and are often covered with a bluish bloom. The central cell is supported by a dense mass of fine silky radiating fibers and the wall is thick (0.7 mm), seven times as thick as that of the smaller unspotted leaf-gall apple of the same region, D bella.

  Habitat.--AZ


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54855#page/688/mode/1up
description:
  Eumayria floridana Ashmead

  Eumayria floridana Ashmead
  Eumayria multiarticulata Ashmead 

  Distribution.--IN, IL, AR, TX, VA, FL

  Biology.--Only a bisexual generation is known. Induces stem-swelling galls at the base of young sprouts of Quercus coccinea, falcata, ilicifolia, incana, laurifolia, myrtifolia, rubra, texana [buckleyi], velutina. Adult emerge in May through August. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32322#page/89/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus ? indistinctus n. sp.

  Small, round galls attached by a broad base to the small twigs of Q. alba. Smooth when fresh, but the dry galls are wrinkled and closely resemble pepper corns. The diameter of fresh galls is about three-sixteenths, while the dry ones are about one-eigth of an inch. They contain no true larval cell, separable from the gall walls, which are thin and of a loose texture. They are monothalamous, and the insects were nearly mature in October when they were gathered and came out before the next spring. Their coming out was probably hastened by the warmth of the room in which they were kept. I found them in north Ohio in 1885; they seem to be extremely rare, I having found them on one occasion only and then only seven or eight individuals.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/239303#page/36/mode/1up
description:
  Callaspidia Quercus-globulus, new species

  Oak-bullet gall-flies

  Smooth globular galls the size of a bullet, growing singly or two, three, or more in a cluster, upon white oak twigs, internally of a corky texture, each containing in its center a single worm lying in a oval whitish shell resembling a little egg 0.15 in length. 

  These bullet-like galls are most common and oftenest noticed of any of the galls on our oaks. When growing they are of a pale greenish color, shaded into bright red upon the side which is most exposed to the light, and with the fading of the leaves in autumn, they also fade to the same pale dull yellow hue with the dead leaves, even though the insect be still inclosed in them, to pass the winter, as it sometimes is.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54855#page/689/mode/1up
description:
  Eumayria enigma (Weld) New Combination

  Callirhytis enigma
  Trisoleniella enigma

  Distribution.--IL, TX, VA, LA, FL

  Biology.--Unisexual females only are known. Induce root galls on Quercus laevis, myrtifolia, nigra, rubra, texana. Adult emergence date is unknown. Adults can be dissected from galls by the beginning of November in FL.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54855#page/689/mode/1up
description:
  Eumayria saltata (Ashmead) New combination

  Andricus (Trisolenia) saltatus
  Trisolenia saltata
  Andricus saltatus

  Distribution.--NC, FL

  Biology.--Unisexual females only are known. Induces bud galls on Quercus falcata, laevis, incana, rubra. Galls in March-April, adults in April.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54855#page/689/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus longipennis (Ashmead) New Combination

  Neuroterus longipennis Ashmead
  Eumayria longipennis Weld

  Distribution.--FL

  Biology.--Only the male is known. Induces stem-swelling galls on Quercus laurifolia and phellos. Adults emerge in May.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54855#page/691/mode/1up
description:
  Eumayriella invisa (Weld) New Combination

  Eumayria invisa Weld

  Diagnosis.--Difficult to distinguish this species [from Eumayriella archboldi] on the basis of galls alone. Galls similar to those caused by Callirhytis crypta, Bassettia floridana. Adult wasps are necessary for precise identification.

  Distribution.--FL

  Biology.--Only a unisexual generation is known. Induces stem galls in the form of small larval cells hidden under the bark, usually without external evidence of galling on Quercus myrtifolia. Adults were dissected from galls in November. Adults emerge in January in south-central FL. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54855#page/691/mode/1up
description:
  Eumayriella archboldi, New Species

  Distribution.--FL

  Biology.--Only females are known. Adults emerge in December-January

  Diagnosis [of Eumayriella invisa].--Difficult to distinguish this species [from Eumayriella archboldi] on the basis of galls alone. Adult wasps are necessary for precise identification. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22092#page/107/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips vesicula, n. sp.

  Gall a small, smooth, reddish brown vesicle developed from the center of the buds of Quercus alba, surrounded at the base by the bud-scales. The color is sometimes a pale greenish brown. The walls of the gall are thin and the larva free, that is, having no larval cell. These galls are partially developed in the preceding autumn, and mature so rapidly in the spring that the insects emerge about the time the leaves of the oak begin to expand. 

