# species_source

description:
  Antistrophus laciniatus species group
  Rosinweed flower gall wasps

  Hosts: White rosinweed (Silphium albiflorum), slender rosinweed (S. gracile), prairie rosinweed (S. integrifolium), compass plant (S. laciniatum), cup plant (S. perfoliatum), and prairie dock (S. terebinthinaceum). Galls will probably be discovered on additional rosinweed species as well. 

  Gall location: In the disk flowers, often concealed by the outer parts of the flower. 

  Description: Oval-shaped, kernel-like, single-chambered galls, typically clustered at the base of the disk flowers. Galls are often hidden, but carefully teasing away the outer flower layers will reveal the galls at the center. In some host plants, the flower is disfigured by the presence of galls (see photo below). 

  Range: This species group has been found throughout the Midwestern, Eastern, and South Central United States. Like many other herb galls, this group probably occurs throughout the entire ranges of each species’ respective host.

  Historically, it was believed that all flower galls found on rosinweeds were induced by a single species, Antistrophus laciniatus; this species was described by Clarence Gillette in 1891. However, molecular evidence, along with careful morphological observations, suggests that there are several distinct flower gall wasp species on rosinweeds, each of which uses only a subset of the host plants from which flower galls are known. The identities of several of these putative species are still being examined; for instance, it is still unclear whether flower gall wasps on prairie rosinweed (Silphium integrifolium) and cup plant (S. perfoliatum) are induced by one species of gall wasp, or two separate species, each restricted to one host plant. 

  An additional species, Antistrophus bicolor, may be a rosinweed flower gall wasp, as it closely resembles other species in this complex. However, this species is known only from a single female collected in the late 1800s, and its host plant is not known. Hopefully, further collecting and rearing of disc flower galls on rosinweed will allow a verifiable association of this species and its true host plant.


description:
  Antistrophus sp.

  Hosts: slender rosinweed (S. gracile)

  Gall location: In the disk flowers, often concealed by the outer parts of the flower. 

  Description: Oval-shaped, kernel-like, single-chambered galls, typically clustered at the base of the disk flowers. Galls are often hidden, but carefully teasing away the outer flower layers will reveal the galls at the center. In some host plants, the flower is disfigured by the presence of galls (see photo below). 

  Range: This species group has been found throughout the Midwestern, Eastern, and South Central United States. Like many other herb galls, this group probably occurs throughout the entire ranges of each species’ respective host.

  Historically, it was believed that all flower galls found on rosinweeds were induced by a single species, Antistrophus laciniatus; this species was described by Clarence Gillette in 1891. However, molecular evidence, along with careful morphological observations, suggests that there are several distinct flower gall wasp species on rosinweeds, each of which uses only a subset of the host plants from which flower galls are known. The identities of several of these putative species are still being examined; for instance, it is still unclear whether flower gall wasps on prairie rosinweed (Silphium integrifolium) and cup plant (S. perfoliatum) are induced by one species of gall wasp, or two separate species, each restricted to one host plant. 

  An additional species, Antistrophus bicolor, may be a rosinweed flower gall wasp, as it closely resembles other species in this complex. However, this species is known only from a single female collected in the late 1800s, and its host plant is not known. Hopefully, further collecting and rearing of disc flower galls on rosinweed will allow a verifiable association of this species and its true host plant.


description:
  Antistrophus sp.

  Hosts: prairie rosinweed (S. integrifolium), cup plant (S. perfoliatum)

  Gall location: In the disk flowers, often concealed by the outer parts of the flower. 

  Description: Oval-shaped, kernel-like, single-chambered galls, typically clustered at the base of the disk flowers. Galls are often hidden, but carefully teasing away the outer flower layers will reveal the galls at the center. In some host plants, the flower is disfigured by the presence of galls (see photo below). 

  Range: This species group has been found throughout the Midwestern, Eastern, and South Central United States. Like many other herb galls, this group probably occurs throughout the entire ranges of each species’ respective host.

  Historically, it was believed that all flower galls found on rosinweeds were induced by a single species, Antistrophus laciniatus; this species was described by Clarence Gillette in 1891. However, molecular evidence, along with careful morphological observations, suggests that there are several distinct flower gall wasp species on rosinweeds, each of which uses only a subset of the host plants from which flower galls are known. The identities of several of these putative species are still being examined; for instance, it is still unclear whether flower gall wasps on prairie rosinweed (Silphium integrifolium) and cup plant (S. perfoliatum) are induced by one species of gall wasp, or two separate species, each restricted to one host plant. 

  An additional species, Antistrophus bicolor, may be a rosinweed flower gall wasp, as it closely resembles other species in this complex. However, this species is known only from a single female collected in the late 1800s, and its host plant is not known. Hopefully, further collecting and rearing of disc flower galls on rosinweed will allow a verifiable association of this species and its true host plant.


description:
  Antistrophus rufus
  Rosinweed cryptic stem gall wasp

  Hosts: compass plant (S. laciniatum)

  Gall location and description: Galls of species in this group are cryptic, meaning they are not outwardly visible and can only be located upon dissection of a galled stem. When dissected, the stem will have numerous brown, oval-shaped chambers along the inside of the pith, each with a single insect. 

  Range: This species group has been found throughout the Midwestern, Eastern, and South Central United States. Like many other herb galls, this complex probably occurs throughout the entire ranges of each species’ respective host plant(s). 

  As with the rosinweed flower gall wasps, it was once believed that cryptic galls on rosinweeds were all induced by either of two species, Antistrophus minor and A. rufus. Recent data shows that there are multiple species of cryptic stem gall wasps on these plants, each preferring a single host plant. 

  Unlike other rosinweeds, compass plant (S. laciniatum) has been found to host two distinct species of cryptic stem gall wasps. These two species are found in the same habitats, and often induce galls on the same individual host plant. The reason for this bizarre occurrence is currently unknown. 

  Many unrelated groups of gall wasps seem to have indepdently developed the ability to induce cryptic, inconspicuous galls. The mechanism by which this has been made possible is not known, but it is likely that having hidden galls decreases the odds of attack by predators or parasites. Due to the known diversity of cryptic gall wasps and hidden nature of cryptic galls, it is quite likely that many cryptic galls have thus far evaded detection and await discovery!


description:
  Antistrophus minor
  Rosinweed cryptic stem gall wasp

  Hosts: compass plant (S. laciniatum)

  Gall location and description: Galls of species in this group are cryptic, meaning they are not outwardly visible and can only be located upon dissection of a galled stem. When dissected, the stem will have numerous brown, oval-shaped chambers along the inside of the pith, each with a single insect. 

  Range: This species group has been found throughout the Midwestern, Eastern, and South Central United States. Like many other herb galls, this complex probably occurs throughout the entire ranges of each species’ respective host plant(s). 

  As with the rosinweed flower gall wasps, it was once believed that cryptic galls on rosinweeds were all induced by either of two species, Antistrophus minor and A. rufus. Recent data shows that there are multiple species of cryptic stem gall wasps on these plants, each preferring a single host plant. 

  Unlike other rosinweeds, compass plant (S. laciniatum) has been found to host two distinct species of cryptic stem gall wasps. These two species are found in the same habitats, and often induce galls on the same individual host plant. The reason for this bizarre occurrence is currently unknown. 

  Many unrelated groups of gall wasps seem to have indepdently developed the ability to induce cryptic, inconspicuous galls. The mechanism by which this has been made possible is not known, but it is likely that having hidden galls decreases the odds of attack by predators or parasites. Due to the known diversity of cryptic gall wasps and hidden nature of cryptic galls, it is quite likely that many cryptic galls have thus far evaded detection and await discovery!


description:
  Antistrophus jeanae
  Rosinweed cryptic stem gall wasp

  Hosts: cup plant (S. perfoliatum)

  Gall location and description: Galls of species in this group are cryptic, meaning they are not outwardly visible and can only be located upon dissection of a galled stem. When dissected, the stem will have numerous brown, oval-shaped chambers along the inside of the pith, each with a single insect. 

  Range: This species group has been found throughout the Midwestern, Eastern, and South Central United States. Like many other herb galls, this complex probably occurs throughout the entire ranges of each species’ respective host plant(s). 

  As with the rosinweed flower gall wasps, it was once believed that cryptic galls on rosinweeds were all induced by either of two species, Antistrophus minor and A. rufus. Recent data shows that there are multiple species of cryptic stem gall wasps on these plants, each preferring a single host plant. 

  Unlike other rosinweeds, compass plant (S. laciniatum) has been found to host two distinct species of cryptic stem gall wasps. These two species are found in the same habitats, and often induce galls on the same individual host plant. The reason for this bizarre occurrence is currently unknown. 

  Many unrelated groups of gall wasps seem to have indepdently developed the ability to induce cryptic, inconspicuous galls. The mechanism by which this has been made possible is not known, but it is likely that having hidden galls decreases the odds of attack by predators or parasites. Due to the known diversity of cryptic gall wasps and hidden nature of cryptic galls, it is quite likely that many cryptic galls have thus far evaded detection and await discovery!


description:
  Antistrophus meganae
  Rosinweed cryptic stem gall wasp

  Hosts: prairie dock (S. terebinthinaceum)

  Gall location and description: Galls of species in this group are cryptic, meaning they are not outwardly visible and can only be located upon dissection of a galled stem. When dissected, the stem will have numerous brown, oval-shaped chambers along the inside of the pith, each with a single insect. 

  Range: This species group has been found throughout the Midwestern, Eastern, and South Central United States. Like many other herb galls, this complex probably occurs throughout the entire ranges of each species’ respective host plant(s). 

  As with the rosinweed flower gall wasps, it was once believed that cryptic galls on rosinweeds were all induced by either of two species, Antistrophus minor and A. rufus. Recent data shows that there are multiple species of cryptic stem gall wasps on these plants, each preferring a single host plant. 

  Unlike other rosinweeds, compass plant (S. laciniatum) has been found to host two distinct species of cryptic stem gall wasps. These two species are found in the same habitats, and often induce galls on the same individual host plant. The reason for this bizarre occurrence is currently unknown. 

  Many unrelated groups of gall wasps seem to have indepdently developed the ability to induce cryptic, inconspicuous galls. The mechanism by which this has been made possible is not known, but it is likely that having hidden galls decreases the odds of attack by predators or parasites. Due to the known diversity of cryptic gall wasps and hidden nature of cryptic galls, it is quite likely that many cryptic galls have thus far evaded detection and await discovery!


description:
  Antistrophus sp.
  Rosinweed cryptic stem gall wasp

  Hosts: prairie rosinweed (S. integrifolium)

  Gall location and description: Galls of species in this group are cryptic, meaning they are not outwardly visible and can only be located upon dissection of a galled stem. When dissected, the stem will have numerous brown, oval-shaped chambers along the inside of the pith, each with a single insect. 

  Range: This species group has been found throughout the Midwestern, Eastern, and South Central United States. Like many other herb galls, this complex probably occurs throughout the entire ranges of each species’ respective host plant(s). 

  As with the rosinweed flower gall wasps, it was once believed that cryptic galls on rosinweeds were all induced by either of two species, Antistrophus minor and A. rufus. Recent data shows that there are multiple species of cryptic stem gall wasps on these plants, each preferring a single host plant. 

  Unlike other rosinweeds, compass plant (S. laciniatum) has been found to host two distinct species of cryptic stem gall wasps. These two species are found in the same habitats, and often induce galls on the same individual host plant. The reason for this bizarre occurrence is currently unknown. 

  Many unrelated groups of gall wasps seem to have indepdently developed the ability to induce cryptic, inconspicuous galls. The mechanism by which this has been made possible is not known, but it is likely that having hidden galls decreases the odds of attack by predators or parasites. Due to the known diversity of cryptic gall wasps and hidden nature of cryptic galls, it is quite likely that many cryptic galls have thus far evaded detection and await discovery!


description:
  Antistrophus sp. 
  Rosinweed cryptic stem gall wasp

  Hosts: toothed rosinweed (S. dentatum)

  Gall location and description: Galls of species in this group are cryptic, meaning they are not outwardly visible and can only be located upon dissection of a galled stem. When dissected, the stem will have numerous brown, oval-shaped chambers along the inside of the pith, each with a single insect. 

  Range: This species group has been found throughout the Midwestern, Eastern, and South Central United States. Like many other herb galls, this complex probably occurs throughout the entire ranges of each species’ respective host plant(s). 

  As with the rosinweed flower gall wasps, it was once believed that cryptic galls on rosinweeds were all induced by either of two species, Antistrophus minor and A. rufus. Recent data shows that there are multiple species of cryptic stem gall wasps on these plants, each preferring a single host plant. 

  Unlike other rosinweeds, compass plant (S. laciniatum) has been found to host two distinct species of cryptic stem gall wasps. These two species are found in the same habitats, and often induce galls on the same individual host plant. The reason for this bizarre occurrence is currently unknown. 

  Many unrelated groups of gall wasps seem to have indepdently developed the ability to induce cryptic, inconspicuous galls. The mechanism by which this has been made possible is not known, but it is likely that having hidden galls decreases the odds of attack by predators or parasites. Due to the known diversity of cryptic gall wasps and hidden nature of cryptic galls, it is quite likely that many cryptic galls have thus far evaded detection and await discovery!


description:
  Antistrophus sp. 
  Rosinweed cryptic stem gall wasp

  Hosts: Whorled rosinweed (S. asteriscus var. trifoliatum)

  Gall location and description: Galls of species in this group are cryptic, meaning they are not outwardly visible and can only be located upon dissection of a galled stem. When dissected, the stem will have numerous brown, oval-shaped chambers along the inside of the pith, each with a single insect. 

  Range: This species group has been found throughout the Midwestern, Eastern, and South Central United States. Like many other herb galls, this complex probably occurs throughout the entire ranges of each species’ respective host plant(s). 

  As with the rosinweed flower gall wasps, it was once believed that cryptic galls on rosinweeds were all induced by either of two species, Antistrophus minor and A. rufus. Recent data shows that there are multiple species of cryptic stem gall wasps on these plants, each preferring a single host plant. 

  Unlike other rosinweeds, compass plant (S. laciniatum) has been found to host two distinct species of cryptic stem gall wasps. These two species are found in the same habitats, and often induce galls on the same individual host plant. The reason for this bizarre occurrence is currently unknown. 

  Many unrelated groups of gall wasps seem to have indepdently developed the ability to induce cryptic, inconspicuous galls. The mechanism by which this has been made possible is not known, but it is likely that having hidden galls decreases the odds of attack by predators or parasites. Due to the known diversity of cryptic gall wasps and hidden nature of cryptic galls, it is quite likely that many cryptic galls have thus far evaded detection and await discovery!


description:
  Antistrophus silphii species group
  Rosinweed terminal stem gall wasps 

  Hosts: Whorled rosinweed (S. asteriscus var. trifoliatum), prairie rosinweed (S. integrifolium), and cup plant (S. perfoliatum). 

  Gall location: On the stem, almost always at the apex. 

  Description: Many-chambered, oval-shaped to spherical galls, 1-5 centimeters in length and usually of similar diameter. Often adorned with aborted leaves, and only rarely with the stem continuing beyond the end of the gall. Green and fleshy when fresh to brown and rough when dry. Both fresh and dry galls are rather hard and corky. 

  Range: This species group has been found throughout the Midwestern and Eastern United States. Each of the three hosts overlap over much of their range. They are apparently most common in the Midwest. 

  Terminal stem galls on prairie rosinweed and cup plant have long been considered the same species, A. silphii. However, it has long been suspected that galls on either host plant are induced by separate but closely-related species; the active periods of wasps on either host do not largely overlap, and gall size seems to vary between the two host. Terminal stem galls on whorled rosinweed were just discovered for the first time within the last year. Further research will unveil the true identities of gall wasps across the three host plants.


description:
  Antistrophus silphii species group
  Rosinweed terminal stem gall wasps

  Hosts: Whorled rosinweed (S. asteriscus var. trifoliatum), prairie rosinweed (S. integrifolium), and cup plant (S. perfoliatum).

  Gall location: On the stem, almost always at the apex.

  Description: Many-chambered, oval-shaped to spherical galls, 1-5 centimeters in length and usually of similar diameter. Often adorned with aborted leaves, and only rarely with the stem continuing beyond the end of the gall. Green and fleshy when fresh to brown and rough when dry. Both fresh and dry galls are rather hard and corky.

  Range: This species group has been found throughout the Midwestern and Eastern United States. Each of the three hosts overlap over much of their range. They are apparently most common in the Midwest.

  Terminal stem galls on prairie rosinweed and cup plant have long been considered the same species, A. silphii. However, it has long been suspected that galls on either host plant are induced by separate but closely-related species; the active periods of wasps on either host do not largely overlap, and gall size seems to vary between the two host. Terminal stem galls on whorled rosinweed were just discovered for the first time within the last year. Further research will unveil the true identities of gall wasps across the three host plants.


description:
  Antistrophus spp.
  Rosinweed cryptic leaf gall wasps

  Hosts: Compass plant (S. laciniatum) and prairie dock (S. terebinthinaceum)

  Gall location and description: Species belonging to this group induce galls in the petioles and occasionally larger veins of the leaves. Thus far, galls seem to only be induced in the basal leaves, but it is possible that galls are also induced in leaves on the main stem. As with several other herb gall wasps, galls of species in this group are cryptic and leave no discernable trace on the surface of the leaf. When dissected, the leaf will reveal numerous brown, oval-shaped chambers along the inside of the pith, each with a single insect.

  Range: Galls of this species group have only been found in Iowa, Ohio, and Wisconsin thus far, but they can probably be found throughout the native ranges of the host plants.

  The rosinweed cryptic leaf gall wasps appear to be related to those inducing cryptic galls in rosinweed stems, but their exact relation is unknown. Whether galls on the two hosts comprise one or two species also remains to be seen. These galls were just recently discovered, and more research is necessary to understand their biology and locate possible additional host plants.


description:
  Phanacis taraxaci
  Dandelion gall wasp

  Host: Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale).

  Gall location: On the leaf, often extending from the very base of the leaf all the way up the petiole and midrib.

  Description: Spherical to oval-shaped, blister-like, single-chambered galls, often only a few millimeters in length. Typically quite abundant, and sometimes with multiple adjacent galls clustered together or otherwise confluent.

  Range: Dandelions are found throughout North America, but thus far, this gall has only been observed in a handful of northern states and provinces, including Pennsylvania, Michigan, Minnesota, Oregon, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. These galls certainly exist elsewhere within the range of the host plant.

  This species was introduced to North America from Europe along with its host plant. Interestingly, this gall was first described in North America prior to its discovery in Europe. Because dandelions are often considered weeds and are frequently culled, this gall generally appears to be more common in areas that are not actively maintained.

  The dandelion gall wasp and the catsear gall wasp (Phanacis hypochoeridis), both of which are introduced species, are the only representatives of the gall wasp tribe Phanacidini to be found in North America.


description:
  Liposthenes glechomae
  Ground-ivy gall wasp

  Host: Ground-ivy (Glechoma hederacea). 

  Gall location: Somewhat variable, usually on the leaf or petiole, but occasionally appearing on the stem. 

  Description: Single-chambered, spherical to amorphous galls. Usually solitary, but occasionally may appear clustered or confluent. Usually with short, pale hairs across the surface. Small and reddish when fresh to larger and greener when more mature. Old, dry galls appear brown and papery. 

  Range: Currently, this species has been found in Northeastern North America including many U.S. states and adjacent areas of Canada. Ground-ivy has been widely introduced and it is possible that this species will be discovered elsewhere. 

  This species was introduced to North America from Europe, where it is widespread and quite common. No native gall wasps are known in association with the mint family. 

  It has also had a tumultuous taxonomic history, and has previously been classified in many, many gall wasp genera over the centuries since its discovery by Linnaeus in 1758. 

  Interestingly, this species is comprised entirely of parthenogenetic females, meaning all reproduction is asexual and without the involvement of males. Parthenogenesis is known in a couple other herb gall wasps, but this type of reproduction is not unheard of in the order Hymenoptera.


description:
  Diastrophus fragariae
  Strawberry leaf petiole gall wasp

  Host: Virginia strawberry (Fragaria virginiana). 

  Gall location: On the leaf petiole. 

  Description: Multiple-chambered swellings, usually cylindrical. Often with a segmented appearance due to the positioning of chambers in a distinct row within the gall tissue. Sometimes with fine hairs. 2-6 centimeters in length and less than a centimeter in diameter. Green to red when fresh to brown when dried and old. 

  Range: This gall likely occurs throughout the range of the Virginia strawberry, but thus far is known from the Northeast and Upper Midwest, and is especially well-sighted in New England. 

  This gall has been found in both natural and cultivated systems. Mature galls may be difficult to locate in the field as the stems and leaves of the host plant are prone to withering. However, plants bearing fresh galls may be transplanted and cared for so as to allow the gall to mature.


description:
  Diastrophus fusiformans
  Cinquefoil petiole spindle gall wasp

  Host: Slender cinquefoil (Potentilla gracilis). 

  Gall location: On the leaf petiole, although some accounts state that this gall forms on the stem. 

  Description: Multiple-chambered swellings ranging from 3-10 centimeters in length. Usually spindle-shaped, but often greatly curved or otherwise deformed. Sometimes with fine hairs. Pithy internally, with chambers suspended in the internal pith. Green to red when fresh to brown when dried and old. Similar to the cinquefoil stem spindle gall wasp (see page 39). 

  Range: Thus far known from Oregon and Washington, but likely far more widespread throughout the range of slender cinquefoil, at least in Western North America. 

  This gall, like many others, is realtively poorly known. Interestingly, the slender cinquefoil is quite common and widespread, but this gall is only rarely seen.


description:
  Diastrophus niger
  Cinquefoil stem spindle gall wasp 

  Host: Dwarf cinquefoil (Potentilla canadensis). 

  Gall location: Usually on the stem, but occasionally extending onto the petiole. 

  Description: Similar in size and appearance to the cinquefoil petiole spindle gall wasp. Spindle-shaped, multiple-chambered swellings. Unlike the cinquefoil petiole spindle gall, the stem spindle gall is not usually curved. The two galls occur on different cinquefoil species, and the identity of the host plant is often necessary to distinguish between the two. 

  Range: This gall has most often been encountered in the Northeastern United States from Connecticut to south New Jersey, and almost certainly occurs in adjacent parts of Canada. Museum records indicate that this gall may be found as far south as Arkansas, but this requires further substantiation. 

  This gall wasp was originally described as two separate species, the other being Diastrophus minimus. They have since been synonymized, but previous work on cinquefoil gall wasps has been largely incomplete, and further research may call this synonymy into question. This gall has also been reported in association with tall cinquefoil (Drymocallis arguta), but such records likely represent a separate, undescribed species (see “unverified galls and hosts”).


description:
  Diastrophus potentillae
  Cinquefoil bud gall wasp

  Host: Dwarf cinquefoil (Potentilla canadensis) and common cinquefoil (P. simplex). 

  Gall location: On the axil. Description: Single-chambered, globular swellings 8-13 millimeters in diameter. Sometimes with fine hairs. The chamber resides at the center of the gall and is surrounded by fleshy material that becomes spongy as the gall matures. Often with leaf remnants growing out of the outermost layer. Green when fresh to reddish in later stages. 

  Range: Throughout Northeastern and North-central North Ameica, from Nova Scotia west to Minnesota and south to North Carolina and Tennessee. 

  This gall is often quite locally abundant, as its two host plants are rather weedy and occur in high density, especially in nutrient-poor environments.


description:
  Diastrophus tumefactus
  Rough cinquefoil gall wasp

  Host: Norwegian cinquefoil (Potentilla norvegica var. monspeliensis). 

  Gall location: On the stem. 

  Description: Nodular swellings that are multiple-chambered or agglomerate, with many cells in close vicinity. Up to 3 centimeters in length and 2 centimeters in diameter. When several galls are confluent, they may form clusters up to 7 centimeters in length. Shape is apparently quite variable, from subspherical to entirely amorphous. Generally smooth or bark-like and with minute, blunt spines. 

  Range: Thus far, this gall has only been reported from Ontario and Quebec. 

  This gall is poorly known. It was described by Alfred C. Kinsey from adults dissected from galls collected 40 years prior, and the gall has been rarely reported since. The gall was described from only the Norwegian cinquefoil variety monspeliensis, but it is unknown of they occur on other varieties.


description:
  Diastrophus bassettii
  Dewberry crown gall wasp 

  Host: Common dewberry (Rubus flagellaris) and swamp dewberry (R. hispidus). 

  Gall location: On the crown, at the interface of the stem and root, either above or below the soil line. In rare occasions, this gall can be found further up on the stem and may be mistaken for the similar galls, especially if the host plant is not identified to species. 

  Description: Multiple-chambered, globular swelling. Sometimes nearly spherical, but usually appearing as an amorphous botryoidal cluster of kernel-like chambers. Greenish to reddish when fresh. Highly variable in size, usually 1-3 centimeters in diameter but occasionally larger. 

  Range: Historically, this gall has been found throughout the Northeastern United States, but some records suggest it occurs as far south as North Carolina. 

  This gall was rather poorly known until the recent past. They are often locally abundant, and can often be found by locating a single gall and following the stems to find additional galls, even on the same plant.


description:
  Diastrophus cuscutaeformis
  Blackberry seed gall wasp

  Host: Various brambles (see remarks below). 

  Gall location: On the main stem. 

  Description: Distinctive, but often quite diverse in appearance. Typically present as large, long clusters of closely-placed, seed-like, single-chambered galls. Green when fresh to red or brown when mature. The size and shape of the individual galls is quite variable, although they usually each have fine hairy filaments, distinct spines, or blunt projections. Individual galls are less than a half centimeter in diameter. Clusters may contain only a few galls, or as many as 100! 

  Range: Widespread in Eastern North America, from New England and Lower Canada south to Georgia and west to Minnesota and Louisiana. This gall is one of the more common bramble galls, and it is common in many habitat types. 

  There is currently little consnsus on the true host plant range for this species, as the literature has been inconsistent in its mentioning and treatment of host identifications, but overall, this gall appears to be found on brambles of the subgenus Rubus, specifically species that stand erect. The authors of this guide have thus far found blackberry seed galls on Allegheny blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis) and common blackberry (R. canadensis). Host plants used by this gall can be difficult to identify, but luckily, this gall is rather distinctive.


description:
  Diastrophus kincaidii
  Thimbleberry gall wasp

  Host: Thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus). 

  Gall location: On the stem. 

  Description: Large, irregular, multiple-chambered swellings, up to 6 centimeters in length and 2 centimeters in diameter. Sometimes rounded but often club-shaped, spindle-shaped, vaguely gnarled and twisted, or otherwise deformed. Generally smooth and covered with spots of rough, bark-like tissue. Greenish to reddish and fleshy when fresh to brown when old and dry. 

  Range: This gall occurs in two distinct, isolated populations: one in Western North America from northern British Columbia south to most of California and east to Montana, and another in the Great Lakes region in Ontario, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. It has been theorized that the two distinct populations are the result of glaciation. 

  A second species, currently known as Diastrophus austrior, has often been split off from this species based on specimens collected in California. The status of this second species is uncertain but will hopefully be resolved in the near future. Galls on this host plant are especially easy to distinguish, as thimbleberry has no thorns.


description:
  Diastrophus nebulosus
  Blackberry knot gall wasp

  Host: Various brambles (see remarks below). 

  Gall location: On the main stem. 

  Description: Large, multiple-chambered swellings, up to 8 centimeters in length and up to 3 centimeters in diameter. Often botryoidal, appearing as a globular, amorphous swelling, but extremely variable overall. Usually with distinct longitudinal grooves running parallel to the stem, but plants growing in poorer soil are apparently smoother and lack grooves. Smaller galls with fewer chambers often appear more nodular. Also quite variable in color, greenish to reddish when fresh and reddish to brown when old. 

  Range: Widespread in the Eastern United States, from New England west to Minnesota and south to Georgia and Texas. Similar to the blackberry seed gall wasp, host records for this species are not well established. Thus far, verifiable host records for this gall include several species belonging to the bramble subgenus Rubus: Allegheny blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis), sand blackberry (R. cuneifolius), and the hybrid species boysenberry (R. ursinus x idaeus). As with the blackberry seed gall, host plants used by this gall can be difficult to identify, but the distinctive nature of this gall often makes it identifiable in the absence of a proper host identification.


description:
  Diastrophus radicum
  Irregular bramble root gall wasp 

  Host: Northern dewberry (Rubus flagellaris) and black raspberry (R. occidentalis). 

  Gall location: On the roots, always below the surface of the soil. 

  Description: A many-chambered swelling. Highly variable in shape and size, ranging from pea-shaped and less than a half centimeter to amorphous and globular, three centimeters in diameter. 

  Range: Fairly widespread, from New England south to North Carolina. Some less-verifiable records indicate that this gall occurs as far south and west as Louisiana. 

  The two host species on which this gall is found belong to two different subgenera, making the irregular bramble root gall rather unique amongst bramble galls. It is possible that galls on either host are actually separate species, but this has yet to be substantiated.


description:
  Diastrophus turgidus
  Red raspberry knot gall wasp

  Host: Red raspberry (Rubus strigosus). 

  Gall location: On the stem. 

  Description: Large, multiple-chambered swellings rather similar in appearance to the blackberry knot gall. Generally smooth and fleshy, but usually densely covered with thorns. Unlike the blackberry knot gall, the red raspberry knot gall lacks distinct longitudinal grooves and is instead rather regular in its surface texture. Reddish to greenish and fleshy when fresh to brown and dry when old. 

  Range: Likely widespread, thus far known along the border of the US and Canada as well as Alaska and some records from Central Canada. 

  This gall is rather poorly known, as demonstrated by its disparate range. The range and appearance of this gall separate it from the blackberry knot gall.


description:
  Aulacidea ambrosiaecola
  Ragweed stem gall wasp 

  Host: Ragweed (Ambrosia sp.).

  Gall location: On the stem.

  Range: Missouri.

  This species was described from adult wasps apparently reared from a gall on the stem of a ragweed plant. Nothing is known of the gall, as William Ashmead, who described this species, was sent only a handful of wasps by a friend, who only provided meager notes on their supposed biology, including a possible association with a moth. Nothing further is known of this species, and it has not been encountered since with the exception of a few unverifiable specimens from museum collections. If these museum records are considered correct, the ragweed stem gall wasp may induce cryptic galls rather than outwardly-perceptible galls.


description:
  Presumed Diastrophus sp.
  Wood beauty stem gall wasp 

  Host: Wood beauty (Drymocallis sp.).

  Gall location: On the stem

  Description: Globular galls similar to those of the cinquefoil stem spindle gall wasp (see page 39); galls of this species are often misidentified as that species. Range: Widespread, probably throughout the range of wood beauty in North America. 

  Galls have been reported on three wood beauty species (Drymocallis arguta, D. glandulosa, and D. lactea). The true inducer of these galls is entirely unknown but is presumed to be a gall wasp


description:
  Presumed Diastrophus sp.

  Host: Sierra horkelia (Horkelia congesta congesta).

  Gall location: On the stems.

  Range: Thus far reported from Oregon.

  An unknown stem gall has been recorded on a subspecies of Sierra horkelia that is endemic to the Willamette and Umpqua Valleys in Oregon. The true inducer of this gall is unknown, but dissections of several galls have yielded what appear to be gall wasp larvae. Further research will determine the identity of this gall in the near future.


description:
  Southern dewberry stem gall

  Host: Southern dewberry (Rubus trivialis).

  Gall location: On the stem.

  Description: Irregular stem swellings.

  Range: Mississippi.

  Not much is known about this gall, as it is known only from a single specimen. It may be induced by a midge rather than a gall wasp, but the inducer is not yet known


description:
  Mossy bramble gall

  Host: Bramble (Rubus sp.).

  Gall location: On the leaf.

  Description: Small to medium-sized swellings covered in fine, mossy, hairlike projections. Similar in appearance to the mossy rose gall (Diplolepis rosae) which occurs on roses (Rosa arvensis and R. canina). 

  Range: Thus far reported in Ohio and Pennsylvania. 

  As with the southern dewberry stem gall, virtually nothing is known of this gall. The inducer is entirely unknown, and there is a chance that the true inducer of this gall is a midge rather than a gall wasp.


description:
  Presumed Antistrophus sp.
  Silverpuff basal stem gall wasp

  Host: Lindley’s silverpuff (Uropappus lindleyi).

  Gall location: At the base of the stem.

  Description: A spherical swelling, often with dense felt-like pubescence. Greenish to reddish, and apparently around 1-2 centimeters in diameter.

  Range: California.

  The silverpuff stem gall wasp (see page 23) induces galls on a closely-related host plant, but the silverpuff basal stem gall wasp appears rather distinct, particularly in its location on the host plant and the outer pubescence. The inducer of this gall is unknown, but it is probably a gall wasp closely related to the silverpuff stem gall wasp.


description:
  Host: Prairie rosinweed (S. integrifolium) and cup
  plant (S. perfoliatum).

  Gall location: On the stem, at least several centimeters from the apex, and often in the lower
  half. Multiple gall clusters may be found alongthe same stem.

  Description: These galls are somewhat variable, but they often appear as clusters of single-chambered, rounded galls around less than 1 centimeter in diameter. Occasionally, the clustered galls are so densely packed that they appear as one large, amorphous gall. Green and fleshy and often with brown, dry areas when fresh, to entirely rough and brown when dried and old.

  Range: Thus far, these galls have only beenfound in Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Ohio. However, they were only recently seen for the first time, and likely occur elsewhere within the native ranges of the two host plants.


description:
  Aylax laciniatus (Gillette)

  Antistrophus laciniatus
  Aulax laciniatus

  Gall. (Plate XIV, Fig. 6.) In clusters on the receptacles of the flowers of rosinweed (Silphium laciniatum). Individual galls are egg-shaped and from 4 to 5 mm. in length.

  Habitat. Illinois (Champaign).

  According to Mr. C. A. Hart the galls occur in well-ripened, healthy looking flower heads, but do not show until the weather has removed the uninfested flowerlets. They are always produced in the sterile flowers of the disk, toward the center.


description:
  Aylax rufus (Gillette)

  Aulax rufus
  Antistrophus rufus

  Gall. (Plate XIV, Fig. 7.) In the stems of rosin weeds (Silphium laciniatum, Silphium perfoliatum, Silphium integrifolium and Silphium terebinthinaceum).
  There is not the slightest indication of a swelling upon the outer part of the stem and the larvae live in small oval cells in the pith of the plants.

  Habitat. Illinois.


description:
  Aylax gillettei

  Antistrophus minor
  Aulax gillettei

  Gall. Same as in A. rufus. [Desc for A rufus: In the stems of rosin weeds (Silphium laciniatum, Silphium perfoliatum, Silphium integrifolium and Silphium terebinthinaceum). There is not the slightest indication of a swelling upon the outer part of the stem and the larvae live in small oval cells in the pith of the plants.]

  This species was bred by Prof. C. P. Gillette from the same stems of Silphium containing A. rufus. Two types of minor are before me and I regard this species to be nothing more than small specimens of A. rufus with ill-defined parapsidal and median grooves. The types are in the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. The name A. minor is preoccupied by a European species.


externallink: https://iopn.library.illinois.edu/journals/inhs/article/view/193/154
description:
  Antistrophus silphii 

  Galls. — Abrupt sub-globular swellings from 1 to If inches in diameter at the tips of the stems of Silphium integrifolium and perfoliatum (Plate IX., Fig. 1). The inner portion of the gall is made up almost entirely of a rather dense pithy material that cuts with some difficulty. Interspersed through the gall are numerous oval larval cells, and also open spaces or cavities that do not contain insects. (Plate IX.,Fig. 2.) The larval cells are not woody, as is usually the case in cynipidous galls, but their walls are of pith like the sur-rounding gall substance.

  These galls are very common in the vicinity of Champaign, on stems of Silphiiim integrifolium, and Mr. Hart had collected similar galls at Normal, III, from S. perfoliatum, from which flies were reared that were in every way identical with those from galls of the other species.


externallink: https://iopn.library.illinois.edu/journals/inhs/article/view/193/154
description:
  Antistrophus laciniatus n. sp. 

  Galls.—Individual galls are egg-shaped, from 4 to 5 mm. in length, and occur in clusters un the receptacles of the flowers of Silphium laciniatum. (Plate IX., Fig. 8.) Mr. C. A. Hart has collected a number of these gall-clusters and in his description of them says : '' They always occur in well-ripened, healthy-looking flower heads, but do not show until the weather has removed the uninfested flowerets. They are always produced in the sterile flowers of the disk, towards the center."


externallink: https://iopn.library.illinois.edu/journals/inhs/article/view/193/154
description:
  Antistrophus rufus n. sp.

  While looking through the Laboratory collection for Cynipidae I was much interested in finding a vial containing a section of a stem of Silphiam laciniatum and a number of two species of Cynipidae bred from it. There was not the slightest indication of a gall upon the stem, and it was found that the flies had emerged from little cells in the pith exactly like the cells in the pithy substance of the galls of A. silphii^ above described. In company with Mr. C. A. Hart I visited fields where this species of Silphiiim was growing, and we found that the majority of the stems were more or less infested with cynipidous larvae, hundreds of which could, in some cases, be found in a single stem; but in no case was there any indication of the formation of a gall. An illustration of a stem containing these cells is given at Fig. 4, (PL IX). After finding the stems of Silphium laciniatum so much infested, we pushed our investigations further and found similar larval cells abundant in Silphium perfoliatum^S. terebinthinaceum^ and S. integrifolium. Whether the flies when bred from these stems will all prove to be one or the other of the two species here described cannot yet be told


externallink: https://iopn.library.illinois.edu/journals/inhs/article/view/193/154
description:
  Antistrophus minor n. sp. 

  Bred from the same stem of Silphium as the preceding species (editor: Anitstrophus rufus) and about half as numerous.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/104098#page/64/mode/1up
description:
  Cynipidae [gall on Q rubra is likely [A cookii](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1143)]

  Quercus rubra, coccinea. MA. Sept-Oct. Soft, inanis center; purple-brown. Some are keeled on twigs 


description:
  This gall is listed in the literature as occurring on Quercus rubra (the type host), coccinea, and velutina. However, iNat records so far only definitively show it on Quercus rubra. Interestingly, unlike other Quercus rubra Amphibolips galls like [quercusinanis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/582) and [quercusostensackenii](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/584), it has so far been reported from a very small portion of the range of that oak (Maryland to New Hampshire). Given the wasp's apparent similarity to [quercuscitriformis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/906), this may represent a recent host shift. 


description:
  A green, hairless, globular gall with thick walls, often but not always marbled with white, containing radiating fibers holding a single larval cell. On leaves of Quercus marilandica in the spring. This is likely the sexual generation gall of [Amphibolips globulus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/591). So far observed only in Texas.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2867795#page/188/mode/1up
description:
  Antistrophus pisum Ashmead

  Antistrophus pisum Ashmead 1885:294
  Antistrophus ligodesmia-pisum Walsh 1869:74 (invalid name).
  Asclepiadiphila stephanotidis Ashmead 1897b:263


description:
  Aylax glechomae (Linne).

  Cynips glechomae
  Diplolepis glechomae
  Aulax glechomae
  Diastrophus glechomae
  Aulax glechomatis
  Liposthenes glechomae
  Liposthenes glechomatis
  Diastrophis similis
  Aulax similis

  Gall. (Plate XIV, Figs. 1, 2, 3.) On the petioles, leaves and sometimes on the stems of ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea). Monothalamous when simple, polythalamous when compound. The simple galls are round, green, and covered with short hairs. When compound they are very irregular in form and size and have two or more larval cells, which are held in position by coarse fibres. When dry and old the galls are brown, with a thin paper-like outer covering, which sometimes disappears when lying on the ground through the winter and the bleached fibres surrounding the larval cells look like little burrs. Diameter, 6-25 mm. 

  Habitat. Europe; Massachusetts; New York; New Jersey; Connecticut; Ohio; Illinois.


description:
  Aylax leavenworthi (Bassett)

  Antistrophus leavenworthi BASSETT
  Aulax leavenworthi KIEFFER
  Antistrophus silphii GILLETTE
  Aulax silphii

  Gall. (Plate XIV, Figs. 4, 5.) On the tips of the stems of rosin-weeds (Silphium integrifolium and Silphium perfoliatum). Polythalamous. Abrupt, subglobular, tumor-like swellings, usually stunted with aborted growths of leaves and stems. Green when fresh, dark brown and woody when dry. Internally (fig. 5) it is composed of white pith in which are many larval cells. Length, 30-75 mm. 

  Habitat. Illinois (Champaign and Normal); Virginia (Petersburg); Mts. of Georgia (Macon Co.). 

  The types of A. leavenworthi and A. silphii are before me and I cannot find any differences between the two. The gall on Plate XIV was made from one of Prof. Gillette's types of A. silphii. The type of A. leavenworthi is in the collection of the American Entomological Society and the gall is in poor condition. 


description:
  Aylax pisum (Walsh).

  Antistrophus pisum WALSH
  Aulax pisum KIEFFER
  Asclepiadiphila stephanotidis ASHMEAD
  Aulax stephanotidis KIEFFER

  Gall. (Plate XIV, Fig. 10.) On the stems of Lygodesma juncea. Monothalamous. Round or oval, pea-like, containing a central cavity. It is soft, pithy and internally consists of a dense whitish spongy substance which ultimately becomes quite hard and compact. Diameter, 5-12 mm. 

  Habitat. Nebraska; Missouri; South Dakota; Oregon. I have examined the types of the flies and galls of Asclepiadiphila stephanotidis in the United States National Museum, and I cannot find any differences between these and those of Antistrophus pisum, neither specifically nor genericallv. The galls of stephanotidis are from Oregon and Missouri and are said to be found on a species of Stephanotis.


description:
  Aylax taraxaci (Ashmead)

  Gillettea taraxaci Ashmead
  Aulax taraxaci

  Gall. (Plate XIV, Fig. 8.) Along and surrounding the petiole or midrib of the leaf of the common dandelion (Taraxacum taraxacum). Polythalamous. Pithy, irregular, oblong swellings, usually composed of knottv swellings and occurring together and forming, oblong irregular galls. Length 25-50 mm. 

  Habitat. Minnesota (Winona); New York; Canada (Ontario).


description:
  Aylax chrysothamni Beutenmuller

  Aulax chrysothamni

  Gall. (Plate XIV, Fig. 9.) On the stems, usually at the tips, of a species of Chrysothamnus (Biqelovia). Polythalamous. White and densely covered with a white felt-like pubescence. Elongate, rounded or club-shaped, enlargements of the twigs. White and pithy inside with many scattered larval cells. Sometimes two or three galls are in a row on the same branch. Length, 15-30 mm. Diameter 12-20 mm. 

  Habitat. Arizona (Tucson).


description:
  Aylax bicolor (Gillette)

  Antistrophus bicolor Gillette
  Aulax bicolor Kieffer

  Habitat. Illinois (normal).

  The type of this species was sent to me for examination by Mr. C. A. Hart. In general appearance and color it is like Aulacidea bicolor, but the parapsidal grooves are different, the radial area is open at the costa, and the cubitus almost reaches the first cross-vein. The gall is not known. 


description:
  Aulacidea tumida (Bassett)

  Aulax tumidus BASSETT
  Aulax tumida DALLA TORRE
  Aulacidea tumida KIEFFER
  Aulax timidus JARVIS
  Aulax sonchicola ASHMEAD
  Aulacidea sonchicola KIEFFER
  Aulacidea solidaginis GIRAULT

  Gall. (Plate XXIV, Figs. 1-8.) On the stalks of wild lettuce (Lactuca canadensis), usually near the summit and often in the panicle, and then covered with short flower stalks. Polythalamous. More or less rounded or elongate irregular swellings of various shapes. Green when fresh and brown when old and dry. Inside (Fig. 8) the gall is pithy and contains numerous larval cells: Length, 25-75 mm. 

  Habitat: Canada; New England and Middle States, southward and westward. 


description:
  Aulacidea podagrae (Bassett)

  Aulax podagrae BASSETT

  Gall. (Plate XXV, Figs. 1-4.) In the pith of the stalks of wild lettuce (Lactuca canadensis). Polythalamous, sometimes causing a swelling of the stalk. 

  Habitat: Canada; New England and Middle States, south and westward. 

  The adult is closely allied to A. tumida, but differs from this species by being darker, and by the more evenly wrinkled thorax and more rugulose scutellum. The gall varies from small pits in the pith of the stalk without any traces of swellings externally, to swellings measuring from 10 to 300 mm. in length and from 10 to 60 mm. in diameter.


description:
  Aulacidea bicolor (Gillette)

  Aulax bicolor GILLETTE
  Aulacidea bicolor KIEFFER
  DALLA TORRE and KIEFFER
  Aulax mulgediicola ASHMEAD
  Aulacidea mulgidiicola ASHMEAD
  Aulacidea mulgediicola KIEFFER
  Aulacidea mulgedicola DALLA TORRE and KIEFFER

  Gall. (Plate XXV, Fig. 5.) Consists simply of a thin-shelled larval cell imbedded in the pith of wild lettuce, Mulgedium (Lactuca) acuminata, and Lactuca canadensis. Usually there are numerous cells crowded together side by side in the pith, and externally the stem or stalk shows no apparent gall, swelling or deformation, although occasionally a slight swelling of the stalk occurs. 

  Habitat: Massachusetts; Connecticut; New York; New Jersey; District of Columbia; North Carolina; Illinois. 

  The types of Aulacidea bicolor Gillette are in the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History and were sent to me for examination by Mr. C. A. Hart. I have also seen the types of Aulacidea mulgediicola Ashmead in the United States National Museum and thev are the same as A. bicolor.

  Aulacidea harringtoni (Ashmead) 

  Aulax harringtoni ASHMEAD
  Aulacidea harringtoni KIEFFER

  Habitat: Canada (Ottawa). 

  The type, a single female, is in the United States National Museum. The thorax is somewhat shining, with the punctation very minute. The parapsidal grooves sharply defined, and the median groove short and not extending to the middle of the thorax. The anterior parallel lines are extremely fine and scarcely evident, and the scutellum is evenly rugose. The abdomen, legs, and two basal joints of the antennre are red brown, and the remaining joints of the latter are black. The gall is unknown. 

  Aulacidea cavicola (Ashmead)

  Aulax cavicola
  Aulacidea cavicola

  Habitat: Missouri (Indian Cave). The types, two females of this species are in the United States National Museum, and nothing concerning the gall is known. I have examined the types, but am not prepared to give an opinion upon them without further study. I am, however, inclined to believe that the species will prove to be the same as Aulacidea tumida. 


description:
  Aulacidea nabali (Brodie)

  Aulax nabali BRODIE
  Aulacidea nabali KIEFFER

  Gall. (Plate XXVI, Figs. 1-7). At the base of the stems of Nabalus altissima, usually in masses surrounding the stem, often extending down on the main root, rarely on the main fibres of the roots, usually about an inch under the ground, sometimes partly above the ground. Polythalamous. Roughly sperical, usually aggregated in irregular cylindrical masses of 4 to 14, resembling small knotty artichokes or irregular white potatoes. The anterior of the gall has the appearance and consistence of a raw potato. When mature, in September, the gall retains its pale appearance through the winter, but in spring darkens in color. When dry the interior presents the appearance of corky fibrous folds, with numerous larval cells. Diameter 5 to 10 mm. 

  Habitat: Canada (Toronto); Massachusetts; New York; New Jersey. 

  A fine lot of galls of this species, collected at Magnolia and North Brookfield, Massachusetts, were sent to me by Miss Cora H. Clarke and Mr. Frank Dobbin. The specimens were obtained in September and October, and the adults emerged late in December. 


description:
  Aulacidea ambrosisecola (Ashmead)

  Aulax ambrosiceola ASHMEAD
  Aulacidea ambrosicecola KIEFFER

  Habitat: Missouri (Kirkwood). 

  Little is known regarding this species. The tvpes are in the United States National Museum. Dr. Ashmead states that the insects from which his description was made, were received from Miss Murtfeldt with the statement that they were parasitic on a lepidopterous gall-maker on Ambrosia. Mr. Ashmead believes that there is some mistake in this statement as the flies are unquestionably true gall-makers and evidently form larval cells in the pith of Ambrosia, not observed bv Miss Murtfeldt; and, moreover, their structural characters prove conclusively that they are not parasitic. It is also quite probable that the Lepidopteron is inquilinous in the galls produced by this species. I have seen the types and believe the species will ultimately prove to be nothing more than a variety of Aulacidea bicolor. 


description:
  Diastrophus nebulosus (Osten Sacken)


  Cynips (Diastrophus ?) nebulosus OSTEN SACKEN
  Diastrophus nebulosus OSTEN SACKEN

  Gall. (Plate XXVI, Figs. 1,2.) On stems of blackberry (Rubus villosus). Very variable in shape and size. Round, elongated, or irregular, sometimes with deep longitudinal furrows which divide the gall more or less completely into four or five parts. Dark green, tuirning reddish as the season advances. Hard, corky or pithy inside with many larval cells. Length 25-75 mm. and diameter about 25-40 mm. 

  Habitat: Canada (Ontario); New England and Middle States; D. C.; Maryland; Delaware; Virginia; North Carolina, south to Florida; Ohio; Illinois; Indiana; Missouri; Iowa; Wisconsin; Michigan; Oklahoma; Colorado. Very common and widely distributed. The galls are usually very common and are very irregular in size and shape. The types are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.


description:
  Diastrophus turgidus Bassett.

  Diastrophus turdigus BASSETT
  Diastrophus turgidus ASHMEAD
  Rhodites radicum RILEY

  Gall. (Plate XXVI, Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; Plate XXVII, Fig. 1). On the stalk of wild red raspberry (Rubus strigosus) and probably allied species. Polythalamous. Abrupt pithy swellings surrounding the stem. Irregular in shape, smooth or more or less covered with short spines. Length 25 to 75 mm.; width 15 to 30 mm. 

  Habitat: Canada (Ontario); New England States to Massachusetts; Ohio; Colorado. 

  The adult of D. turgidus somewhat resembles that of D. nebulosus. It differs in having the parapsidal grooves not so widely separated as in nebulosus, and the face less coarsely aciculate. It is also as a rule darker in color. Turgidus is hardly distinct from nebulosus, and may ultimately prove to be the same. The types are in the American Museum of Natural History and American Entomological Society. 


description:
  Diastrophus kincaidi Gillette

  Gall. (Plate XXVII, Figs. 2, 3). On the stalk of blackberry (Rubus nutkanus). Polythalamous. Abrupt enlargements surrounding the stalk, very much resembling the galls of Diastrophus turgidus, externally. Inside they are literally filled with hard larval cells, which are divided by thin hard partitions and a thin layer of soft pithy substance forms the external portion of the gall. Length 25 to 60 mm.; diameter 12 to 25 mm. 

  Habitat: California (Alameda Co.); Washington (Olympia; Seattle); Idaho (Cedar Mts.). 

  This species is allied to D. turgidus but is abundantly distinct. It may be easily known by the rugose scutellum and the median groove on the mesothorax. The gall differs from that of D. turgidus by being filled with hard, oval, larval chambers. The types are with Prof. C. P. Gillette. The galls on Plate XXVII, Figs. 2 and 3, I received from Mr. A. L. Melander. 


description:
  Diastrophus radicum Bassett

  Diastrophus radicum BASSETT
  Rhodites radicum GILLETTE

  Gall. (Plate XXVII, Figs. 4, 5). On the roots of running blackberry or dewberry (Rubus canadensis), and probably allied species. Polythalamous. Brown, pithy and irregular in shape, varying in size from the shape of a pea of two inches or more in length and nearly an inch in diameter. Sometimes the entire root stalk above and below the surface of the ground, is surrounded by almost a solid mass of galls, measuring about three inches in diameter. 

  Habitat: Canada to North Carolina; Michigan, Colorado. 

  The fly is allied to D. turgidus, but may be readily separated by the absence of the brown color of the radial vein before reaching the second cross-vein. I have taken galls on the roots of the black raspberry or blackcaps (Rubus occidentalis) which may prove to be the same as D. radicum. According to Bassett the galls also may be found on the roots of the high bush blackberry (Rubus villosus). The types are in the American Museum of Natural History and American Entomological Society. 


description:
  Diastrophus bassetti Beutenmuller

  Gall. (Plate XXVIII, Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). On the stems at the roots, or partly below the surface of the ground, on trailing blackberry (Rubus canadensis) and probably allied species. Polythalamous. Irregularly rounded or somewhat elongated or almost globular in shape. Composed of a fleshy substance when fresh and pithy when dry and mature. Greenish or yellowish green, tinged with red or sometimes almost entirely red. Diameter from 12 to about 25 mm. 

  Habitat. New York; New Jersey; Connecticut; Massachusetts; Rhode Island; North Carolina (Black Mts.). 

  The adult may be known from its congeners by the strong aciculations and the fine linear elevation on the face, the aciculations on the mesothorax, and dark rufous legs and antennae. It is allied to D. radicum. The gall is sometimes quite common locally, reaching maturity late in autumn. The types are in the American Museum of Natural History and American Entomological Society. 


description:
  Diastrophus cuscutaeformis Osten Sacken

  Gonaspis cuscutaeformis 

  Gall. (Plate XXVIII, Figs. 7, 8, 9, 10). On stalk of blackberry (Rubus villosus, R. canadensis and R. cuneifolium). Monothalamous. Consists of numerous small, globular, woody, seed-like bodies, pressed closely together, each provided more or less with spines or filament. Dark green, turning red as the season advances. 

  Habitat: Canada (Ontario); New England and Middle States; probably southward to Florida; Illinois; Ohio; Michigan; Iowa; Missouri; Indiana. 

  The gall is sometimes quite common locally and several hundred are often on a single stalk. It may be readily known by the seed-like bodies, each containing a single larva. Dalla Torre and Kieffer erroneously refer D. cuscuteformis to the genus Gonaspis of Ashmead. The types are in the Museum of Comparative Zo6logy, Cambridge, Mass. 


description:
  Diastrophus fusiformans Ashmead

  Gall. (Plate XXIX, Figs. 15, 16.) On the stems of Potentilla. Polythalamous. An elongate, fusiform swelling, sometimes curved, or otherwise deformed. Length 15 to 45 mm. Diameter 5 to 8 mm. 

  Habitat: Colorado (West Cliff: T. D. A. Cockerell); Washington (Pullman); Garrison, New York (T. D. A. Cockerell); Massachusetts, Miss Cora H. Clark. 

  This species is unknown to me and Ashmead's description of the adult is here reproduced. The galls occur on different kinds of Potentilla. Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell collected a gall on this plant at Garrison on the Hudson, New York, which in appearance is the same as D. fusiformans, and Miss Cora H. Clark sent me fusiform swellings on Potentilla canadensis which may also prove to be D. fusiformans when the adults are bred from them. The records New York and Massachusetts, therefore are doubtful. The types are in the United States National Museum. 


description:
  Diastrophus niger Bassett

  Diastrophus minimus BASSETT

  Gall. (Plate XXIX, Figs. 4-13). On the stems, or midribs of the leaves of Potentilla canadensis. Monothalamous when single and polythalmous when in numbers. Round, oval or elongate, smooth swellings (Fig. 6) sometimes involving the whole stem. Sometimes in nodules, singly, (Fig. 11) or in numbers, especially when on the midribs (Figs. 13, 14). Green when fresh and brown and pithy when dry. 

  Habitat: New York; New Jersey; Connecticut; Rhode Island; Massachusetts. 

  This species will probably be found everywhere locally, within the distribution of its host plant (Potentilla canadensis), which is distributed from Canada to Georgia and to Minnesota and Indian Territory. Through the kindness of Miss Cora H. Clark I received a number of galls on the midribs of the leaves and upon the stems, from which I raised many examples of the adults of D. niger. D. minimus I cannot separate from D. niger. This was bred by Bassett from blister-like galls which he supposed to be distinct from the double or confluent galls of D. niger. The types of niger and minimus are in the American Museum of Natural History and the American Entomological Society.


description:
  Diastrophus smilacis Ashmead

  Gall. (Plate XXVIII, Fig. 6). On stems of smilax (Smilax rotundifolia, S. herbacea and S. havanensis). Polythalamous. Irregularly rounded, abrupt, swellings usually surrounding the stems, sometimes resembling the gall of Rhodites globuloides. Green when fresh and of a pithy structure. Diameter 16 imm. 

  Habitat: Illinois; Florida. 

  The type galls of this distinct species sometimes resemble those of the rose gall, Rhodites globuloidees Beut. Figure 6 on Plate XXVIII was made from a gall found on Smilax havanensis collected by Dr. E. Bessey at Miami, Florida. The types of D. smilacis are in the United States National Museum, and one female cotype in the American Museum of Natural History. 


description:
  Gonaspis potentillae Bassett

  Diastrophus potentillae BASSETT

  Gonaspis potentillae var. scutellaris GILLETTE.

  Diastrophus scutellaris GILLETTE
  Gonaspis scutellaris ASHMEAD

  Gall. (Plate XXIX, Figs. 1, 2, 3). On the axils of leaves of Potentilla canadensis. Monothalamous. Spherical or oblong, usually pointed at the base. Green in summer and brown, pithy in winter. Inside it is soft, spongy and contains an oval, hard, larval cell. Diameter 8 to 12 mm. 

  Habitat: Ontario, Nova Scotia, Canada; New England States; Middle States; Ohio; Illinois. I have bred Gonaspis scutellaris, which is nothing more than a variety of G. potentillae. I have bred scutellaris from galls identical with those of potentillae. The types of potentilla are in the American Museum of Natural History and the American Entomological Society. The type of scutellaris is in the Laboratory of Natural History at Urbana, Illinois. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16212258#page/207/mode/1up
description:
  The genus Gonaspis was established by Ashmead (1897) based on Diastrophus scutellaris Gillette 1891, which was considered a junior synonym (Weld 1952), and listed as a variety of, G potentillae by Weld (1959). Weld's first treatment has become accepted. Therefore, the genus Gonaspis Ashmead 1897 is a new junior synonym of Diastrophus Hartig 1840.


description:
  Gillettte described this species as forming abrupt, large (2.5-4.5 cm) subglobular swellings at the tips of the stems of rosinweed and cup-plant. Each gall supported may wasp larvae.

  Reported discovery of A silphii galls in Wisconsin.


description:
  Gillette described this species as forming individual small (4-5mm), egg-shaped galls occurring in clusters in the flower disks of compassplant. Each gall supports on wasp. The galls occupy the center of the flower disk among the male (sterile) florets. The flowers appear unaffected by the wasps, with the fall slcuster becoming evident only as the flower head ripens and falls apart, revealing the galls. 

  Reported A laciniatus from four sites in Wisconsin.


description:
  Gillette reared both of these species (editor: A minor as well) from flower stalk stems of compassplant, but unlike the previous two species, there was no evidence of gall formation. Instead he found that the wasps pupated in little cells within the pith just under the outer wall of the stem. A minor was smaller and less numerous than A rufus. Dr. Gillette along with Mr. Hart visited "fields" of compassplant and "found that the majority of the stems were more or less infested with cynipidous larvae, hundreds of which could. in some cases, be found in a single stem.". They went on to investigate other Silphium species in the area and "found similar larval cells abundant in S. perfoliatum, S terebinthinaceum, and S. integrifolium". However, they did not rear specimens from these stems to see what species of Antistrophus wasps were present. 

  Found wasps in stems of compassplant in Wisconsin and Iowa.


description:
  Gillette reared both of these species (editor: A rufus as well) from flower stalk stems of compassplant, but unlike the previous two species, there was no evidence of gall formation. Instead he found that the wasps pupated in little cells within the pith just under the outer wall of the stem. A minor was smaller and less numerous than A rufus. Dr. Gillette along with Mr. Hart visited "fields" of compassplant and "found that the majority of the stems were more or less infested with cynipidous larvae, hundreds of which could. in some cases, be found in a single stem.". They went on to investigate other Silphium species in the area and "found similar larval cells abundant in S. perfoliatum, S terebinthinaceum, and S. integrifolium". However, they did not rear specimens from these stems to see what species of Antistrophus wasps were present. 

  Found wasps in stems of compassplant in Wisconsin and Iowa.


description:
  Gillette did not offer much information about this species. He described it from single specimen from Normal, Illinois. Bothe the host plant and gall of the wasp were unknown to him. Seventy years later, Weld reports the collection date of Gillettes's type specimen as being July, 6, 1884 and the accompanying accession catalogue as stating "from Silphium integrifolium".


description:
  This rather uncommon gall appears at the tip of a growing stem of Cup Plant. It is green and often irregular in shape. The gall growth strongly re- sembles an unopened flower bud. (KB)


description:
  An amorphous cluster of abrupt swelling galls at the root crown of Rubus hispidus. Similar to but distinct from [Diastrophus radicum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1025) on Rubus flagellaris and occidentalis. 


description:
  Wasps apparently matching Weld's description of this species have been observed ovipositing in buds of Quercus macrocarpa from April to May in Michigan and Minnesota. This may be a closely related species or a host extension. No galls matching this description have ever been reported on Quercus macrocarpa, to our knowledge. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/226481#page/348/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus contortus

  GALL. — An irregular stem swelling, wholly inseparable. Polythalamous. Individual galls up to 20. mm. long and 8. mm. wide, but sometimes several galls are closely adjacent and more or less fused. Externally very rough, small, irregular, raised spots indicating some of the larval cells; covered with greenish, young bark, drying browner. Internally woody, most woody centrally, with a great many, densely packed, small larval cells, 1.7 mm. long by 0.7 mm. in width, mostly toward the surface; the lining distinct but wholly inseparable. On young stems, involving young petioles and deforming the young leaves; at the crowns (or on roots?) of Quercus breviloba (figs. 58, 59).

  RANGE. — Texas: Austin. Probably occurs thruout eastern Texas and adjacent parts of Louisiana and Oklahoma. The agamic generation is known from galls and adults obtained by Weld in 1917, and from a quantity of material Dr. J. T. Patterson has bred. Several hundred insects of the bisexual generation were bred by Dr. Patterson in the spring of 1922. I first connected the alternate generations of this insect on the basis of the complementary dates of development and the extremely close similarity of the insects and galls, and this similarity is enough to make the relation unquestionable. Dr. Patterson confirms this by his experimental data.

  The agamic generation starts growth in April; Dr. Patterson describes the galls as nearly fully formed by the last of April, with small larvae in the galls by July; Weld found pupae on October 16 and 30, with live adults in the galls on December 1 and 12. Emergence is in the relatively mild winter season of Texas or in the early spring, from before the last of January to after the 7th of February, according to Dr. Patterson’s records. Dr. Patterson states that he has secured 10 males with 231 females of this agamic generation, but that these males are unable to mate with the females, altho they attempt to copulate; the females appear to have completely lost the mating instincts, as have the males to some degree. These males are apparently functionless, which is a most interesting case of this sex persisting as a generation becomes agamic. I have seen four of these males. The bisexual generation develops quickly in the spring. Dr. Patterson obtaining adults on April 3, 1922. He has sent me almost three times as many males as females, so probably the sexes occur in about equal numbers. The galls of the two generations are similarly located at the crown of the tree, and differ very little in structure. I do not see any differences between the insects of the two except in the larger size which is almost always correlated with agamic reproduction of Cynipidae. The close similarity of the alternates is one reason for placing contortus in this genus. This is the only root gall yet known in Neuroterus, but the gall is sometimes on stems at the crown of the tree. Weld records a specimen of this species obtained from Palestine, Texas, on Quercus stellata. It may belong to a distinct host variety. Probably still other white oaks of eastern Texas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma are hosts for this species.

  Neuroterus contortus bisexual form principalis, new form

  GALL. — Not greatly different from the gall of the other generation; somewhat smaller and more ragged with deformed leaves and twisted petioles of young leaves (fig. 58).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/107/mode/1up
description:
  Neurotuerus contortus sex. gen.

  Quercus breviloba
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Short, abrupt stem swelling with deformed leaves and twisted petioles of young leaves. Entered from lit.

  [Photo caption]
  The similar gall of the sexual generation is said to develop quickly in the spring, adults emerging Apr 3.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2844786#page/131/mode/1up
description:
  Antistrophus rufus Gillette 

  Larvae developing in galls in cambium and pith of flowering stems of S. laciniatum.

  Biology. — Larvae develop within galls in flowering stems of S. laciniatum (for biology, see Tooker et al. 2002, Tooker and Hanks 2004a). They overwinter in dead stems, pupate in the early spring, and adults emerge in late May through late June. Although adults of both sexes have fully developed and functional wings, they do not fly readily but rather walk, occasionally taking hopping flights to nearby plants. Males emerge before females and search for mates on dead stems of the previous season, guarding areas of stem where females eventually emerge, and driving off competitors by charging or butting with the head. Females mate immediately upon emerging and then move to nearby developing stems of S. laciniatum where they oviposit in axils. As many as 20 females oviposit in a stem at the same time and require less than one minute to insert an egg. Egg load upon emergence averages —165 eggs per female. Densities of galls commonly reach hundreds per stem. Parasitic wasps are the most significant source of mortality for A. rufus larvae with rates of parasitism often exceeding 90% (Tooker and Hanks 2004a). Species of parasitoids reared from A. rufus galls include eurytomids (Eurytoma lutea Bugbee and an unidentified Eurytoma species), an ormyrid (Ormyrus labotus Walker), eupelmids (Eupelmus vesicularis [Retzius] and two unidentified Brasema species), and a pteromalid (unidentified Homoporus species; Tooker and Hanks 2004a). Populations of gall wasps are decimated when prairies are burned, but quickly recolonize (Tooker and Hanks 2004b). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2844786#page/134/mode/1up
description:
  Antistrophus meganae Tooker and Hanks, new species

  Diagnosis. — Larvae developing in galls in cambium and pith of flowering stems of S. terebinthinaceum. See description for further details. 

  Biology. — Similar to A. rufus, but larvae develop within galls in flowering stems of S. terebinthinaceum. Adults begin emerging from stems in mid-June and continue to emerge for approximately 20 days (Tooker and Hanks 2003a). Females oviposit in stem internodes of S. terebinthinaceum after bolting. Similar to A. rufus, A. meganae larvae can suffer high parasitism rates and the same guild of parasitoids appears to attack both species (Tooker and Hanks 2004a).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2844786#page/134/mode/1up
description:
  Antistrophus jeanae Tooker and Hanks, new species

  Diagnosis. — Larvae developing in galls in cambium and pith of flowering stems of S. perfoliatum. See description for further details.

  Biology. — Similar to A. rufus, but larvae develop within flowering stems of S. perfoliatum. Adults emerge from stems for a period of about 20 days beginning in mid- May and females oviposit in stem inter- nodes after bolting. Similar to other species in the complex, parasitoids can inflict high levels of mortality on A. jeanae larvae. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32620520#page/89/mode/1up
description:
  Lygodesmiae pisum, new species

  There is a rush-like plant about a foot high, with slender sprangling stems and a few rigid lance-shaped leaves, which inhabits Nebraska and the regions to the east and north of that territory, and is known to botanists as Lygodesmia juncea. On the stems of this plant there often grows a profusion of round or oval pea- like galls, ranging in diameter from 1/4 to 1/2 an inch, such as are represented in the annexed Figure 47. In the autumn each of these galls contains, in a central cavity about one-tenth of an inch in diameter, a fat yellow legless maggot, with a large round head and robust jaws tipped with black. Except the central cell, the rest of the gall consists of a dense whitish spongy matter, which ultimately becomes so hard as to be penetrated with some difticulty by the thumb-nail. About the middle of the following May there eats its way out of the gall, through a small pin-hole (Fig. 47, a), a black Gall-fly about one-eighth of an inch long, which scarcely differs in general appearance from the Oak-plum Gall fly (Vol. I. p. 104, Fig. 81) except in being so much smaller and in lacking the dark shade on the front wings. This Gall-fly is entirely new to science, and, as we have already explained, it is especially interesting because — growing as it does on a group of plants not hitherto known to be infested by Gall-flies — it presents structural characters different from those found in any other Gall-fly. In other words, a new genus has to be established to receive it, besides giving the characters separating it from any other species belonging to the same genus, which may hereafter be discovered. But as such details as these are only of interest to the scientific reader, we shall throw them into the form of an Appendix — to be "skipped " at discretion by the general reader.


description:
  Aulacidea acroptilonica Tyurebaev, 1972 

  Gall. Spindle-like, lignified formations on the stem, 25-50 mm long and 20 mm in diameter. The gall size depends on the number of larval chambers (from 1 to 30). A single larval chamber nearly rounded, 3.0 mm in diameter, with smooth surface. Galls develop on all parts of the stem, from the ground-surface up to the flower (Kovalev & Diakontschuk 1986). 

  Host plant. Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. (Asteraceae) is the only known host plant; probably can induce galls on a closely related species, A. australe Iljin. (Kovalev & Diakontschuk 1986). 

  Biology. Majority of larvae overwintering in the gall, pupate in March-April; adults emerge by the end of April (Middle Asia) – beginning of May (Kazakhstan and Ukraine) (Zerova, Diakontschuk & Ermolenko 1988); part of adults in Iran emerge in early summer. 

  Distribution. Iran, Azerbaijan-e Gharbi province (vicinities of Urmia) (Melika & Karimpour 2008), Lorestan (Zalian) (Karimpour et al. 2008). Ukraine (southern part only), European part of Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan (Zerova, Diakontschuk & Ermolenko 1988, Kovalev & Diakontschuk 1986).


description:
  Aulacidea hieracii (Linnaeus, 1758)

  Synonyms. Aulax graminis Cameron, 1875, Aulax artemisiae Thomson, 1877, Aulax foveigera Thomson, 1877, Aulax crassinervis Thomson, 1877, Aylax sabaudi Hartig, 1840, Aulacidea cacaliae Belizin, 1959. 

  Gall. In stems, multilocular, differently shaped, large, hard and fuzzy galls; the stem is malformed. The gall develops on the stem or at the base of the leaf rosette, 40 mm long, 10-15 mm in diameter, usually spindle-like, sometimes rounded. During the development, leaves are coming out from it. The surface of the gall is covered with hairs. The gall loosing its hairs after overwintering and the bases of hairs are visible only on a glabrous epidermis. The parenchyma of the gall soft, spongy, with rounded larval cells. The number of larval cells is decreasing towards the center of the gall. The gall is green when young and growing, turns brown when mature. The shoot above the gall is malformed, abnormally short. Sometimes galls develop on the leaves which are lying on the ground. 

  Host plant. Hieracium murorum L., H. umbellatum L., H. verruculatum Link, H. virosum Pall., H. vulgatum L. (Asteraceae). Biology. Galls mature in autumn, larvae overwinter in the gall, adults emerge next spring, in May (Zerova et al. 1988). 

  Distribution. Iran, Lorestan (Ghelaei or Gharaei) and Azerbaijan-e Gharbi provinces (vicinity of Kelïsä Kandï village, 37º29′N, 45º01′E, 1600 m a.s.l., 2.5 km SW Urmia) -- a new record for Iran. Europe (Melika 2006), Far East of Russia (Kovalev 1965), Transcaucasus (Zerova et al. 1988). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2162387#page/22/mode/1up
description:
  Aulax nabali n. s.

  Gall at the base of the stem of Nabalus altissimus, usually in masses surrounding stem, often extending down on main root, rarely on main fibres of root, usually about an inch under the ground, sometimes partly above the ground. Galls roughly spherical, 5 mm. -10 mm in diameter, each containing i-io cells, usually aggregated in irregular cylindrical masses of 2-14, resembling small knobby artichokes or irregular small' white potatoes. The interior of the gall has the appearance and consistence of a raw potato. They are mature about the middle of September, and retain their white appearance through winter, but in spring the colour darkens. They dry up when the interior presents the appearance of a congeries of corky, fibrous folds. The average size of 20 of the cylindrical gall masses was, diameter, 14XX; length, 22xx. The cells are small, closely confining the larva. 

  In the spring of 1880 a friend handed me one of these galls, and informed me he had found it on the stem of an aster. For several seasons I carefully searched our asters, but failed in finding the gall, and it was not until the spring of 1885 when I found it oil the root of Nabahis altissimus. My friend had mistaken the nude, dry stem of the nabalus for an aster. 

  In April, 1887, I made a collection of 33 gall masses from Nabalus altissimus growing on clay banks in open woods in St. James's Cemetery, Toronto. The galls were at the base of the stem, immediately above root. Usually the mass of galls surrounded the stem; occasionally but a few on one side. From these galls I reared 115 producers — 79 5 s, 36 ^ s, and 57 parasites, ^ s and $ s, of two species. The producers came out 1-6-87 — 9-^-^1') the parasites were a few" days later. 

  A collection was made from Nabalus roots growing on clay soil in open woods a iQ.\v miles north of Toronto, 20-10-88, and kept in a glass jar over winter. These galls were nearly spherical, 5X-10X dia., usually grown together in masses of 2-14, usually quite surrounding the stem, each nodule having from i-io cells. A collection of 7 1 gall masses made in Taylor's woods north of Toronto, 13-9-90, resembled artichokes or small white potatoes ; thc' interior white, about the consistency of raw potato. Each nodule con- tained from 1-3 cells; cells small, closely confining larva. These gave producers 13-5-91 — 20-5-91 ; parasites 19-5-91 — 1-6-91. $ producers were more numerous than ^ s. A collection made from several localities near Toronto from stems oi Nabahis altissimns growing on clay soil in open woods, 5-4-91, of 87 nabalus stems gathered 68 were gall bearing. The galls, as usual, a mass of rounded nodules surrounding base of stem an inch or two under ground; occasionally a few nodules on one side of stem, rarely a few nodules extend into pith canal. These gave parasites, Eurytoma, 5-5-91 ', producers first out 12-5-91 ; producers, 29 ^ s and 5 c? s ; out, 25-5-91 ; numerous parasites 9-6-91 — 25-6-91. One Eitrytoma 22-7-91. This lot of 68 gall masses containing probably 1,000 cells, gave of ptoducers 153 $s and 81 ^ s, and of parasites, of 3 species, 185 ^^s and $ s, a total of 419 specimens. When collected in the fall season these galls may be kept in moist sand in a glass jar, but the occupants seem to be hardy, and do not appear to be injured by the drying of the gall. However, it is best to collect in April or early in May. , These galls have been increasing during the last ten years, and have now probably reached a maximum. The parasites are now becoming more numerous. The producer is held to be an undescribed species of Aulax, for which I propose the name A. nabali. . The following is a description: — $. Length 2.50XX. Antennae 13 jointed, uniform brown, head and thorax black, abdomen shining brown, with a large anterior dorsal spot black ; all the tibicC, femora and tarsi brown, a little paler than the abdo- men ; wings ample, veins well defined, hyaline, irridescent at certain angles. Abdomen of ^ darker brown, and without the dark dorsal spot. From numerous specimens. I have bred from this gall numerous specimens of the Braconid Dacnusa crassitela, Prov. Provancher in his original description of this species gives Ottawa as the locality and Guignard as the collector. He does not say how the.; specimen was obtained, nor does he say anything of the ^ , which differs considerably from the 5 . I have also bred numerous specimens of the Chalcid Eurytoma aulacis, Ashm.; and I have reared two species of Coleoptera, probably accidental occupants, and many specimens of a Dipteron which Prof. Riley has kindly determined for me as of the genus Leucopis, sp. I am greatly indebted to the courtesy of Prof. Riley for this and many other identifications. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57090290#page/46/mode/1up
description:
  Diastrophus nebulosus n. sp. 

  Rubus villosus (?). Blackberry. Elongated, abrupt, pithy swelling on the twigs, from an inch to three inches in length. 

  This deformation, chiefly due to a hypertrophy of the pith, in consequence of the sting of the insect, is very common in the environs of Washington. Its color is generally dark red or reddish brown; its shape oblong; its surface generally uneven with irregular tubercles, or with deep longitudinal furrows, dividing the whole gall in four or five parallel ridges. The full-grown specimens are usually 2 or 3 inches long, and from | to an inch in diameter. A transverse section of the gall shows a large number of oblong cells, about 0.13 long, arranged for the most part near the middle of the gall; their intervals are filled with soft pithy matter and harder woody fibres. From galls collected in the fall, the insects usually come out during the winter and in the spring.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57090290#page/49/mode/1up
description:
  Diastrophus cuscutaeformis n. sp. 

  Rubus sp. Blackberry. A number of smallround., hollow bodies., forming a cluster round a branch. 

  I possess two specimens of this gall, collected near Bladensburgh, Md., and kindly communicated to me by Mr. Hitz. The globular, seedlike bodies, each having about 0.1 in diameter and producing a single insect, are (in one of my galls) from 60 to 70 in number, and occupy a space of about an inch and a half on the branch. They are pressed closely together and offer some resemblance to the seeds of Cuscuta, when found in winter attached to a stem. Many of the round bodies emit more or less strong spines, which impair in a measure the regularity of their form. The consistency of their shell is woody; their color brownish, like that of the branch. I was unable to ascertain on what species of Rubus this gall occurs. Besides the Diastrophus., originating this gall, I have obtained from it an Ormyrus and an Aulax., which, as far as I can judge frum a single specimen, is my A. sylvestris., also reared from the other blackberry- gall.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3050491#page/371/mode/1up
description:
  Diastrophus fragariae, n. sp.

  Gall — On the petiole of Strawberry: Polythalamous, elongate cylindrical swelling tapering at each end. Red and villose like the rest of the petiole. The internal structure is spongy and contains a single row of 5-20 larval chambers. Length from about 25 to 50 mm. Width 3-5 mm. 

  Habitat — Toronto, Canada (A. Cosens). 

  The gall of this species has long been known. Saunders mentions it in his "Insects Injurious to Fruits," 1887, p. 331, and calls it the Strawberry Leaf-Stem Gall. Prof. S. A. Forbes also mentions the gall in the 22nd Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois, 1883 (1884), p. 97. H. F. Bassett speaks of a Cynipidous gall occasionally seen on the petiole of strawberry leaves (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. XXVI, 1900, p. 325). Mr. L. H. Weld found the galls at Ithaca, New York and Evanston, Illinois and I found the same in the vicinity of New York City for some years past. In August, 1913, Mr. A. Cosens collected the gall on wild strawberry in Toronto, Canada. He transplanted some of the infested plants into pots and managed to mature the galls from which he reared five males, being the first one to succeed in obtaining the flies. 

  The illustration is from a sketch made by Mr. Weld and re- drawn by Mrs. E. L. Beutenmuller. 


description:
  Diastrophus kincaidii n. sp.

  Gall.-Either of the two galls in my possession measure almost exactly 1.25 inches in length by three-fifths of an inch in greatest diameter, and are upon twigs that do not exceed 2.5 mm. in diameter. The galls are abrupt enlargements of the twigs, and they are literally filled with larval cells. The portion of the gall-substance lying outside the cells is quite pithy, but the portion forming the septa between the cells is hard and woody. The surface of the gall is smooth, but is irregularly swollen or lumpy, much as in the gall of D. nebulosus.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53922755#page/41/mode/1up
description:
  The Gall 

  Mature galls on thimbleberry are abrupt swellings on the stem or petiole (Fig. 1). They are irregularly swollen or lumpy and glabrous. Their size and shape vary greatly depending on the number and precise location of cynipid larvae present in the gall. Larval cavities may be numerous and usually are situated closely together. The majority are located in the vascular zone but many extend into the pith and cortex as well. The tissue immediately surrounding each larval cavity is hard and woody as are the outer tissues of the gall but the tissue between cavities is loose and pithy. Each cavity is irregularly ovoid and about 2X3 mm in size. Gall development proceeds rapidly following oviposition by the adult female in the spring. First evidence is a slight swelling on a stem seven to ten days following egg deposition. The swelling is due to enlarge- ment of cortical, xylem and phloem cells. At this stage of development larval cavities are not yet formed and the eggs and first instar larvae are wedged between plant cells. In three to four weeks after oviposition larval cavities have developed and a gall is present as an abrupt and noticeable enlargement of the stem. The cavities are formed by a proliferation of parenchyma tissue that surrounds individual larvae. Xylem and phloem tissues of the gall are disrupted and only the uninfected portions of the stem have normal vascular tissue. The tissues of most galls show signs of woodiness by the end of summer and during the fall all become woody.