  Female appears early in April.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22092#page/114/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips gemula, n. sp.

  This species is a recent discovery of mine, having escaped detection on account of its early appearance and minute size. The gall is found in the centre of both the flowering and leaf buds of Q prinoides. It is fully developed when the sterile flowers of this species of oak are in bloom. Only one gall is found in a single bud. It is exactly like an ordinary acorn in shape, having a truncate base and a cone-like extremity with a sharp point at the apex. It is a dull blackish color, and only .1 of an inch in length and 0.05 in diameter. It contains but one larva. When the gall happens to be in a leaf bud it is often found at the summit of a young branch one or two inches long, so rapid is the growth of the tree at this season. In the flower buds it is often nearly hidden in the surrounding bud scales. The insects appear in both sexes about the middle of May. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/364/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis mamillaformis, new species

  Host.--Quercus alba

  Gall.--A bud gall half protruding beyond the bud scales, produced in the fall and probably dropping to the ground when mature. Somewhat globular with a nipple at apex, green or brownish, smooth, truncate at base when detached without circlet of white hairs.

  Habitat.--IL, VA, DC

  The type specimens were from galls collected at Ravinia, IL., from terminal buds on vigorous sprouts from stumps, October 22, 1916, and four living flies cut from the galls November 16, 1917, would probably have emerged in the spring of 1918. The galls have also been seen at Bluemont, Va., and Washington, D. C. A similar gall has been observed on Q. stellata at Poplar Bluff, Mo.; Hoxie, Ark.; and College Station, Tex., but not yet reared. 

  A similar gall has been observed on Q stellata in MO, AR, TX but not yet reared


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84930#page/30/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus pisiformis sp. nov.

  Gall.--On the terminal twigs of white oak (Quercus alba) and post oak (Quercus minor [stellata]) from the middle of May to early in June. Monothalamous. Spherical or pea-like. Milky white or pale greenish white, speckled and marbled with green or lilac. Fleshy when fresh, hard and woody when old and dry. It is hollow inside with no separate larval chamber. It is evidently a bud gall. Diameter 3-6 mm.

  Habitat.--NJ, MA

  The flies mature in the gall during the latter part of September and in October, but do not emerge until the following spring. The gall is a pretty object and looks like a very small marble. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32322#page/77/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta clarkei n. sp.

  Galls.--Small, round, smooth, and not quite three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter. They are formed of the buds of the white oak, and are filled with larvae, which are separated from each other by very thin, filmy walls. Most of those in my collection are transformed terminal buds, but a few are axillary. I have not learned whether their development takes place wholly in the spring, or whether, like several other vernal species, they are partially developed in the preceding year. 

  The insects appear early in the spring and are of both sexes.

  Distribution: MA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22092#page/106/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips minuta, n. sp.

  As soon as the leaves of Quercus alba begin to expand in the spring, a few buds are occasionally seen that develop into a cluster of greatly enlarged petioles without a leaf blade, or at most only a very rudimentary one. They are three or four times the size of those of a full grown leaf, and each contains a number of larvae of the small gall insect which I have named C minuta. The larvae mature very rapidly and the imagos leave the gall about the time that the leaves are full grown. Occasionally an embryo leaf seems to have escaped the sting of the mother insect, and a fully developed leaf appears among the galls, but such instances are not common. The galls are pubescent and usually of a pinkish color. The insects are of both sexes.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36243#page/172/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus flavohirtus, new species.

  Gall: On the terminal twigs of swamp white oak (Quercus platanoides [bicolor]) early in June. Monothalamous, globular, and thin-shelled, containing no separated larval chamber. Green when fresh, brown or gray when old. It is embedded in a cluster of short, lanceolate, aborted leaflets, more or less concealing the gall. When mature it drops to the ground, leaving the bunch of leaflets on the twig. Diameter, 3 mm.

  Habitat: NJ


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32293#page/146/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus stropus n. sp. 

  The Leafy-wreath Gall

  Galls.--A diminutive, brown, acorn-shaped gall, issuing from a bud axil, surrounded at base with small, narrow, dense leaflets. The gall, itself, when removed from its leafy matrix is oblong-oval; in height .15 inch; diameter through .1 inch, and has a little nipple on top. It, too, drops to the ground, but unlike the other species just described, there is but one cell to each gall. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54792#page/207/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus atrior Kinsey

  Campsodryoxenus brunneus var. atrior Kinsey
  Loxaulus brunneus var. atrior Weld
  Loxaulus atrior Dailey

  Distribution: CA

  Biology.--Only the unisexual generation is known. It induces stem swelling-like galls on Quercus lobata. Records of this species on Quercus douglasii must be confirmed.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54792#page/207/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus beutenmuelleri Weld

  Distribution: NJ, PA, IL, MI, VA

  Biology.--Only the unisexual generation is known. It induces leaf galls on Quercus rubra. Galls mature in October and drop to the ground, adults emerge in April-May.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114064#page/148/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus beutenmuelleri, new species

  Host: Quercus rubra
  Gall: Probably a midrib cluster

  Habitat: Reared from galls picked up on the ground under a red oak tree and thought at the time to be galls of Dryocosmus piperoides. NJ, IL, MI, VA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54792#page/208/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus boharti Dailey and Sprenger [the description Melika and Abrahamson give for this gall does not match the original description or the one given by Russo and may have been given in error. Other agamic galls in the genus Loxaulus are integral stem galls and the gall described below would be anomalous for the genus.]

  Distribution: CA, Baja California

  Biology.--Only the unisexual generation is known. It induces yellow, pubescent aborted axillary bud or leaf petiole galls on Quercus dunnii. Adults emerge in December and January.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54792#page/208/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus brunneus (Ashmead)

  Compsodryoxenus brunneus Ashmead
  Loxaulus brunneus Weld

  Distribution.--CA

  Biology.--Only the unisexual generation is known. It induces stem galls on Q. chrysolepis.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54792#page/211/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus illinoisensis (Weld)

  Compsodryoxenus illinoisensis Weld
  Loxaulus illinoisensis Weld

  Distribution: IL

  Biology.--Only the unisexual generation is known. It induces subterranean stem swelling-like galls, usually at the base of young sprouts of Quercus macrocarpa. The abrupt stem swelling induced is approximately four to five times the diameter of the shoot and nearly 30 cm long. Galls mature in fall and adults emerge from the end of October through November.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54792#page/211/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus maculipennis (Ashmead)

  Compsodryoxenus maculipennis Ashmead
  Loxaulus maculipennis Weld

  Distribution.--AZ

  Biology.--Only the unisexual generation is known. It induces stem swelling-like galls on live oak.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54792#page/213/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus pattersoni (Kinseyi)

  Compsodryoxenus pattersoni Kinsey
  Loxaulus pattersoni Weld

  Distribution.--TX

  Biology.--Only the unisexual generation is known. It induces root galls on Quercus virginiana.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/111/mode/1up
description:
  Compsodryoxenus pattersoni, new species

  Gall.--A slight but distinct swelling of small roots. Polythalamous. Galls gradual enlargements from the stems, elongate, averaging 20 mm long by 4 mm wide, often larger, covered with natural or slightly roughened bark. Internally woody, but the tissue irregular, with the larval cells closely clustered, the lining not separable nor hardly distinct, each cell spherical, about 1 mm in diameter. On roots of Quercus virginiana. 

  Range.--TX

  One of the galls is constricted into two parts, the parts bent at an angle; the other galls are straight, undivided; the two types of galls give the same kinds of adults. These galls contained live adults in December; insects emerged on February 9. It is not impossible that adults are mature in the galls over the winter, not emerging until early in the following spring. Similar but much smaller swellings at the bases of petioles had adults emerge on Dec. 27 which appear exactly identical with those from the root galls. Some sort of alternation of generations may be involved here, but it is not unlikely that the species will produce galls on various parts of the plant, not being confined to the roots only. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54792#page/213/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus quercusmammula (Bassett)

  Cynips quercus mammula Bassett
  Loxaulus mammula Weld
  Loxaulus quercus-mammula Dalla Torre and Kieffer
  Loxaulus quercusmammula Burks
  Loxaulus ashmeadi Kieffer New Synonymy

  Comments.--Kieffer described Loxaulus ashmeadi from New England and noted that it induces galls under the bark of twigs similar to those of L quercusmammula. Kieffer associated this species with Quercus robur, and suggested that L ashmeadi was introduced to North American from Europe along with its host oak. However, Loxaulus is not known from Europe. More likely, the oak host of this species is Q alba which was misidentified as Q robur. This species cannot be distinguished from L quercusmammula on the basis of the description given by Kieffer, suggesting that this species is a synonym of L quercusmammula.