  Life History 

  Diastrophus kincaidii is a univoltine species. The adults are relatively short lived following emergence in the spring. During the summer D. kincaidii passes through five larval instars and its galls become noticeable on thimbleberry. A long diapause begins as a prepupa in the fall and is broken the following spring when pupation occurs within the gall. The seasonsal occurrence of the life stages of D. kincaidii is summarized in Figure 2.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3745772#page/709/mode/1up
description:
  Diastrophus potentillae n. sp.

  Galls On Potentilla Canadensis. They are from .3 to .5 of an inch in diameter, and rather longer than thick, growing in the axils of the leaves ; of a soft spongy consistence when dry, and each contains a single cell in shape and size like the nucleus of C. q. globulus, though not, like that, free from the substance in which it is enclosed. They are rather rare here (Conn.), but I saw large numbers of them in the northern part of Berkshire Co., Mass., last summer. The fly came out May 20th from galls of the previous year's growth. It is much like D. nebulosus 0. 8., but Baron Osten Sacken has compared it with this species, and pronounces it distinct.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16270737#page/394/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis nigra n. sp.

   Gall. An irregular swelling or enlargement of the terminal twigs [apparently mistaken, see other sources] of Quercus lobata, subglobular, 15 mm. x 12 mm., apparently monothalamous.  


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/297/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis operta, new species

  Host. — Quercus lobata.

  Gall. — A seed-like cell hidden under the bud scales as in the case of [the preceding species](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2141) but broadest at the base and tapering gradually to a conical and much more pointed apex which lacks a scar. It has a smoother tan-colored surface and a much thinner wall (.05 mm). Length 2.8 mm. by 1.2 mm. in diameter near base, reaching much nearer to the apex of the bud than the preceding. Exit hole .9 mm. in diameter, in side of bud. One or rarely two in a bud.

  Habitat. — Cottonwood, Calif. Reared in January and early February


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610732#page/342/mode/1up
description:
  ANDRICUS FIMBRIALIS, new species

  Host. — Quercus dumosa, douglasii, lobata. 

  Gall (fig. 16). — Globular, green, 2 mm. in diameter, produced at side of midrib of young leaves in early spring, stunting the development of the leaf, whose blade is much reduced, its margin prominently fimbriate. 

  Habitat. — The type is selected from galls collected on Q. dumosa May 3, 1922, along Pierce Mill Road, near Palo Alto, Calif., the adults emerging: May 10. Flies were emerging at Lakeport May 27. Three paratypes are from galls on Q. douglasii: two from galls collected at Paraiso Springs May 9, 1918, date of emergence not recorded, and one from Paso Robles, the fly emerging May 23, 191S. One paratype is from a gall on Q. lobata collected on May 20, 1922, the fly out and dead before May 27. The galls were seen on Q. durata also. In addition to the localities given above, the galls were also seen at Boulevard, in Santa Ana Mountains, on Santa Catalina Island, Camp Baldy, Bagby, Newhall, Santa Margarita, Jolon, Los Gatos. St. Helena, Calistoga, Ukiah. Bartlett Springs, Oroville, Red Bluff. Shasta, and Baird, Calif. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/351/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta longicornis, n. sp.

  Among the galls from which Andricus exiguus n. sp. and Neuroterus exiguus n. sp. were bred were three or four of an altogether different sort. They were moderate enlargements of the upper portion of very young and tender shoots, not at all prominent; and now that these shoots are dry and shrunken I am not able to identify them among the galls in the box. I did not separate them at the time, supposing them to be too immature for developing, and I could not have done so without injuring the other species. Of course I am not sure that the three large flies found in the box came from these galls, but the presumption is that they did so. At any rate, the flies are of an undescribed species, and their relation may be determined later.


description:
  This hairy, globular stem gall on Quercus berberidifolia was previously mistaken for the agamic gall of [Burnettweldia washingtonensis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1364). However, these are fresh spring galls, not overwintering fall galls, and male and female wasps emerged in early March. They also differ in having thin walls that wrinkle shortly after emergence. It resembles the sexgen gall of [Antron douglasii](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2143) and may be the sexgen of a similar gall. This gall was proven to be distinct from phenologically unusual B washingtonensis by [rearings of male wasps.](https://bugguide.net/node/view/377471/bgimage)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15672479#page/375/mode/1up
description:
  ANDRICUS MULTICOSTATUS, new species

  Host. — Quercus subturbinella.

  Gall (pl. 16, fig. 9). — An axillary or terminal bud gall in fall. Cylindrical with 10 to 20 distinct longitudinal ribs, up to .5 mm. long, protruding far beyond the bud scales. Greenish with white spots when fresh, the bulbous distal third smooth and reddish. 

  Habitat. — The type was cut out alive on October 14, 1944, from a gall collected at Prescott, Ariz., September 13, 1943, by Mrs. N. W. Capron. She collected galls at Cherry and Prescott, Ariz., on October 4, 1935. and September 11, 1947, respectively. 


description:
  Andricus sp D
  Woolly-bear-gall wasp
  [Page 189]

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella, oblongifolia

  Unlike all other woolly galls, they are tricolor or banded, usually with crimson red at both ends and a band of white hairs in the middle.


description:
  Andricus wheeleri sp. nov.

  Gall.--Polythalamous. Brown with a grayish tint, hard and woody. Irregularly rounded or elongate, somewhat potato-shaped. Measures from about 14 to 20 mm. in width and from 15 to 30 mm. in length. 

  Habitat.- Coconino Forest, rim of the Grand Canion, Arizona; altitude 7,000 feet. (William M. Wheeler). 

  The galls of this species occur around the smaller twigs of an unknown species of scrub oak. They somewhat resemble Andricus medullae and batatoides Ashmead, but the fly is different. The flies may be distinguished by the divergent anterior lines, absence of the median groove from the scutellum, and rufous color. It is allied to Andricus medullae Ashmead. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/353/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus toumeyi, new species

  Host. — Quercus toumeyi. 

  Gall (Fig. 20). — A sessile, egg-shaped and somewhat one-sided stem swelling, representing a much shortened lateral branch which seldom continues beyond the gall, densely covered with small leaves. It measures up to 15 mm. long by 10 mm. in diameter, is covered with bark of normal thickness, its single rather small cell is placed somewhat radially without any false chamber and the exit hole is in one side. 

  Habitat. — Type material collected at Pataironia. Arizona, on December 12, 1921, when the galls contained pupae. The adults were cut out of the galls on January 1. One paratype was cut from a gall collected in the Chiricahua Mountains. Similar galls have been seen on Q. undulata on Abo Pass in the Sandia Mountains, near Socorro, in Nogal Canyon, and in Burro Mountains in New Mexico.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/346/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips gainesi n. sp.

  Gall perfectly round and smooth, except the point of attachment to the acorn cup on which it grows. The point is small, it projects slightly and turns to one side. The color is pale brown, the outside not different in color or density from the hard cellular matter be- neath. The larval cell is imbedded in, and is adherent to this mass. Size from one half to one inch in diameter. As my galls had wintered on the tree or lain upon the ground, the color of fresh galls may be different. Like A. prunus Walsh, this species developes on the edge of the acorn cup. It is larger than that species, which is dark and coarsely wrinkled when dry. 

  This fine species was received from President M. R. Gaines, Til- lotson College, Austin, Texas. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305399#page/487/mode/1up
description:
  CALLIRHYTIS PETRINA. new species

  Host. — Quercus hypoleuca Engelmann. 

  Gall. — A few loosely connected, thin-walled woody cells inside the acorn. Found in summer in acorns of current season's crop.

  Habitat. — The type material was collected in Sabijio Basin in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. June 28. 191S. Three living adults were cut out December 2. 1919. Normal emergence is prob- ably in the spring. Acorns similarly affected were seen in the Huachuca Mountains also.


description:
  By analogy with other species in the genus Melikaiella, this is likely the agamic generation of [Melikaiella lupana](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/752).


description:
  By analogy with other species in the genus Melikaiella, this is likely the sexual generation of [Callirhytis petrina](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2553).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114064#page/149/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis balanella, new species

  Host: Quercus emoryi Torr.

  Gall (pl. 1, fig. 3): Similar to a "pip" gall in shape but produced on the side of the cup of an undersized acorn in June and July. Gall slightly flattened, 4 mm. high by 3 mm. in diameter. 

  Habitat: The type and one paratype are from galls collected at Cherry, Ariz., by Mrs. N. W. Capron on Oct. 4, 1935. One adult emerged April 23 and the other May 1, 1937. One paratype is from a gall Mrs. Capron collected at Prescott, Ariz., Sept. 12, 1950, and the living adult was cut out Apr. 11, 1952. Galls were seen in the Santa Catalina and Huachuca Mountains and at Patagonia, Nogales, and Bisbee, Ariz., and at Alpine, Tex. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/354/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus tubalis, new species

  Host. — Quercus arizonica. 

  Gall (fig. 21). — Arising from a weak bud on small twigs, usually on wood of previous year, easily detachable. Trumpet-shaped, the outside fluted, tapering to a sessile or clasping base, the flaring end forming a shallow cup in the bottom of which is the exit hole, 5-8 mm. long, cup up to 7 mm. in diameter. yellowish-white in color. The single larval cell lies longitudinally in the cylindrical stem of the gall, no false cavity present. 

  Habitat. — The type material was collected June 22, 1918, at Oracle, Ariz. The two adults emerged and died before August 23, Empty galls were seen at the same locality in December, 1921. Precisely similar galls were observed on Q. oblongifolia at Nogales. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32293#page/153/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus blastophagus n. sp.

  Galls. — Minute, smooth, oval galls the size of an entomological pin-head, occurring on the aments or blossoms ; they are so small as to be easily mistaken for the ovaries.

  This interesting little insect is described from several specimens bred in May, 1886.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15672479#page/382/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis cistella, new species

  Host. — Quercus emoryi.

  Gall (pi. 17, fig. 22). — A stalked, fusiform, pip gall beside young acorns July to October. Spindle shaped, brown, 3 by 5 mm. tapering at both ends, cavity large, wall thin. 

  Habitat. — The type was reared from a gall collected October 4, 1935, at Cherry, Ariz., by Mrs. N. W. Capron. A paratype emerged April 14, 1951, from a gall she collected at Prescott, Ariz., on September 20, 1950. Galls have been seen at Oracle, Ariz., and in Burro Mountains in New Mexico; seen also on Quercus hypoleuca at Patagonia, Bisbee, and in Huachuca and Chiricahua Mountains in Arizona.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/335/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus (Callirhytis) tuberosa n. sp.

  Galls. — Woody, polythalamous, growing on Q. ilicifolia and reaching maturity in June. They are the young shoots of this oak, checked in their terminal growth, by the sting of the insect. They resemble the galls of A. scitulus B., but more closely those of A. tectus B. The largest are not more than 5/8 of an inch in length and 1/4 in diameter. They are quite rare. 


description:
  Foreshortened stem covered with leaf clusters... Asphondylia foliata Gagne

  Beneath the leaf clusters the gall is clublike, 2-4 mm long, and monothalamous. The smooth galls are at the tips of axillary buds of foreshortened stems and are seen only in spring. Host: A. polycarpa. Distr.: California. Ref.: Hawkins et al. (1986). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114064#page/150/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis floripara, new species

  Host: Quercus agrifolia Nee. 

  Gall (pi. 1, fig. 4) : A thin-walled, conical, tan gall measuring up to 2.2 mm. long by 1.0 mm. in diameter, developed from a filament and bearing dis tally trace of a shriveled anther, scattered in among normal stamens in a much-shortened inflorescence. 

  Habitat: The types are from galls collected from a tree of Q. agrifolia Nee at Carpinteria, Calif., on Apr. 29, 1918, when adults were emerging in large numbers and when adults (probably these) were observed ovipositing in young acorns. Adults continued to emerge until May 18 in material sent to Washington as "Hopk. U. S. No. 15606V This tree also had galls of Callirhytis carmelensis Weld on acorns of the previous season. These flower galls were seen also at Paso Robles and Monterey, Calif., on trees which had C. carmelensis also, circumstantial evidence that this is the alternating generation of that species.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114064#page/151/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis intersita, new species

  Host: Quercus alba L. 

  Gall: Unknown. These were taken ovipositing in the internodes of the green new growth of white oak twigs on April 25, 29, and May 5. What gall resulted, if any, is not known. There are cells in the pith of white oak twigs, but fragments of the only dead adults cut out so far are different from these. 

  Habitat: The type is selected from adults taken ovipositing at Vienna, Va., on Apr. 29, 1945. Paratypes are from East Falls Church, Va., Apr. 25, 1941, and May 5, 1946. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114064#page/152/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis manni, new species

  Host: An undetermined oak. 

  Gall: A spindle-shaped woody stem swelling similar to the gall of [Callirhytis floridana](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/902) (Ashmead) . 

  Habitat: The types are from galls collected Jan. 22, 1935, at Tepic, Mexico. Adults emerged in packet. Dr. William Mann collected these galls in March 1923. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114064#page/154/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis perobscura, new species

  Host: Quercus velutina Lam. 

  Gall: Unknown. 

  Habitat: The types were taken ovipositing in buds at East Falls Church, Va., on Apr. 18 and 20, 1927, Apr. 22, 1930, Apr. 23, 1932, Apr. 23, 1947, and at Takoma Park, Md., on Apr. 13, 1925.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114064#page/153/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis medularis, new species

  Hosts: Quercus borealis=Q. rubra L., Q. velutina Lam., and Q. coccinea Muenchh. 

  Gall (pi. 1, fig. 6) : Cells are in the pith of current year's growth of various red oaks with no visible evidence until exit holes are noticed, when it is too late to secure adults. Synergus and three species of chalcids emerged the next spring, April 27 to May 3. 

  Habitat: The types are selected from a series of 16 females and 35 males reared by Dr. F. C. Craighead near Blain, Pa., from twigs of northern red oak, the males emerging July 15 to July 24, the females July 16 to Aug. 1, 1956, from current season's growth. He had cut out dead males and females in August 1955. Four paratypes were cut out of twigs of scarlet oak in August 1950 at Cincinnati, Ohio, by R,. B. Neiswander. From black oak are two paratypes from Vienna, two from Williamsburg, and one from East Falls Church, Va. 

  Nurseries at Cincinnati, Ohio, and at Southampton, Pa., reported that leaders of pin and scarlet oaks broke off where weakened by many exit holes causing lateral branches to form, resulting in poor-headed trees. The landscape superintendent at Williamsburg, Va., reported branches 12-18 inches long breaking off there. Similar cells in the pith of willow oak were noted at Durham, N. C, where 200 terminal twigs, weakened by exit holes, had been broken off or left hanging on one tree on the Duke University campus. Similar cells occur in the pith of twigs of red oak in Missouri and in blackjack and scrub oak in Virginia. 


description:
  Although Mix referred simply to thickened areas, the photo used by [Plant Parasites of Europe](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/dikarya/ascomycota/taphrinomycotina/taphrinomycetes/taphrinomycetidae/taphrinales/taphrinaceae/taphrina/taphrina-tormentillae/) shows irregularly shaped pale yellowish blisters.


description:
  These galls are composed of abruptly swollen terminal ends of twigs on Pinus edulis, which cause a large and conspicuous witches broom of needles to form on the swellings. The needles in the broom are arranged in a relatively circular structure, which is more visible when viewed from above. At the center of the group of needles are a group of stunted, dead needles with a few of them standing erect at the center of the group. These needles are positioned above a central, yellowish larval chamber, where the single inhabitant is found. Galls have been found in December through February in Utah and New Mexico. 


description:
  These small, inconspicuous galls are composed of an extremely stunted pair of needles swollen at the base to form a larval chamber where a single Cecidomyiid is found. The galls are surrounded at the base by brown needle sheaths that sometimes almost cover the entire gall. Larvae were found in galls in January in Utah. These galls have been photographed in Utah and New Mexico. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/22/mode/1up
description:
  Kidney shaped enlargements at base of needles of P. edulis, length 7 mm, diameter 4 mm, the walls thick and the needles rudimentary.  [for sketch of gall, see p. 18]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/28/mode/1up
description:
  Infertile, deformed inflorescence, the floral organs being produced as a moderately dense cluster of slender, linear bracts having a length of 3 to 4 cm. 


description:
  A thick, green, hairless swelling on the axis of a male inflorescence of an unidentified oak. The gall resembles [Callirhyis congregata](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1180) and the host is tentatively presumed to be Quercus rubra.


description:
  Prokius cambrai Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero n. sp.

  Host plant. Quercus bumelioides Liebm. (Fagaceae, Quercus sect. Quercus).


  Gall (Figs. 6A-C). Galls are irregularly cylindrical with a smooth surface, measuring 5 × 2 mm, with a single internal larval chamber. Galls develop singly or more frequently in close clusters of 2‒5 galls, on the upper side of the leaf blade; the presence of a gall is indicated on the lower side of the leaf by a circular impression (Fig. 6C). The galls are green to red when fresh (Fig. 6A) and black when mature. Galls are relatively abundant on the host plant at Volcán Barú in Panama. 

  Distribution. Prokius cambrai sp. nov. was found between 1,440 – 2,070 m a.s.l. at Volcán Barú, Chiriqui, Panama.

  Biology. Only the sexual generation is known, inducing galls on Quercus bumelioides. Freshly growing galls are present on new leaves in November during the rainy season. Adult insects emerge in May


description:
  Prokius lisethiae Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey n. sp.

  Host plant. Quercus bumelioides Liebm (Fagaceae, Quercus section Quercus).

  Gall (Figs. 6D-E). Galls have a spherical to lenticular shape with a smooth surface. They grow on the edge of the leaf blade, deforming the new leaf, measuring 5 × 2 mm. Galls typically grow in close clusters of 2–20 galls per leaf. The galls are reddish green when fresh and brown when mature. Galls are relatively abundant around Volcán Barú in Panama. 

  Distribution. Prokius lisethiae was found to 3,000 m a.s.l. at Volcán Barú, Chiriqui, Panama.

  Biology. Only the sexual generation is known. Young galls are present in January during the dry season, growing on new leaves. The adult insects emerge from mature galls in late January and February.


description:
  Kokkocynips doctorrosae Pujade-Villar, 2013

  Gall: the gall (Fig. 11A) is unilocular on twigs, nearly spherical, 8–10 mm in diameter, slightly flattened basally, with a smooth surface, lacking pubescence, yellowish with concentric circular red-brown lines, apically reddish-pink. The gall stays soft when mature, but not fragile. Larval chamber ovate, 1.4 × 1.8 mm, with thin walls (0.16 mm), surrounded by a sponge-like tissue, located in the centre of the gall. Exit hole usually located laterally. There is always a longitudinal crack in the bark where the gall is inserted. 

  Host plant: Quercus acutifolia, Q. castanea, Q. crassifolia and Q. crassipes (section Lobatae within Quercus). 

  Biology: only known from an asexual generation. 

  Distribution: currently known only from Mexico. Originally recorded only from the state of Michoacan. New records from Oaxaca, Puebla and Mexico states added here extend the distribution of this species.

  Remarks: K. doctorrosae can be easily distinguished from the other known species of Kokkocynips by the regular well-marked reticulate sculpture on the metasomal terga. Congruent with the morphological similarity of both adults and galls, this species is sister to the Nearctic species K. imbricariae in the multi-locus phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 1), and forms a close cluster with K. imbricariae and K. difficilis based on cytb distances (all just over 5% divergent; Table 1).


description:
  Quercus brandegeei added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://bugguide.net/node/view/1022251/bgimage). 


description:
  A typical Belonocnema gall differing in being found along the midrib rather than the lateral veins and on the upper rather than lower side of the leaf. Observed on Quercus brandegeei in Baja California Sur in February with emergence holes. 


description:
  These galls are characterized by greatly enlarged and swollen sheaths at the base of Pinus edulis needles. Both needles in the galled fascicle are significantly stunted in growth and die much sooner than healthy needles, likely after the adult midges exit the gall. One dissected gall revealed two Cecidomyiid larvae inside the swollen sheath. Galls have been found in Colorado and New Mexico. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/343/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus crystallinus n. sp.

  I have received at different times from Mrs. E. H. King, of Napa City, Cala., a singular species of gall which grows in clusters on the leaves of Q. agrifolia? usually but not invariably on the under side. Full grown galls are from .30 in length to .13 in diameter, but only a few seem to reach maturity. Some are mere points. They are often quite dense clusters and remind one of our common A. flocci Walsh, by their woolly appearance, but the bright pinkish wool is resolved by the magnifier into a beautiful mass of brittle crystalline fibres. The largest galls terminate in an elongated neck, the lower half of which is generally smooth, while the upper part branches out tree-like. So far as I can discover these galls contain neither woody fibre nor cellulose tissue. They bear no resemblance to any ordinary vegetable growth ; but the body of the gall and the crystalline frost-work that covers it have a clear, semi-transparency, more or less pinkish, like beautifully tinted glass. The galls have a strong astringent taste, and are nearly pure tannic acid. On opening two mature galls I found two dead but fully matured gall- flies. Each gall contains two chambers, one above the other, with a very thin partition between them. The larva matures in the lower chamber.

  This species differs materially from A. echinus O. S., though the galls bear a close resemblance to that species as described by Baron Osten Sacken. The black body of the insect, and the entire absence of clouds or spots in the subhyaline wings seem to separate them specifically.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305399#page/485/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis milleri, new species

  Host. — Quercus agrifolia Née, Quercus californica Cooper, Quercus wislizeni A. de Candolle. 

  Gall. — A compact stony-hard mass containing four to a score or more confluent cells inside of and in Agrifolia and Wislizeni acorns more or less filling the interior of the acorn, which is frequently reduced in size (fig. 2). The woody mass thus occupies the center of the acorn instead of the cotyledons, extends its whole length, and when the acorn is cut open can be lifted out intact. In California the acorns are of normal size and the cotyledons are present but distorted. Occurs in late summer or fall in acorns of current season's crop. See notes on Biorhiza eldoradensis (Beutenmüller), p. 7. 

  Habitat. — The type locality is Pacific Grove, California, where affected Agrifolia acorns were collected November 15, 1913, by Mr. J. W. Miller, who reared 20 adults March 8-27, 1915, sent in with galls under Hopkins U. S. No. 10867b and for whom the species is named. The writer collected some at Palo Alto, August 10, 1915, and cut out a pupa September 17, 1917, and a living fly December 19, 1917, indicating that transformation takes place the fall before emergence. The writer has also taken the galls at Alpine, Pasadena, Santa Barbara, Paso Robles, Los Gatos, and St. Helena, California. The writer found similar galls in old Wislizeni acorns at Camp Baldy, June 15, 1918, and living adults were cut out December 2, 1919, and an equal number of larvae found indicating that the emergence is distributed over at least two seasons. These flies agree with those from Agrifolia acorns except that they average 2.6 mm instead of 2.8 mm in length. Similar ones were seen in the San Gabriel River canyon in the San Gabriel Mountains and at Bagby in the Sierras. Mr. F. H. Herbert sent in similar galls in acorns in California from Onion Valley, in El Dorado County, under Hopkins U. S. No. 13643c and from Los Gatos under Hopkins U. S. No. 13673e. From the latter, five flies emerged March 31 to April 15. They are similar to the others except in being larger, averaging 3.1 mm, and they are included in the type series.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305399#page/464/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis flora, new species

  Host. — Quercus wislizeni 

  Gall. — An abrupt smooth and polished swelling of the midrib on the under side at the base of the leaf blade and rarely extending half the length of the leaf, 10-30 mm. long by 6-9 mm. in diameter; polythalamous, hard. 

  Habitat. — The type locality is Mount Tamalpais, Marin County, California, where galls were collected May 25, 1918. Galls were also collected at Camp Baldy June 15. In both cases flies issued and died in the packets before August 14. The galls were seen also at Bagby, Los Gatos, and Santa Margarita. The new galls start to develop in April and are full grown in about a month. A similar gall occurs on Q. agrifolia, and when reared it will probably prove to be caused by this species.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32293#page/147/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus cinnamomeus n. sp.

  Gall — A small, cone-shaped bud gall measuring 0.35 to 0.40 inch in length by 0.15 to 0.17 inch in diameter, covered with short deformed leaf scales. The egg is evidently deposited in the fall or midsummer, causing an abnormal development of the bud and bud scales, which cover the gall. The larval cell is thin, whitish in color, cocoon-shaped, and attached to one side at the base of the gall. One might easily cut into and open the gall without finding it, for unless he accidentally cuts into the side where the cell is situated, it would remain undiscovered.

  Described from several specimens bred in April 1887. Occurs on Quercus parvifolia.

  [Andricus calycicola n. sp.](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7475061)

  Gall - A small, smooth, hard, but thin shelled globular form .10 to .15 inch in diameter, issuing from a bud, but occasionally enclosed by the bud scales or by an aborted acorn cup. This gall develops very rapidly in the fall (October) and it drops to the ground where under the fallen debris the final transformations of the single enclosed larva is consummated, gnawing its way out of the gall in February. 

  Host - Quercus laurifolia [NOTE: this host record is suspect since it's in a different section than Q. chapmanii. Weld (1922) synonymized A. calycicola with A. cinnamomeus.]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114064#page/141/mode/1up
description:
  Liodora dumosae, new species

  Host: Quercus dumosa Nutt. 

  Gall: Conical, thin-walled, 3 mm. long, erect, at margin of leaf, black when dry. 

  Habitat: The types are from galls collected at Stanford, Calif., May 3, 1922, the adults emerging May 10. Paratypes are from Newhall, Lakeport, and Ukiah, Calif. Galls have been seen also on Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arm, Q. lobata Nee, and Q garryana Dougl.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/340/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus kingi n. sp.

  Gall. — A broad, ovate, saucer-shaped base terminating in a small, slender cone with incurved sides. The point of the cone is open down to the flattened larval cell which lies close to the base of the gall. The surface is closely pubescent and of a smoky gray color. They are about one-'fourth* of an inch long and one-fifth in diameter across the widest part of the base or rim of the saucer. The leaves to which they are attached are those of Q. alba, I think.

  Gall-flies. — Two females bred from galls sent me by Mr. E. H. King, of Napa City, Cal.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/336/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus parmula n. sp.

  Galls. — Minute, flat, saucer shaped, with a slight elevation in the center. This central portion is the small larval cell. They are sessile on the under side of the leaves of a species of oak unknown to me. They are only .08 of an inch across the top, and are of a fine red color. They are, in habit, very much like a species found on Q. alba, but are very much smaller, and the white oak gall is a pale blue color. I am not sure that the white oak gall has yet been reared. There are several other species that somewhat resemble this one. I received these galls from Mrs. E. H. King, of Napa City, California.

  Dryophanta discus n. sp.
  Galls. - Among the galls sent me several years ago by Mrs E. H. King, from Napa City, Cal., were a few specimens from which no insects appeared, but from which I removed three dead but perfectly developed individuals. The galls were circular, flat sessile disks growing in clusters on the under sides of the leaves of some species of oak, closely resembling Q. alba; but I am not sure this oak grows in that section. The galls are hardly one-eighth of an inch in diameter, and except in size and color might be taken for what is, I think, called the blue spangle gall, not uncommon on the white oak in the Atlantic States. It is smaller and lacks the blue color.
  The shape suggests the trivial name.
  https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522412


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15672479#page/374/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus crenatus, n. sp.

  Host. — Quercus dumosa and Q. douglasii.

  Gall (pl, 17, fig, 18). — A spangle about 4 mm. in diameter, usually on the upper side of the leaf, saucer shaped, with a thin crenate margin when young in August and with a prominent hump in center, Wlien mature in fall there is a lens-shaped larval cavity inside, on the floor of which is a thin, white, circular disk from which prominent lines radiate. Galls on Quercus douglasii are less crenate. 

  Habitat. — The type is from a series of dead adults cut out of galls collected on Quercus dumosa at Los Gatos, Calif,, on December 13, 1935. Others, all from California, are from the San Bernardino Mountains, San Jacinto Mountains, and Banning; other paratypes emerged November 19, 1935, from galls collected at Colfax, on Quercus douglasii a few days previously ; others are from Stanford University and Angels Camp. Similar galls have been seen on Quercvs engelmanni at Santa Anita, Calif. Adults not included in the type series have been reared from galls on Quercus garryana at Siskiyou summit north of Holbrook, Calif. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/336/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus albobalani, new species

  Host. — Quercus dumosa.

  Gall (fig. 45). — A single non-separable cell developed in the wall of acorn toward its base. Affected acorns are undersized, lopsided, firmly fastened in cup and remain on tree. Sometimes two in an acorn. Exit hole in wall of acorn near apex. Found in fall and winter.

  Habitat. — Type locality, Boulevard, Calif., where affected acorns were collected on March 2, 1922, and seven living adults cut out. Transformation probably occurs in the fall and emergence in the spring. The finding of larvae in a few of the galls in March indicates that some individuals hold over and emerge the second spring. Similar galls were seen on the same oak at Descanso, Paraiso Springs, Los Gatos, St. Helena, and Lakeport.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305399#page/479/mode/1up
description:
  Biorhiza eldoradensis (Beutenmuller)

  Andricus eldoradensis Beutenmuller

  They were from Ashland, Oregon, reared from acorns of califomica of the 1914, crop, collected by P. D. Sergent on September 5. 1914. Unfortunately no acorns were preserved, but the adults were said to occur "in gall pockets on the inner surface of the acorn shells" and 8 were obtained from three acorns. The flies emerged September 5-October 7, 1914. 

  Host.—Quercus agrifolia Nee, Quercus densiflora Lindley, and Quercus californica Cooper.

  Gall.—The gall produced by this species is undescribed. Separate woody cells are produced in the acorns, which are somewhat distorted in shape and usually undersized (fig. 1). They are always in the lower third of the acorn and the cell is adherent to the wall of the acorn and not separable from it, projecting slightly into the interior cavity, which has a velvety lining and may contain traces of the cotyledons. An acorn may contain from one to half a dozen of these cells at various points around its periphery and the flies make separate holes to the exterior through the acorn cup. Occurs in late summer and autumn in acorns of current season's crop.

  At the time the species was first described, it was associated with a stony mass of galls more or less filling the interior of the acorn, the work of a new species described in the present paper as Callirhytis milleri Weld, page 11. Although this stony gall and the Eldoradensis flies bore the same Koebele number, Beutenmueller suggested that the two might have nothing to do with each other. C. milleri produces a confluent mass of cells in the interior which can be lifted out intact; Eldoradensis produces separate cells in the base of acorn not separable from the wall. The type galls of Eldoradensis consist of one acorn of each kind. The writer has seen both species working in the same acorn, but the two types of work are easily recognized.

  Habitat.—Acorns of Quercus agrifolia affected by this species have been seen by the writer at Newhall, Piru, Fillmore, in Ojai Valley, Montecito, Santa Barbara, Paraiso Springs, Los Gatos, Berkeley, and St. Helena, California. Those of Quercus wislizeni in San Gabriel River canyon above Azusa, at Santa Margarita, Los Gatos, and Bagby, California.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16270737#page/371/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis dubiosa n. sp.

  Gall (PI. XXIII, tig. 1). A small, brown, thin-shelled gall arising, several together, in the staminate ament of Quercus agrifolia. The gall is about 3 or 4 mms. long, rather angulate and more or less clavate. Polythalamous.


description:
  An abrupt swelling of unopened flower buds on Ribes aureum. Galls are fresh in late March in California. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22852#page/285/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips longicornis, n. sp.

  Gall. — A large "oak-apple" with a very thin shell and a single larval cell in the middle of a soft, light and spongy mass, not unlike that of A. spongifica O. S. It is an inch and a half long and an inch and a quarter thick, My galls (only two) were received from Mr. W. R. Maxwell, of Palestine, Texas. Coming through the mail they were badly crushed and in such poor condition that I was surprised, some months later, to find in the breeding cage a fine large gall-fly. Owing to my neglect it had been somewhat injured by mites. Species of oak unknown. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32322#page/93/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips caroliniensis n. sp.

  The galls belong to the oak-apple family, and much resemble those of A. sponglfica O. S. and A. coccinea O. S., but the surface is more coarsely reticulated and less glossy, and internally the spongy mass surrounding the larval cell is of a much darker color. The shell is also much thinner, and, in my dried specimens, is irregularly shrunken and depressed, until they look like pressed figs. I am not sure as to the species of oak on which they grew, but the few immature leaves that came with the galls seem to be those of Q. obtusiloba. The galls are attached to the midvein near the base of the leaf and prevent its development beyond the point of attachment; they are as large as those of A. spongifica, and differ widely from A. cinerea described by Mr. Ashmead.

  I received this species from Mr. M. E. Hyams, of Statesville, N. C


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23810#page/702/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus ilicifoliae n. sp.

  Quercus ilicifolia. Elongated, fusiform galls growing on the upper side of the leaves of Q. ilicifolia, and standing erect, or nearly so — sometimes entirely preventing the development of the leaf, and apparently growing out of the petiole. The central nucleus containing the larvae, is kept in place by radiating woody fibres as in C. q. inanis 0. S. The largest galls are two inches in length and seven-eighths of an inch in diameter ; average size about one and three-fourths inches long, and three-fourths in diameter. Apex rather longer and more slender than the basal portion, and often considerably curved. 

  These galls are of the same dark green as the leaves. Many are found very much smaller than those described above, but they produce parasitic flies. Baron Osten Sacken writes me that he met with numbers of these galls in Pennsylvania several years ago. They are rather rare here (Conn.)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22852#page/297/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus juglans n. sp. [gall only]

  QUERCUS ALBA. White Oak? Large, round gall of a hard corky substance, growing on the branches; a round, hollow space in the center. Diameter 0.75-0.95. 

  I found a couple of these galls in winter, on the ground, under an oak, the species of which I was unable to ascertain. Afterwards, Mr. Hitz, of the Maryland Agricultural College, communicated to me a number of these galls, with the statement that they grow on the branches of the white oak. All these galls, as well as those found by myself, were somewhat shrunken and wrinkled on the surface, probably from the effects of dryness. They are easily distinguished from the galls of C q. globulus Fitch by their large size and their much harder substance. It requires some effort to cut them open, whereas, the dry galls of C. q. globulus can be easily cracked. For the same reason the kernel of the latter gall can be more easily detached from the surrounding corky substance, than that of the other gall. The greater part of the galls which I cut open contained a cluster of small evidently parasitical larvae. In two or three, however, I found a single Cynipideous larva. I did not succeed in rearing it, but obtained several kinds of parasites.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23810#page/659/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips prunus [new name]

  I found last August and early in September, in very great numbers both on Q. rubra and Q. tinctoria, growing on the side of the cup of the acorn, a globular, smooth, plum-like, fleshy, intensely bitter gall, about .50-.75 inch in diameter, mottled with yellowish and crimson outside, and internally yellowish in the centre and towards the circumference pink like a watermelon. This gall, of which I forwarded a specimen to Baron Osten Sacken, is thought by him to be identical with his Q. juglans, which was described only from dry, shrivelled-up specimens, and which was stated by Mr. Hitz who found it "to grow on the branches of the White Oak," (Q. alba.) a species that belongs to the first section of Quercus. Either Mr. Hitz must have been mistaken, both as to the tree and the part of the tree on which he found Q. juglans O. S., or else my gall is a distinct species. If so, I propose for it the name of Q. prunus. It is the only N. A. Cynipidous gall known so far to grow on the acorn, though, judging from the names, the European Cynipidous galls, q. calicis and q. baccarum, grow the one on the cup of the acorn, like Q. prunus, and the other on the acorn itself.


description:
  Russo's book, Plant Galls of the Western United States (2021), identifies the host of this midge as *Salvia mellifera*, known as black sage, but suggests that it might occur on other sages as well. 

  On the other hand, according to Gagné and Jaschhof, A Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World (5th Edition - 2021), the hosts of this midge, which they list as native to California, are *Salvia californica* and *Salvia nivea*. *S. californica* is an outdated synonym for *S. apiana*, "white sage"; *S. nivea* was a name misapplied to what is now called *S. leucophylla* (see e.g. Epling 1938).

  Although both *S. apiana* and *S. mellifera* are native to California, the few iNaturalist observations of this gall seem to occur on *S. mellifera*, but most of the galls with roughly the right shape and size are green, rather than purplish red. 


description:
  Quercus turbinella added as a host based on <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/149703828">this unconfirmed observation</a>.


description:
  ...reared from deformed leaves on sea blite, *Suaeda* or *Dondia multiflora*, [*S. multiflora* is currently the name of a Chilean plant that does not occur in California; POWO lists *D. multiflora* under *S. nigra* currently] collected... at Point Fermine, Calif....

  The gall is a blackish, globose, sessile, leafy deformation with a diameter of 3 mm.


description:
  Trisetacus sequoiae . . . colonizes and damages the buds, causing browning of the scales and some of the leaves behind the growing point and preventing further growth of lateral buds. As long as the buds or terminal shoots are infested, no new growth develops. [photos on page 99] 

  Specimens were collected in buds of redwood during September along the northern California coast. 


description:
  The mites attack the buds and inhibit elongation of the shoot; the result is a visible configuration of the affected structure somewhat similar to a rosette. There is considerable crowding and bunching together of malformed, stunted, thickened shoots and aborted buds with short outgrowths.


description:
  Mite infestation of the flower buds inhibits elongation of the flowering stems and lateral branches. There is considerable distortion of the galled structure, which appears cauliflowerlike and of variable size or which forms clusters of aborted and contorted lateral branches, foliage, and flower heads. Since the flower stems fail to produce flowers, the reproductive capacity of the plant is greatly reduced. . . . Eriophyes chondrillae was introduced into California as a biological control agent. 


description:
  The redberry mite, Acalitus essigi, was found on Himalaya berry in California in 1921. It was subsequently reported on blackberry in California and Washington. It causes the well-known redberry disease, which forms an interesting and attractive contrast as a result of the mite feeding on the fruit between the drupelets and around the core. Infested berries show swollen, brilliant red or pink and greenish drupelets among unaffected purple or maroon drupelets. Some berries
  have entirely red drupelets. Affected berries remain red or green and do not ripen normally. Often berries of late maturing varieties are seriously infested.


description:
  Acalitus vaccinii is one of the major pests of blueberry. This mite attacks the buds, which become succulent, fleshy, and closely packed in clusters or rosettes on the stem; they fail to expand and bloom. This results in the production of fewer berries and leaves, or bud loss. Affected berries appear roughened and malformed and may show small, reddish pimples or blisters. Infested plants in the field are easily recognized by the clustering or rosetting of the buds, which are sometimes abundant, and by marked discoloration of berries. . . 

  It is present throughout the Eastern States and along the coastal areas from Canada to Florida and Texas. Keifer (1941) stated that this mite '"occurs on wild and
  cultivated vacciniaceous plants, especially high bush types of Vaccinium spp." Acalitus vaccinii also infests huckleberry. 


externallink: https://www.lib.uidaho.edu/digital/uiext/items/uiext30646.html
description:
  The honeysuckle witches' broom aphid (Hyadaphis tataricae (Aizenberg)) ... causes unsightly witches' broom distortions on many ornamental varieties of honeysuckle. Terminal leaves and branches are greatly reduced in size, and leaves fold along the midvein to enclose the aphid colonies on their upper surfaces. Bushes can be severely damaged and occasionally die.

  The aphids are small (less than l/l2 inch long), pale army green, and covered with fuzzy gray wax. Because aphids are hidden inside folded leaves and covered with wax, the witches' brooms have sometimes been mistaken for plant disease symptoms.


description:
  The galls began as cankers at wounds on loropetalum and were dark with rough edges, progressing laterally until they girdled stems, causing branch dieback ... Galls were dry ...


description:
  GALL
  the root collar and roots are strongly swollen, spindle-shaped; there is no gall chamber.

  HOST PLANTS
  Brassicaceae, broadly oligophagous:

  Aethionema saxatile; Alliaria petiolata; Alyssoides utriculata; Alyssum alyssoides, desertorum, montanum; Arabidopsis arenosa, suecica, thaliana; Arabis; Armoracia rusticana; Aubrieta columnae, deltoidea, pinardii; Aurinia petraea, saxatilis; Barbarea stricta, verna, vulgaris; Berteroa incana; Biscutella auriculata, didyma, laevigata; Brassica oleracea; Braya alpina; Bunias erucago, orientalis; Calepina irregularis; Camelina; Capsella bursa-pastoris, orientalis, rubella; Cardamine amara, parviflora, pratensis; Cardaria draba; Coclearia anglica, danica, groenlandica, officinalis; Coincya monensis subsp. cheirantho, wrightiis; Conringia orientalis; Crambe abyssinica, maritima, tataria; Descuriania sophia; Diplotaxis erucoides; Draba; Erophila verna; Eruca vesicaria; Erucastrum gallicum, nasturtiifolium; Erysimum cheiranthoides, cheiri, crepidifolium, hieraciifolium, odoratum; Hesperis kotschyana, matronalis, tristis; Hirschfeldia incana; Iberis; Isatis glauca, praecox, tinctoria; Lepidium campestre, coronopus, densiflorum, didymum, ruderale, sativum, viriginium; Lobularia maritima; Lunaria annua, rediviva; Malcolmia africana, flexuosa, maritima, orsiniana subsp. angulifolia; Matthiola incana, longipetala subsp. bicornis, tricuspidata; Myagrum perfoliatum; Nasturtium; Neslia paniculata; Petrocallis pyrenaica; Raphanus raphanistrum & subsp. rostratus, sativus; Rapistrum perenne, rugosum; Rorippa austriaca, islandica, sylvestris; Sinapis alba, arvensis & subsp. allionii; Sisymbrium; Syrenia cana; Thlaspi.

  References to Papaver, Reseda and especially Agrostis, Fragaria, Holcus, Lolium by Brandenburger, Klenke & Scholler need further confirmation.

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/cercozoa/plasmodiophoromycota/plasmodiophoromycetes/plasmodiophorales/plasmodiophoraceae/plasmodiophora/plasmodiophora-brassicae/


description:
  Clubroot disease, caused by the protist pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, is responsible for extensive damage to oilseed rape and brassica vegetable crops. ... P. brassicae, grows intracellularly in host root systems and manipulates the development of the belowground parts of the plant to form distinctive galls. Cellular reprograming ... allows the pathogen to acquire host nutrients and secure space for resting spore formation


description:
  Swollen, aborted flower buds (146) .... Asphondylia integrifoliae Felt

  Infested flowers are about twice the diameter of normal flowers. One larva occurs per flower and pupates there. Adults emerge from the current year's flowers, so there may be another generation of a different part of the plant. Hosts: R. integrifolia, R. trilobata. Distr.: Utah and California. Ref.: Felt (1916).


description:
  The [2021 Gagne & Jaschhof catalog](https://www.gallformers.org/source/287) lists only "Cupressus nootkatensis" as a host, but Russo 2021 says gall also occurs on pymgy cypress and possibly other cypresses. 

  Most iNaturalist observations of "Chamaediplosis nootkatensis," however, are on Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa).


description:
  Thick-walled polythalamous galls in the buds of white group oaks. Found on both terminal and lateral buds and both flower and leaf buds. Male wasps emerge very early in the spring, shortly after the beginning of budbreak, leaving distinct egress holes in buds. Typically buds with such holes fail to continue developing, but some buds may develop as normal. When dissected, buds with egress holes more often than not contain maturing pupae or adults, presumed to be those of the females of the same species, which emerge within the following weeks. Females presumed to belong to this species have been observed ovipositing in the lower midrib of young leaves. Hosts include Quercus macrocarpa, muehlenbergii, stellata, and sinuata. Original records on Quercus laceyi were a mistake; however, later collections discovered that a gall of this form does in fact occur on Q laceyi. 

  Unlike many late-winter/early spring cryptic bud galls on white-group oaks, these are sexual generation galls. Unlike many cryptic sexual generation bud galls on white-group oaks, they emerge at the beginning of spring, not the middle or end. 


description:
  [This source seems to suggest that Taphrina confusa may also gall leaves, shoots, and petioles.]

  Taphrina confusa ... gall [s]imilar to T. padi, but on different host plants.

  [Taphrina padi page] less conspicuously, probably also less frequently, also leaves and young shoots are galled.

  [Note that Mix had described T. padi, a European gall, simply as "Causing deformed fruits (pockets)."]

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/dikarya/ascomycota/taphrinomycotina/taphrinomycetes/taphrinomycetidae/taphrinales/taphrinaceae/taphrina/taphrina-padi/


description:
  Taphrina farlowii ... Until recently leaf curls in Prunus serotina were attributed in the European literature to Taphrina deformans. However, German mycologists discovered that a separate species was involved, that in the United States commonly was associated with this plant. 

  [click below for photos of leaf blisters and leaf curls]

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/dikarya/ascomycota/taphrinomycotina/taphrinomycetes/taphrinomycetidae/taphrinales/taphrinaceae/taphrina/taphrina-farlowii/


description:
  [G]alls appearing dark amber-brown from included residue, invaginating at apex after drying out to become broadly cup-shaped, or collapsing and looking like empty insect eggs.
  On lower leaves, petioles and stems of Eremocarpus sp. ...
  [G]enerally similar to [S. papillatum and S. trichophilum] by the type of galls which it causes [but] do[es] not become papillate and develop an „abscission" ring ... 


description:
  Please ID tongue galls on Alnus incana tenuifolia as caused by Taphrina occidentalis

  According to A.J. Mix, Alnus incana tenuifolia, which in the 1940s and 50s was referred to as Alnus tenuifolia, hosts <b>Taphrina occidentalis. </b>A. incana tenuifolia, called "Thinleaf alder," is not native to eastern N. America, but does occur throughout the western states and provinces.


description:
  taken from at least 2 species of Tabebuia (Bignoniaceae), in Puerto Rico, Florida, and Hispaniola. Adults and larvae feed on very young foliage, inducing obvious gall-like deformations ... All life stages of the new Holopothrips species coexist within galled leaves. 

  [click link below for photos]

externallink:
  https://bioone.org/journals/florida-entomologist/volume-91/issue-2/0015-4040_2008_91_232_ANGSOH_2.0.CO_2/A-New-Gall-inducing-Species-of-Holopothrips-Thysanoptera--Phlaeothripinae/10.1653/0015-4040(2008)91[232:ANGSOH]2.0.CO;2.full


description:
  Damage typically first appears as large dimples in the leaf between each main side vein, accompanied by spot chlorosis and cell necrosis. Further damage causes the edges of the leaves to curl centrally toward the midline. In advanced cases, the edges of each leaflet may overlap or completely curl inward to enclose the gall-like dimpled areas, which also encloses the thrips and provides protection for them. Each affected leaflet will ultimately be reduced to a narrow, distorted structure which severely reduces the area available for photosynthesis. 

  [This alert pre-dates scientific description of H. tabebuia. Included here because of its excellent description of the gall.]


description:
  Large, globular, green galls found at the base of leaves of Cryptantha pterocarya. Galls are covered in erect white hairs and appear to be an integral swelling of the leaf, and sometimes occur on flower buds as well. A Cecidomyiid larva emerged from a gall collected in Arizona in March, suggesting that this species may pupate in soil. 


description:
  A small larval cell hidden within the midrib of Notholithocarpus densiflorus, producing a very slight swelling. Noticeable as of November and (likely old) March when an emergence hole is visible. Sometimes causing the leaf to bend.

  [Adults reared from these galls]( https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?verifiable=any&verifiable=any&place_id=any&field:Gallformers%20Code=n-densiflorus-midrib-cell&user_id=norikonbu&term_id=1&term_value_id=2) (3 females emerged in January from galls collected in December in Mendocino County; 3 females emerged in March from galls collected in February in Sonoma County, CA) were analyzed by Dr. James Nicholls, and his preliminary result in June 2024 confirmed that they were Andricus notholithocarpi from galltype #4 (authors’ field code spCA18), which was previously only known by the sequencing of dissected larvae. Further morphological comparison by his team is needed to determine whether this is the same generation as other galltypes. (See also [https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2484]( https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2484).)


description:
  GALL
  Spermogonia numerous, yellow, epiphyllous. Aecia hypophyllous. [click below for photos]

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/dikarya/basidiomycota/pucciniomycotina/pucciniomycetes/pucciniales/uredineae/pucciniaceae/puccinia/puccinia-poarum/


description:
  According to Wikipedia (accessed 4/1/2023) "Puccinia poarum, the coltsfoot gall rust ... forms a yellow to orange gall, 1–2 cm in diameter, on the underside of leaves of coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara). It also infects, but does not gall grasses of the family Poaceae. P. poarum is a genetically diverse species that has been reported on at least seventy plant hosts.


description:
  Quercus nigra added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/153069569). 


description:
  A small spherical gall on the filament of the male flower of Quercus fusiformis. Green when it first appears, developing purple marks which eventually coalesce to leave only circular spots of green. This gall resembles [Neuroterus quaili](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2130) as well as [an undescribed gall from Quercus garryana](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3634). Male and female wasps were observed on budding flowers, including some associated with this gall by oviposition bagging, suggesting that it is an agamic generation gall. The galls are thick-walled and show no evidence of a larval cell in early April when most drop from the tree. 

  Female wasps emerged from galls of this type over the winter following the spring they first appeared. Unpublished genetic sequencing by the Nicholls lab confirms they are conspecific with males and females that emerged from [these cryptic bud galls](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/5410) before flowering. 


description:
  There may be a nearly identical lepidoptera gall.  A gall matching the description and photo on this webpage, which was found in Orange County, CA (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/153294152), proved to contain a caterpillar. 


description:
  Seen in Riverside County, CA in late March. Flower gall on Encelia californica. Several phyllaries [bracts] have swollen to resemble seed pods. 

  Several similar flower galls on E. farinosa have also tentatively been included here.


description:
  "Tamalia glaucensis [is] the only Tamalia aphid known to induce galls on A. glauca.The gall is distinctively flattened and shaped like a lima bean, unlike other Tamalia galls, which tend to be cylindrical ... bright green, ripening to red ..."


description:
  [Host] Citrus spp. Grapefruit, Lemon, Lime, Orange, Other Citrus

  Deformed buds, flowers, leaves, and fruit caused by
  Eriophyes [now Aceria] sheldoni Ewing

  The citrus bud mite['s] ... feeding within the buds invariably results in distortion of shoot growth, excessive and grotesque deformation of fruit, foliage, and blossoms, discoloration of fruit, and more commonly the production of numerous buds. The last may develop abortive twigs in tight clusters resembling witches'-broom and bunched terminal growth of distorted stems and leaves. Most malformed fruit drops prematurely. Mature lemon fruit shows blackened areas on the rind
  beneath the sepals (buttons), where large colonies of mites are concealed. Deformed leaves and blossoms assume various shapes; the leaf blades are constricted at their middle, curled and twisted, and divided and divergent at the tips; and the blossoms are stunted and abnormal. The symptoms of injury on oranges are similar to those on lemons except fruit deformation is not so grotesque. Affected oranges usually develop to maturity, but they are commonly flattened, resembling the shape of tomatoes; or there are skin folds, seams and ridges, or small apertures in the stylar end. 


description:
  [Host:] Fraxinus sp. Ash
  Inflorescence gall caused by Eriophyes fraxinivorus Nalepa

  The infested inflorescence shows swollen and fused pedicels of individual flowers, often involving the peduncle or stalk. There is considerable distortion, and when the infestation is severe, every inflorescence is galled. Fully developed galls are conspicuously brownish, lumpy, and unsightly, usually remaining attached to the twigs from one season to the next. Galled inflorescences can be found throughout the year and are locally abundant ... European species

  [photos p. 88]


description:
  Quercus nigra added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/153955204). 


description:
  Relatively large, robust spindle shaped bud galls covered in facets elongating to rounded red-purple tips. The gall begins green and turns white as it matures, but the tips are apparently purple even when the gall is quite young, dense at first and spreading out as it matures. The overall appearance resembles a strawberry. They emerge from buds on Quercus sinuata in the spring at budbreak, entirely replacing the leaves or flowers that would otherwise have developed, or occasionally developing on the edge of a young leaf. Observed in early April in Texas. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23810#page/699/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus formosa n. sp.

  Quercus rubra. A cluster of forty or fifty elongate-ovate galls on a branch of a young red oak tree. They are from three-fourths of an inch to an inch in length, and a half an inch in diameter in the middle, tapering to a point at the ends; covered with a short, velvety pubescence, and when dry, ridged like a melon; the inside, a cork-like substance adhering closely to the larval cell, and divided lengthwise into many parts like the dissepiments of the seed-vessels of various kinds of plants; monothalamous - the cell one-tenth of an inch long.

  The flies have not yet left the gall (Nov. 25) though they have been in the imago state for several weeks, and crawled about actively when the galls were opened. They may be imprisoned by the hard dry gall, but I am inclined to think, that, like some other species, they remain in the galls in the perfect state through the winter and come out early in the spring.

  The galls of this species are very rare. I have found only two clusters, and one of these was much eaten by some Lepidopterous larva, and the larvae of the true gall fly were destroyed. Only a part of the galls in the other cluster were developed as described above; the smallest were not larger than grains of barley, but contained larvae, and have produced true gall flies. Their diminutive size was owing, apparently, to their being closely crowded. 

  This and the species next described, C. q. ventricosa n. sp., are readily distinguished from any other American species yet described, by the female, (male as yet unknown,) having fifteen distinct antennal joints. Dr. Fitch (N. Y. Rep. Vol. 2. No. 309) speaks of having, in his collection, a female gall fly with fifteen jointed antennae, but he does not describe it, nor the gall from which it came. 

  Westwood (Syn. Gen. Br. Insects) does not characterize any genus of the family Cynipidae as having more than the female 14, and the male 15 antennal joints — but the male of my C q. singularis* (Proc. Ent. Soc. Pliila. Vol. 2nd. p. 32(3) has 16-jointed antennae, and C. q. scitula — a new species described in this paper — also has the same number. The females of both these species have only 13 joints, the terminal one long and connately divided in the middle. 

  C. q. formosa and the species next described are evidently closely related, for besides the 15-jointed antennae of the 9 there are other points of resemblance; and the remarkable difference in the colors of the two species, the ripple-marked thorax of C. q. formosa, and the widely different galls from different species of oak, are the most marked specific characters. The shape of the abdomen of both species is peculiar; different in form, and, I think, in structure, from any other species I am acquainted with, but I have not yet sufficiently studied the structure to describe it well, and have simply, in my description, noticed the vertical diameter as equalling or exceeding the length. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22092#page/119/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips corrugis, n. sp.

  This species is founded on a single specimen which I took from the claws of a small spider that had evidently just killed it. The spider was in a cluster of the sterile flowers of Quercus prinoides. The capture was made on the 11th of May. This species is remarkable for the almost diaphanous wing veins, the pedicellate abdomen, and the coarsely corrugated sculpturing of the thorax. It is a female, and may have been in the act of ovipositing in the young acorns or the buds of this oak when killed by the spider. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305399#page/489/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis petrosa, new species

  Host. — Quercus brevifolia Sargent. [Quercus incana]

  Gall. — A mass of confluent woody cells inside the acorn in place of the normal cotyledons. Found in fall affecting acorns of current season's crop and causing them to be more or less stunted in size. 

  Habitat. — The type locality is Palestine, Texas, where affected acorns were collected October 16, 1917. Five living flies were cut out of galls on December 1, 1919, and as full-grown larvae were also found the emergence is distributed over at least two seasons. The normal emergence is probably in the spring. Similar galls were seen at Ocala and at St. Petersburg, Florida, in autumn of 1919.

  Callirhytis corrugis (Bassett)

  This species was described from one specimen taken on May 11 at Waterbury, Connecticut, from the claws of a spider on flowers of Q. prinoides. It is preserved in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, where the writer has examined it. It is a Callirhytis with nonciliate fore wings, pale venation, simple claws, and is clearly related to those species known to have been reared from stone galls in acorns. The mesoscutum is rugose all over, not tranversely so, coarser behind, the transverse groove at base of scutellum is rugose and of uniform width so that disk is rounded in front, the carinae of propodeum converge slightly above and the first and second cross-veins are not clouded. Determined as this species without direct comparison with the type, the writer has specimens taken at Great Falls, Virginia, and others taken ovipositing in buds of Q. coccinea at Washington on March 27, 1921. Some of these specimens have 13 and others 14 segments in antenna, while corrugis was described as 14-segmented, but the number may vary. If these are correctly determined the only character so far found to separate them from petrosa Weld is the length of the ovipositor, ratio 3.26 in petrosa and 4.8 in those determined as corrugis. The gall of corrugis is still unknown. The sculpture of the fly suggests that it came from a stone gall in an acorn, probably on coccinea or ilicifolia. The alternating generation is also unknown. 


description:
  Identification to genus based on similarity to gall illustrated in Plate 457 of Ron Russo, Plant Galls of the Western U.S. (2021). 


description:
  "The gall is bright green, mottled with yellow and red ... induced along leaf edges ..."  
  Avg. length 15.5 mm 


description:
  Tetraneura (Tetraneurella) akinire Sasaki, 1904 [Redescription]

  Tetraneura akinire Sasaki, 1904
  Tetraneura fusiformis Matsumura,1917; Eastop & Blackman 2005
  Tetraneura (Tetraneurella) akinire: Hille Ris Lambers, 1970
  Tetraneura (Tetraneurella) nigriabdominalis: Hille Ris Lambers, 1970
  Tetraneura nigriabdominalis: Eastop & Blackman 2005
  See Favret (2021) for other synonymies.

  Host plant: Primary host: U. davidiana var. japonica, U. parvifolia, U. carpinifolia, U. rubra, U. minor, U. campestris, U. laciniata, and U. americana. Secondary host: Setaria spp., Eleusine indica and other gramineous species.

  Distribution: Almost world-wide (Blackman & Eastop 2021).

  Tetraneura nigriabdominalis (Sasaki, 1899) and T. akinire Sasaki, 1904 [Taxonomic history]

  An aphid species attacking upland rice was described under the name Schizoneura nigriabdominalis by Chujiro Sasaki (1899), who reported that this species forms large colonies, including apterous adults, in early July on the roots of upland rice in Tokyo. [. . .] Later, Tanaka (1961) transferred this species to Tetraneura, resulting in the combination T. nigriabdominalis. In the revision of Tetraneura by Hille Ris Lambers (1970), T. nigriabdominalis was redescribed with a neotype designated based on a specimen collected from the roots of Oryza sativa in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. In the revision, Hille Ris Lambers divided this species into four types: first, the gall generation on Ulmus davidiana var. japonica; second, the root generations collected from the roots of upland rice in Japan; third, the root generations collected from grass roots in India and Indonesia; and fourth, the root generations collected from grass roots in Africa and America. Eastop & Blackman (2005) pointed out that all African records of T. nigriabdominalis as well as many of those from Asia should be referred to T. fusiformis, although a Tetraneura species collected on upland rice in East Asia was of the true nigriabdominalis. 

  Later, Sasaki (1904) described an aphid species that induces galls on the leaves of U. parvifolia under the name T. akinire (“akinire” refers to U. parvifolia in Japanese). The locality is not mentioned, but Tokyo is most likely. The type specimens also considered to be lost. Therefore, nigriabdominalis is a specific epithet of root generation, whereas akinire is for gall generation. [. . .] Tetraneura akinire is currently recognized as a junior synonym of T. nigriabdominalis (Blackman & Eastop 2021; Favret 2021). 

  Although the name T. nigriabdominalis has been used by many authors for a long time when referring to gall and root generations, the original description has rarely been checked by researchers. In this study, we examined the original description written in Japanese, and concluded that Schizoneura nigriabdominalis Sasaki, 1899 does not belong to Tetraneura, but probably to Anoecia. 

  Therefore, the name T. akinire Sasaki 1904 was revived for the species that induces galls on U. parvifolia. Tetraneura akinire Sasaki, 1904 is a valid name and a senior synonym of T. fusiformis Matsumura, T. hirsuta (Baker), and T. chinensis Mordvilko. However, it is still unknown whether a Tetraneura species that induces galls on U. davidiana and attacks the roots of upland rice and other gramineous species is T. akinire, and this problem is dealt with in the next section. 

  Although it is difficult to identify aphid species based on gall morphology, three types of galls remain distinctive in the subgenus Tetraneurella distributed in Japan and South Korea: greenish globular galls (Figure 1A-E), reddish or greenish, spindle-shaped galls (F-I), and reddish small globular galls (J-L). Greenish globular galls and spindle-shaped galls were collected in Japan and South Korea. Morphological observations of emigrant adults and their progeny collected from the three types of galls indicated that greenish globular galls from Japan, spindle-shaped galls, and small-sized globular galls were induced by T. ovaliformis sp. nov., T. akinire sensu novo, and T. sorini, respectively. 

  Gall formers of spindle-shaped galls (T. akinire) were separated into two clades, both of which were highly supported by bootstrapping (81% and 99%). This result supported the results of Lee et al. (2012), who indicated that T. nigriabdominalis (= T. akinire sensu novo) consisted of two phylogenetic groups (types A and B). In the present study, type A included samples from Japan, Europe, and North America and also included samples from U. parvifolia and U. davidiana var. japonica. This result suggests that members of type A are widely and commonly distributed in Eurasia and are associated with several species of Ulmus without genetic differentiation.

  In the phylogeny, no genetic differentiation was detected between American samples (Figure 3, 1-2) and Asian samples (3-6), suggesting that the American T. akinire was introduced from Asia.


description:
  This page is for [these](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/132691900) *Rhopalomyia fusiformae*-like galls (in general appearance) observed and photographed on the inflorescence of *Solidago odora* in Madison County, Georgia, by Don Hunter, and communicated to iNaturalist by Bill Sheehan.


description:
  This page is for *Asphondylia solidaginis*-like terminal bud galls observed from *Solidago chapmanii*; e.g. Aidan Marshall's observation uploaded [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/129594176). *Solidago chapmanii* is probably closely related to *Solidago odora*, and has been included in that species in the past. *Asphondylia*-like galls have been reported from *Solidago odora*, as well ([Dorchin et al., 2015](https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12234)) though to my knowledge they have not been assigned to a particular species. Those galls are likely conspecific with these on *Solidago chapmanii*, but they have a separate gallformers page [here](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4951). 


description:
  "Aggregate bud galls that resemble those of *A. monacha* on *S. juncea* and *S. erecta* are known from several other goldenrod species, including *S. patula*, *S. odora*, and an undetermined *Solidago* species from Florida, based on material in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. (USNM)."

  [GF note: Since this publication, *Solidago chapmanii*, formerly a variety of *Solidago odora*, has been elevated to species. It's not clear whether the record above refers to *S. odora* in the strict sense, or instead to *S. chapmanii*. *Asphondylia solidaginis*-like singly-occurring bud galls have been observed on iNaturalist on both *S. chapmanii* and *S. odora*; there is a separate gallformers page for those galls [here](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4950) and [here](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/5796).] 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37074612#page/140/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus florulentus, new species

  Hosts: Quercus dumosa Nutt. and Q. lobata Nee. 

  Gall: Thin-walled, tan, ovate cells scattered singly or in small clusters among the staminate flowers, bearing at apex on either side the shrunken darker anthers. The base is truncate and excavated, unlike the gall of N. floricola Kinsey. Length 1.5 mm. 

  Habitat: Types are from galls collected on flowers of Quercus dumosa Nutt., on Santa Catalina Island, Calif., Mar. 31, 1922, when adults were emerging. More emerged by April 10, and more came out and died by April 15. Similar galls were collected at Palo Alto, Calif., on May 3 on flowers of Quercus lobata Nee, and some of the paratypes are from this lot.


description:
  Numerous small blister galls in the lamina of leaves of Quercus harvadii, overwintering in the leaf and emerging the following spring. 


description:
  HOST PLANTS
  Salicaceae, oligophagous

  Populus nigra, tremula, trichocarpa; Salix alba, aurita, caprea, x fragilis, apponum. 

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/coleoptera/polyphaga/cucujiformia/chrysomeloidea/cerambycidae/lamiinae/saperdini/saperda/saperda-populnea/


description:
  Swollen fruit (380).... Contarinia virginianae (Felt) and Dasineura pergandei Felt

  C. virginianae. Infested fruit are variously shaped and grow to twice normal size but do not develop a stone. Larvae live gregariously in a central cell and drop to the ground when full-grown. Pupation occurs the following spring. (Gagne goes on to describe how multiple other secondary feeders have been reared from these galls but are likely not inducers.) Hosts: P. virginiana, P. serotina, P. sp.; Felt's unpublished notebook lists also the introduced P. cerasus as a host. Distr.: Maine and Ontario to Manitoba and Idaho, south to Virginia and Utah. 


description:
  For *Gnorimoschema*-like galls on *Solidago fistulosa*, such as:
  https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/155945637


description:
  Prodiplosis  . . . 

  falcata. USA (California). Eriogonum latifolium (Polygonaceae); Ericameria ericoides
  (Asteraceae).
   Prodiplosis falcata Gagné 1986b: 244. USA: California, Montana; HT; ♂; USNM


externallink: https://influentialpoints.com/Gallery/Eriosoma_lanigerum_Woolly_apple_aphid.htm#ecocab
description:
  ... Eriosoma lanigerum occurs on both the aerial and the subterranean woody tissue of apple. Compounds in aphid saliva can cause deformations, blisters, splitting and cancer-like swellings of the bark on the trunk, branches or twigs. Galling of aerial plant parts can reach the size of a walnut and interfere with sap circulation. Root infestations also cause galling, and damage to roots encourages secondary infection particularly the formation of root canker ...


description:
   ... Leaf edges roll inward, creating an extremely tight and difficult-to-open gall ...

  [see Plate 481 for photo, etc.]


description:
  Body [of the thrips] mainly pale yellow ... 
  [described from] specimens of thrips that had been collected whilst causing damage (leaf curling) to sea grape ...


description:
  Crataegus mollis added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/160500114). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22852#page/86/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus nigrae n. sp.

  Quercus nigra [marilandica] 

  Irregular, elongated swelling on the under side of the midrib of the leaf.

  Found two specimens, in June. One of them extends for about an inch along the vein, the other is shorter; both are greenish, and about 0.2 or 0.3 broad. Each gall contained several flies, which escaped between the 20th and 22nd of June, after which the larger gall appeared pierced with nine holes. 


description:
  <b>Contarinia zauschneriae vs. Mompha sp.,</b>

  For discussion of the differences from the very similar Mompha sp. gall, also on E. canum, see https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/114576540 and, more recently, https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/175116215 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/69183610.


description:
  Inquilines of the genus Periclistus Förster (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) have lost the ability to induce their own galls, and are obligatorily dependent on completing their development within galls of Diplolepis. Periclistus induce gall tissues of their own from the tissues of the galls they inhabit ... Feeding by Periclistus causes each [Periclistus] larva to be surrounded within its own chamber, and as a result the inquiline-modified galls are structurally different from normal galls ...


description:
  This insect occurs in a purplish, somewhat conical, thick walled, apical bud gall with a length of about 1 cm. and a diameter of 3 mm.This gall develops later than that of Walshomyia texana ... When mature the tip splits, forming four or more irregular lobes, the adult escaping from the apex. This species has been reared from Juniperus monospermum from galls collected near Denver, Colo., in 1914, by Professor E. Bethel and from similar galls on Juniperus utahensis [J. osteospermum] collected by Professor Bethel at Gilluly. Utah, and also from apparently identical galls on Sabina sabinoides [J. ashei] collected by J. T. Patterson in April, 1919, near Austin, Texas. 


description:
  Thomasia [Resseliella] californica Felt ... [L]arvae produc[e] midrib galls on the leaflets of Symphoricarpos 


description:
  Gall.-Length 1.5 cm., width I cm. This deformity consists of irregularly thickened, partly unfolded opposite leaflets, the swelling being confined mostly to the basal half of the midrib. The upper leaflets are usually affected and the central shoot arrested or destroyed ... 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16270737#page/366/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus quercus-batatus (Fitch)

  Cynips quercus-batatus Fitch
  Neuroterus batatus Mayr
  Neuroterus quercus-batatus Dalla Torre & Kieffer

  Gall. Early summer galls on under side of leaf of Quercus douglasi, a flat, irregular swelling, distorting the leaf, polythalamous, 8 mm by 5 mm, and a sordid brown color. Late summer galls, from which adult flies emerge the following spring, small hard woody swelling in terminal twigs of Q lobata, containing numerous long, oval larval cells imbedded in soft spongy interior of gall. 

  Habitat. Stevens Creek, beyond Cupertino CA. San Jose, CA. 


description:
  Circular, lower-surface blotch [mine], about 5 mm in diam, often quite a number together on a leaf. Upper surface wart-like, strongly reddish discoloured, opaque. At the lower surface the mine is closed only by the epidermis. The larva is easily visible, as is its food: drops of liquid resulting from external digestion. Pupation sometimes in the mine, sometimes in the soil. At least two annual generations. Pupa in a white cocoon.. . 

  The biology of Cystiphora species forms a transition between the mining and galling ways of life. 

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/lasiopteridi/oligotrophini/cystiphora/cystiphora-sonchi/


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/64440#page/135/mode/1up
description:
  The expanding leaf buds are deformed into a subglobose mass which may be 3-3.5 cm. in diameter. In this gall, the undeveloped stem of the bud is greatly enlarged and the individual leaves of the bud are greatly thickened and deformed . . . 

  E. symploci ... This fungus attacks the developing leaf buds of Symplocos tinctoria and deforms them into a lobed mass. In fruiting, the hyphae protrude on the surface of the mass and bear acicular, simple, colorless, slightly curved conidia, ranging from about 7X1 𝛍 upward


description:
  Urophlyctis pluriannulatus, an obligation parasite of Sanicula spp. . . . produces small crateriform galls on the petioles and blades of the host leaves . . . [The parasite] produce[s] marked enlargement of infected host cells . . . and cause[s] division of neighboring cells . . . [After] lysis of the surrounding walls . . . a large cavity is formed . . . 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34210408#page/436/mode/1up
description:
  [Includes a very sharp photo of a gall found at Chuckwalla Springs, Riverside County, CA, on Encelia farinosa and states that the moth reared from the gall is Carolella willettana, previously described by the author as a subspecies of C. busckana.]


description:
  Carolella busckana is a gall former in the stems of Encelia californica Nutt. The galls begin to form in young green shoots in the spring and reach their maturity in September and October. The average gall measures about 35 mm. long by 12 mm. wide. At the time of maturity the plant appears to be dead, all of the leaves having withered. The stems containing the galls, however, are all living, and young buds are beginning to form on their surfaces. The presence of the gall does not kill the plant, and many vigorous branches may arise from it the following spring. The young larvae (up to at least 3.5 mm.) are translucent yellow-white, with black heart-shaped heads. In the later instars (the exact number undetermined) the head is light yellow-brown, considerably flattened, the mouth parts being a darker brown, and the ocelli black. The head is much smaller than the first segment.


description:
  ... induces spindle-shaped integral stem galls on [A. dumosa that] have ruptured bark, with green tissue showing through on fresh galls ... Galls ... usually occur on two- to three-year-old growth ... 

  [photo on Plate 505]


description:
  ... Trabutia quercina (Fr. & K. Rud.) Sacc. & Roum. ... is an ascomycetous fungus which forms perithecia (fruiting bodies of the fungus) within the black stroma (protective covering). Typically, many perithecia are embedded in a single stroma. Asci contain 8 subhyaline, navicular ascospores. [In addition to its appearance on Quercus virginiana] Trabutia quercina has also been reported on other species of Quercus

  SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS. The black spots are round to irregular in shape and up to 7 mm. across. Stromatic development is usually on the upper or lower surfaces of leaves, but occasionally, on both sides. Stromata are surrounded by brown, necrotic leaf tissue which tracks along the main veins of infected leaves. Spots sometimes coalesce to form larger spots. ...  The fungus matures in old overwintering leaves.


description:
  Causing small (up to 5 mm. diam.) round to oval, lemon-yellow (brown in age or on drying) slightly thickened spots on leaves of Polystichum munitum.


description:
  Causing deformed fruits ("bladder-plums," "plum pockets") and thickened malformed twigs often bearing curled leaves on Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. var. divaricata Bailey, P. domestica L., P. insititia L., P. spinosa L., P. ussuriensis Koval. and Kost.


description:
  Causing small (up to 3 mm. diam.) pale yellow' unthickened spots (the central portion becoming covered with a layer of asci), on leaves of Thelypteris thelypteris [present-day synonym for species T. thelypteris is not known]


description:
  Symptoms of witches’ broom disease are manifest as dense clusters of short, flexible, thornless branches with stunted leaves, and branch dieback ... 

  Although viral causality has not been demonstrated, the first discovery of an emaravirus-like genome in symptomatic blue palo verde trees heavily infested by the previously suspected eriophyid mite vector [Aculus cercidi (Keifer et al. 1982), which "reached high population densities in symptomatic palo verde trees" but was hard to find in asymptomatic trees], and the absence of virus-mite complexes in asymptomatic trees, provide a robust association of an emaravirus with witches’ broom disease of blue palo verde, herein proposed as blue palo verde broom virus. 


description:
  Emaravirus parkinsoniae is associated with the witches' brooms, but its suspected role as a cause of the brooms is unproven. Nor is the suspected role of the gall mite Aculus cercidii as vector of the virus considered proven.


description:
  Russo 2021 reports Rhus aromatica as a host and adds that "fungus has been found on Rhus spp." in U.S. and Europe. 


description:
  Rhus aromatica is confirmed as a host based on Ron Russo's Plant Galls of the Western United States (2021). In addition, Charley Eiseman reports at https://bugguide.net/node/view/296654 that Raymond Gagne said the same. 


description:
  There is a Protomyces species that creates similar galls on the same host, per Nicholas Schwab's comment [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/110815912).


description:
  Exobasidium canadense Savile sp. nov.

  [Pale leaf spots] ca. 3-9 mm. diam. [without hypertrophy] ... 

  On Rhododendron canadense


description:
  GALL
  leaves much broader than normal, reddened to bluish-purple; the shoots are somewhat enlarged; usually the galling concerns isolated shoots. The spores are curved, septate, up to 18 µm long.
  HOST PLANTS
  Ericaceae, monophagous: Andromeda polifolia.

  [click link below for photos]

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/dikarya/basidiomycota/ustilaginomycotina/exobasidiomycetes/exobasidiales/exobasidiaceae/exobasidium/exobasidium-karstenii/


description:
  Infected shoots clustered or more rarely scattered or solitary, slightly elongated. Leaves moderately enlarged, especially lengthwise, soft with revolute margins, splendidly red all over, [becoming?] chalk-white ... and ... hymenium-clad beneath. 


description:
  On Chamaedaphne calyculata:
  Annual shoots, mostly gregarious from adjoining axils. Leaves moderately enlarged, whitish to red above. 


description:
  Conspicuous, subglobose, fleshy, chlorophyll-less, often red gall apples, up to 3 cm. across, with narrow base . . . 


description:
  Feeding by the mite transforms meristematic buds into diagnostic galls ... Galls are characterised as deformed foliar tissue that collectively forms a round, pubescent mass arising from a foliar bud.


description:
  Bred June 20, 1907, from a small, oval, green bud gall on Ilicoides mucronata taken at Old Forge, N.Y.


description:
  GALL
  Hard, hairy, multilocular swelling, as large as a marble, in a stolon, just below a rosette.

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/hymenoptera/apocrita/cynipoidea/cynipidae/aulacidea/aulacidea-subterminalis/


description:
  GALL
  Pupation within the gall.

  HOST PLANTS
  Asteraceae, monophagous

  Pilosella cymosa, echioides, flagellaris, floribunda, officinarum, onegensis.

  PARASITOIDS, PREDATORS
  Eupelmus messene; Eurytoma cynipsea; Pteromalus isarchus.

  NOTES
  The species is fully parthenogenetic, and can have several generations in a season 

  [click link below for photos]

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/hymenoptera/apocrita/cynipoidea/cynipidae/aulacidea/aulacidea-pilosellae/


description:
  Synchytrium on Geranium Carolinianum. 

  On the fourth of February of last year, some distorted leaves were gathered from Geranium Carolinianum L. growing in a low place in the botanical garden at Baton Rouge, La., and examination showed the distortions to be due to a Synchytrium. On the margins of some of the lobes, and extending in along the veins, on the lower surface, were purple-red swellings. The hypertrophy of the diseased parts was in many places so great as to cause a cupping of the upper surface. The older swollen portions were brown, and had a sticky feel, and the centers of the confluent pustules composing them were depressed, giving the appearance of small cups placed side by side ... three weeks later, the disease had spread to a number of individuals, and the red swellings were numerous on both petioles and blades. On leaves recently attacked, single red pustules were scattered here and there over the lower surface, occasionally on the upper, but on those longest subjected to the action of the fungus, the pustules had multiplied and become confluent, giving the appearance observed on the leaves first collected.  


description:
  On Cerastium, Stellaria

  GALL
  numerous, less than a mm wide, semiglobular shiny pustules, mainly at the underside of low leaves, c. 200-350 µm. Galls formed in summer, containing sporangia, are orange to golden orange. Galls formed in autumn contain resting sporangia and are reddish- to chestnut-brown.

  HOSTPLANTS
  Caryophyllaceae, oligophagous

  Cerastium glomeratum; Stellaria media, nemorum.

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/chytridiomyceta/chytridiomycota/chytridiomycotina/synchytriomycetes/synchytridiales/synchytriaceae/synchytrium/synchytrium-stellariae/


description:
  "The larva feeds singly in an individual flower of Hieracium, the egg being deposited in the young bloom, which remains tightly sealed until the adult emerges. Adults were obtained from flowers of *H. argyraeum [H. megacephalon]*, *H. scabrum*, and *H. gronovii*."


description:
  (unclear whether this truly forms a gall, but literature implies some modification to the developing flower-head)


description:
  GALL
  tiny pustules, consisting of a few enlarged cells only, often in large numbers on basal leaves. They consist of a single infected cell, surrounded by a 1-3 layers of not infected, yet swollen and discoloured cells. During summer the galls are yellow-orange to lavender, in autumn, when resting sporangia are formed, they are lavender-red to reddish brown.

  HOST PLANTS
  Onagraceae, oligophagous

  Clarkia; Oenothera biennis, laciniata.

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/chytridiomyceta/chytridiomycota/chytridiomycotina/synchytriomycetes/synchytridiales/synchytriaceae/synchytrium/synchytrium-fulgens/


description:
  <bold>Problem: Two similar species on same plant </bold>

  Cook apparently found a second species of Synchytrium on Stellaria media, which he named Synchytrium chiltonii. It is discussed in Melville T. Cook. Species of Synchytrium in Louisiana I: Descriptions of Species Found in the Vicinity of Baton Rouge. Mycologia 37(3) 284-294 (1945). 

  Index Fungorum lists both S. stellariae and S. chiltonii as valid and does not consider them synonyms. 


description:
  A similar gall with mites [has been observed](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/173085653) on Populus heterophylla in North Carolina, which is added tentatively as a possible host. These mites may turn out to belong to a distinct species. 


description:
  Acalitus gossypii

  Eriophyes gossypii

  Host: Gossypium barbadense, herbaceum, hirsutum

  Banks 1904: "In galls on cotton leaves, island of Montserrat, and other islands, West Indies; leaves distorted, crumpled with abundant hairs inside the galls." Keifer et al., 1982; The mites infest flower buds and any part arising from the bud, causing contortion, abortion, or short petioles. Young plants are stunted, have irregular growth, and lack flowering branches. The mites cause chlorosis and whitish blisters on leaves.