  Distribution.--NJ, MD, CT, VA, FL, New England

  Biology.--Only the bisexual generation is known. It induces stem swelling-like galls on Quercus alba and Q stellata (this must be confirmed because this host record may refer to L vaccinii and not to this species). Galls occur in June, adults emerge in July. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54792#page/214/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus tenuis (Weld)

  Compsodryoxenus tenuis Weld
  Loxaulus tenuis Weld

  Distribution.--CO, NM

  Biology.--Only the unisexual generation is known. It induces stem-swelling galls on Quercus undulata with larval cells hidden under the bark. The slight subterranean enlargements of the stem are about 3-15 mm in diameter. Cells are not scattered uniformly under the bark but situated in groups of 3 to 12 cells in depressions of the wood. Galls occur in July. Adult wasps were dissected from galls in September.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54792#page/214/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus trizonalis Weld

  Distribution.--CA

  Biology.--Alternate unisexual and bisexual generations are known. The unisexual generation induces acorn galls while the bisexual generation stimulates stem galls on Quercus chrysolepis. The adults of the bisexual generation emerge from the stem galls in April and oviposit into young acorns; galls of the unisexual generation mature in September and the adults emerge the subsequent spring in March or remain in the galls for one year more and emerge in spring of the second year. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54792#page/215/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus vaccinii (Ashmead)

  Solenozopheria vaccinii Ashmead
  Loxaulus vaccinii Weld
  Compsodryoxenus humilis Weld New Synonymy
  Loxaulus humilis Weld

  Comments.--The examination of all specimens of L humilis and L vaccinii show no differences between the two species. Descriptions of the galls for [L vaccinii and L humilis] are similar. L humilis causes a stem gall and not a real root gall as Weld suggested. The life histories of the two species are similar.

  Distribution.--FL, ?Canada to Texas and Florida

  Biology.--Only the unisexual generation is known. It induces stem galls, usually located at the base of young sprouts, with larval cells hidden under the bark on Quercus chapmanii and Q stellata. Galls occur in fall and contain adult wasps in November. The adults emerge the following early spring, in March to April. Ashmead suggested that the galls occur on Vaccinium corymbosum "but have bred but one fly." Ashmead incorrectly connected the gall and the gall-inducer.


description:
  Andricus quercusfoliatus (Ashmead 1881)

  Hosts: Quercus geminata, minima

  [Asexual generation, in the fall, on buds]


description:
  Andricus quercuslanigera (Ashmead 1881)

  Hosts: Quercus geminata, minima

  [Asexual generation, in the fall, on leaves]


description:
  Belonocnema quercusvirens (Osten Sacken 1861) 

  Hosts: Quercus geminata, minima

  [Asexual generation galls found on leaves in the fall]

  Belonocnema treatae (Mayr 1881) [according to Zhang, based on hosts given, this must be B fossoria, not treatae]

  Hosts: Quercus geminata, minima

  [Asexual generation galls found on leaves in the fall]


description:
  Bassettia pallida (Ashmead 1896)

  Hosts: Quercus geminata, minima

  [Asexual generation stem swelling galls found in the spring]


description:
  Callirhytis quercusbatatoides (Ashmead 1881)

  Hosts: Quercus geminata, minima

  [Asexual generation stem swelling galls found in the fall]


description:
  Disholcaspis quercussuccinipes
  Disholcaspis quercusvirens

  Hosts: Quercus geminata, minima

  [Asexual generation detachable stem galls found in the fall]


description:
  Neuroterus quercusminutissimus (Ashmead 1885)

  Hosts: Quercus geminata, minima

  [Asexual generation detachable leaf galls found in the fall.]


description:
  Neuroterus christi (Melika & Abrahamson 1997)

  Hosts: Quercus geminata

  [Sexual generation integral leaf galls found in the spring]


description:
  Odontocynips nebulosa (Kieffer 1910)