  Range: Barbados, Brazil, Carribean, Colombia, Cuba, India, Montserrat, Peru, Pakistan, Puerto Rico, Florida, Venezuela


description:
  When the proper environmental conditions exist, the fungus Cristulariella moricola (Hino) Redhead causes a target or
  zonate leaf spot on a myriad of woody and annual plants. Susceptible host plants (Alfieri et al. 1994) which can become
  infected in Florida are:
  Acer sp. 
  A. rubrum L. 
  A. saccharinum L.  
  Ailanthus spp. 
  Aleurites fordii Hems
  Ardisia crenata Sims 
  Bucida buceras L. 
  Caladium x hortulanum Birdsey 
  Catalpa spp. 
  Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch 
  Chionanthus virginicus L. 
  Cornus florida L. Vitex sp.
  Fraxinus spp. Vitis rotundifolia Michx.
  F. pennsylvanica Marsh.
  Hibiscus cannabinus L.
  Lagerstroemia indica L.
  Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.
  Magnolia sp.
  Malus spp.
  Pentas lanceolata (Forssk.) Deflers
  Platanus occidentalis L.
  Prunus persica (L.) Batsch
  Punica granatum L.
  Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

  SYMPTOMS: Susceptible foliage infected by Cristulariella displays symptoms quickly. During periods of cool moist weather entire leaves may become blighted. Initial symptoms vary from host to host, but generally, watersoaked, greenish-gray, circular or irregularly-shaped leaf spots develop, which may be accompanied by a chlorotic halo. Spots eventually produce alternating concentric bands of lighter and darker tissue, giving these lesions their common zonate or target appearance. Depending on the host and weather conditions, lesions may coalesce and give a scorched appearance. Rapid tissue death is due to a combination of toxic and enzymatic processes. Cristulariella produces oxalic acid in toxic amounts and the pectic enzymes that degrade cell walls are synergized by the acid. 

  [PHOTO] Foliar symptoms of Cristulariella leaf spot on Lagertroemia indica (crepe myrtle) showing typical concentric ring pattern and rapid expansion of leaf spots. 

  PATHOGEN: Cristulariella sporulates readily on infected tissue and can be observed easily with a hand lens or dissecting microscope. The conidia or propagules produced by the fungus are characteristically pyramidal or coneshaped and are off-white in color. Sporulation may occur on both sides of infected foliage. Propagule production varies with the host, temperature, and relative humidity. Cool, wet weather during mid- and late summer is optimum for disease development. Sclerotium cinnamomi Sawada, the sclerotial stage of Cristulariella, may also develop on diseased plant tissue. These sclerotia appear as black, crusty, irregularly-shaped structures approximately 2-5 mm. in diameter. 

  SURVEY AND DETECTION: Look for circular target or zonate type leaf spots with concentric rings. Target lesions usually have a tan or light-colored center. If Cristulariella is actively sporulating, small, white or cream-colored pyramidal or cone-shaped propagules should be easily observed within leaf lesions on either leaf surface. Black, crusty, irregularly shaped sclerotia may be observed on older infected foliage or fallen leaves.


description:
  Infected shoots scattered, slightly elongated with distinct, sparsely hairy internodes. Leaves much enlarged (up to 10 x 6 mm.), triangular with distinct, hastate base, soft, thin and flat with revolute margin, spreading or slightly reflexed (never appressed), blood-red or whitish (very rarely pink) above (color depending on the host-individual ... ), eventually hymenium-clad beneath.


description:
  Infected shoots scattered, pale all over (greenish to pinkish white) with glabrous elongated internodes and only indistinctly set-off leaf-pairs. Leaves malformed (up to 6 x 3 mm), mostly subcylindric, spreading, like the stem eventually hymenium-clad, but apical or marginal parts (especially of the lower leaves) not rarely of normal shape, structure and colour and remaining hymenium-less ... 

  In Fennoscandia ... very common on C. tetragona, occurs mostly together with E. hypogenum and seems to be the more abundant of them ... 

  it seems justified to combine this tetragona parasite with E. cassiopes, originally described on C. mertensia ...


description:
  Circumscribed. Mostly conspicuous and much thickened leaf-concavities, c. 1 cm. across, bright red and yellow-margined above, pinkish white, eventually hymenium-clad and chalk-white beneath. Sometimes mere leaf-spots; occasionally strongly hypertrophied and badly malformed flower-buds or shoot-tips. 


description:
  Infected shoots mostly scattered, only a little elongated. Leaves moderately to strongly enlarged, not or only slightly thickened, yellowish white or pale to bright red above (depending on light?), eventually chalk-white, densely and continuously hymenium-clad beneath. 


description:
  [O]n Rhododendron viscosum is E. discoideum, Ell., which develops upon the under surface of the leaves large, turbinate or discoid galls two or more centimeters in diameter.


description:
  Fungus produces conspicuous witches’ brooms on the host plant [a Hawaiian endemic] through continuing proliferation of small young branches; infected twigs often somewhat deformed, contorted and accompanied with swellings. Infected leaves uniformly bright red on both sides, not hypertrophied and not enlarged in comparison with healthy leaves; hymenium hypophyllous, quite delicate, composed of basidia, basidiospores and conidia. Basidia emerging singly or in fascicles through stomata or directly from disintegrated epidermis, hyaline, cylindrical, 20–30 μm long, 3.9–5.6 μm wide, apically rounded and ended with 3–4 sterigmata.


description:
  This species causes a well-known and much studied disease on the horticultural "azaleas." Numerous (all?) cultivars are more or less susceptible ...

  Entire leaves or parts deformed into very conspicuous, pale, fleshy, shapeless galls up to 3 cm across, eventually hymenium-clad and chalky white on the morphological underside. 


description:
  Leaf galls occurred less frequently on [Camellia] japonica, C. oleifera, and hybrids than on C. sasanqua .... [Exobasidium camelliae] var. gracilis isolates from these plants appeared identical in culture.


description:
  GALL
  young shoots clustered, premature budding; leaves reduced, turning yellow, then red, with fleshy swellings.

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/dikarya/basidiomycota/ustilaginomycotina/exobasidiomycetes/exobasidiales/exobasidiaceae/exobasidium/exobasidium-camelliae/


description:
  This is NOT a North American species. Its only hosts are species native to Europe or cultivars derived from those European species. Although there are numerous published sources that treat Exobasidium galls on native American rhododendrons as caused by E. rhododendri or E. vaccinii, those works are based on studies that predate the modern understanding that Exobasidium species are host-specific--often narrowly so. 

  Please ID galls on the many Rhododendron species that lack entries on Gallformers' Exobasidium pages as "Exobasidium." There is far too little recent research on N. American species of Exobasidium. If we have missed new research, please let us know.


description:
  [under a listing for *Neolasioptera* spp. stem galls on *Aster* spp. (in the former, very wide sense):]

  Such galls have been found from New England and Ontario to North Carolina and Missouri on many more asters than listed for the three species below.

  *N. albitarsis* (Felt). Host: *A. cordifolius*. Dist.: New York.
  *N. punicei* (Brodie). Host: *A. puniceus*. Dist.: Ontario.
  *N. ramuscula* (Beutenmüller). Host: *A. dumosus*, *A. patens*. Dist.: North Carolina.


description:
  Whether *G. gallaediplopappum* Fyles (1890) is conspecific with *G. gallaeasterellum* has long been debated (Busck 1903b, 1939; Fyles 1911a; McDunnough 1959). *G gallaediplopappum* gall biology, which might help resolve this issue, is thus far unknown. Until adequate information becomes available, apparent differences in forewing scale pattern, female genital structure,
  foodplants, and larval behavior seem to warrant the separation of these taxa, and the restriction of *G. gallaeasterellum* as in the above nomenclatural review (Fyles 1911 a, McDunnough 1959).
  ...
  The unresolved *G. gallaediplopappum* Fyles can be tentatively included here. As discussed earlier, it has been reported from Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Maine galling stems of *Aster umbellatus* Mill. and *Solidago rugosa* Ait. (Fyles 1890, 1911a; Procter 1946; McDunnough 1959).


description:
  Our material consisted of a good series of specimens bred by myself on galls collected in a dry area on *Aster umbellatus* at White Point Beach, Queens County, and other specimens bred at Armdale, Halifax County, by D. Ferguson from galls on the same plant. These were all considered to be typical *gallaediplopappi* Fyles. They agreed with the rather sketchy original description with the exception of the color of the thorax, stated to be "reddish chocolate," but which in all our bred specimens proved to be white with the patagia edged on their inner sides by narrow dark lines.


description:
  At White Point Beach in 1954 the author collected a few *Gnorimoschema* specimens flying over small boggy areas in the vicinity. A search for galls produced several situated very low down on small plants of *Solidago uniligulata* [=*S. uliginosa*], and from one of these an adult was reared which matched the collected specimens excellently. These specimens also agreed well with Kellicott's original figure of *gallaeasterella* and with Fyles's notes on the species (1911) and were therefore considered to belong to Kellicott's species.


description:
  Forming pale, unhypertrophiecl, circular leaf spots usually 5-15 mrn diarn ... On Rhododendron albiflorum ...


description:
  *G. gallaediplopappi* affects that tall and sturdy plant *Diplopappus umbellatus* Torrey & Gray. 
  ...
  *G. gallaediplopappi* forms its gall a foot or two feet above the ground, and the growth above it is unaffected.
  ...
  I have opened dozens of the galls, and never found one lined with silk, nor one with the way of exit closed with a plug.


description:
  [I]nfecting major branch-complexes or entire stems but, as it seems, never passing through subterranean parts from one stem to another. Branching only little influenced. Leaves mostly slightly diminished, pale green to (in strong light?) often reddish, often mottled above and eventually hymenium-clad and chalk-white between the well-marked naked nerves beneath.[At times] leaves somewhat enlarged ... 


description:
  Dense ... clusters of infected annual shoots, tending to be orthotropic ... Leaves thin, soft, dark purple, eventually hymenium-clad beneath between the nerves, hymenium not continuous, individual fascicles distinctly visible. The upper epidermis of the leaf not invaded by the fungus ...


description:
  The whole host-plant as a rule strongly dwarfed and richly branched. Leaves thin, soft and flat with distinctly crenulate margin, bright red, eventually hymenium-clad between the nerves beneath. 


description:
  Very inconspicuous, pale (mostly yellowish) leaf-concavities or hardly thickened leaf spots up to about 1/2 cm across, eventually hymenium-clad beneath.


description:
  Hymenial layer on surface of fruit spots or abaxial surface of leaf spots; leaf spots circular, chlorotic, 2-14 mm diameter, pale yellow to pale green turning crimson to maroon with age, adaxial surface concave, abaxial surface white to pale yellow, raised and felt-like. Fruit spots pale green and leathery, turning powdery and pale yellow to crimson or maroon with age.


description:
  [Exobasidium dimorphosporum infects the branches and slightly deforms the leaves. It occupies the entire lamina of the leaf/the laminas of all the leaves. (approximate untutored translation of Latin below)]

  Ramulos infecit et folia leviter deformat. Laminas totas foliorum occupat.Hymenium hypophyllum. Basidia per cuticulum ...


description:
  [On] Andromeda mariana ... The tips of the stems, instead of bending somewhat to one side and hanging full of the large white corolla bells characteristic of the species, were bolt upright, shorter than usual and bearing capitate masses of a pale green color. Upon inspection these were seen to be abnormally developed stems with their misshapen flowers in dense clusters. Some of the stems bore ordinary flowers a few inches below the malformed tips. 

  [Exobasidium peckii] is remarkable in being confined almost entirely to the inflorescences where it causes most extravagant enlargement and distortion of parts. Some of the single flowers are more than an inch in length and in spread of petals, the bell-shaped corolla being replaced by one that is wheel-shaped and polypetalous ... The ovary ... is raised a half inch or more above the receptacle and the peculiar placentae greatly exaggerated. 


description:
  Leaf-spots very small, only rarely more than 3 mm in diam., hardly thickened, reddish above, eventually thinly hymenium-clad beneath. 


description:
  Red shoot, caused by the fungus Exobasidium perenne, is a relatively minor disease of the cultivated American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and the wild small cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus) ... 

  Affected shoots do not produce flowers but rather are spindly with red or yellow leaves that are slightly more round than typical oblong cranberry leaves. By mid summer the lower surfaces of leaves become covered with white, powdery fungal spores. Shoots wither after the fungus has shed its spores. Diseased shoots break off easily ... 

  Click here for [McManus's excellent series of photos](https://fruit.webhosting.cals.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/36/2011/05/Red-Shoot.pdf). 


description:
  GALL
  axillary bud changed into a egg-shaped gall with a remarkably long tapering tip; the gall measures up to one cm, and mostly (?) is long, patently hairy. The gall chamber is lined with mycelium. Larva solitary, pupates in the gall.

  HOST PLANTS
  Fabaceae, narrowly monophagous

  Cytisus scoparius.

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/cecidomyiidi/asphondyliini/asphondyliina/asphondylia/asphondylia-pilosa/


description:
  GALL
  The weakly swollen culm [aboveground stem] has, just above a node, one or more shallow oval depressions. They are not covered by the epidermis, but generally lie within a leaf sheath. In each a single, 3 mm long, larva is found, that is almost hyaline. Pupation within the gall: the larva forms a dark reddish brown puparium. Usually bivoltine. Heavily infested plants die off.

  Only in the first and second instar the larva does feed. The third instar larva remains immobile within the dried larval skin of the second instar, a puparium, that functions as a cocoon. Before the definite pupation the larvae has to reverse its position to head upwards within the puparium; in this way the emerging imago will be able to leave the gall.

  HOST PLANTS
  Poaceae, oligophagous

  Cynodon dactylon; Elytrigia repens; Holcus lanatus; Hordeum murinum, vulgare & subsp. distichon; Phleum pratense; Poa nemoralis; Secale cereale; Triticum aestivum.

  mainly in cereal crop species, wheat in the first place.

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/lasiopteridi/oligotrophini/mayetiola/mayetiola-destructor/


description:
  Leaf spots small, c. 1/2 cm across, rarely more, in heavy attacks often confluent, not or only moderately thickened, at first bright red above with broad yellowish margin, cuticle soon flaking off, especially from the upper surface, which then turns orange brown and slightly glossy as if greasy, eventually sparsely hymenium-clad beneath. Exceptionally, single annual shoots become wholly diseased with leaves dark purple, simulating such diseased by E. uvae-ursi. Leaf-spots and diseased leaves with hyphal palisade between epidermis cells also on upper side.


description:
  Russo 2021 states that these polythalamous galls are swollen and aborted flower buds measuring 7mm long to 4-6mm in diameter. Russo 2021 goes on to state that larvae exit the galls in fall and overwinter in soil. 


description:
  The GF code r-menzies-galls-from-taxon-split is for any galls on mock azalea that would have been identified as E. rhododendri or E. vaccinii before it was determined that those IDs are for fungi that only use specified European/Eurasian plants as hosts.

  The typical Exobasidium gall on R. menzies is a shapeless blob hanging from the plant, similar to some other Exobasidium galls on Rhododendron species.


description:
  According to Halbert & Burkhardt "The psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) of Florida: newly established and rarely collected taxa and checklist (2020)"
  (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344396683_The_psyllids_Hemiptera_Psylloidea_of_Florida_newly_established_and_rarely_collected_taxa_and_checklist), "the immatures produce pit galls in the stems of [Amorpha spp.]"  


description:
  The immature triozids induced galls on the attacked leaves consisting of the thickened margins that became folded downward, forming an elongated tube-shaped roll that sheltered the immatures. All developmental stages (egg, immatures, and adults) of the psyllid were found on young leaves ...


description:
  Holocynips illinoiensis Melika & Nicholls, sp. nov.

  Diagnosis: Two Holocynips species are known from the eastern half of the USA, also from Illinois in particular (see Burks 1979), H. badia and H. maxima, but their galls differ from those of H. illinoiensis, sp. nov.. In H. badia and H. maxima the galls are woody and rounded, just below the soil surface, large and polythalamous in H. maxima, small and monothalamous in H. badia; while in H. illinoiensis the galls are monothalamous, just above the soil surface and structurally complex with multiple spongy protrusions surrounding the larval cell.

  Gall (Figs 14–16). Occurring singly or in closely appressed clusters of 3–6 at the base of small stems (diameter at breast height ≤ 3 cm) or shoot regrowth from cut stumps, most at ground level and either hidden by leaf litter and vegetation or partially buried in the soil. Occasional galls have been observed higher on the stem, up to 75 cm above the ground. 

  Galls are dull red to reddish-brown, darkening to purple-brown or black with age and elemental exposure. Surface texture is finely granulate and dull. Each individual gall consists of a single larval cell surrounded by 6–10 thin-walled parenchyma-filled protrusions in a radial or whorled configuration. Protrusions are septate, becoming hollow and brittle with age and eventually disintegrating. Overall gall morphology ranges from irregularly globular (as when protrusions are small or absent) to more elaborate shapes reminiscent of flowers or dried star anise. Individual galls range in size from 11–20 mm wide and 8–10 mm in height. Gall detachment from the stem surface requires some force and leaves a conically depressed scar 4–6 mm in diameter, paler than the surrounding tissue and enclosed by an elevated margin 1–3 mm high. 

  The larval cell is round or ovate to teardrop-shaped, 4–5 mm wide and 4–5 mm tall. Cell walls are woody, 0.5–0.6 mm thick and lighter in color than the surrounding protrusions. Adult emergence holes observed on old galls are ovate, approximately 2 mm wide by 3mm tall. 

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces galls on Q. macrocarpa Michx. (subgenus Quercus, section Quercus). Galls mature in November–December; adults were cut out in December and January under laboratory conditions. 


description:
  Femuros lusum Kinsey, 1937

  Gall (Figs. 5f-g). These develop on thin branches from growth buds. They are unilocular, of compact and woody consistency when mature, in the shape of a cylindrical cup, 8–18 mm in length and 7–15 mm in diameter, composed of two subunits; contracted in the upper and lower third. The upper end is depressed with a continuous edge. The immature gall is greenish with a purplish edge, upon maturing it acquires a brown color; the surface is covered by a fine brownish pubescence that remains on the mature gall. The internal larval chamber is located in the contracted part of the gall; it is globular, with a hard wall connected to the gall tissue. The emergence hole is located within the upper depression.

  Hosts. Quercus rugosa and Q. laeta (Quercus section).

  Biology. Only the asexual form is known. The galls develop in May-June and by November they are mature; adults emerge from early March to early April of the following year.

  Distribution. Cited for the state of Michoacán. This represents the first record for Mexico City (Santa Fe) and the first record on Q. laeta.


description:
  Femuros repandae Kinsey, 1937
  Femuros lusum Kinsey (1937a: 66)

  Gall (Figs. 5d-e). Galls are spherical (10-20 mm in diameter), distorted mainly by the bracts, deformed leaves, and deformed (widened) petioles that are closely fused on the surface. They are located at the terminal part of the main or lateral twigs, solitary, rarely forming groups of two or three galls. They are unilocular, sessile, and hard. They usually have normal scales at the base. The surface is similar to the bark of the branch when mature; initially, they are greenish or have reddish tones. The larval chamber is central, separable, with a hard and thick wall (up to 7 mm in diameter); between the larval chamber and the external wall there is a spongy tissue, looser near the larval chamber.

  Hosts. Quercus repanda Bonpland, 1809, and Q. laeta (Quercus section).

  Biology. Only the asexual form is known. The galls develop from June and by December-January they already have a reddish color; adults emerge in April.

  Distribution. Cited from the states of Hidalgo and Mexico City. This is the first record for Santa Fe (Mexico City) and the first record on Q. laeta.


description:
  Amphibolips hidalgoensis Pujade-Villar & Melika, 2011
  Amphibolips hidalgoensis Pujade-Villar & Melika, In Melika et al. (2011: 53)

  Gall (Figs. 2e-f). Unilocular resulting from the deformation of a bud. Generally large (30-65 mm in diameter), subglobose, sometimes with a fine, short tip at the apex. The outer wall is thin and fragile, pink when young and light brown when mature, with a smooth and glabrous surface. The internal tissue is relatively soft and spongy, formed by dense and compact radiating fibers. The central ovate larval chamber has hard walls, with a larger diameter between 5.0–6.5 mm.

  Hosts. Quercus calophylla, Q. crassifolia, Q. crassipes, and Q. mexicana (Lobatae section).

  Biology. Species known only for the asexual generation. Mature galls are collected from late May to early June, and adults emerge shortly after collection.

  Distribution. Cited from the states of Hidalgo and Tlaxcala (according to the original description) and from Mexico City (including Sta. Fe on Q. crassipes and Q. calophylla), Cuesta-Porta et al. (2020b).


description:
  Andricus breviramuli Pujade-Villar, 2014
  Andricus breviramuli Pujade-Villar, In Pujade-Villar et al.
  (2014a: 98)

  Gall (Figs. 3a-b). Plurilocular, located on the terminal branches. Immature galls are green, with a smooth and slightly shiny surface; mature galls are mace-shaped, green to brown, with a wrinkled surface, 6 to 10 cm long. The basal part is narrow (7.6 mm in diameter) while the distal part is wider (9.2 mm in diameter); the final third of the twig sometimes swells up to 14 mm in diameter. The internal tissues of the mature gall are hard and woody. The larval chambers are oval (1 mm long x 2 mm wide), between 4 to 20 chambers aligned along the main axis of the twig.

  Hosts. Quercus laeta (Quercus section).

  Biology. Species known only for the asexual generation. Adults emerge between late March and early April, when new shoots begin to grow.

  Distribution. Only known from Santa Fe (Mexico City).

  Comments. Andricus breviramuli was considered from the moment of its description as a harmful species on Q. laeta in the southwest of Mexico City. The gall wasps can kill and distort the branches of individual stressed trees. After the emergence of the adult wasp, the tissues where the larval chambers are located die, but the basal part remains alive so the branch will produce new shoots. However, multiple repeated attacks by the wasp can kill branches and distort and reduce the growth of an entire tree. Currently, the attack in Santa Fe is less virulent than 6 years ago; there are still attacks, but the populations are less numerous so the impact of their presence is not as noticeable as years ago.


description:
  Andricus fusciformis Pujade-Villar, 2014
  Andricus fusciformis Pujade-Villar, In Pujade-Villar et al.
  (2014d: 94)

  Gall (Figs. 3c-e). Plurilocular, they develop on the branches. It is more or less spindle-shaped (35-45 mm long and 12-18 mm in diameter), woody, often composed of different more or less fused subunits. Gray coloring with green tones, tones that disappear when the gall is old. The surface has some longitudinal grooves at maturity. When it cracks, we can observe inside the crack the internal galls, isolated (not fused) located in the internal tissues. Each unit is globular (2.6 mm in diameter), of dirty yellow color, with a hard woody wall (0.3 mm), which is connected to the gall tissue by a basal peduncle; on the top, there is a small navel. Inside each unit is the larval chamber.

  Hosts. Quercus obtusata Humboldt and Bonpland, 1809 and Q. rugosa (Quercus section).

  Biology. Species known only for the asexual generation. The galls develop in the dry season, and adults emerge in July, before the gall hardens and takes on a woody brown color.

  Distribution. Species cited only for the State of Mexico (according to original description). This represents the first record for Mexico City (Santa Fe) and the first record on Q. rugosa.


description:
  Andricus guanajuatensis Pujade-Villar n. sp.

  Gall (Fig. 14f). Galls are chestnut red, large regular, woody enlargements partially surrounding small twigs and composed by small, distinct, thoroughly fused globular masses surrounding twigs. Polythalamous, 2.0–6.0 x 1.0–5.0 cm, with hard tissue. The grey to woody coloured gall surface is delicately rough and wrinkled; the net-like anastomose are similar coloured than the depressed areas and often weakly cracked. This structure is visible under stereomicroscope magnification. The larval chambers (3.0 x 4.5 mm) are separately situated inside the gall, not very numerous. Walls of chambers are yellowish, big and very hard (2-3 mm thick). Galls remain on oak branches several years and turn darker over time.

  Host.Quercus castanea Née and Q. obtusata Humb. & Bonpl. (section Quercus).

  Distribution. Guanajuato and Michoacán (Mexico).

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known. Adults emerge in September and May. Gall tissues are very hard. 

  Etymology. Related to the State where these galls were collected.


description:
  Andricus guanajuatensis Pujade-Villar, 2013
  Andricus guanajuatensis Pujade-Villar, In Pujade-Villar et
  al. (2013b: 188)

  Gall (Figs. 3f-h). Plurilocular, they develop on the branches, chestnut-red in color, large (2.0–6.0 x 1.0–5.0 cm) and regular. They are composed of smaller, hard, completely fused globular masses that surround the branches. The surface is light green when they are young and light gray at maturity, delicately rough and wrinkled; the network-shaped anastomosis have a color similar to that of the depressed areas and are often slightly cracked (this structure is visible under stereomicroscope magnification). The larval chambers (3.0 x 4.5 mm) are widely separated, not very numerous. The chamber walls are thick, yellowish, and very hard (2-3 mm thick). The galls remain on the branches for several years and become darker over time.

  Hosts. Quercus obtusata and Q. rugosa (Quercus section); also mentioned on Quercus castanea Née, 1801 (Lobatae section) in the original description, but this data needs to be verified.

  Biology. Species known only for the asexual generation. The adults emerge between September and May; in Santa Fe, emergences occurred in May.

  Distribution. Cited in the states of Guanajuato and Queretaro (Pujade-Villar et al. 2013a); first record for Mexico City (Santa Fe) and first record on Q. rugosa.


description:
  Andricus santafe Pujade-Villar n. sp.

  Gall (Fig. 15a). Galls are chestnut black, large irregular, woody enlargements partially surrounding small twigs and composed of small, distinct, thoroughly fused globular masses. Polythalamous, 2.0–7.0 x 1.0–5.0 cm, with very hard tissue. The grey to woody coloured gall surface is delicately smooth. The larval chambers (3.0 x 4.5 mm) are scattered throughout the gall tissue, few chambers per gall (2-25, depending of the size of the gall); walls of chambers are yellowish, hard, and distributed irregularly inside. Galls remain on oak branches one to two several years and turn darker over time. When young the galls are olive green. The gall development start in June and becomes mature until February to March of the next year. 

  Host.Quercuslaeta Liebm. (section Quercus).

  Distribution. Mexico (Santa Fe, Delegación Cuajimalpa, D. F., Mexico City).

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known. Adults emerge in winter to early spring (February to April). Gall tissues are very hard. 

  Etymology. Named after the Mexican collecting place.


description:
  Andricus santafe Pujade-Villar, 2013
  Andricus santafe Pujade-Villar, In Pujade-Villar et al.
  (2013b: 192)

  Gall (Figs. 4i-k). Large (2.0–7.0 x 1.0–5.0 cm) and hard, plurilocular galls develop on the branches. When young, the galls are olive green in color, transitioning to a light to dark brown color upon maturity. They consist of irregular and woody enlargements that partially surround small twigs and are composed of smaller, distinct and fully fused globular masses. The surface is delicately smooth. The larval chambers (3.0 x 4.5 mm) are irregularly dispersed throughout the gall tissue, with few chambers per gall (2-25, depending on the size of the gall). The walls of the larval chambers are yellowish and thin (though hard). The galls remain on the oak branches for one to two years and darken over time.
  Hosts. Quercus laeta (Quercus section).

  Biology. Species known only for the asexual generation. Gall development begins in June, maturing in February or March of the following year, during which time the adults emerge.

  Distribution. Known only from Santa Fe (Mexico City).


description:
  Andricus sphaericus Pujade-Villar, 2016
  Andricus sphaericus Pujade-Villar, In Pujade-Villar et al.
  (2016d: 16)

  Gall (Figs. 4e-g). The formation of this gall results from swelling of the central and/or secondary leaf veins. Occasionally, the leaf almost entirely disappears. The gall is globular (0.7-1.6 mm in diameter), plurilocular, and hard, with a central navel on top that may disappear when the gall is large. It is light green when young and dark green to black when mature. The surface has light brown, star-shaped trichomes. The gall contains 5-15 larval chambers, measuring 3x1 mm, distributed radially and separated by hard, woody tissue.

  Hosts. Quercus deserticola Trelease, 1924, Quercus glabrescens Bentham, 1840, Q. laeta, Q. obtusata and Q. rugosa (Quercus section).

  Biology. Only the sexual form is known. Adults emerge from late May to mid-July.

  Distribution. Reported for Mexico City (including Santa Fe on Q. rugosa), as well as for the State of Mexico, Nuevo León, and Puebla (Pujade-Villar et al. 2016a; Lobato-Vila and Pujade-Villar 2019).


description:
  Dros perlentum Kinsey, 1937
  Dros perlentum Kinsey (1937a: 51)
  Dros petasum Kinsey (1937a: 52)

  Gall (Figs. 5a-c): It takes the shape of a cup located on the underside of leaves. The basal stem is uniformly cylindrical (about 3mm in length); the anchoring area or basal part is slightly wider; the cup-shaped body (10 mm in diameter x 8 mm in height) expands abruptly from the stem; the upper edges of the gall are thick, which makes it retain the circular edge. The color of the gall is yellowish-brown or reddish.

  Hosts: Quercus laeta, Quercus magnoliifolia Née, 1801, Q. obtusata, and Quercus opaca Trelease, 1924 (section Quercus).

  Biology: Only the asexual form is known. The galls develop in May-June; adults emerge in June and July.

  Distribution: Cited from the states of Mexico City (including Sta. Fe on Q. laeta), Jalisco, and Mexico (Kinsey 1937a; Lobato-Vila et al. 2019; García-Martiñón et al. 2018).


description:
  Kinseyella quercusobtusata Pujade-Villar y Melika, 2010
  Kinseyella quercusobtusata Pujade-Villar y Melila, In Pujade-Villar et al. (2010: 19)

  Gall (Figs. 5h-j): Located on the leaf, almost always on the lower part, generally attached to the central vein, more rarely on the side veins or the leaf petiole. Generally, one gall per leaf, sometimes two-three. Unilocular, approximately spherical (20–40 mm in diameter), yellowish and tinted with pink and red when mature. The surface presents a dense pubescence of rust-brown color. The gall is solid when young and very fragile at maturity, with a very thin external wall. Internal larval chamber, with a hard wall 2–3 mm thick, supported by numerous radiant brown fibers; inside is the properly said yellowish larval chamber.

  Hosts: Quercus laeta, Q. obtusata, and Quercus resinosa Liebmann, 1854 (section Quercus).

  Biology: Only the asexual generation is known. The gall begins to develop in summer and matures in autumn; adults emerge from September to late October.

  Distribution: Cited for the states of Hidalgo, Mexico, Mexico City, and Zacatecas. Previously cited for Santa Fe (Mexico City) in Q. laeta in Pujade-Villar et al. (2012a).

  Comment: In Pujade-Villar et al. (2012a) Q. mexicana (section Lobatae) is also mentioned as a host. After reviewing the sample, it was confirmed to be Q. obtusata. Therefore, this species is ruled out to produce galls in the Lobatae section.


description:
  Kokkocynips doctorrosae Pujade-Villar, 2013
  Kokkocynips doctorrosae Pujade-Villar y Melika, In Pujade-Villar et al. (2013a: 212)

  Gall (Fig. 6a): Located on the branches, unilocular, almost spherical (8–10 mm in diameter), slightly flattened basally, with a smooth surface, without pubescence, yellowish with concentric circular lines of brown-red color, apically reddish-pink. The gall remains soft when it matures, but it is not fragile. Ovate larval chamber (1.4 × 1.8 mm), with thin walls (0.16 mm), surrounded by a spongy tissue, located in the center of the vesicle. The exit hole is usually found laterally. There is always a longitudinal crack in the bark where the gall was inserted.

  Hosts: Quercus acutifolia Née, 1801, and Q. crassipes (section Lobatae).

  Biology: Only the asexual generation is known. The galls develop in the rainy season, mature in November, and the adults begin to emerge in December.

  Distribution: Mexico (Michoacán); first record for Santa Fe (Mexico City) and first record on Q. crassipes.


description:
  Loxaulus hyalinus Pujade-Villar & Melika n. sp.

  Diagnosis: The galls of L. hyalinus n. sp. are always located on twigs and branches, while galls of L. illinoisensis are in a subterranean stem swelling always at ground level (Weld 1921).

  Gall (Fig. 2b). Elongated, slightly enlarged swellings on twigs. The gall surface is rough, colored like the bark. Galls are on the tips of shoots from the previous year. Abrupt stem swelling, approximately 2.0 times the normal diameter of the shoot (8 x 40 mm). The larval chambers (1.5 x 1 mm) are dispersed in the interior tissue of the twig, oriented along the longitudinal axis. 

  Host. Quercus dysophylla Benth. (section Lobatae) [likely mistaken]. Endemic to Mexico. 

  Distribution. Mexico (Huasca, Hidalgo). 

  Biology. Only the asexual form is known [mistaken[. Adults emerge in late winter and early spring, when new shoots start to grow. Parasitoids from Eulophidae, Eurytomidae, Pteromalidae, and Ormyridae were reared from the galls. 

  Etymology. Related to the color pattern of the forewing, which is hyaline, without smoky spots and/or stripes in the newly described species. 


description:
  Loxaulus hyalinus Pujade-Villar y Melika, In Pujade-Villar et al. (2014c: 344)

  Gall (Fig. 6b): An elongated swelling of the stem, approximately 2.0 times the normal diameter of the bud (8 x 40 mm). The galls are at the tip of the previous year's shoots. The surface of the gall is rough, colored like the bark. The larval chambers (1.5 x 1 mm) are dispersed in the inner tissue of the twig, oriented along the longitudinal axis.

  Hosts: Quercus laeta (section Quercus). In the original description, Q. dysophylla (section Lobatae) is mentioned as a host, but this citation needs to be confirmed.

  Biology: Only the sexual generation is known (see comments). The galls begin to be recognized in September, when the swelling of the twigs is barely noticeable; by December they are more developed. Adult emergence begins in late April, first males and then females a few days later; adult emergence continues until mid-May.

  Distribution: Mexico (Hidalgo); first record for Santa Fe (Mexico City).

  Comment: In the original description, it was assumed, since only females were obtained, that this was an asexual generation. Now, after the emergence of males, we know that the collections that led to the description of the new species correspond to late females. Loxaulus hyalinus is therefore the sexual generation of a species of which the asexual form is unknown. The male will be described shortly.


description:
  Loxaulus laeta Pujade-Villar n. sp.

  Diagnosis: Galls of L. laeta n. sp. are in distal twigs (subterranean in L. tenuis) and the larval cells are dispersed in the woody tissue (in nests of three or four to a dozen cells under the bark, in short depressions or pockets in woody tissue of L. tenuis).

  Gall (Fig. 2c). Elongated slightly enlarged cryptic swellings (2 to 8 mm) of twigs, at the tips of the branches from previous year. The gall surface is rough, colored like the bark. The galled branches are hardly recognizable before the emergence of the adults. The larval chambers (1.5 x 1 mm) are dispersed in the interior of the woody tissue. 

  Host. Quercus laeta Liebm. (section Quercus). Endemic to Mexico. 

  Distribution. Mexico (Santa Fe, Delegación Cuajimalpa, D. F., Mexico City). 

  Biology. Only asexual females are known. Adults emerge in late winter and early spring, when new shoots start to grow. 

  Etymology. Related to the host oak name


description:
  Loxaulus laeta Pujade-Villar, In Pujade-Villar et al. (2014c: 349)

  Gall (Fig. 6c): Elongated cryptic swellings of the twigs located at the tips of the previous year's branches. The branches with galls are barely recognizable before the appearance of the adults. The surface of the vesicle is rough, colored like the bark. The larval chambers (1.5 x 1 mm) are dispersed inside the woody tissue.

  Hosts: Quercus laeta (section Quercus).

  Biology: Only the asexual generation is known. The galls were collected in February. Adults emerge in the same month. Possibly in January, there are also emergences of this species.

  Distribution: Mexico (Mexico City); cited from Santa Fe in Pujade-Villar et al. (2014c).


description:
  Neuroterus acrotrichias Pujade-Villar, In Pujade-Villar et al. (2017a: 68)

  Gall (Figs. 6d-e): Located on the underside of the leaves in a high number, between the secondary or tertiary veins, rarely on top of them. They are strongly attached to the leaf surface without causing a depression of the leaf at the point of insertion. They are not deciduous. They are globular with a flat base, chestnut-colored on the side and light in the apical area, provided with a whitish apical pubescent tuft. The surface is shiny and leathery, sometimes with some weak longitudinal ridges. The diameter is 1.5-1.6 mm and the height is 1.2-1.3 mm. The larval chamber is located at the bottom of the gall parallel to the leaf (1.2 x 0.5 mm); above it, there is a hard tissue that protects the larval chamber from above.

  Hosts: Quercus rugosa (section Quercus).

  Biology: Species known only for the asexual generation. The galls begin their formation at the end of winter. Adults emerge at the end of June.

  Distribution: Mexico (Mexico City, Mexico, and Tlaxcala); cited from Santa Fe in Pujade-Villar et al. (2017a).


description:
  Neuroterus ellongatum Pujade-Villar and Melika, In Pujade-Villar et al. (2014b: 4)

  Gall (Fig. 6f): Cryptic galls located on the branches. Completely invisible until the exit holes of the adults are observed. The larval chambers are arranged longitudinally inside the woody tissue of the affected branches. The larval chambers measure 2x1 mm.

  Hosts: Quercus laeta and Q. glabrescens (section Quercus).

  Biology: Only the asexual generation is known. Adults emerge in late winter and early spring when new shoots begin to grow. They emerge from two-year-old twigs.

  Distribution: Mexico (Mexico City, Mexico); cited from Santa Fe on Q. laeta in Pujade-Villar et al. (2014b).


description:
  Neuroterus eugerus Pujade-Villar, In Pujade-Villar et al. (2018c: 454)

  Gall (Fig. 6g): Multi-chambered (likely due to fused single-chambered), located on the underside of the leaves between the secondary veins, inseparable from the leaf tissue. They are almost always found touching the edge of the leaf; their presence prompts the appearance of a very abundant trichose fuzziness. The lower side is visibly swollen, reaching up to 1.5 cm thick, the upper side is not. The leaf dries and wrinkles in the place where the gall is present, so when they are very abundant the oak seems sickly. Adults emerge from the upper side.

  Hosts: Quercus laeta (section Quercus).

  Biology: The species is known only from the asexual generation. Adults emerge in June. This oak is not deciduous, the replacement of the previous year's leaves is done gradually, from February to May, so the new galls begin their formation at the end of winter; by the end of June the galls already have exit holes for new adults.

  Distribution: Known only from Santa Fe (Mexico City).


description:
  Neuroterus fusifex Pujade-Villar, In Pujade-Villar et al. (2016b: 77)

  Gall (Figs. 6h-i): Multilocular gall, located in catkins, ovoid (7-12 mm long and 5-7 mm wide) or at the petiole and base of the leaves (new location). In catkins, it causes hypertrophy of the axis; the anthers of some flowers protrude. When young, it is green and turgid, hardening and turning purple-red upon maturing. The surface is provided with a thin, dense whitish pubescence. Inside are numerous rounded larval chambers (0.5 mm in diameter) arranged together, bound with a hard consistency. The medullary space between the larval chambers hardly exists.

  Hosts: Quercus laeta and Q. rugosa (section Quercus).

  Biology: Species is known only from the sexual generation. Galls appear in April when catkins and leaves begin to develop. Adults emerge at the end of April or beginning of May. Most of the galls fall to the ground shortly after, although some can remain on the tree for a few more months.

  Distribution: Mexico (State of Mexico); first record for Santa Fe (Mexico City) on Q. laeta.


description:
  Neuroterus verrucum Pujade-Villar, In Pujade-Villar et al. (2014b: 6)

  Gall (Figs. 6j-l): Cryptic galls located on the surface of the bark of the previous year's shoots. They are very discreet, hard to recognize without the emerging holes of adults. They are solitary or in groups of up to 5 larval chambers (1.1 x 0.5 mm). Externally, they are seen as small surface warts on the bark; the yellowish larval chamber is surrounded by a thin brown woody tissue.

  Hosts: Quercus laeta (section Quercus).

  Biology: Species is known only from the asexual generation. Adults emerge at the end of winter and beginning of spring when new shoots start to grow.

  Distribution: Only known from Santa Fe (Mexico City).


description:
  Striatoandricus georgei Pujade-Villar, In Pujade-Villar et al. (2011: 28), In Cuesta-Porta et al. (2020a: 12)

  Gall (Figs. 7a-b): Found adhered to the central vein on the underside of the leaves (rarely on the upper side). It appears as a mass of lemon yellow wool (sometimes dirty yellow, never brown), with brittle but not fragile pubescence, 1.0-1.6 cm in diameter, circular in appearance (rarely oval). The pubescence is located above the central core, forming a layer 3-4 mm thick. The central core is spherical, yellowish, dense and hard, and multilocular; the larval chambers are slightly ovoid (1x1.1 mm).

  Hosts: Quercus deserticola, Q. glabrescens × obtusata, Quercus glaucoides M. Martens and Galeotti, 1843, Q. laeta, Q. magnoliifolia, Q. resinosa, and Q. rugosa (section Quercus).

  Biology: The whitish galls form from September and mature in December. Adults emerge from December to April.

  Distribution: Mexico (Mexico City, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Morelos, Puebla, and Zacatecas); cited from Santa Fe in Cuesta-Porta et al. (2020) on Q. rugosa and Q. laeta.


description:
  Striatoandricus nievesaldreyi Pujade-Villar, In Pujade-Villar et al. (2011: 32), In Cuesta-Porta et al. (2020a: 13)

  Gall (Figs. 7c-d): Found adhered to the central vein on the upper side of the leaves (rarely on the underside). Very similar to the previous one but larger in size, generally oval in outline, with a reddish-brown pubescence, longer and denser.

  Hosts: Quercus laeta, Q. magnoliifolia, and Q. rugosa (section Quercus).

  Biology: The whitish galls form from September and mature in December. Adults emerge from December to April.

  Distribution: Mexico (Mexico City, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, and Tlaxcala); cited from Santa Fe in Cuesta-Porta et al. (2020) on Q. laeta.


description:
  Zapatella polytryposa Pujade-Villar y Fermández-Garzón, In Pujade-Villar et al. (2020: 12)

  Gall (Figs. 7e-f): The long galls are on branches over a year old. They are inconspicuous until the emergence of the adults, at which point the emergence holes can be observed. The larval chambers are oval (2 x 3 mm), deeply embedded in the xylem, contiguous, and numerous; hundreds of elongated larval cells that can occupy more than 60 cm of the branch's length. 

  Hosts: Quercus crassipes (section Lobatae).

  Biology: It is unknown when the galls begin to form, but larvae are found from September to April. Adults emerge from late April to early May.

  Distribution: Only known from Santa Fe (Mexico City).

  Comments: The recently described species, Z. polytryposa, was considered damaging to Q. crassipes in southwestern Mexico City from the time of its description. Shortly after the emergence of the adults, the branch degrades and the larval chambers can be observed (Fig. 7f). The attacked branches dry up and die. On the same host, a sexual form from acorns was obtained in the same study area that is yet to be described; both forms are probably related.


description:
  [Trisetacus] campnodus attacks pine needle bases under the needle sheath typically causing chlorosis, stunting, and distortion of the needles.


  [Note: Quote taken from abstract; did not access full article.]


description:
  Trisetacus gemmavitians ... causes a peculiar gall, which essentially is a conspicuous, beautiful rosette easily seen on pine trees. Each rosette consists of a cluster of aborted buds or stunted needles. Typically the shoots become infested, and the elongation of the growing point is inhibited. Numerous buds are clustered at the tip, and the needles that develop from these buds are stunted. When rosettes are numerous, the value of cut pine trees is greatly reduced. Infestations occur at the base of the needle beneath the sheath. The mites have been collected in the sheaths of stunted needles and in new buds. Trisetacus gemmavitians has been reported from Ohio and California. 
  [pg. 90]


description:
  Trisetacus campnodus causes yellowing and stunting of Scotch pine needles. The mites colonize the needle base beneath the sheath. This area becomes necrotic and brown, at times calloused, and eventually the needles turn yellow and stunted, often distorted. Infested pine trees are chlorotic and generally appear unthrifty. This mite species was collected in Washington State.

  [pg. 90]


description:
  Trisetacus alborum at times causes the formation of clusters of stunted needles on sugar and western white pines in California


description:
  Aphis rubifolii lives in curled-leaf pseudogalls of various species of blackberry (Rubus species). The adult apterae are pale yellow, mottled to a greater or lesser extent with green. Their appendages are mainly pale, but the tarsi and apices of the siphunculi are dusky or dark ... The body length of adult Aphis rubifolii apterae is 0.9-1.4 mm.

  Small blackberry aphids live in crinkled leaf pseudogalls on both cultivated and wild species of blackberries (Rubus). On cultivated varieties they are often found near the tips of the blackberry canes ... The species is found widely in North America ... Aphis rubifolii has been recorded from 11 different species of Rubus (Rubus allegheliensis, Rubus cuneifolius, Rubus ellipticus, Rubus flagellaris, Rubus laciniatus, Rubus leucodermis (=Melanobatus leucodermis), Rubus occidentalis, Rubus procerus, Rubus strigosus, Rubus ursinus var. loganobaccus, Rubus villosus var. frondosus).


description:
  A very small, gray-brown, stellate-hairy gall replacing new buds on new growth of Quercus fusiformis. These galls are found fresh in July but frequently persist on the tree into following years; older galls are easier to find than fresh ones. In July, some galls have been found containing a fully grown larva and thin walls, while others are still thick-walled and green inside. These galls were originally mistaken for the [sexual generation galls of DIsholcaspis cinerosa](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3589), which appear and emerge much earlier in the growing season (late March-April), shortly after bud burst. D cinerosa galls also have much thinner walls and are much less firmly attached to the tree, and frequently remain surrounded by bud scales to some degree, while the present gall seems to always replace the full bud including scales. 

  Unpublished genetic sequence data from the Nicholls and Egan labs independently place male and female cynipini reared from these galls as the sexual generation of [Callirhytis quercusbatatoides.](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/813) 


description:
  The mites were found in berries that were characteristically deformed, shriveled, and dark ...

  For identity of those that infest juniper and cedar berries in North America, we suggest that specimens should be sent to specialists for proper determination. The characteristic symptoms of injury by [Trisetacus batonrougei, T. neoquadrisetus, and T. quadrisetus] appear similar to one another

  [photos pg. 82]


description:
  Very similar to galls of A. spermaphaga on the closely related Juglans hindsii. See description at https://www.gallformers.org/gall/657


description:
  Ovoid, white-downy, lateral bud gall

  [notes that these may or may not be made by the European *Rhopalomyia millefolii* Loew, as Felt (1918, 1940) stated.]


description:
  [S]ymptoms included interveinal darkening, some puckering, crinkling and irregularly thickened leaves. Mature forest trees exhibited thinned crowns and branch dieback.  ... Nearly angular leaf spots, upon close inspection with a stereo-microscope, showed very small angular lesions within the darkened areas ... BLD is associated with tree mortality within 7 years of detection.


description:
  Pine witches' broom mites, Trisetacus floridanus and other closely related eriophyid mites, cause noticeable bunched growth on pines often referred to as witches or witch's brooms. Eriophyid mites are unusual in that they have only four legs situated at the front of a worm-like, cylindrical body. Pine witches' broom mites are extremely small (280 to 375 microns long—just visible with a 10X hand lens) ... Like many eriophyid mites, Trisetacus mites inject their saliva into their hosts as they feed. This saliva acts like a plant growth regulator by shortening stem growth and encouraging numerous adventitious buds to form (the witches' broom).


description:
  Trisetacus floridanus has been reported attacking terminal shoots and causing galls, aborted buds, and stunted needles on four species of pines in Florida: Sand, slash, and cedar pines and an unidentified pine species ... Rosette or clustering of numerous aborted buds and stunted needles is the typical injury [caused by genus Trisetacus mites.]


description:
  Plant species attacked: Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens); diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) 
  Damage to host: With permitable weather, this nematode can cause severe damage to the plant.   The best incidence that supports this is the USSR  

  Releases:
  First introduced into the United States: 1984,  Washington
  Now established in: Colorado, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Washington, & Wyoming (1)
  Habitat:  With enough moisture during the winter and spring infection periods S. picridis does very well.  In dry areas S. picridis is less effective (1).
  Availability: Limited 


description:
  Hosts Spiraea splendens and S. douglasii added per Russo, Plant Galls of the Western United States (2021). (Strangely, the Gagne & Jaschhof 2021 World Catalog lists only Spiraea salicifolia as a host.)


description:
  A number of American Liliaceae have simple leaf spot galls about 8 mm in diameter made by unidentified cecidomyiids for which the adult stage has not been reared. Each spot contains a single larva that leaves the gall when full-grown. At that time the spot becomes translucent and more noticeable...

  [Lists *Maianthemum canadense, Polygonatum biflorum, Smilacina racemosa [Maianthemum racemosum],* and *Uvularia sessilifolia* as hosts for this gall.]


description:
  Allomyia juniperi ... 

  The gall is a small, apical, burr-like deformity with a diameter of 5 mm. It differs from the larger rosette galls in that there are no distinctly reflexed leaves. 


description:
  HOST ID TO SPECIES 

  For a close comparison of black cherry (Prunus serotina), choke cherry (Prunus virginiana), and pin cherry (P. pensylvanica), with excellent photos, see https://extension.unh.edu/resource/identifying-choke-cherry-source-x-disease-fact-sheet. 


description:
  The galls ... appear as small reddish or brownish blisters on the surface of the leaf ... [A] single gall produces a blister on both surfaces ... [E]mergence holes[, which] can be seen on both sides of a single leaf ... are round and tend to be in the center of the gall. The galls can be quite numerous ... in excess of 40 in a single square centimeter. 


description:
  GALL
  numerous, ± 1 mm large, pale green to reddish pustules, up to 100 on leaf. After the wasp has vacated the gall, a conspicuous opening remains in the top. Two or more generations.

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/hymenoptera/apocrita/chalcidoidea/eulophidae/ophelimus/ophelimus-maskelli/


description:
  T. communis is not the only possible cause of plum pockets on Prunus salicina. Researchers reported that plum pockets occurring on P. salicina in South Korea had been caused by Taphrina deformans. Whether any strains of T. deformans present in North America can cause plum pockets on P. salicina or other plums remains unclear. [Hassan, Chang, & Oh. First Report on Plum Pocket Caused by Taphrina deformans in South Korea. Mycobiology (September 2020).] 

externallink:
  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344801472_First_Report_on_Plum_Pocket_Caused_by_Taphrina_deformans_in_South_Korea


externallink: https://www.ndrs.org.uk/article.php?id=034019
description:
  Compared with symptomless plants (Fig. 1), plants of T. grandiflorum and T. erectum with symptoms of virescence typical of phytoplasma infection (Figs. 2-3) were observed growing as weeds on a private property in the Sparta area of London, Ontario in May 2016.


description:
  GALL
  up to 1.5 cm long, often one-sided, swelling of the stem, especially at the level of the inflorescence. Inside a single white weevil larva; pupation in the soil.

  HOST PLANTS
  Onagraceae, oligophagous

  Chamerion angustifolium; Epilobium hirsutum,* montanum.*

  *  According to Rheinheimer & Hassler only on Chamerion.

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/coleoptera/polyphaga/cucujiformia/curculionoidea/curculionidae/conoderinae/ceutorhynchitae/cnemidogonini/auleutes/auleutes-epilobii/


description:
  A stem borer causing a globular swelling at the node of a stem of Boltonia asteroides. A lepidopteran caterpillar was found within.


description:
  Many small conical protrusions on leaves and stem of Artemisia tilesii, observed in August in Alaska. 


description:
  Galls are 2–4 mm in diameter, green at first, becoming bluish-purple. The branch tips are killed. Host: *C. origanoides*...


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12112726#page/55/mode/1up
description:
  On *Cunila origanoides* (L) Britt. (Dittany), bud gall, on ends of aborted upper branches; prosoplasma, up-walled type; sub-spherical, tipped with short point, 2–3.5 mm. diam., green at first early becoming bluish-purple, surface glandular same as leaves, sessile on branch end, invested below by an involucre of a few inconspicuous, foliaceous bracts; chamber large, same shape as gall, wall thin, similar to leaf in texture though slightly thicker than leaf; few on any one plant.


description:
  GALL
  One to three larvae live between the inner petals and the developing achene; the warts on the inner petals are enlarged and brightly coloured. The achene becomes malformed. The mature larve is lemon yellow. Multivoltine, pupation in the gall or in the soil.

  HOST PLANTS ....
  Rumex acetosella, conglomeratus, crispus, maritimus, obtusifolius, palustris, pulcher & subsp. woodsii, sanguineus.

  [click below for photos]

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/cecidomyiidi/cecidomyiini/contarinia/contarinia-rumicis/


description:
  Hosts
  Affects many of species of Abies, the true firs, including subalpine fir and white fir. Requires alternate hosts in the family Caryophyllaceae including chickweed, sandwort, and starwort.

  Diagnosis and Damage
  This rust causes upright, compact witches’ brooms that bear annual, yellow needles. These brooms may be mistaken for those caused by dwarf mistletoes; however, in true firs, only fir broom rust causes a marked loss of chlorophyll and annual casting of all broom needles. Infected branches and stems become swollen at the base of a broom into a spindle-shaped or nearly spherical gall. The bark on old swellings usually dies and becomes cracked, and open cankers may develop. On the leaves of the alternate host, yellow-orange spores (urediniospores and teliospores) are produced.

  Damage caused as a result of this broom rust includes reduced growth, dead tops above the infection and mortality particularly in the seedling and sapling stages. Breakage may occur at the point of stem infections. Trees can survive for many years with broom rust infections.

  Biology and Disease Cycle
  The fungus lives systemically and perennially in both hosts and may overwinter in either host. In fir, buds and emerging twigs are infected in the spring by spores produced on the alternate host, and the fungus invades the young shoots and induces the formation of witches’ brooms. The rust produces five types of spores of which two, spermatia and aeciospores, are produced on true fir; the others are produced on the alternate host. Infection of fir requires moist and temperate weather conditions and synchrony between spore (basidiospore) release and fir shoot development.


description:
  GALL
  O[n] the ends of [the] shoot the needle bases are shortened and curved, explaining the American name “ragged spruce gall adelgid”. Contrary to Adelges the thickened needle bases are not fused. The aphids are dark reddish-brown.

  HOSTPLANTS
  Picea sitchensis.

  In North America on several more Picea species.

  [click below for photo]

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/hemiptera/sternorrhyncha/phylloxeroidea/adelgidae/pineus/pineus-similis/


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Pineus
description:
  Pineus similis (Gillette)   

  Anholocyclic, living without host alternation on a wide range of Picea spp. in North America (abies, glauca, engelmanni, mariana, pungens, rubens), and introduced into Britain where it also colonises Picea sitchensis (Carter 1975).  ... Pseudofundatrices (not true fundatrices, because they hatch from unfertilised eggs) overwinter in the second or third instar under bud scales.  

  [GALLS]
  [F]eeding [by pseudofundatrices] in spring causes rather loose galls 1-4 cm long, with the constituent needles much paler than the normal new growth ...  As the gall matures the shoot and needles become brown and twisted giving it a ragged appearance.  

  Uniquely, both alate and apterous gallicolae are produced in the galls.  Apterous gallicolae oviposit within the galls, but apterae may also be found outside the galls, laying eggs in small tufts of wax on the stem.  Alate gallicolae, 1.0-2.1 mm and dark reddish-brown, fly in June-July to recolonise spruce needles, laying eggs in white wax wool.  These apparently develop into the overwintering pseudofundatrix generation ...


description:
  Adelges (Sacchiphantes) abietis (L.) is anholocyclic on Picea spp. (abies, glauca, jezoensis, koyamai, sitchensis), with only two generations per year; a pseudofundatrix that induces a pineapple-like gall (fig. 123A, and see also influentialpoints.com/Gallery), and yellow to yellow-green alate gallicolae that leave the gall in late summer but do not generally disperse far, often laying eggs on the same or neighbouring spruce trees.  The galls are hard, green, and covered with trichomes; Rohfritsch (1990) studied their development in detail.  Ewert (1967) found differential levels of infestation by A. abietis galls among spruce clones ...


description:
  Adelges aphids form galls on Picea (spruce), not on the alternate host. For a drawing comparing the different galls, go to https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1662 and scroll to the second photo.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_A.htm#Adelges
description:
  Adelges (Gilletteella) cooleyi (Gillette) typically host-alternates between Picea spp. (engelmanni, pungens, sitchensis) and Pseudotsuga spp. (macrocarpa, menziesii).  

  The galls on shoot tips of Picea are characteristically elongate, with green, pink or red gall chambers and long needles protruding from them.  Apterous exules on needles of Pseudotsuga are covered in white woolly wax.  

  Native to western North America, but now occurring throughout Europe and North America, and in Tasmania. Cumming (1962) described a monomorphic, non-galling, anholocyclic form on Picea glauca in Canada ...


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_A.htm#Adelges
description:
  Adelges lariciatus Patch   
  Host-alternating between Picea spp. (abies, glauca, mariana, pungens) and Larix spp. (laricina, lyalli) in North America (Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Utah).  Galls are globular, often sub-terminal and to one side of shoot, green when young to red and brown when mature. 

  [Part of] a taxonomically very difficult complex of adelgids [Adelges laricis complex] which [alternate] between Picea and Larix, or have an incomplete cycle restricted to either the primary or the secondary host.  Galls of laricis sensu stricto on Picea are typical of the group; they are globular or ovate, with a cream or ivory coloration and waxy texture, becoming pink or brown just prior to opening.  They may be terminal, or have some growth of the shoot beyond the gall ...


description:
  Plants attacked
  Balsam Fir, Fraser Fir, Siberian Fir, Subalpine Fir, White Spruce, Blue Spruce, and Juniper.

  Description of damage
  Twisted and curled needles are the most apparent damage from feeding by the balsam twig aphid. Feeding can also cause roughened bark on the twigs. Extensive feeding can cause a general decline and reduced vigor of the tree, yet in many cases is cosmetic and not particularly damaging. The major problem is that curled needles reduce the marketability and value of Christmas trees.

  Balsam twig aphids also produce honeydew, a sticky material that drops to needles and twigs below. Honeydew gives the needles a shiny appearance, but is usually washed off by rain within a few weeks. At times the honeydew can become a growth medium for sooty mold, which turns the needles and twigs black.

  Identification
  The small brown balsam twig aphid eggs are laid in bark crevices and covered with white waxy filaments. The eggs hatch into small, soft-bodied, pale yellowish-green aphids. Adults can be winged or wingless. The wingless adults are bluish-gray in color. The winged aphids, also known as winged reproductives, have five dark spots on the thorax. The cornicles or "honey tubes" are small and indistinct in all stages.

  Life history
  The balsam twig aphid has a complex life cycle that includes four different adult stages. First generation females emerge from overwintering eggs throughout April and up until mid-May. The female adults then give rise to wingless aphids from May to mid- June or winged aphids from mid-May to mid-June. The winged adults will fly to other trees and produce winged reproductives, which will oviposit on the tree from early to mid-June. Thereafter, only the eggs are present. They will remain dormant until the following spring. Overwintering eggs are primarily found at the base of the needles and on the stems of the most recent growth.


description:
  Systemic. Stems and ramification as a rule only slightly changed; branches perhaps a little prolonged and more upright than normal. Leaves only slightly enlarged and thickened, often bullate, yellowish green to bright red above (depending upon light?), eventually hymenium-clad between the nerves beneath. Rarely whole plants strongly dwarfed with dwarfed leaves, richly and spreadingly ramified and red all over. 


description:
  Hongo parásito hipofilo de Lyonia jamaicensis. Forma agallas buliformes en las hojas, cuando frescas de color rosado liláceo y cuando secan las agallas son café oscuro rojizo. Las hifas, intercelulares, sin fíbulas, con pocos septos, 1. 8 - 2. 1 flm de diámetro, paredes delgadas, hialinas. 

  [(Google translates this to English as:) Hypophilic parasitic fungus of Lyonia jamaicensis. Forms bulliform [i.e., blister-like] galls on the leaves. When fresh, they are lilac-pink in color and when dry, the gills are dark reddish brown. The hyphae, intercellular, without fibulae, with few septa, 1.8 - 2.1 flm in diameter, thin-walled, hyaline.] 


description:
  GALL
  The hairs of the erineum are short, mushroom-shaped. 

  HOSTPLANTS
  ...  Betula humilis, nana, pendula, pubescens.

  [click link below for photos]

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/acari/actinotrichida/prostigmata/eleutherengona/eriophyoidea/eriophyidae/eriophyinae/acerini/acalitus/acalitus-longisetosus/


description:
  Whether the red erineum galls occurring on North American birches are induced by A. longisetosus has not been researched. The illustration for this page shows a gall on Betula nigra, one of many tentatively identified as  A. longisetosus on iNaturalist. 


description:
  A slight swelling of the lamina of the leaf of Amelanchier utahensis, causing a pink-red discoloration below and a purple ring above. Observed in California in August with an emergence hole visible on the lower side.


description:
  For singly-occurring *Asphondylia solidaginis* / *A. rosulata*-like bud galls on *Solidago ulmifolia* apical buds. Could represent a host range extension of an already-characterized *Asphondylia*, or perhaps a new species. Sometimes very prominent, unlike *A. rosulata* bud galls on *S. rugosa*, with many thin, recurved leaves.


description:
  For the *Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis*-like galls found in Santa Cruz Co., California on *Solidago californica* [=*Solidago velutina* ssp. *californica*] by Merav Vonshak here:
  https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/182131466


description:
  The bacterium Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. nerii was identified as the causal agent of parenchymatous galls on leaves of potted oleander plants ... The leaf galls on the oleander sample resembled bacterial knot. Similar diseases occur on common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), olive (Olea europea L.), privet (Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.) and species of Jasminus, Forsythia, and Phyllyrea among Oleaceae ... Recently, strains isolated from oleander (Apocynaceae), from ash and from olive and other Oleaceae have been classified, respectively, as P. savastanoi pv. nerii, P. savastanoi pv. fraxini, P. savastanoi, and P. savastanoi pv. savastanoi ... Oleander strains infect oleander and plants of Oleaceae 


description:
  A substantial contraction of the basal area of a leaf of Sidalcea, causing the leaf to appear bunched. The affected tissue is yellow-white and has longer, denser hairs than unaffected leaf lamina. No evidence of the inducer is known. 


description:
  An elongate conical gall growing in a leaf axil of Quercus chrysolepis, presumably originating as a modified bud. Fresh galls observed in September are purple with linear white streaks aligned from base to tip, covered sparsely in a mealy coating. A gall with a single emergence hole at the base was observed in April. Structurally these galls bear some resemblance to [Heteroecus melanoderma](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1957) and [Heteroecus dasydactyli](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1903) when their hairs are removed, but are substantially thinner and show no evidence of having ever had hairs even when apparently fresh. It is possible that this gall form is an inquiline-induced modification of one of those two species.


description:
  An elliptical purple circle leaf spot on leaves of Baccharis halimifolia, with adults emerging from leaf galls in August. 


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_M.htm#Myzus
description:
  ... leaves are rolled longitudinally into narrow tubes and spotted with yellow 
  ... Apterae are shiny yellow, with distal parts of siphunculi brownish black
  ... introduced into North America.  Monoecious holocyclic, with oviparae and alate males in November.


description:
  For photos and more information see https://influentialpoints.com/Gallery/Myzus_ligustri_Privet_aphid.htm
  For additional photos see https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/hemiptera/sternorrhyncha/aphidoidea/aphididae/aphidinae/macrosiphini/myzus/myzus-ligustri/


description:
  ... this species makes a gall, rather than a mine ... Larva in the leaf tip, that is strongly contorted. An elongated white egg shell is visible at the centre of the mass ...

  HOST PLANTS
  polyphagous on Pteridophyta

  Athyrium distentifolium, filix-femina; Dryopteris carthusiana, cristata, dilatata, filix-mas; Pteridium aquilinum.

  Recorded by Dietrich (2016a) from Thelytpteris limbosperma. In eastern Canada often on Onoclea [=Matteuccia] struthiopteris (von Aderkas & Peterson (1987a).

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/brachycera/anthomyiidae/chirosia/chirosia-betuleti/


description: [photos of leaf and fruit galls]
externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/bacteria/proteobacteria/pseudomonadales/pseudomonas/pseudomonas-savastanoi-pv-nerii/


description:
  GALL
  upperside of the leaves with hollow blisters that may be reddish brown above; their underside bears a layer of microscopical asci that, when fully developed, may give the surface a mealy aspect. Also many-years old witches’ brooms may be formed.

  HOST PLANTS
  Prunus avium, cerasus, fruticosa, padus.

  [click below for photos]

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/dikarya/ascomycota/taphrinomycotina/taphrinomycetes/taphrinomycetidae/taphrinales/taphrinaceae/taphrina/taphrina-wiesneri/


description:
  Looking at the 19 observations on iNaturalist on 9/17/2023 labelled "T. wiesneri," I found two that matched the photos of leaf galls on Plant Parasites of Europe. Both were from Europe. Whether the American observations are also T. wiesneri requires investigation.


description:
  The species P. savastanoi is a member of the Pseudomonas syringae complex and includes four pathovars causing knots or excrescences in woody hosts. These are P. savastanoi pv. savastanoi (Psv), pv. nerii (Psn), pv. fraxini (Psf) and pv. retacarpa (Psr), comprising isolates from olive (Olea europaea), oleander (Nerium oleander), ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and Spanish broom (Retama sphaerocarpa), respectively (Gardan et al., 1992a; Bull et al., 2010). Additionally, DNA-DNA hybridization studies formally classified the causative agents of bacterial brown spot of soybeans and halo blight disease of beans into the species P. savastanoi (i.e., P. savastanoi pv. glycinea and P. savastanoi pv. phaseolicola, respectively) (Gardan et al., 1992a). However, it is now clear that P. savastanoi belongs to a larger phylogenetic group, which should be called P. amygdali when elevated to the species rank, comprising 25 pathovars and four additional Pseudomonas species, and that pathovars Psv, Psn, Psf, and Psr are phylogenetically closer to other pathovars infecting trees than to pv. glycinea and pv. phaseolicola (Gardan et al., 1999; Nowell et al., 2014; Baltrus et al., 2017). Remarkably, this phylogenetic group ... is the only one from the P. syringae complex containing bacteria causing tumors in woody hosts, namely Psv, Psn, Psr, P. meliae, P. tremae and P. syringae pathovars cerasicola, daphniphylli, dendropanacis, myricae, and rhaphiolepidis (Lamichhane et al., 2014). 

  While artificial infections with Psv, Psn, and Psr strains cause knots, Psf isolates induce cankers accompanied by wart-like excrescences in both ash and olive. Psv strains induce knot formation in olive and ash but not in oleander, whereas Psn strains can infect all three hosts. In contrast, the host range of Psr isolates is restricted to Spanish broom (Janse, 1982; Iacobellis et al., 1998; Ramos et al., 2012). Knot formation by P. savastanoi has also been described in several other hosts, including jasmine (Gardan et al., 1992b), privet (Gardan et al., 1992b), mock privet (Gardan et al., 1992b), forsythia (Bradbury, 1986), buckthorn (Temsah et al., 2007a), fontanesia (Mirik et al., 2011), pomegranate (Bozkurt et al., 2014), myrtle (Goumas et al., 2000; Temsah et al., 2007b; Cinelli et al., 2014) and dipladenia (Putnam et al., 2010; Eltlbany et al., 2012; Pirc et al., 2014; Caballo-Ponce and Ramos, 2016). Although these P. savastanoi hosts are classified in several plant families, over 50% of them belong to the Oleaceae family. Lack of accurate cross-pathogenicity tests for most of these strains preclude their classification within any of the four well-established P. savastanoi pathovars causing diseases in woody hosts 

  Knot induction by P. savastanoi in woody hosts is characterized by the formation of hypertrophic and hyperplastic overgrowths on the trunks, stems and branches; however, this symptomatology is rarely observed on the leaves and fruits ... 

  Psv lives epiphytically on the surface of leaves and stems and reaches the highest cell populations in warm, rainy months (Ercolani, 1978; Quesada et al., 2007). However, these bacteria are able to switch from an epiphytic to an endopathogenic lifestyle after penetration into plant tissues through wounds generated by climatic conditions or agricultural practices. As a pathogen, P. savastanoi induces hypertrophy and hyperplasia of plant tissues, generally leading to the generation of knots, an exception occurs in ash infections by Psf strains, which induce the formation of small protuberances (i.e., cankers or excrescences). A histological examination of the knots induced by P. savastanoi infections in different hosts reveals strong similarities among olive (Surico, 1977; Temsah et al., 2008; Rodríguez-Moreno et al., 2009), oleander (Wilson, 1965; Temsah et al., 2010), buckthorn (Temsah et al., 2007a), and myrtle (Temsah et al., 2007b). 

  During the early stages of an infection, bacteria are localized in the intercellular spaces of the cortical parenchyma and in the vascular tissues damaged by the wound, where bacterial pectolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymatic activities cause cell wall degradation of adjacent plant cells, resulting in the plasmolysis of host cells and the generation of internal cavities. Bacterial cells colonize these cavities and multiply, while lignin deposits appear as a defense mechanism in the cell walls of plasmolyzed cells. Adjacent to them, the parenchymal cells of the cortex and vascular system show hypertrophic and hyperplastic activities initiated by coenocytic divisions, resulting in multinucleated cells. Additionally, in oleander infections, tyloses develop in the xylem vessels, hampering bacterial movement 

  Subsequent enlargement of the internal cavities and hyperplastic tissues result in the formation of an incipient multilobed knot. Additionally, the parenchyma cells adjacent to the bacterial cavities have been shown to differentiate into xylem elements, which are connected with the primary vascular cylinder in olive infections (Rodríguez-Moreno et al., 2009). Taking into account that neovascularization is essential for the growth of plant and animal tumors (Ullrich and Aloni, 2000), the existence of this network of vascular tissues might facilitate the supply of water and nutrients necessary for the knots to reach their final size. The existence of a vascular connection between plant galls and the vascular system of the host plant has also been reported in A. tumefaciens-induced crown galls (Aloni et al., 1995).

  During later stages of knot development, the hypertrophied tissue is composed of groups of disorganized cells, except for those being part of the xylem vessels generated during the infection. Psv cells have been visualized inside olive knots forming small groups and microcolonies, which remain attached to the surface of hypertrophied host cells and to each other by an extracellular matrix ... 

  In addition, the pressure generated by continuous hyperplastic activity causes the appearance of fissures in the knot tissues. The enlargement of these fissures produces breakage of the periderm and exposure of the internal cavities filled with bacteria to the environment, which contributes to pathogen spread.


description:
  *Cecidomyia spec.* on *Aristolochia sipho [A. macrophylla]*.
  Flat rounded galls on the under side of the leaves, pale, somewhat transparent, pale greenish, 4 mil. diam. On the upper side of the leaf the gall becomes a slightly elevated disk marked with dark red and having in the middle a small pale-bordered hole. The galls grow larger and more globular on the stems of the leaves, to globes of 8 mil. diam., some more elongated, 18 mil. long and 8 mil. broad.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/55292723
description:
  ...I observed that the plantlets of *Antennaria plantaginifolia* covering a sloping pasture in an open wood near St. Francis, Milwaukee, had been so severely attacked by Cecidomyids as to have almost all their terminal buds converted into galls. 
  [GF note: This probably refers to a different *Antennaria* species, because *A. plantaginifolia* in the current sense (e.g. as followed by POWO) probably doesn't grow near Milwaukee. *"A. plantaginifolia"* in 1888 could have referred to any *Antennaria* species in the eastern United States.] 
  ...

  ...produced from a puncture of the terminal bud of the plantlet early in April... The gall on *Antennaria*, which is from ⅓ to ½ an inch in diameter, is corm-shaped and is brought about by a check in the growth of the scape-like flower-bearing stem, the sessile leaves of which become somewhat succulent, broader and longer than under normal circumstances, and, excepting the tips, which are somewhat recurved, closely applied to one another like the leaves of an onion. Both surfaces of the component leaves of the gall are covered with woolly trichomes, while the parenchyma cells of their more succulent basal portions acquire a reddish coloring matter. Frequently all the terminal buds of a plant to the number of a dozen or more will be found to have been punctured by the flies and converted into galls, which form clusters remotely resembling bunches of young hazel nuts....The numerous larvae are found imbedded in the woolly center of the gall, and though close together, are usually isolated by films of matted trichomes.


description:
  There is a possibility that some dried galls that appear to be A. paramackiei witches' brooms are instead galls of the wasp, [Kokkocynips attractans](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/737). K. attractans forms small (2mm diameter), two-part galls that cluster around a bud, typically one on the side of a branch. The two chambers are shaped like the number 8, with the smaller cell closer to the bud. The larger cell shrivels as the red, fleshy galls dry and turn brown.


description:
  This species induces leaf edge rolls on Cercocarpus breviflorus. The lower leaf is usually tightly rolled onto the upper surface, with a hollow interior where the psyllid nymph feeds. The deformation is usually red and green. The galls are variable, and sometimes can take a form more similar to leaf blisters on veins. An adult <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/162000206">was reared</a> from a gall in New Mexico in May 2023 and confirmed to be P. insignita. Similar galls on different host plants (eg. Cercocarpus montanus) may be induced by different Purshivora species. 


description:
  Quercus welshii added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/175276784). 


description:
  On Lonicera hispidula ... I have collected L. affinis many times and at all seasons of the year in California ... 


externallink: https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN1347
description:
  The lychee erinose mite (LEM), Aceria litchii (Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae), is one of the most important pests of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn., Sapindaceae). This eriophyid mite pest is native to Asia and has been reported in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Thailand, China and Taiwan, Hawaii, and Australia ... in Brazil [it] has caused an estimated 70–80% yield reduction ... In February 2018, LEM was found in Lee County, Florida, and since then it has spread to several counties in central and south Florida ... 

  Erinea develop initially on the lower side of the leaves, presenting a white/transparent coloration, and causing leaves to become distorted or curled. However, at this stage of the infestation, a color change of the leaf can also be visible on the upper side. As LEM populations grow, the erinea change color, thickness, and density. Dense white erinea have fewer mites present in comparison to amber colored erinea. Erinea of dark brown or black color have little to no mites present. At this stage, the mites have overexploited the leaf and have dispersed in search of a new flush within the same plant. Erinea may also develop on petioles, stems, panicles, flower buds, and fruit. They may vary in size, shape, and color. Heavy infestations have typically multiple, much larger erinea that may vary in maturation due to the time it takes for the mites to disperse within the plant ... 

  [click below for photos]


description:
  The cypress twig gall midge, Taxodiomyia cupressiananassa (Osten Sacken), attacks bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) and pond cypress (T. ascendens), inducing galls that develop from leaf bud tissue ... 

  DISTRIBUTION
  This midge is found in the midsection of the U.S. from north Illinois, Indiana to Florida and west to Louisiana, Tennessee, and Alabama.

  DESCRIPTION
  ADULTS
  The adults are tiny flies with hyaline wings covered with short setae. The thorax and appendages of males are tan and the abdomen is tan-orange. The abdomen of the female is orange-red. Males and females are approximately 1.57 and 2.17 mm long, respectively.

  EGGS
  The eggs are bright orange, translucent, about 0.6 mm long by 0.08 mm wide, and average 15 eggs per cluster.

  LARVAE
  The larvae when newly hatched are light orange, about 0.6 mm long by 0.09 mm wide. At this point the sternal spatula is not visible but becomes visible as larvae mature, it then changes color to orange-red and reaches about 1.5 mm long by 0.072 mm wide.

  PUPAE
  The pupae are obtect (wings and appendages are appressed to the body ) and bright orange. Males and females are approximately 1.53 mm and 1.84 mm long, respectively.

  The oval shaped galls are formed on the terminal portion of the branchlets. When mature they resemble miniature pineapples that look like elongate swellings on the leaflets. The color varies from pink at first, turning light green as development progresses. However, the galls appear white most of the time because of a covering of fine, powdery material. When adults emerge the galls turn brown. Overwintering galls are usually copper-brown, dropping with branchlets in late autumn. The galls average 20 mm in length, but larger galls may reach 3 cm in length and 2 cm in width and may contain an average of 16 larvae. The number of midge larvae inside is highly correlated with the length of the gall. The gall tissue is spongy and succulent but becomes less succulent as the midge larvae mature.

  LIFE CYCLE AND BIOLOGY
  The life cycle of T. cupressiananassa is univoltine in the northern U.S. and bivoltine (two generations) in northern Florida.

  The flies overwinter as larvae on the ground in the fallen galls in early November and pupate in mid-April inside the galls.

  Adults flies emerge in mid-May for an extended period of time. Nearly 95% of the adult midges emerge within three weeks of the onset of emergence. Copulation occurs the same day as adult emergence. After mating, the female midge flies to the leaves where it oviposits on the new developing foliage an average of 120 eggs during their one to two day life span.

  The midge larvae induce gall formation by the leaflets initiating as pink swellings of the branchlets at the feeding sites. Galls rapidly increase in size during the first three weeks and at the same time, larvae gradually move toward the longitudinal axis of the gall where each larva makes a small chamber which it occupies. Before pupation, the larvae reverse their position so that their heads point toward the gall surface.

  For adult emergence, the pupa moves through the larval chamber and breaks the gall surface until its head and thorax are completely outside. The second generation feeds until mid-September and in late October the galls and foliage fall from the trees....


description:
  [The authors show two micrographs from sections of an *Asphondylia cytisi* gall from an apparently cultivated *Cytisus* hybrid (listed as *"Cytisus praece"* which does not appear in IPNI, but perhaps is a typographical error referring to the commonly cultivated Warminster Broom, *Cytisus ×praecox* Bean). The micrographs are almost unconnected to the text, with all information about them apparently restricted to the captions. Elsewhere they do report that all their samples came from either Kansas or Missouri. It is not clear whether this includes the broom galls.]


description:
  Closed, swollen flower...This damage was attributed to *Asphondylia cytisi* Frauenfeld, but the gall makers were not preserved. The host for this record, exotic to North America, was growing  in the New York Botanical Gardens. No other reports are known of the European *A. cytisi* in North America. Host: *Cytisus* sp. 