  Hosts: Quercus geminata, minima, chapmanii

  [Asexual generation root galls found in Florida in the fall]


description:
  Andricus cinnamomeus (Ashmead 1887)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Asexual generation bud gall found in the fall]


description:
  Andricus pisiformis (Beutenmueller 1911)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Asexual generation bud gall found in the spring]


description:
  Andricus stropus (Ashmead 1887)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Asexual generation bud gall found in the fall]


description:
  Andricus pattoni (Bassett 1881)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Asexual generation detachable leaf gall found in the fall]


description:
  Atrusca carolina (Ashmead 1887)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Asexual generation detachable leaf gall found in the fall]


description:
  Atrusca unica (Weld 1926)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Asexual generation detachable leaf gall found in the fall]


description:
  Neuroterus quercusverrucarrum (Osten Sacken 1861)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Asexual generation detachable leaf gall found in the fall]


description:
  Neuroterus umbilicatus (Bassett 1990)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Asexual generation detachable leaf gall found in the spring. First record in FL.]


description:
  Trigonaspis polita (Bassett 1881)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Asexual generation detachable leaf gall found in the fall]


description:
  Andricus quercuspetiolicola (Osten Sacken 1861)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Sexual generation integral leaf gall found in the spring.]


description:
  Andricus quercusutriculus (Bassett 1881)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Asexual (a mistake? Bassett describes this as a sexual generation) generation integral leaf gall found in the spring.]


description:
  Neuroterus archboldi (Melika & Abrahamson 1997)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Sexual generation integral leaf gall found in the spring.]


description:
  Neuroterus quercusirregularis (Osten Sacken 1861)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Sexual generation integral leaf gall found in the spring.]


description:
  Bassettia floridana (Ashmead 1887)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Asexual generation stem swelling gall found in Florida in the fall.]


description:
  Callirhytis floridana (Ashmead 1887)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Sexual generation stem swelling gall found in Florida in the fall.]


description:
  Loxaulus vaccinii (Ashmead 1887)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Asexual generation stem swelling gall found in Florida in the fall.]


description:
  Neuroterus quercusbatatus (Fitch 1959)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Asexual generation stem swelling gall found in Florida in the fall.]


description:
  Neuroterus weldi (Melika & Abrahamson 1997)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Asexual generation stem swelling gall found in Florida in the fall.]


description:
  Disholcaspis quercusomnivora (Ashmead 1885)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Asexual generation detachable stem gall found in Florida in the fall.]


description:
  Disholcaspis spongiosa (Karsch 1880)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Asexual generation detachable stem gall found in Florida in the fall.]


description:
  Neuroterus chapmanii (Melika & Abrahamson 1997)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Sexual generation catkin gall found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Holocynips badia (Bassett 1900)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Asexual generation root gall found in Florida in the fall.]


description:
  Sphaeroteras ocala (Weld 1921)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Sexual generation root gall found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Xanthoteras radicola (Ashmead 1896)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Sexual generation root gall found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Amphibolips murata (Weld 1957)

  Hosts: Quercus inopina, myrtifolia

  [Asexual generation bud galls found in Florida in the fall.]


description:
  Amphibolips quercuscinerea (Ashmead 1881)

  Hosts: Quercus myrtifolia

  [Sexual generation bud galls found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Amphibolips quercuscitriformis (Ashmead 1881)

  Hosts: Quercus myrtifolia

  [Asexual generation bud galls found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Callirhytis cryptica (Weld 1922)

  Hosts: Quercus myrtifolia

  [Asexual generation bud galls found in Florida in the fall.]


description:
  Eumayria saltata (Ashmead 1881)

  Hosts: Quercus laevis

  [Asexual generation bud galls found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Amphibolips quercusracemaria (Ashmead 1881)

  Hosts: Quercus myrtifolia

  [Sexual generation detachable leaf galls found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Callirhytis infuscata (Ashmead 1887)

  Hosts: Quercus laevis, myrtifolia

  [Asexual generation detachable leaf galls found in Florida in the fall.]


description:
  Dryocosmus rileyi (Ashmead 1896)

  Hosts: Quercus laevis

  [Asexual generation detachable leaf galls found in Florida in the fall.]


description:
  Callirhytis quercifoliae (Ashmead 1885)

  Hosts: Quercus laevis

  [Sexual generation integral leaf galls found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Dryocosmus quercusnotha (Osten Sacken 1870)

  Hosts: Quercus inopina, myrtifolia

  [Sexual generation integral leaf galls found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Bassettia quercuscatesbaei (Ashmead 1881)

  Hosts: Quercus laevis

  [Sexual generation stem swelling galls found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Callirhytis cornigera (Osten Sacken 1862)

  Hosts: Quercus laevis, myrtifolia

  [Asexual generation stem swelling galls found in Florida in the fall.]


description:
  Callirhytis crypta (Ashmead 1887)

  Hosts: Quercus laevis

  [Asexual generation stem swelling galls found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Callirhytis quercusclavigera (Ashmead 1881)

  Hosts: Quercus inopina, myrtifolia

  [Asexual generation stem swelling galls found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Callirhytis quercusmedullae (Ashmead 1885)

  Hosts: Quercus laevis, inopina, myrtifolia

  [Asexual generation stem swelling galls found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Callirhytis quercusphellos (Osten Sacken 1861)

  Hosts: Quercus inopina, myrtifolia

  [Asexual generation stem swelling gall found in Florida in the spring.]