  [note: Gagné cites a Scientific American article for this entry, but that article only mentions this gall in passing with no details. One of the authors of that article, Lekh Batra, did publish on this species earlier, and that article may be the partial basis for the information in Gagné's handbook entry, or perhaps the handbook entry is based on a museum gall specimen?]


description:
  *Lycopersicum esculentum [Solanum lycopersicum]* ... Blossom midge infestations in common tomato ... a fraction of 1 per cent to over 80 per cent of the mature buds sampled...
  *Capsicum frutescens ... In several instances practically 100 per cent of the flowers of peppers in small private garden plantings have been found infested with midge larvae...
  *Solanum melongena* ... [listed as a host, but possibly not a preferred one] ...
  *Solanum tuberosum* ... Blossom midge has been reared from Irish potato blossoms on only two occasions...
  *Solanum rantonnetii [Lycianthes rantonnetii]* ...most of the blossoms heavily infested with pepper weevil larvae. A few buds were found to harbor small dipterous larvae which were called to the attention of the writer. They were reared to the adult stage and proved to be blossom midge.
  *Momordica charantia* ... [listed as a host, with "severe damage"]...
  *Hibiscus* sp. ...Over 80 per cent of the buds on a single plant in the upper Kipapa district were found infested...
  *Jasminum sambac* ... Over 75 per cent of the living buds sampled were found infested ...
  *Brassica chinensis* ... The single record to date is based on an infestation which developed on plants grown in the greenhouse...they occurred also on tomato flowers.


description:
  The blossom midge has a wide host range spanning at least six plant families, including the flower buds of orchid, plumeria, hibiscus, pikake (jasmine), white mustard cabbage or pak choi, tomato, eggplant, pepper, potato, bittermelon, and other vegetables and ornamentals...Currently, the blossom midge can be found on all of the major Hawaiian islands. Elsewhere in the USA, the blossom midge was reported on dendrobium orchids in Florida in 1992.


description:
  [Describes *C. maculipennis* in detail, rears it from cultivated *Dendrobium* buds, and gives a key to distinguish it from two other tomato-infesting *Contarinia* species.]


description:
  ...pest of daylilies which causes the buds to swell up and drop off before flowering... It can cause severe loss of flowers... The cause is *Contarinia quinquenotata*, a small fly which has been a pest of daylilies in Europe for several decades and was identified in British Columbia, Canada in the Summer of 2001. Since then it has crossed the border into the state of Washington and has recently been reported by AHS members in north-western Ontario and in Nova Scotia. In 2019 this pest was also reported to be in Maine.


description:
  aborted florets...larvae enter the developing florets and destroy the ovules. Full-grown larvae drop to the soil where they spin a cocoon... Hosts: *T. repens*, *T. hybridum*


description:
  aborted florets...larvae enter the developing florets and destroy the ovules. Full-grown larvae drop to the soil where they spin a cocoon... Host: *T. pratense*


description:
  Widespread Europe; poss. immigr.: widespread Nearctic. *Trifolium pratense*; *T. medium* (Fabaceae).


description:
  poss. immigr.: USA (Washington, Oregon, New York). *Trifolium repens*; *T. hybridum*, *T. pratense* (Fabaceae)


description:
  In 2004 a cecidomyiid, *Dasineura mangiferae* (Felt), was discovered in Guadeloupe, French West Indies, among inflorescences of mango, *Mangifera indica* L. (Anacardiaceae). This is the first notice of this gall midge in the Americas. Native to India... It has also been recorded from Hawaii (Anonymous 1981) where it is evidently an immigrant. Larvae feed in developing flowers that become enlarged and distorted into conical galls.
  ...
  In our search for a generic home for this species, it was a surprise to find that *D. mangiferae* fits satisfactorily into *Gephyraulus*...


description:
  Galls of *G. inclusa* are called "rice-grain" galls because of their size and shape. The gall clusters develop only in the basal half of the internode and protrude inwards from the internode wall (Skuhrava and Skuhravy 1981). The first generation attacks the nine basally situated internodes, the second to fourth generation the 10th internode or higher and side shoots induced by stem damage (Tscharntke 1986).


description:
  <b>Additional Hosts</b>
  Q. cerris, Q. tourneyi, and Q. laceyi added per abstract of [Bradshaw et al.](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370634448_Phylogeny_and_taxonomy_of_the_genera_of_Erysiphaceae_part_3_Cystotheca).

  <b>Non-Gall Form With Fuzzy Brown Surface Confirmed by DNA Sequencing</b>
  See [this observation on iNaturalist](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/227870143), showing this powdery mildew on cultivar oak, along with DNA test results and comment by Senna Robeson that "dense, thick, rough brown growth is characteristic of [Cystotheca]."

  <b>Other Notes</b>
  According to [Swiecki & Bernhardt, A field guide to insects and diseases of California oaks (2006)](https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/25928), "Cystotheca lanestris (= Sphaerotheca lanestris) is widespread and has been reported from most oaks in California."


description:
  Diplodia tumefaciens (Shear) Zalasky (Macrophorna tumefaciens) has been proven capable of producing galls on aspen (Kaufert 1937). Branch galls do not appear to be as numerous as the trunk rough bark (fig. 11A). The fungus gains entrance into the bark through lenticels but does not penetrate deeper than the outer layer of the cortex, because it apparently stimulates the formation of a protective periderm. As the fungus invades the layer of periderm, a new phellogen develops and a new layer of periderm forms. This fungus invasion and formation of a protective barrier against the pathogen continues for years, resulting in the formation of rough bark and branch galls. Zalasky (1964) reported fungus penetration of intact or broken cuticle and epidermis of aspen and black poplar (Populus nigra), and its occurrence on other poplars.


description:
  "Gall c2 (Fig. 4B)
  A Tephritidae induced this 1 .0 x 4.0 mm ellipsoidal gall in the stem node. It was formed by modified leaves and was connected to the stem by a long peduncle."


description:
  Unlike other tephritids, galling Artemisia, E. diana has a broad host plant range which includes five species and two varieties of Artemisia. Stoltzfus (1977) lists A. tridentata subsp. tridentata Nutt., A. arbuscula Nutt., A. cana subsp. cana Pursh, A. cana subsp. viscidula (Osterhout), A. nova Nelson, A. tripartita Rydb. and A. tridentata subsp. vaseyana (Rydb.). These species all belong to the tridentate section of Artemisia. Artemisia filifolia Torr. (sand sagebrush) is a new host plant record for E. diana. (pg 02)

  [In reference to A. filifolia] The mature gall is a monothalmous, ovoid structure ranging from 39 to 131 mm (average 82 mm) in diameter (fig. 10). The circumference of the galls varies from 17 to 25 mm (average 21 mm). The galls are located at the apical meristem of the lateral branches of the current year's growth. They are uniform in shape, covered by a proliferation of thread-like leaves and are green in color. The size of the gall cavity ranges from 6.5 to 9 mm (average 7.0 mm) in length. There are two distinct tissue layers visible in the gall. The outer layer, which is covered by a proliferation of thread-like leaves, is firm but relatively soft and thin when compared to the inner layer immediately surrounding the cavity. This layer is quite thickened and hard at maturity. (pg 27)


description:
  The original report of this damage (Cockerell 1902) indicated that the swelling was inconspicuous. Only the larva is known, and it is tentatively placed under *Neolasioptera*. Host: *A. palmeri*. 


description:
  *[Neolasioptera] palmeri*. USA (New Mexico). *Amaranthus palmeri* (Amaranthaceae). *Cecidomyia palmeri* Felt 1912k: 757


description:
  In dry stems of *Amaranthus Palmeri*, not forming a distinct gall. Larva orange; anchor-process with the head terminating in two large sharp teeth, and the sides of the head produced into long sharp teeth. Adult unknown. Mesilla Park, N. M. 


description:
  Margins of newly expanded leaves are tightly curled from beneath. *Contarinia* larvae were taken in New York in June, *Dasineura* larvae in Maryland in early May. Larvae of both species are white. At least the *Dasineura* sp. is gregarious. Host: *R. toxicodendron*.

  [note: It is not clear what *"R. toxicodendron"* refers to here. It is not an accepted name in the plant taxonomy source cited by Gagné elsewhere in his book (National List of Scientific Plant Names, USDA-SCS, 1982). Current taxonomic authorities (e.g. Weakley (2023), POWO) list it as a synonym for *Toxicodendron pubescens*, but that is a southern plant not known to occur spontaneously in New York, and would be at the very northern extreme of its range in Maryland. Because Gagné has used the name *"R. toxicodendron"* for common poison-ivy (*T. radicans*) [before](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/5172), we assume that he meant that here as well, but include *T. pubescens* as a host just in case.]


description:
  Blisters were reported as variable in size and attributed to a cecidomyiid (Maze 1949). Host: *R. toxicodendron*. Distr.: Pennsylvania

  [note: It is not clear what *"R. toxicodendron"* refers to here. It is not an accepted name in the plant taxonomy source cited by Gagné elsewhere in his book (National List of Scientific Plant Names, USDA-SCS, 1982). Current taxonomic authorities (e.g. Weakley (2023), POWO) list it as a synonym for *Toxicodendron pubescens*, but that is a southern plant not known to occur spontaneously in Pennsylvania.]


description:
  A cockscomb-type of a gall on *Rhus toxicodendron* listed as producing Eriophyidae, produced Cecidomyidae. This shows that either a new gall was produced on the plant or that the original citation was an error.

  [note: "*Rhus toxicodendron*" is currently a synonym of a southern plant, *Toxicodendron pubescens*. However, Maze made this collection in Pennsylvania, north of the native range of this species. It is possible that this name was meant to refer to some other *Toxicodendron* sp.]


description:
  Tuberlike swelling on aerial rootlet...*Dasineura rhois* (Coquillett)
  Each swelling contains one larva. Larvae overwinter in the galls, and adults emerge in spring. Host: *R. toxicodendron*. Dist.: New York to Virginia.

  [note: It is not clear what *"R. toxicodendron"* refers to here. It is not an accepted name in the plant taxonomy source cited by Gagné elsewhere in his book (National List of Scientific Plant Names, USDA-SCS, 1982). Current taxonomic authorities (e.g. Weakley (2023), POWO) list it as a synonym for *Toxicodendron pubescens*, but that is a southern plant not known to occur spontaneously in New York, and would be near the northern edge of its range in Virginia. In a later publication (2013) he assigns this midge to galls on *Toxicodendron radicans*, common poison-ivy.]


description:
  *[Rhizocecis] rhois*. USA (New York, Maryland, Virginia). *Rhus toxicodendron* (Anacardiaceae). *Cecidomyia rhois* Coquillett 1895a: 348. USA: New York, Lebanon Springs; ST; ♂,♀; USNM.


description:
  The single species placed here [in *Rhizocecis*] is responsible for tuberlike galls on aerial rootlets of *Toxicodendron radicans* (L.) Kuntze (Anacardiaceae). It had previously been placed in *Dasineura* (Gagné 2010).


description:
  Swellings are 4–5 cm long. Larvae from the galls are tentatively identified as *Neolasioptera*. Host: *A. venenosa*. Distr.: New York.


description:
  Spherical stem and leaf enlargement...Galls are small, reportedly about 2 mm in diameter. Felt (1940) identified the gall maker as *?Asteromyia.*...but it is doubtful they belonged to *Asteromyia*, a genus restricted to a tribe of Asteraceae. Host: *Sanicula* sp. Dist.: unspecified. 


description:
  Tapered stem swelling...*Lasioptera ziziae* Felt
  Swellings are about 4 cm long. Larvae overwinter in the stems, and adults emerge in spring. Host: *Z. aurea*. Distr.: Illinois.


description:
  Oval, discolored stem depression...*Neolasioptera apocyni* (Felt)

  Larvae live in individual cells just below the stem surface. An adult was reared from stems in August, so there may be more than one generation of this species each year. Host: *A. androsaemifolium*. Dist.: New Jersey. Ref: Weiss and West (1921). 


description:
  Felt (1918a, 1921) attributed the damage to *Clinodiplosis apocyni* (Felt), but a contarinia collected simultaneously from the same damage was probably responsible. The contarinia was reared in August from larvae taken the same year, so this species probably has more than one generation per year. Host: *A. androsaemifolium*. Distr.: New York.


description:
  Enlarged flower bud.

  Felt (1918a, 1921) attributed the damage to *Clinodiplosis apocyni* (Felt), but a contarinia collected simultaneously from the same damage was probably responsible. The contarinia was reared in August from larvae taken the same year, so this species probably has more than one generation per year. Host: *A. androsaemifolium*. Distr.: New York.


description:
  Ovules of infested berries do not develop. Berries grow to almost normal size but remain green through winter, making the trees less desirable for ornamental purposes. The usually single larva (but occasionally two or three per berry) overwinters in the first instar...females lay eggs in the young fruit when the flower petals are still present. Hosts: *I. glabra*, *I. opaca*, *I. vomitoria*.


description:
  Enlarged bud...*Asphondylia ilicoides* Felt

  Infested buds are ovoid, green, 5 mm long, 3 mm in diameter, and are reportedly inhabited by several larvae, presumably in individual cells. Galls were collected in mid-June, and adults emerged shortly after. Host.: *N. mucronatus*. Distr.: New York.


description:
  Leaf blister...*"Cecidomyia" hageni* Aldrich

  This species is known only from a description of its damage and from the larvae being brick red and agile. The circular blisters are about 4 mm in diameter on leaf blades, but are larger on petioles. Full-grown larvae escape through a hole in the upper surface of the blister. Host: *A. macrophylla*. Distr.: Massachusetts. Ref.: Hagen (1881). 


description:
  tapered node swelling...*Neolasioptera asclepiae* Felt

  Swellings usually include two larvae, one on each side of the septum of the joint. Larvae overwinter in the gall; adults emerge in spring. Host: *A. incarnata*. Distr.: New York.


description:
  rolled leaf or swollen midrib fold...*Contarinia* sp.

  The damage was described as a swollen midrib fold in Felt (1940) but as a rolled leaf in his unpublished notebook. Larvae were taken in July and adults reared in August... A lestodiplosis was also reared from the damaged leaves.


description:
  Terminal, globular, succulent flower bud gall...*Schizomyia eupatoriflorae* (Beutenmüller)

  Galls can be found in late summer. The red, active larvae overwinter in the soil...Host: *A. altissima*...


description:
  Gall hard, woody, near upper part of flowering stems...*Neolasioptera eupatorii* (Felt)

  Galls are tapered, 15 mm long, and 10 mm in diameter. Larvae live in tunnels and overwinter as third instars...Host: *A. altissima*...


description:
  Tapered stem swelling...*Neolasioptera ambrosiae* Felt

  This species is based on a New York series from giant ragweed, *A. trifida*. Specimens from Maryland on *A. artemisiifolia* differ somewhat, so more than one species may be involved...Single larvae do not always cause a swelling of the stem. Hosts: *A. artemisiifolia*, *A. confertiflora*, *A. dumosa*, *A. trifida*. Distr.: New York to South Carolina, Nebraska to Texas, and California.


description:
  Globular leaf swelling...*Schizomyia sp.*

  Swellings are thin-walled and monothalamous, slightly discolored, about 5 mm in diameter. When full-grown, the active, orange larvae break out of the gall and drop to the soil to pupate...Host: *A. artemisiifolia*


description:
  Green, leafy bud gall...*Rhopalomyia ambrosiae* Gagné

  This species causes a foreshortening of the stem. The gall has green leaves growing out of its apex...Specimens from Texas are somewhat different from the type series taken on *A. artemisiifolia* in Florida and may be a different species. Hosts: *A. artemisiifolia*, *A. psilostachya*. 


description:
  Larval cells lined with a white fungus...*Asphondylia ambrosiae* Gagné

  Galls are whitish, hairier than the normal stem (especially in California specimens), and, because they are polythalamous, are generally larger than those of *[Contarinia parthenicola]*.


description:
  Larval cells green, not lined with a white fungus...*Contarinia partheniicola* (Cockerell)

  Galls are 5–8 mm long, 4–5 mm wide and are found on axillary buds, along stems, on young leaves, on flowers, and along the rachis of the inflorescence. Adults have been reared in spring and fall. Hosts: *A. chamissonis*, *A. confertiflora*, *A. dumosa*, *A. eriocentra*, *A. psilostachya*, and *Parthenium*...


description:
  Ovoid, long-woolly bud gall...*Rhopalomyia pilosa* Felt

  Galls are white and enclose several hard, thin-shelled cavities, each with one larva. The host was only tentatively identified as an *Antennaria*. *R. pilosa* is distinct from *R. antennariae*, a species definitely known from *Antennaria*...Distr.: Northwest Territories.


description:
  Some leaves forming gall recurved at tips...*Rhopalomyia antennariae* (Wheeler)

  Galls are polythalamous and develop in May. Adults reportedly emerge from the galls early the next spring. Host.: *A. plantaginifolia*...


description:
  Imbricated, short-woolly leaf bud gall...
  Some leaves forming gall recurved at tips...*Rhopalomyia antennariae* (Wheeler)

  Galls are polythalamous and develop in May. Adults reportedly emerge from the galls early the next spring. Host.: *A. plantaginifolia*...


description:
  Imbricated, short-woolly leaf bud gall...
  Leaves forming gall not recurved at tips...*Asphondylia antennariae* (Wheeler)

  Galls are reportedly more elongate than those of *R. antennariae*, and each contains one larva in a hard, central cell...Host: *A. plantaginifolia*


description:
  Gall on leaves...
  Gall globular to lobed, soft, spongy...
  Gall surface with short trichomes, red to green... *Rhopalomyia pomum* Gagné

  Galls are irregularly lobed and polythalamous to globular and monothalamous, and are 8–45 mm in diameter. This is probably the most common gall on big sagebrush...Host: *A. tridentata* 


description:
  Gall on leaves...
  Gall globular to lobed, soft, spongy...
  Gall surface bare...*Rhopalomyia calvipomum* Gagné

  Galls are irregularly lobed and polythalamous to globular and monothalamous, smaller than those of *R. pomum*, with a diameter of 8–20 mm...Host: *A. tridentata*.


description:
  Gall surface with long trichomes, surface color not visible...
  Gall on *Artemisia tridentata*...*Rhopalomyia hirtipomum* Gagné

  Galls are ovoid and monothalamous, but several may grow close together on the same leaf. They are smaller than those of *R. pomum*, with a diameter of 8–15 mm...This gall is probably the one that Felt ascribed to *Rhopalomyia navasi* Tavares, which makes a somewhat similar gall on terminal or lateral buds on an artemisia in Spain and North Africa.


description:
  Gall on leaves...
  Gall surface with long trichomes, surface color not visible...
  Gall on *Artemisia "gnaphaloides" [ludoviciana]*...*Rhopalomyia ghaphalodis* Felt

  Galls are similar to those formed by *R. hirtipomum*...


description:
  Gall a flowerlike swelling at end of long, narrow, deformed ephemeral leaf...*Rhopalomyia culmata* Gagné

  The gall, about 5 mm long at the apex of a 10 mm long stalk, occurs only on ephemeral leaves that develop in spring...Host: *A. tridentata*


description:
  Gall elongate-cylindrical, not tapered at apex...*Rhopalomyia tubulus* Gagné

  The 3–6 mm long gall has a single larval chamber at its base and a thin septum near the apex through which the adult escapes...Host: *A. tridentata*


description:
  Gall on leaves...
  Gall sessile...
  Gall convex at apex...
  Gall ovoid, widest at midlength, wrinkled...*Rhopalomyia rugosa* Gagné

  Galls are 4 mm long by 2–3 mm wide. These were found only once, in spring on persistent leaves...Host: *A. tridentata*


description:
  Gall on leaves...
  Gall sessile...
  Gall convex at apex...
  Gall 2–7 mm long
  Gall conical, on *Artemisia tridentata*...*Rhopalomyia ampullaria* Felt

  These galls occur mainly on ephemeral leaves, occasionally on stems and flower bracts. This gall midge has two generations per year, the overwintering one developing in galled flowers, the summer generation in the conical galls on stems and ephemeral leaves.


description:
  Charles Davis, who is working to revise the taxonomy of Diastrophus, stated at https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/80365978 that he had "some galls from [Horkelia] and have dissected and reared cynipids from these" and expressed interest in obtaining a sample of the H. daucifolia gall. 


description:
  Gall on leaves...
  Gall cylindrical or capsular, hard...
  Gall sessile...
  Gall convex at apex...
  Gall conical or pyriform...
  Gall less than 2 mm long...
  Gall on *A. "heterophylla"*...*Rhopalomyia occidentalis* (Felt)

  Adults emerge in spring. Host *A. "heterophylla,"* possibly also *A. tridentata*. Distr.: California.


description:
  Gall protruding from both sides of leaf...*Rhopalomyia tumidibulla* Gagné

  Galls are about 3 mm in diameter and appear on persistent leaves...Host: *A. tridentata*


description:
  *Rhopalomyia cramboides* Gagné

  Outer whorls of gall leaves as wide as long, inner whorl with more linear leaves
  Adults emerge in spring. New galls develop on new stem growth.

  Host: *A. tridentata*
  Distr: Idaho


description:
  In addition to the species keyed below, two others were reared from galls that were not described in adequate detail. They are *Rhopalomyia astericaulis* Felt, reared from an ovoid stem gall on *Aster novaeangliae* in Massachusetts, and *Rhopalomyia asteriflorae* Felt, reared from abnormally bunched or stunted heads of *Aster paniculatus* [syn. *Symphyotrichum undulatum* in POWO, but may also refer to *S. lanceolatum*] in New York.


description:
  In addition to the species keyed below, two others were reared from galls that were not described in adequate detail. They are *Rhopalomyia astericaulis* Felt, reared from an ovoid stem gall on *Aster novaeangliae* in Massachusetts, and *Rhopalomyia asteriflorae* Felt, reared from abnormally bunched or stunted heads of *Aster paniculatus* [syn. of *Symphyotrichum undulatum* in POWO] in New York.


description:
  In addition to the species keyed below, two others were reared from galls that were not described in adequate detail. They are *Rhopalomyia astericaulis* Felt, reared from an ovoid stem gall on *Aster novaeangliae* in Massachusetts, and *Rhopalomyia asteriflorae* Felt, reared from abnormally bunched or stunted heads of *Aster paniculatus* [syn. *Symphyotrichum undulatum* in POWO, but may instead refer to *S. lanceolatum*; Gagné refers to an "*Aster undulatus*" elsewhere in this book] in New York.


description:
  For conical galls similar to those made by *Rhopalomyia* spp. on leaves of *Solidago* spp., but instead found on *Symphyotrichum* spp., first reported by S.B. Robeson [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/188458888).


description:
  Rough, uneven swelling, usually near base of stem...*Lasioptera asterspinosae* White

  Galls may completely or only partially encircle the stem. They are brown, polythalamous, and spongy. Galls occur from ground level to 1 m above the ground. Larvae overwinter in the galls, and adults emerge in spring. Host: *A. spinosus*.


description:
  **[Asphondylia] recondita**: USA (New York, Maryland, North Carolina). *Aster patens*; *Aster spp*. (Asteraceae). 
  *Asphondylia recondita* Osten Sacken 1875: 202. USA: New York, Long Island, Lloyd's Neck; T; P; lost. 
  *Asphondylia patens* Beutenmüller 1907a: 386. USA: North Carolina, Buncombe Co., Valley of the Black Mts; ST; ♀; AMNH.


description:
  *Asphondylia* (asteris) *recondita*, n. sp. 
  Deformed terminal buds on the principal and the lateral branches of *Aster patens*. These galls consist merely in an arrest of growth and consequent accumulation of leaves, forming a bud-like body up to 10 or 15 m. m. in length. Inside I found pupae which their structure proves to be those of *Asphondylia*...did not succeed in rearing the fly.


description:
  **Asphondylia patens** sp. nov.
  ...
  *Gall*... — An accumulation of aborted leaves, forming a rosette-like body, measuring from 10 to 20 mm. in length. In the center it is bud-like, and inhabited by a single larva. The gall is formed on the tips of branches of a tall, pale, purple-flowered aster (*Aster patens*) and is caused by the arrest of growth of the terminal buds...
  The gall is quite common during the latter part of August. The larva pupates in the bud-like chamber and the adult emerges in September.


description:
  Catkinlike growth, a foreshortened stem, with narrow leaf tips along length of gall...*Rhopalomyia strobiligemma* (Stebbins)

  Galls are polythalamous. Adults have emerged from the galls in September. Host: *A. paniculatus* [syn. of *Symphyotrichum undulatum* according to POWO, but may more likely refer to *S. lanceolatum* here; Gagné uses *"Aster undulatus"* elsewhere in this book]


description:
  Gall ovoid-tapered...at base of stem...*Rhopalomyia weldi* Felt

  Galls were found in early spring and were described as soft, about 10 mm long and 5 mm wide, single or clustered, and purplish... Host: *A. macrophyllus*. Distr. Illinois


description:
  Gall ovoid-tapered...on apical bud...*Asphondylia sp.*

  The brownish galls occur in midsummer at stem apices. Adults emerged in mid-August. It is possible that this species makes a gall on the flower head later in the season. Host: *A. subulatus*. Distr.: Maine


description:
  Galls among the flowers or modified flowers...
  Gall ovoid, white-haired, larger than florets...*Rhopalomyia* spp.

  Galls are sessile and widest at base, 4–7 mm long by 3–5 mm in diameter, one-celled, ovate, pointed at apex, and green with white down. Adults have been reared from the galls in fall. The three species listed are too incompletely known to determine whether they are synonyms. ...similar galls have been taken on an aster in Nebraska.

  *R. crassulina* Cockerell. Host: *A. crassulus*. Distr.: Colorado.
  *R. gemmaria* (Stebbins). Host: *A. ericoides*. Distr.: Massachusetts.
  *R. lateriflorae* Felt. Host: *A. lateriflorus*. Distr.: Massachusetts and New York.


description:
  **[Rhopalomyia] lateriflori.** USA (New York, Massachusetts). *Aster* sp. (Asteraceae).
  *Rhopalomyia lateriflori* Felt 1908b: 364. USA: New York, Lake George; ST; ♂,♀; NYSM. *Rhopalomyia thomi* Felt 1915k: 50. USA: Massachusetts; ST; G; Clark Univ., Worcester MA, USA. *Rhopalomyia lateriflorae* Foote 1965: 266, unjust. emend. of *lateriflori*.


description:
  50. Tomentose aster gall. Aug. Mass. Ovoid on end of twigs. Open at summit showing irregular, white, succulent mass. Several vertical cells in each gall, plate 7, 50.

  [added by E.P. Felt, editor]: *Rhopalomyia (?) thomi* Felt


description:
  Single, deformed, lateral floret...*Rhopalomyia* sp.

  Galls are 2–4 mm long and 2 mm in diameter. Adults probably emerge from galls in autumn. Host: *A. undulatus*. Distr.: Massachusetts. Ref: Felt (1940)


description:
  Gall no longer than normal floret...
  Ovoid gall among flowers...*Rhopalomyia* sp.

  Galls were found among normal flowers in October. Adults were reared in October. Host: *A. novaeangliae*. Distr.: Maryland


description:
  A potatolike swelling, 1.2–3.5 mm long and about 1.2 mm wide has been attributed to an *Asphondylia* sp....


description:
  ...and an unspecified stem gall to *Rhopalomyia baccharis* Felt. Both were reared from *Baccharis pilularis*, but the locality was not specified...
  *Rhopalomyia baccharis* is distinct from *R. californica*, which causes the terminal, spongy galls keyed below...


description:
  *Asteromyia* sp. 2

  The larval spatula of this segregate [of *A. gutierreziae*] has many fine serrations along the anterior edge. It is known from two specimens from Texas, each from a different species of *Baccharis*: *B. pteronioides*, Frijole Ranch, Guadelupe Mountains National Park...and *B. bigelovii*, Point of Rocks, 12 mi. W Ft. Davis, Jeff Davis Co....


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16152997
description:
  Larvae of *Asteromyia* spp. are found in blister galls of leaves or green stems of various Asteraceae...

  Gagné (1968) considered a larval specimen from *Baccharis* in Texas to be *Asteromyia gutierreziae* because it was similar to larvae of that species. Two other kinds of larvae based on differences in the spatulae have since been found....Because the spatulae are so different, the larvae are placed here as *Asteromyia* sp. 1, sp. 2, and sp. 3.

  ...

  *Asteromyia* sp. 2

  The larval spatula of this segregate [of *A. gutierreziae*] has many fine serrations along the anterior edge. It is known from two specimens from Texas, each from a different species of *Baccharis*: *B. pteronioides*, Frijole Ranch, Guadelupe Mountains National Park...and *B. bigelovii*, Point of Rocks, 12 mi. W Ft. Davis, Jeff Davis Co....


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16152997
description:
  Larvae of *Asteromyia* spp. are found in blister galls of leaves or green stems of various Asteraceae...

  Gagné (1968) considered a larval specimen from *Baccharis* in Texas to be *Asteromyia gutierreziae* because it was similar to larvae of that species. Two other kinds of larvae based on differences in the spatulae have since been found....Because the spatulae are so different, the larvae are placed here as *Asteromyia* sp. 1, sp. 2, and sp. 3.

  ...

  *Asteromyia* sp. 3

  The larval spatula of this segregate [of *A. gutierreziae*] has a smooth anterior edge. The single known larva was taken from a blister gall of *B. salicina*, Greenbelt Reservoir...Donley Co., Texas...


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16152997
description:
  Larvae of *Asteromyia* spp. are found in blister galls of leaves or green stems of various Asteraceae...

  Gagné (1968) considered a larval specimen from *Baccharis* in Texas to be *Asteromyia gutierreziae* because it was similar to larvae of that species. Two other kinds of larvae based on differences in the spatulae have since been found....Because the spatulae are so different, the larvae are placed here as *Asteromyia* sp. 1, sp. 2, and sp. 3.

  ...

  *Asteromyia* sp. 3

  The larval spatula of this segregate [of *A. gutierreziae*] has a smooth anterior edge. The single known larva was taken from a blister gall of *B. salicina*, Greenbelt Reservoir... Donley Co., Texas...


description:
  Following are species on which I have collected galls, presumably of *Asteromyia*, but from which no larvae, pupae, or adults were available for study....
  ...
  *Baccharis halimifolia* L.—Md., Fla.
  *B. bigelovii* Gray—Ariz.
  *B. douglasii* DC.—Calif.


description:
  Galls on flower heads...*Asphondylia* sp.

  The damage of this gall midge was not specified further. Adults were reared from November to January. Host: *B. juncea*.


description:
  Soft, lateral, globular outgrowth of stem...*Asphondylia* sp.

  Galls are monothalamous. This is a species distinct from *A. bidens*. Host: *Bidens* sp.


description:
  Modified, aborted floret ...*Asphondylia bidens* Johannsen

  Adult midges were reared from November to January. Host: *B. pilosa*. Distr.: Florida. Ref.: Needham (1946)


description:
  Stem gall...
  Slender, woody, tapered stem swelling...*Neolasioptera* sp.

  Swellings were reportedly about 13 mm long (Felt 1940). The gall maker is unknown and is only tentatively placed in *Neolasioptera*. Host: *Bidens* sp. Distr.: New York.


description:
  cone-shaped galls on leaves, stems, and buds...*Rhopalomyia chrysanthemi* (Ahlberg)

  Severe infestations can cause the plants to become deformed and bear a reduced number of blooms....It arrived in North America probably as early as 1900. Hosts: *Chrysanthemum* spp., including cultivars. Distr.: cosmopolitan, wherever chrysanthemums are grown, although no longer common in North America


description:
  Feron roberti Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 310). Pinkish leaf galls, turret-like with bristles all around, covered with more or less crystalline, fine, hair-like fibers, similar to F. sulfureum, F. tibiale and F. tubifaciens, however, in larger clusters (20+ galls) up to 20 mm wide and 25–30 mm long.

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces leaf galls on Q. rugosa (section Quercus, subsection Leucomexicana). Galls mature in the autumn dropping only with the leaf; adults emerge next year, in late March–April.
  Distribution. USA, Arizona.


description:
  Feron amphorus (Weld, 1926) comb. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 24). The gall is on the underside of leaf, either side of midrib but not on it, red, reddish-purple or brownish, with pale brown apical dimple, 3 mm in diameter, 4–5 mm height, the hole at apex about 1 mm in diameter, surface with very short pilosity. A hollow cylinder, with a short petiole at the base, swollen more or less in the middle and tapering to the apex at which there is a small hole leading into a deep cavity at the bottom of which is the thin-walled larval cell (Weld 1926)

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known which induces galls on Q. arizonica, Q. oblongifolia and Q. turbinella (section Quercus, subsection Leucomexicana), and Q. pungens (section Quercus, subsection Polymorphae). Galls mature in autumn, drop with leaves.
  Distribution. USA: Arizona, New Mexico.


description:
  Feron caepula (Weld, 1926), comb. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 83). Small leaf galls on underside of leaf, 3 mm in diameter with small point in centre of gall, shaped rather like an onion or garlic bulb, pinkish to reddish-brown.

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces galls on Q. pungens (section Quercus, subsection Polymorphae) and the section Quercus, subsection Leucomexicana oaks: Q. arizonica, Q. oblongifolia, Q. turbinella (Burks 1979). The asexual galls mature by October–November, and adults emerge by April. 
  Distribution. USA: Arizona, New Mexico (Burks 1979)


description:
  Feron tetyanae Melika sp. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 428). Reddish-yellow furry leaf gall mass, a gregarious cluster of individual cells. Hairs covering the gall cluster are quite brittle and crystalline. On underside of leaf, to 20 mm long, projecting from leaf by up to 15 mm.

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is only known, which induces galls on Q. arizonica, Q. oblongifolia, Q. turbinella and Q. toumeyi (section Quercus, subsection Leucomexicana) and on Q. gambelii (section Quercus, subsection Dumosae) (Burks 1979). The gall matures in late autumn and adults start emerging the next spring. This species is newly recognized as being distinct from F. tecturnarum (based on both morphology and DNA sequences); all specimens we have examined from previous collectors taken in the USA south-west and identified as F. tecturnarum show the diagnostic characters of F. tetyanae, so we consider that all records of F. tecturnarum from the USA should actually be attributed to the new taxon F. tetyanae. 

  Distribution. USA: New Mexico, Arizona.


description:
  Feron tecturnarum Kinsey, 1920 comb. nov

  Gall (Figs 407–408). Reddish-yellow furry leaf gall mass; a gregarious cluster of individual cells, 10–25 galls,
  placed on the underside of leaf, to 20 mm long projecting from leaf by up to 15 mm.

  Biology. The asexual generation is only known, which induces galls on Q. potosina (section Quercus, subsection Leucomexicana). Previous host records for the name Andricus tecturnarum from white oaks found in the southwest of the USA (e.g. Weld 1960, Burks 1979) are almost definitely attributable to the newly described species F. tetyanae, which is newly recognised in this study as being distinct from F. tecturnarum (based on both morphology and DNA sequences). The gall matures in late autumn, adults start emerging the next February.

  Distribution. Mexico: San Luis Potosi (Kinsey 1920, authors).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610690#page/302/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis tecturnarum (Kinsey)

  Andricus tecturnarum Kinsey [Per the recent 2023 publication re-establishing the genus Feron, all reports of F. tecturnarum from the United States are very likely to actually refer to the new species F. tetyanae, and F. tecturnarum is only known from Mexico presently]

  This species was described from an unknown oak from San Luis Potosi, Mexico. The writer found the galls very abundant on Q. undulata at Tijeras, N. Mex., in April, 1918, and again on November 1, 1921 (adults emerging by hundreds February 20 to March 9, 1922). Galls on this oak were seen also in Blue Canyon and Nogal Canyon near Socorro, at Hillsboro and Kingston, in the Burro Mountains and in Arizona at Hackberry and Ashfork (flies emerg- ing February 14). The galls were also very common on Q. grisea at Magdalena, N. Mex., in November, 1921, the flies emerging in large numbers February 20 to March 8. Galls were seen at Williams, Ariz., also. One cluster of the galls was collected on Q. gambelii near Magdalena, flies emerging February 4r-20. At Oracle, Ariz., a few galls occurred on Q. arizonica, adults emerging March 9. Here the galls are hard to distinguish from nubila when seen up in the tree, but in hand the difference in structure is at once apparent. At Las Vegas Hot Springs galls on an unknown oak contained pupae on October 12 and adults emerged January 13, February 20, and March 8. At Shoemaker, Rowe, Glorieta, Tijeras, and Magdalena galls were seen on what may have been Q. fendleri. The galls were also seen at Fierro and in Arizona in the Huachuca and Patagonia Mountains and about Prescott.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Andricus tecturnarum [Per the recent 2023 publication re-establishing the genus Feron, all reports of F. tecturnarum from the United States are very likely to actually refer to the new species F. tetyanae, and F. tecturnarum is only known from Mexico presently]

  Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, gambelii, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Detachable
  Fig 91. Hairs red, crystalline.


description:
  Feron izabellae Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 227). A small (up to 5mm diameter) monolocular spangle gall on the underside of leaves. Initially a disc-shaped gall lying flat against the leaf surface, pink in middle and around the edge with cream circle in between. When galls mature the opposite sides of the disc fold up and touch. Informally called the pink bowtie gall wasp in Russo (2006, 2021).

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known which induces spangle leaf galls on Q. berberidifolia, Q. douglasii, Q. dumosa (= Q. durata), Q. garryana (all section Quercus, subsection Dumosae). Galls mature in September–October. Adults emerge soon afterwards.

  Distribution. USA: CA (authors).


description:
  ...bud gall...gall covered exteriorly by overlapping leaves joined together at gall apex...*A. bigeloviaebrassicoides* (Townsend). This gall seems to fit the original description of this species, but is only tentatively placed under this name. The species was described only from galls that are now lost. Galls in the USNM fit the description and contain *Asphondylia* pupae in a central cell. Townsend's original description pointed out that the larval cell was covered with white tomentum, probably a reference to the fungal associate typical of *Asphondylia* galls. Host: *Chrysothamnus* sp. Distr.: New Mexico


description:
  *[Asphondylia] bigeloviaebrassicoides*. USA (New Mexico). *Chrysothamnus graveolens* (Asteraceae). 
  *Cecidomyia bigeloviaebrassicoides* (as *bigeloviae-brassicoides*) Townsend 1893b: 491. USA: New Mexico, a few mi. E Gallo Spring; ST; G; lost.


description:
  *[Asphondylia] bigeloviaebrassicoides*. USA (New Mexico). *Chrysothamnus graveolens* [*Ericameria nauseosa* var. *graveolens* per POWO] (Asteraceae). 
  *Cecidomyia bigeloviaebrassicoides* (as *bigeloviae-brassicoides*) Townsend 1893b: 491. USA: New Mexico, a few mi. E Gallo Spring; ST; G; lost.


description:
  ...a small bud-like gall was found on *Bigelovia graveolens*. It was quite abundant a few miles to the east of Gallo Spring, N. Mex...
  Gall.—Length, 5 to 8½ mm.; greatest basal width, 4 to 7 mm. Small, bud-like, borne on sides of stems, to which the gall is attached by a very constricted base almost without length; formed of loosely overlapping stipules much like the cabbage gall on willow but not conical or compact. Greenish in color, or slightly yellowish, scantily covered with a fine white pubescence. Stipules forming the gall rather broad at base, pointed at end or sometimes rounded, from 12 to 20 in number, but not more than 8 or 10 showing on the outside, the tips of the rest joined and forming the terminal central tip of the gall. Inside the innermost of these, in a little slightly hardened cell, a single larva or pupa is found. Stipules with the woolly pubescence on the outer convex surface and on the edges, nearly or quite bare on the inner concave surface. The central pupal cell is thinly lined with the white woolly pubescence, and is about 3 mm. long by 1.6 mm. wide...


description:
  *A. chrysothamni* Felt. This species also is only tentatively associated with the gall illustrated [refers to illustration for *A. bigeloviaebrassicoides*, and lists this species under the same gall description as that species as well]


description:
  Bud gall...smooth, leafless...ovoid, without leaves incorporated in surface...*Rhopalomyia bigelovoides* Felt. Host: *Chrysothamnus* sp. Distr.: California


description:
  *R. bigeloviae* (Cockerell). This species reportedly came from a large, woolly gall up to 12 mm long typical of that made by an *Aciurina* (Tephritidae)....[but see other sources]


description:
  *R. bigeloviaestrobiloides* (Townsend). This is known only from the original description of the gall, which may be the same as that made by *R. utahensis*. Host: *Chrysothamnus* sp. 


description:
  *[Rhopalomyia] bigeloviaestrobiloides*. USA (New Mexico). *Chrysothamnus graveolens* [*Ericameria nauseosa* per POWO] (Asteraceae). 
  *Cecidomyia bigeloviaestrobiloides* (as *bigeloviae-strobiloides*) Townsend 1894: 176. USA: New Mexico, nr Gallo Spring; ST; G; lost.


description:
  Gall.—Length, 8 to 10 mm.; width 3 to 6 mm. Rather elongate, subcylindrical in general form, but little narrower on apical than on basal portion. Borne on side of twig, to which it is attached by a short and narrow stem. Rather compact, formed of many narrowed overlapping stipules, but these are apparently united and grown together, forming a compact body, only the terminal elongate portions of the outer stipules free and showing as curled tips on the outside of the gall. The stipules arranged like the cone of a pine tree, all extending nearly upward but slightly outward from the central longitudinal cell. Outside of gall covered with a thin white woolly pubescence, the gall greenish beneath this, and the rather long narrow more or less curled free terminal ends of stipules protruding though the wooliness, and growing more numerous toward tip of gall. The central cell is from 4 to 5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, quite cylindrical, its walls a little hardened in texture. It does not extend to base of gall...several larvae appear to inhabit the single cell in each gall...


description:
  [lists this species under the same key entry as *Rhopalomyia bigeloviaestrobiloides* and notes that they may be conspecific; if so *R. bigeloviaestrobiloides* is the earlier name]


description:
  Larva in swollen stem...*Lasioptera* sp. 
  Adults were reared from stems in August. Host: *C. proteanum* [Syn: *C. occidentale* per POWO]. Dist.: California.


description:
  Globular, resinous swellings...*Rhopalomyia glutinosa* Felt.
  Swellings are monothalamous, Host: *C. nauseosus*. Distr.: unspecified and Utah.


description:
  Conical swellings of same texture as stem and with cottony fibers filling exit...*Rhopalomyia chrysothamni* Felt
  Host: *C. nauseosus*. Distr.: Utah


description:
  Adults were reared from unspecified damage in seed heads in April in Florida. This species could possibly be *Asphondylia corbulae* Möhn, known from El Salvador. Host: *C. coelestinum*.


description:
  Larva in hairy bud gall...*Rhopalomyia* sp.
  The gall is apical, 6–12 mm in diameter. Brandhorst (1977), who found this gall, attributed it to *R. erigerontis* Felt, which is known from *Erigeron*, but specimens from the two plants have not been compared. Host: *C. canadensis*. Distr.: Nebraska.


description:
  *Leptilon canadensis* (Linnaeus) Britton (Muletail or horseweed)
  Apical bud gall 6 mm. to 12 mm. diameter. Rare.
  Maker: A midge, *Rhopalomyia erigerontis* Felt.


description:
  Neolasioptera eregeroni [induces] an inflorescence gall [specifically] a smaller, harder gall [than N. erigerontis] on branches of the inflorescence [of Erigeron canadensis. The gall] appears ..., in fall, is monothalamous and usually about 10 mm long by 5 mm in diameter.