  Callirhytis quercussimilis (Bassett 1864)

  Hosts: Quercus inopina, myrtifolia

  [Sexual generation stem swelling gall found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Eumayriella invisa (Weld 1952)

  Hosts: Quercus myrtifolia

  [Asexual generation stem swelling gall found in Florida in the fall.]


description:
  Andricus quercusformosus (Bassett 1864)

  Hosts: Quercus laevis

  [Asexual generation detachable stem gall found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Callirhytis difficilis (Ashmead 1887)

  Hosts: Quercus inopina, myrtifolia

  [Asexual generation detachable stem gall found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Callirhytis quercusventricosa (Bassett 1864)

  Hosts: Quercus inopina, myrtifolia

  [Asexual generation detachable stem gall found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Callirhytis quercusgemmaria (Ashmead 1885)

  Hosts: Quercus inopina, myrtifolia

  [Asexual generation detachable stem gall found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Dryocosmus floridensis (Beutenmueller 1917)

  Hosts: Quercus laevis

  [Asexual generation detachable stem gall found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Dryocosmus imbricariae (Ashmead 1896)

  Hosts: Quercus laevis

  [Asexual generation detachable stem gall found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Callirhytis myrtifoliae (Beutenmueller 1917)

  Hosts: Quercus inopina, myrtifolia

  [Sexual generation catkin gall found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Callirhytis quercusoperator (Osten Sacken 1861)

  Hosts: Quercus inopina, myrtifolia

  [Sexual generation catkin gall found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Amphibolips quercusfuliginosa (Ashmead 1885)

  Hosts: Quercus myrtifolia

  [Asexual generation acorn cup gall found in Florida in the fall.]


description:
  Callirhytis balanopsis (Weld 1922)

  Hosts: Quercus myrtifolia

  [Asexual generation acorn gall found in Florida in the fall.]


description:
  [Unclear why these two are listed separately in the table]

  Biorhiza caepuliformis (Beutenmueller 1911)

  Hosts: Quercus laevis, myrtifolia

  [Asexual generation root galls found in Florida in the fall.]

  Sphaeroteras caepuliforme (Beutenmueller 1911)

  Hosts: Quercus laevis, myrtifolia

  [Asexual generation root galls found in Florida in the fall.]


description:
  Callirhytis ovata (Weld 1921)

  Hosts: Quercus laevis, inopina, myrtifolia

  [Asexual generation root galls found in Florida in the fall.]


description:
  Dryocosmus favus (Beutenmueller 1911)

  Hosts: Quercus laevis, myrtifolia

  [Asexual generation root galls found in Florida in the fall.]


description:
  Eumayria enigma (Weld 1921)

  Hosts: Quercus laevis, myrtifolia

  [Asexual generation root galls found in Florida in the fall.]


description:
  Eumayria floridana (Ashmead 1887)

  Hosts: Quercus myrtifolia

  [Sexual generation root galls found in Florida in the spring.]


description:
  Bassettia floridana Ashmead, 1887

  Bassettia floridana Ashmead 1887
  Dryophanta corrugis Bassett 1890 (synonymy)

  Biology -- Only the asexual generation is known which induces galls at the base of the current year's growth on Q chapmanii. Also observed to oviposit into the buds of Q prinoides. Galls mature in October and adults emerge in March-April.

  Distribution: CT, FL


description:
  Bassettia ligni Kinsey, 1922

  Biology--Alternate asexual and sexual generations are known. The asexual generation induces integral leaf galls while the sexual generation stimulates stem galls on Q. douglasii, dumosa, and lobata. The adults of the sexual generation emerge from leaf galls during June to mid-July; the adults of the asexual generation emerge from the bark during mid-April.

  Distribution--CA, OR


description:
  Bassettia pallida Ashmead, 1896

  Biology--Only the asexual generation is known which induces stem galls with cells hidden under the bark of Q geminata and virginiana. Adults emerge in April in GA and in March in FL.

  Distribution--GA, FL


description:
  Bassettia tenuana Weld, 1921

  Biology--Only the asexual generation is known which induces stem galls mainly at the base of young sprouts, with larval cells hidden under the bark on Q fendleri (=Q. x pauciloba [gambelii x turbinella]). Adults emerge in April.

  Distribution--NM


description:
  Bassettia weldi sp. n.

  Biology--Only the asexual generation is known, which induces stem galls hidden under the bark of twigs on Q gambelii.

  Distribution--AZ


description:
  Callirhytis aquaticae Ashmead, 1887

  [transferred back from Bassettia to Callirhytis]

  Biology--The only known female was cut from a "hard knotty swelling" gall on Q nigra in March. Such stem swelling-like galls are typical for Callirhytis species but are not typical of Bassettia.

  Distribution--FL


description:
  Callirhytis ceropteroides Bassett, 1900

  [transferred back from Bassettia to Callirhytis]

  Biology--Only the asexual generation is known which induces stem galls on Q velutina. Adults emerge in July. 

  Distribution--CT, WV


description:
  Callirhytis herberti Weld, 1926

  [transferred from Bassettia to Callirhytis]

  Biology--Only the asexual generation is known which induces stem galls on Q agrifolia, kelloggii, wislizeni. Adults emerge in May-June.

  Distribution--CA


description:
  Callirhytis quercuscatesbaei Ashmead, 1881

  [transferred from Bassettia to Callirhytis]

  Biology--Only the sexual generation is known which induces small stem swelling-like galls on Q laevis. Adults emerge in April.

  Distribution--FL


description:
  Neuroterus minutus 

  Quercus alba, prinus [montana]
  Bud galls
  Cells in greatly enlarged petioles without a leaf blade, puberulent, often pinkish, in early spring.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Also on Q prinus. Adults of both sexes out May 7-10 (DC). Galls on Q alba were bagged on May 6. No result visible when the bag was taken off on June 13. In July there were hundreds of translucent spots on the leaves. 


description:
  Andricus pisiformis

  Quercus alba, bicolor, chapmani, macrocarpa, stellata
  Bud galls 
  Globular, 3-6 mm, white, mottled, outer wall fleshy, inner hard and brittle. Early spring. Dropping when mature in April.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Photos: single galls, the inner structure, deformed by guests. Also on Q bicolor, macrocarpa, chapmani, stellata, margaretta. They drop in April. Adults emerged the next Mar 24-26; second spring Apr 6 and third spring Mar 29.


description:
  Andricus mamillaformis

  Quercus alba, prinus [montana]
  Bud galls
  Greenish-brown, projecting from bud scales in fall. Usually in terminal buds on sprouts from stumps.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Also on Q prinus and probably prinoides. Drop in Oct. Adults the second and third springs. 

  Like/Similar to Andricus mamillaformis

  Quercus prinoides
  Bud galls
  Like Andricus mamillaformis, but smaller, green, in the terminal cluster or in a lateral bud, in fall. 

  Quercus stellata
  Bud galls
  Cell 3.6 by 3.6, truncate at base. No girdle of hairs at base. AR and TX. Never reared.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/113/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus deciduatus

  Quercus bicolor
  Bud galls
  Almost globular, 4 mm in dia., developed usually from a weak lateral bud, in September.

  [Photo caption]
  On Quercus bicolor. Galls drop in September. Adults emerged Mar 20 the second spring and Apr 10 the third spring (IL). An adult, det as this sp. was taken ovipositing in bud of Q alba on Apr 7 (DC).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/340/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus deciduatus, new species

  Host.--Quercus bicolor

  Gall.--A small ellipsoidal deciduous bud gall on small twigs in the fall. Greenish-gray with longitudinal purple streaks, the surface pebbled under lens, 4.5 mm long by 4 mm in diameter, slightly pointed at apex with a heart-shaped base when detached in which is a round impressed scar. They are found in September, produced usually from one of the small lateral buds near the base of the current season's growth but sometimes occur as far bask as on five-year old wood, very rarely from a small bud in the terminal cluster on a weak branch. About the end of September they drop to the ground and the thin fleshy layer decays leaving a longitudinally ribbed hard thin-walled shell with a large larval cavity.

  Habitat.--IL

  Opened some of the galls September 3, 1918, and found living adults and left the rest to emerge naturally, which they did by April 10, 1919.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114064#page/143/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis edura, new species

  Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia, arizonica, toumeyi, reticulata [rugosa]

  Gall: A bullet gall in clusters of 3-6 on twigs, sessile, rounded at end, yellowish, up to 12 mm in diameter. Larval cell basal, its wall unusually thick and hard, persisting after the soft distal tissue has weathered away.

  Habitat: The types are from galls collected at Nogales, Ariz., Nov. 14, 1939, on Quercus oblongifolia Torr. Adults emerged Jan. 11 to Feb. 11, 1940. Paratypes are from galls collected at Magdalena, N. Mex., Nov. 9, 1921, then containing adults which emerged December 31. One paratype is from Patagonia, Ariz., and one from Oracle, Ariz. These galls have been noted also on Quercus toumeyi Sarg. and Q. reticulata Humb. & Bonpl.

  Adults emerged December 31.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32322#page/76/mode/1up
description:
  Holcaspis perniciosus n. sp.

  Monothalamous, roundish galls, sessile by a broad base on the twigs of a dwarf oak growing in southern Utah. Apex in some specimens slightly elongated and compressed laterally, but usually blunt cone shaped. The twig itself is enlarged into a shallow cup-like receptacle at the base of the gall. In all my specimens (dry ones from which the insects have escaped) the galls are smooth, or only slightly rough, and with deep, irregular cracks and a dark reddish brown color. The large larval cell is firmly imbedded in the rather hard cellular tissue. The insects escape through a large opening which they make near the base of the gall. These galls bear a pretty close resemblance to the parasitized galls of H duricoria Bass. Judging from their abundance on the twigs sent me they must be quite injurious to the trees infested. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32485#page/248/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis acetabula, new species

  Host.--Quercus gambelii, grisea, toumeyi, reticulata [rugosa]

  Gall.--Brownish-red hard bullet galls in clusters at base of small sprouts, hidden by debris. Individual galls are 6-9 mm in diameter, sessile, somewhat elongated, usually blunt, but sometimes pointed at apex. Surface finely wrinkled in preserved specimens. Interior of dense cellular tissue with a central thick-walled non-separable stony white larval cell. Exit hole in side. Occur in fall. 

  The normal emergence is probably in October

  Distribution: CO, NM, AZ

  Type locality. — Colorado Springs, Colorado, in the Garden of the Gods. The writer found old empty galls there June 30, 1915, and fresh galls not yet full grown. On November 14, 1918, Mr. J. H. Pollock collected these galls on a small oak at Palmer Park, but emergence was almost complete, as only one dead fly was found inside the galls. On August 24, 1919, he collected the galls from which the type flies were obtained and sent in as Hopkins U. S. No. 10781 i 1 . They were from Garden of the Gods and then contained pupae. Living flies were cut out of the galls on September 12 and October 3 and 7. The normal emergence is probably in October. The Division of Forest Insects has old galls collected at Manitou in January, 1914, by Mr. B. T. Harvey. The host species of this Colorado material is not determined. But the writer lias collected similar galls on Q. gambelii on the Sandia Mountains, New Mexico, at 2,933 meters (8,800 feet), and in Arizona at Flagstaff and Williams and in the Santa Catalina and Huachuca Mountains. 

  Note. — Similar galls have been seen on Quercus grisea Liebmann in Sandia Mountains, New Mexico, at Prescott, Arizona, and Alpine, Texas; on Q. toumeyi Sargent at Patagonia, Arizona; and on Q. reticulata Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth in Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32485#page/249/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis lacuna, new species

  Host.--Quercus gambelii

  Gall.--Globular bullet galls in clusters at base of strong sprouts similar to those of Disholcaspis terrestris on Quercus stellata. When fresh the galls are yellowish tinged with more or less rosy red, fleshy, 12-20 mm in diameter, often distorted by mutual pressure. Inside there is a distinct but not loose thin-walled white larval cell.

  Locality.--AZ, NM

  Type locality.- — Williams, Arizona. The type galls were collected August 1, 1916, and living adults were cut out of them on September 15, 1916. Similar galls were collected at Flagstaff, July 25, Grand Canyon, July 27, and near Monument Rock in the canyon east of Santa Fe, New Mexico, on July 18. Old galls were seen at Prescott, Arizona, April 14, 1918, and on June 27, 1918, at Soldier Camp in the Santa Catalina Mountains, both old and fresh ones, the latter in all stages of growth, only a few being full grown.