  [Below is a less truncated version of the above quotation]
  Two different kinds of stem galls occur on this host: a large, more or less soft, pithy gall near the base of or midway up the stem and a smaller, harder gall on branches of the inflorescence... [The second] appears much later, in fall, is monothalamous and usually about 10 mm long by 5 mm in diameter...Larvae from the two kinds of galls show a few minor differences, but adults have not been reared from the inflorescence gall. If the two galls are shown to be made by two separate species, Brodie's name, *N. eregeroni*, would be available for the inflorescence gall. Brodie wrote that some larvae escaped from the galls, which is not known in *Neolasioptera*, but the adults he reared do belong to *Neolasioptera*. Host: *C. canadensis*. Distr.: Massachusetts to Ontario, south to Maryland, and Nebraska and California. 

  [Note: See Brodie's publication for more notes; it is actually unclear from his publication whether he reared adult midges from the lower, larger galls or the upper, smaller galls. The adults emerged from late May to early June. His published notes indicate a mixed collection, possibly including galls from the previous year's inflorescences.]


description:
  *[Neolasioptera] eregeroni.* Widespread eastern Nearctic. *Conyza canadensis* (Asteraceae).
  *Diplosis eregeroni* Brodie 1894a: 13. Canada: Ontario, Toronto; ST; A,L; USNM. 
  *Diplosis erigerontis* Aldrich 1905: 162, error for *eregeroni*. 
  *Cecidomyia erigeroni* Felt 1925c: 54, missp. of *eregeroni*.


description:
  Galls found on *Erigeron canadense*, variously situated from base of stem to tips of branches of flowering panicle; galls irregularly cylindrical, tapering at both ends, spindle-form, those on the branches more or less spherical; from 1 to 15 galls on a plant, seldom more than 10; found usually on diminutive plants, such as grow on wet, sandy places or on high, dry banks.
  ...
  The galls appear like swellings of the stem or branches, uniform in color with the plant, the surface with feint longitudinal lines, slightly elevated ridges and ragged transverse elevations, resembling leaf scaurs. The interior consists of uniform, soft, white pith, through which the larvae tunnel.


description:
  Conical, thick-walled, lateral bud gall...*Rhopalomyia enceliae* Felt
  The gall is 6 mm long, 3 mm in diameter, gray, and its apex is rounded or flared. Galls are monothalamous but occasionally confluent and may deform the stem...


description:
  [*Contarinia] enceliae*. USA (California). *Encelia californica* (Asteraceae). 
  *Rhopalomyia enceliae* Felt 1916e: 183. USA: California; ST; ♀; NYSM.


description:
  *[Contarinia] enceliae*. USA (California). *Encelia californica* (Asteraceae). 
  *Rhopalomyia enceliae* Felt 1916e: 183. USA: California; ST; ♀; NYSM.


description:
  Irregular stem enlargement...*Neolasioptera* sp.
  Swellings are 2–5 cm long and 1 cm in diameter. Since adults were reared in March and August, this species has at least two generations per year. Host: *E. hieraciifolia*. Distr.: Florida.


description:
  Flower head gall...*Asphondylia* sp.
  The gall was not described further. Host: *Erechtites* sp. Distr.: unspecified.


description:
  Leafy rosette bud gall...*Rhopalomyia ericameriae* Felt

  Adults were reared in April. Host: *E. palmeri*. Distr.: California


description:
  Swollen, deformed calyx...*Rhopalomyia* sp.
  Galls are polythalamous and can severely distort the flower heads. Adults emerged in early August. Host: *E. salsuginosus*. Distr.: Washington.


description:
  enlarged, aborted flower...*Dasineura purpurea* Felt
  Larvae live among slightly swollen, imbricated leaves of aborted flower buds. Adults were reared in September, so the species is at least bivoltine. Host: *E. purpureus*.


description:
  Feron discale (Weld, 1926), comb. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 173). A spangle gall, on the underside of leaf, 3.6–4.0 mm diameter, monolocular, yellow-green when young and growing, turn brown when mature, with raised rim and raised center, convex on upper surface, underside concave, the transversely placed larval chamber occupying the full height of the gall. A single or a few galls on one leaf (Weld 1926).

  Biology. The asexual generation is only known, which induces galls on Q. pungens (section Quercus, subsection Polymorphae), Q. arizonica and Q. turbinella (both section Quercus, subsection Leucomexicana). Galls mature in late autumn; adults were cut out from galls in November; probably overwintering in galls and emerging in spring. 
  Distribution. USA: Arizona, New Mexico (Burks 1979).


description:
  Small, round, densely-short-hairy galls on buds (flower or fruit buds? or possibly young developing fruits?) of Ebenopsis ebano. Found in October in southern Texas.


description:
  Loxaulus vaccinii (Ashmead, 1887)

  Solenozopheria vaccinii Ashmead, 1887: 134, 149 (only asexual females);
  Compsodryoxenus humilis Weld, 1921: 190, 193 (asexual female and gall);
  Loxaulus vaccinii (Ashmead); Weld (1951: 643);
  Loxaulus humilis (Weld); Weld (1951: 643) [synonymized by Melika and Abrahamson (2000: 209)].

  Solenozopheria Ashmead, 1887 was synonymized with Loxaulus Mayr, 1881 by Weld (1951: 643); hence Solenozopheria vaccinii was then recognized as Loxaulus vaccinii (Ashmead). This species had been described based on adult wasps reared from the wild low-bush blueberry Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. (as V. pensylvanicum Lam.) and the northern highbush blueberry V. corymbosum L. Melika and Abrahamson (2000) determined that Ashmead (1887) had incorrectly associated the galls with the adult gall wasps, and that the real gall inducer on blueberries was Hemadas nubilipennis (Ashmead, 1887) [Chalcidoidea, Ormyridae (after Burks et al. 2022)]. The actual hosts of L. vaccinii are oaks, Quercus chapmanii Sarg. and Q. stellata Wangenh. (Weld 1921). Also, Melika and Abrahamson (2000: 209) synonymized Loxaulus humilis (Weld, 1921) with L. vaccinii. For future reference in the text, L. vaccinii, an oak galler that does not gall blueberry, has not undergone any other taxonomic change and has never been included in Callirhytis Foerster, 1869. This information is critical for assigning hosts for parasitoid species (see below).


description:
  Andricus lustrans Beutenmüller, 1913

  Andricus lustrans Beutenmüller, 1913: 244; Zhang et al. (2022: 69). Type material deposited in USNM and ANSP;
  Callirhytis lustrans (Beutenmüller); Weld (1926: 95).

  The history of Acraspis vaccinii is far more complicated. Osten-Sacken (1862: 255) characterized a gall from post oak, Q. stellata (as Q. obtusiloba Michx.), found by him on a tree in Washington (p. 241) in October 1861, but did not provide a name, nor rear any adult wasps. Later, Ashmead (1887: 127, 136) provided a name for this species, duplicating Osten-Sacken’s (1862) description of the gall, and adding a short description of the apterous adult wasps. Ashmead’s unfortunate choice of “vaccinii” as specific epithet for this species was in reference to Osten-Sacken’s (1862) mention of the gall shape: “their shape may be compared to that of the flowers of Vaccinium”. Acraspis vaccinii was later transferred to Zopheroteras Ashmead, 1897 (Ashmead 1897: 261). Later, Ashmead (1903: 148) formally designated A. vaccinii as the type species of Zopheroteras; this act referred only to adults and did not mention the galls.

  Almost in parallel, Kieffer (1902: 97) assigned Acraspis vaccinii to Trigonaspis Hartig, 1840 and, later, Dalla-Torre and Kieffer (1910: 393) considered Zopheroteras (galls and adults) a junior synonym of Trigonaspis. Weld (1922: 9) resurrected Zopheroteras and synonymized Parateras Ashmead, 1887 under Zopheroteras. In the same study, Weld (1922) mentioned that the gall that Ashmead (1887) had described for Acraspis vaccinii corresponded to galls of a winged species which Beutenmüller (1918: 329) had previously described as Andricus impositus Beutenmüller, 1918, and stated that the true gall of Zopheroteras vaccinii had not yet been described; this was supported by the observation that Ashmead’s A. vaccinii adult wasps were apterous (Fig. 1). Hence, Weld (1922) concluded that Ashmead (1887) had misidentified the gall and misassociated adults of his new genus Zopheroteras with the galls described as Acraspis vaccinii.

  However, the name confusion of these wasps was still developing. Based on gall, adult morphology and host, Weld (1926: 95) synonymised Andricus impositus with Andricus lustrans and transferred A. lustrans (= A. impositus) to the genus Callirhytis Foerster, 1869. In the same paper, Andricus dimorphus var. verifactor Kinsey, 1922 was synonymized under Callirhytis lustrans and the galls of Acraspis vaccinii were identified as those of C. lustrans.

  Weld (1951: 650) considered Acraspis vaccinii (galls only) as a nomen nudum, under C. lustrans. However, we consider that this nomen nudum assignment was an error as the galls were described under that name, but erroneously associated with the adults described therein, resulting in a mixed type series. Weld (1951: 643) indicated Acraspis vaccinii (adult female only) as the type species of Zopheroteras.

  More recently, Burks (1979: 1095, 1106) considered the adult wasps of Acraspis vaccinii as Zopheroteras vaccinii, but the galls as Callirhytis vaccinii Burks, 1979, listing Andricus lustrans, A. impositus and A. dimorphus var. verifactor as junior synonyms of the latter, thus mysteriously regarding Ashmead’s name as valid for two different taxa. It can, however, be considered that Burks (1979) effectively established a new species, Callirhytis vaccinii, for the galls since he referred to Ashmead’s description of them, complying with Article 13.1.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). Finally, Zhang et al. (2022: 69) re-established the name Andricus lustrans as a valid species, removing it from Callirhytis.

  The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999: Article 72.4.1) specifies that the type series includes all specimens that the author included in the new taxon “whether directly or by bibliographic reference” (except any disclaimed by the author). Article 73.2.1 reinforces this broad concept of syntypes, including specimens representing the work of an animal if described before 1931 (Article 1.2.1). Ashmead (1887: 136) quoted Osten-Sacken’s description of the gall, rather than writing his own, but also described two adult specimens (implied to have been reared from similar galls), so both components were properly described. He also stated that he had seen similar galls “on the Post Oak at Asheville, N.C.” Consequently, the type series must include the two adult female specimens, both labelled as “type 2866” (deposited in USNM and ANSP), plus the gall specimens that Ashmead saw from Asheville, and the gall specimens from Washington that Osten-Sacken used for his description. The USNM has several collections of galls, identified as Callirhytis vaccinii and matching the description, and collected on “Q. obtusiloba”, some from Florida, and others card-mounted without further data but labelled as “type 2866” (Fig. 2A); the latter may very well represent the Asheville specimens, but we cannot assume this since the type labels were undoubtedly later additions, and we thus do not consider them to be syntypes. Further galls in the USNM, also labelled as Callirhytis vaccinii, were collected by Ashmead in Florida, but on “Q. minor”, and so cannot be syntypes (although they have erroneously been labelled as cotypes, Fig. 2B). To add to the confusion, there are five galls in ANSP labelled as “type” of Acraspis vaccinii in a similar style to some of the USNM galls, but collected in Florida on “Q. obtusiloba”, and so also not syntypes. Unfortunately, the syntype galls are thus presumed to be lost, misplaced or unidentifiable as such. We hereby formally designate the USNM type 2866 (USNMENT802403) as the lectotype of Acraspis vaccinii Ashmead, 1887 (Fig. 1), and the specimen (also labelled as a type, number 2866) deposited in ANSP as a paralectotype. This fixes the name as applicable to the adult only.

  The galls of Andricus lustrans (? = "Callirhytis vaccinii" galls) are similar to those of a recently described new species, Andricus chapmanii Melika & Abrahamson, 2021 (Melika et al. 2021), and also to the galls of Andricus vacciniiformis (Beutenmüller, 1913) and Andricus robustus Weld, 1926. In fact, Beutenmüller (1918) mentioned that the mature galls of A. lustrans resembled those of A. vacciniiformis, and Weld (1926) wrote that the gall of A. robustus had previously been described in connection with the adult of A. vacciniiformis, which must then have come from a gall of a different sort accidentally included in the breeding cage. So, what are the "Callirhytis vaccinii" galls (Fig. 2)? The oak host of A. lustrans is unknown, according to the original description, but the galls of A. impositus (junior synonym of A. lustrans) occur on Quercus stellata (as Q. minor (Marsh.) Sarg.), as do the galls of A. vacciniiformis and A. robustus, while A. chapmanii occurs on Q. chapmanii. Osten-Sacken's (1862) galls, and the others mentioned in Ashmead (1897), occurred on Quercus stellata (as Q. obtusiloba) as shown in the labels visible in Fig. 2A, thus those galls could belong to A. lustrans, A. vacciniiformis or A. robustus. The gall of A. lustrans is unknown according to the original description, but has recently been photographed (Zhang et al. 2022). According to the descriptions of these galls, the shape is globular with a nipple at the apex, while those of A. chapmanii are truncate at the apex and depressed centrally; Beutenmüller (1913) mentioned that A. vacciniiformis galls are similar to the huckleberry fruit or to Celtis occidentalis L. fruit, but these fruits have different shapes; huckleberry fruit is truncated distally and depressed centrally and C. occidentalis has a pointed fruit.

  To this point, the identity of the huckleberry-flower-like galls (truncated distally and depressed centrally) from Osten-Sacken (1862), erroneously associated with the adults used by Ashmead (1887) in his description of Acraspis vaccinii (Fig. 2), is uncertain. Since there are no adult samples reared from Osten-Sacken (1862) galls, we cannot associate those galls with any of the species mentioned. We therefore designate Callirhytis vaccinii Burks, 1979 as a species incertae sedis.

  Examining the adults, we found important differences (Table 1). Adults of A. vacciniiformis have all metasomal segments pubescent (Fig. 3D), while in A. lustrans, A. impositus and A. robustus the pubescence is restricted to the second metasomal segment only (Fig. 3A–C); which may be the reason why both Weld (1926: 81) and Kinsey (1922: 17) mentioned that the "vacciniiformis" gall was incorrectly associated. Additionally, Kinsey (1922) affirmed that "verifactor" galls are undoubtedly "vacciniiformis" galls, and described the former as a variety of A. dimorphus (both are clustered leaf galls), even though both the adults and the galls of A. dimorphus (spherical galls) and A. dimorphus var. verifactor (urn-shaped galls) are different. Also, the synonymy of A. lustrans and A. impositus is doubtful because the length of the ventral spine of the hypopygium is different (Fig. 3A, B). Andricus dimorphus var. verifactor has the metasomal terga micropunctate, similar to A. chapmanii, so it is not a synonym of A. lustrans. Finally, A. lustrans has simple tarsal claws (type material examined), while in A. impositus and A. robustus they are toothed. Concerning the tarsal claws, A. impositus is a valid species, and not a synonym of A. lustrans: Andricus impositus Beutenmüller, 1918 status revalidated. Regarding the metasomal sculpture, A. dimorphus var. verifactor (with micropunctures on metasoma) is a valid species, not a synonym of A. lustrans (with smooth metasoma): Andricus verifactor Kinsey, 1922, stat. nov.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/21941254
description:
  This monothalamous gall is an enlargement of the stem, often just below the flowering branches of blue-curls, Trichostema dichotomum. It is irregularly reniform, tapering somewhat above, ending bluntly below. They average 18 by 6 mm. The surface and coloring are similar to those of the stem. The thick spongy walls enclose a cavity following the general curve of the gall, extending below however, through the wall to a projection at the base of the concave side, where it is separated from the exterior by the epidermis of the stem only, thus providing for the escape of the adult which could not eat its way our, having no mandibles. Abundant.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50773974
description:
  I found the galls there [Sarasota, Florida] on January 5 at the end of the flowering season.
  Here and there was a terminal twig that had been made over into an ocarina-shaped gall of about the size of a peanut. A few of the galls were still green with a wash of reddish color on the side exposed to the sun; their thicker tissues had dried up more slowly than the rest of the panicle. Most of them were brown, some of the older ones were black. Their size made them easy to find among the slender twigs.
  The gall is short-spindle-shaped, 15-20 millimeters long, 5 to 8 wide, smoothly contoured and slightly inequilateral. Its walls are woody, thick and very hard...There is a little low protuberance on one side near the base - a predetermined point at which the exit door will be made for the emergence of the adult insect.
  The emergence of the adult moths was slow and irregular. From galls collected on January 5, the first moth came out on the last day of the month; and others came out at long intervals for two months thereafter.


description:
  Galls are monothalamous and green to purple. The gall midge is apparently multivoltine and probably overwinters as an early instar in the plant crown. Host: *E. graminifolia*.


description:
  Galls are monothalamous and green to purple. The biology is probably similar to that of *pedicellata*...Host: *E. graminifolia*...


description:
  Aborted flower bud... *Asphondylia* sp. 
  A central cell within the bud encloses the larva or pupa. Host: *E. graminifolia*.


description:
  Galls are mono- or polythalamous and light green...Adults emerge in September so probably overwinter in a gall in the crown of the plant. Host: *E. graminifolia*.


description:
  Gall composed of many imbricated leaves resulting from a foreshortened stem, the larval cell lined with white fungal mycelium...*Asphondylia* sp.
  ...Host: *E. graminifolia*


description:
  Galls are green to purple and inhabited by gregarious yellow larvae. Adults of both nominal species were reared in July, so they evidently are at least bivoltine. The two species are probably synonymous. *Camptoneuromyia flavescens* (Felt) has also been reared from such galls and is probably an inquiline. Host: *E. graminifolia*.


description:
  Tapered swelling at base of stem...*Lasioptera cylindrigallae* Felt
  This gall has occasionally been attributed to *L. solidaginis*, which forms a similar gall on *Solidago*. The gall midge is probably univoltine. Host: *E. graminifolia*. 


description:
  Gall composed of two leaves joined together and forming a green blister where they join...*Asphondylia* sp. 

  Galls are similar to those formed on *Solidago* by *Asphondylia solidaginis*. The gall maker is evidently multivoltine. Host: *E. graminifolia*.


description:
  Tapered stem swellings...*Neolasioptera* sp.

  Adults emerged in April and May. Host: *F. linearis*. Distr.: Florida.


description:
  Stem swelling...*Asphondylia* sp.

  Plant hairs are longer around the swellings than elsewhere on the stem. Host: *Gnaphalium* sp. Distr.: Oregon.


description:
  Narrowly ovate, white-woolly bud gall...*Asphondylia* sp.

  The gall is about 20 mm long and 10 mm in diameter. Host: *Gnaphalium* sp. Distr.: New Brunswick.


description:
  Modified, aborted floret...*Rhopalomyia grindeliae* Felt

  Galls are hard and capsulelike. Adults emerged from the galls in October. Host: *G. "cuneifolia"* Distr.: California.


description:
  leafy rosette gall...cecidomyiid

  Galls are monothalamous, elongate-ovoid, and formed of overlapping bracts. Host: *G. lanceolata*. Distr.: Arkansas. Ref.: Wells (1921b)


description:
  leafy rosette gall...cecidomyiid

  Galls are monothalamous, elongate-ovoid, and formed of overlapping bracts. Host: *G. lanceolata*. Distr.: Arkansas. Ref.: Wells (1921b)

  [note: may be the same thing (or closely related?) to this: https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3516]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12112730#page/55/mode/1up
description:
  On *Grindelia lanceolata* Nutt. (Rosin weed), a modification of the floral head; kataplasma, rosette type; a mass of overlapping involucral bracts (each external bract much thicker than normal ones), the whole assuming an ovoid shape, 2.4–3.5 cm. long; single chamber at center surrounded by much reduced bracts, elongate-ovoid; one or few galls on single plant, infrequent; Fayetteville, Ark.


description:
  Globular bud gall ... cecidomyiid

  Galls are firm, green, one- to several-chambered, and usually found in axils of leaves. Host: *G. squarrosa*. Distr.: Kansas.


description:
  Modified, aborted floret...*Rhopalomyia gutierreziae* (Cockerell)
  Galls have a hard shell and are slightly longer and wider than normal florets. Adults were reared in October. Host: *G. sarothrae*.


description:
  **[Rhopalomyia] gutierreziae**. USA (New Mexico). *Gutierrezia sarothrae* (Asteraceae). 
  *Asphondylia gutierreziae* Cockerell 1901: 23. USA: New Mexico, Las Vegas; ST; ♂,P; USNM.


description:
  Bud gall...
  Leaves forming gall wider at base than apex...*Rhopalomyia* sp.

  Galls are monothalamous. Host: *Gutierrezia* sp. Distr.: Oregon.


description:
  Bud gall...
  Leaves forming galls linear...*Rhopalomyia* sp.

  Galls are monothalamous. Host: *Gutierrezia* sp. Distr.: Oregon.


description:
  Swollen, globular, leafy, apical bud gall...*Asphondylia autumnalis* Beutenmüller

  Galls are green, succulent, polythalamous, and variable in shape and size. Adults emerge from the galls in late summer, so the species probably overwinters in another gall in the crown of the plant. Host: *H. autumnale*. Distr.: North Carolina and Missouri.


description:
  Modified, aborted flower...*Asphondylia* sp.

  Galls are monothalamous and formed of the enlarged but scarcely thickened corolla of the disk flower. They are about three times the width of a normal flower and protrude slightly above the tops of other disk flowers. Adults emerge from the galls in December. Host: *H. microcephalum*. Distr.: Texas.


description:
  On *H. microcephalum* the gall [attributed to *Asphondylia autumnalis* in this work] is formed of the enlarged, but scarcely thickened corolla of the disk flower.
  The top of the flower is united as in the bud. No injured ray flowers were observed. The color is yellow, darker at the top; only slightly protruding from the surface of the tops of the other disk flowers. The galls are three or four times the width of normal flowers. Only a single flower is changed in each gall and one larva is in each.

  Adults emerged December 10 to 19; seven of undetermined sex and twenty-five males and seven females. Although this weed is common, the gall is very local in distribution, and not at all common.


description:
  Larva in achenes...*Neolasioptera helianthi* (Felt)

  Infested achenes appear normal or slightly swollen. Larvae pupate inside and emerge through a hole in the crown....Heavily infested flower heads produce leaves in the center. Hosts: *Helianthus* spp. Distr.: widespread in North America.


description:
  Gall globular, succulent, along side or apex of stem...*Asphondylia helianthiglobulus* Osten Sacken

  Galls are variable in size, 5–15 mm in diameter, usually green, occasionally purple. Adults emerge from the galls in summer...Hosts: *H. annuus*, *H. divaricatus*, *H. grosseserratus*, *H. heterophyllus*, *H. mollis*, *H. neglectus*, *H. niveus*, *H. occidentalis*, *H. petiolaris*, *H. praecox*, *H. strumosus*, *H. tuberosus*. 


description:
  We found *A. helianthiglobulus* on 10 *Helianthus* species and cultivars. Additional records previously unpublished are *H. grosseserratus* and *H. tuberosus*, Webster Groves, MO, and *H. decapetalus*, Toronto, Ontario....Larvae of *helianthiglobulus* induce leaf, seed, and stem galls, but also occur in apparently unmodified inflorescences.


description:
  Although *N. helianthi* was reared from *H. strumosus*, the specific site from which the type female issued is unknown...

  *Neolasioptera helianthi* (sunflower seed midge) has the greatest host range and is the most abundant and
  widely distributed cecidomyiid on sunflower. This was the only species that was common on *Helianthus* species in the western United States...

  Larvae of *N. helianthi* develop in immature seed and leave pinholes in the crown of achenes when pupae extrude for adult emergence. In some instances, damage attributed to larvae of *Smicronyx* seed weevils in mature achenes may actually be caused by larvae of *N. helianthi*.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32293#page/155/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus cryptus n. sp. 

  Gall--Small cocoon-like gall one-tenth of an inch in diameter, hidden in a branch under the bark and not visible externally. There is no appreciable swelling of the branch from this gall-fly, the fly escaping by cutting a hole from its larval cell through the bark; observing these holes in the bark led to its discovery.

  Described from two specimens reared in May, 1886.


description:
  Tapered stem swellings...
  *N. thurstoni* (Brodie). This species is probably univoltine. Hosts: *H. divaricatus* and *H.* spp. Distr.: widespread in North America.
  ...Two undescribed species other than *N. thurstoni* are known [from *Helianthus* spp. hosts] from larvae with distinctly different spatulae. 


description:
  During this study we found larvae of 2 species of *Neolasioptera*, both probably new, in 3 collections. One species was found in stem galls of *H. divaricatus* from Wister, OK ... and *H. eggertii* from Rocky Dale, TN; the other species was taken on *H. angustifolius* from Trivoli, TX. These species will be described when adults are reared. They are not necessarily closely related to *[N.] thurstoni*.


description:
  Tubular gall on all plant parts, usually at nodes...*Olpodiplosis helianthi* (Brodie)

  Galls are mono- or polythalamous and highly variable in shape and length. The open, reflexed ends are filled with fine hairs. Adults emerge through the open end in late spring and in summer, so this species is at least bivoltine. Hosts: *H. annuus*, *H. decapetalus*, *H. divaricatus*, *H. strumosus*, *H. tuberosus*. 


description:
  The tubular gall is more common in this area than is the gall of *Bucculatrix fusicola*. It occurs on *Helianthus annuus*, and as yet has not been found on other composites in the vicinity [of Austin, TX]. In this area there is considerable variation in the size, structure and the position of the galls on the plants... They have been found to range from 10 to 50 mm in length. In many cases the galls occur as polythalamous structures of ten to twenty-five divisions... Single galls are sometimes collected, but these are most often near the polythalamous galls on the main axis of the plant. Both types of galls are also found at the bases of and on the lateral branches of the sunflowers. Occasionally single galls are formed in the leaf axil or on the petiole, or even on the involucre of the flowers. Double or triple galls sometimes develop in these latter locations, but they rarely have more divisions than this.
  [includes much more info re: the biology of this species]


description:
  The tubular gall is more common in this area than is the gall of *Bucculatrix fusicola*. It occurs on *Helianthus annuus*, and as yet has not been found on other composites in the vicinity [of Austin, TX]. In this area there is considerable variation in the size, structure and the position of the galls on the plants... They have been found to range from 10 to 50 mm in length. In many cases the galls occur as polythalamous structures of ten to twenty-five divisions... Single galls are sometimes collected, but these are most often near the polythalamous galls on the main axis of the plant. Both types of galls are also found at the bases of and on the lateral branches of the sunflowers. Occasionally single galls are formed in the leaf axil or on the petiole, or even on the involucre of the flowers. Double or triple galls sometimes develop in these latter locations, but they rarely have more divisions than this.

  [includes much more info re: the biology of this species]


description:
  We reared *O. helianthi* from tubular (flasked-shaped) bud galls on 4 species of *Helianthus*... This species was originally reared from *H. decepetalus* and from *H. divaricatus* in Canada (Brodie 1894). We collected *O. helianthi* in auxiliary bud galls on *H. annuus* at Muenster, TX. *Olpodiplosis helianthi* is also known from *H. tuberosus* in Blackjack, MO, and from *H. strumosus* in Canada...


description:
  The larvae form slender spindle-shaped galls (fig. 41) on stems of *Helianthus trachelifolius* Mill. [< *H. decapetalus* per Weakley's most recent (2023) draft flora], usually toward the upper part of the stem. Galls vary in length and diameter from 2 cm. in length with a diameter of .5 cm. to 4 or 5 cm. in length with a correspondingly lesser diameter. Feeding is completed in the latter half of September, the larva hibernating in the gall through the winter, escaping in the spring through a minute circular aperture. 
  ...
   The specimens identified by Breland and Schmitt in their paper on the “ Biology of Two Sunflower Gall Makers” (Ent. News, LIX, pp. 225-234, 1948) as *B. fusicola* Braun are examples of *B. simulans*, new species, and are included in the type series of that species. The galls figured by these authors do not resemble those of *B. fusicola*.


description:
  The galls occur on several species of *Helianthus*, and their size and shape appears to vary with the species of sunflower...

  The following are a few excerpts from Dr. Needham’s paper (cited above):
  "[on *H. agrestis*] gall is a thickening of the walls of the stem, about an inch long and four-fifths as wide, and with a large oval cavity inside. It varies in form from oblong to almost round. It tapers a little more abruptly to the stem at the upper end." ... "Galls occur singly on the stems; very rarely two, and when two, one or both are imperfectly formed. They are generally located somewhat below mid-height of the plant." In contrast on *Helianthus angustifolius*, the irregular galls occur amongst the inflorescence, the peduncles of the flower heads branching out from the gall. The gall may be quite slender when on an individual peduncle and up to as large or larger than that of *Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis* (Riley), when several peduncles branch from it. Full-grown larvae pass the winter within the gall, leaving in the spring by a small circular opening.


description:
  The life history of this species is described and the galls and cocoons figured by Breland and Schmitt under the name *Bucculatrix fusicola* Braun. The galls are somewhat variable in shape (as figured) often appearing as a swelling on the side of the stem.  The larvae become full-fed in the fall passing the winter in the larval state within the gall, leaving the gall to spin and pupate in the spring; a raised ring may encircle the exit hole of the larva.


description:
  This insect ["*Bucculatrix fusicola*" (misapplied here to *B. simulans* Braun 1963)] produces the so-called spindle gall on the stems of sunflowers....In the region of Austin, Texas, the gall has been collected only on the sunflower, *H. annuus*...
  Most frequently the galls produced by this lepidopteron are found on the main axis of the plant, but they also occur on the secondary branches. The shape of the gall is apparently greatly dependent upon the size of the stem upon which it is formed. On small stems, galls are usually spindle-shaped and symmetrical, and resemble the original description as given by Braun. However, if the gall develops on a stem more than a centimeter in diameter, it generally appears as a small bump or swelling on only one side of the stem. Galls in this area are from one to two centimeters in length with an average of about one and a half centimeters. They average somewhat shorter than those originally described by Braun which averaged approximately two centimeters in length, and many have a greater diameter. Braun's galls had a maximum width of one-half a centimeter, but in this region, some are as much as one centimeter in diameter. Variations in the size and shape of the galls are indicated in plate III. Galls were first obtained in the field in late July, but they occur only in small numbers until somewhat later than this.


description:
  Type.—♂, Sierra Co., New Mexico, em. 27.IV.50 from gall on *Viguiera annua* (Jones) Blake (annual goldeneye) [Compositae], (E. J. O'Neal)...


description:
  Reared also from *Helianthus grosseserratus* by M. J. Hatfield [here](https://bugguide.net/node/view/356670)
  (galls collected by L. Crim; moth ID by T. Harrison)


description:
  Galls are strongly convex on the upper leaf surface, weakly so on the lower surface, from which the adult midges exit...Hosts: *H. annuus*, *H. decapetalus*, *H. divaricatus*, *H. grosseserratus*, *H. strumosus*, *H. tuberosus*. 


description:
  *Heterotheca*
  Woolly, leafy bud gall...*Rhopalomyia chrysopsidis*

  Galls are polythalamous....Host: *H. mariana* [= *Chrysopsis mariana* per POWO, 2023]


description:
  Tapered stem swelling...*Neolasioptera* sp.

  Adults emerged from galls in August. Hosts: *H. salsola* [= *A. salsola* per POWO 2023], *Hymenoclea* sp.


description:
  [on *Hymenoclea* [≤ *Ambrosia* per POWO 2023]:]

  White-woolly terminal bud gall ... *Asphondylia* sp. and cecidomyiid

  *Asphondylia* sp. Galls are monothalamous. Adults emerged from the galls in May. Host: *H. salsola*.

  Cecidomiid. Felt (1940) referred to this species as *Rhopalomyia hymenocleae*, but the species was never formally described and the name is not available....This species is possibly responsible for a different woolly bud gall. Host: *H. salsola*.


description:
  Green, smooth, lateral bud gall...
  Bud gall pediceled, with leaves and sometimes branches protruding from the apex....*Asphondylia* sp.


description:
  possibly the same thing as, or a subset of:
  ["Asphondylia sp. A" in Russo's book (2021)](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2212)


description:
  *Iva*
  ...
  Tapered stem swelling...*Neolasioptera* sp.

  Swellings are reportedly about 25–30 mm long and 5 mm at the widest diameter. Host: *Iva* sp. Distr.: unspecified.


description:
  ... *Asphondylia helianthiflorae* Felt was reared in late August from unspecified flower galls in heads of *Helianthus* sp. in New York.


description:
  Tapered, woody stem swellings...*Lasioptera lactucae* Felt

  Galls are 10–30 mm in length and usually near the base of the stem. Host: *L. canadensis*. Distr.: New Hampshire to Maryland

  [figure shows a cluster of woody stem-outgrowths, bulging like blisters from the stem]


description:
  *Pluchea*

  Larva in seed heads...*Asphondylia* sp.

  This species is known only from a series of specimens in the USNM, with no further description of the gall they caused...Host: *P. rosea*. Distr.: Florida


description:
  *Prenanthes*

  Flat, ovoid, purplish leaf blister...*Cystiphora canadensis* Felt

  Galls are approximately 3–5 mm in diameter...Hosts: *P. alba*, *P. altissima*, *P. serpentaria*.


description:
  *Ratibida* (coneflower)
  ...*Asphondylia ratibidae* Felt

  Galls are monothalamous. This species has at least two generations per year. In summer the galls are in the flower heads...From August to October, galls are formed in enlarged stem ends or leaf bases...Host: *R. columnifera*...


description:
  *Ratibida* (coneflower)
  ...*Asphondylia ratibidae* Felt

  Galls are monothalamous. This species has at least two generations per year. In summer the galls are in the flower heads. Infested flowers are swollen at their bases, and the florets do not open.


description:
  Large, globular, succulent bud gall at base of plant in spring or apex of plant in summer...*Asphondylia rudbeckiaeconspicua* Osten Sacken

  Galls are large and polythalamous. Summer galls begin development in June and July, and have leaves and an occasional flower petal growing from their tips. Adults emerge from these galls in late summer and lay eggs in the next year's buds at the base of the plant...Hosts: *R. laciniata*, *R. triloba*...


description:
  Leafy flower heads...?cecidomyiid

  The gall maker is unknown. A predaceous gall midge, *Lestodiplosis rudbeckiae* (Beutenmüller) was reared from infested flower heads. Host: *R. hirta*. Distr.: North Carolina.


description:
  Cecidomyia rudbeckiae sp. nov.

  Gall. This is a deformation and enlargement of the flowerlets of the cone-flower (Rudbeckia hirta), sometimes deforming all the flowers in the cone. The enlargements are in form of leaflets which are usually greenish in color or are tinged with brown or reddish.

  Habitat: NC

  The fly emerges in August.


description:
  *Senecio* (groundsel)

  ...Swollen stem...*Lasioptera arizonensis* Felt

  Adults emerged in spring from circular holes in stems. Host: *S. arizonicus*. Distr.: Arizona.


description:
  Swollen bud...*Asphondylia* sp.

  This species is known only from a gall and pupa in the USNM. Host: *S. longilobus*.


description:
  Swollen, sterile floret...*Asphondylia bea* Felt

  Galled florets are swollen basally and remain closed apically...Host: *S. douglasii*...


description:
  The heads just after flowering frequently show excessive and un-symmetrical swelling at the base, with spreading apart of the involucral scales, and exposure of the white pappus through the opening. This is due to the development of galls upon some of the flowers of the head, and these galls result from infestation by the gall midge, *Asphondylia bea* Felt...

  The ovary, shortened and thickened, will contain no seed, but solid greenish tissue that is apparently glandular on its upper surface next the larva. The hairs of the pappus crowning the ovary will be shortened and thickened and very irregularly crinkled at the base. The thickened walls of the lower part of the corolla tube surround the larva and form the gall cavity, within which there is more or less upgrowth of a living glandular tissue arising from the top of the ovary. The outer layer becomes thick and firm, and finally brown and brittle, splitting away in bits under a dissecting needle. Pistils and stamens are quite obliterated, and the withered tip of the unopened corolla persists at the top of the gall. 

  These galls are very inconspicuous, if only one or two are present—not enough to split the involucre by their swelling—for they are completely overtopped and covered up by the normal flowers.


description:
  Bud or flower gall...
  Galls made up of bud leaves, often as rosette on foreshortened stem...
  Closed cluster of several leaves on apex of branch...*Dasineura radifolii* Felt

  Larvae are gregarious among the leaves forming the cluster, which is about 1 cm long. The original series was found among leaves near the base of the plant. This or possibly another *Dasineura* occurs on apical galls on *S. canadensis* and relatives...


description:
  **[Rhopalomyia] solidaginis**. Widespread eastern Nearctic. *Solidago altissima*; *S. canadensis*, *S. rugosa* (Asteraceae)

  *Cecidomyia solidaginis* Loew 1862: 194. USA: New York, West Dryden; NT, des. Dorchin et al. 2009: 30; ♂; USNM. Ref.: Dorchin et al. 2009 (redescr.). 
  *Rhopalomyia albipennis* Felt 1908b: 364. USA: New York, Albany; ST; ♂,♀; NYSM. 
  *Rhopalomyia carolina* Felt 1908b: 363. USA: North Carolina, Asheville; HT; ♀; NYSM.


description:
  Bud or flower gall...
  Galls made up of bud leaves, often as rosette on foreshortened stem...
  Rosette galls made up of 25 to hundreds of leaves...
  Gall with numerous, imbricated leaves, the inner leaves narrow; on *S. canadensis* and close relatives...*Rhopalomyia* sp.

  This gall is common *Solidago canadensis*. Although superficially similar exteriorly to one on *S. juncea*, the two are structurally different, and an asphondylia is responsible for the one on *S. juncea*...

  [note: Gagné states elsewhere that he uses "*S. canadensis*" in a very wide sense, encompassing at least *S. altissima* and *S. gigantea*.]


description:
  Bud or flower gall...
  Galls made up of bud leaves, often as rosette on foreshortened stem...
  Rosette galls made up of 25 to hundreds of leaves...
  Gall single or composite, the internal leaves not linear and narrow, merely shortened...
  Larva in central cell of rosette gall, the inside lined with white mycelium of symbiotic fungi...*Asphondylia monacha* Osten Sacken

  Osten Sacken gave as host of this species *Solidago altissima*, but the type galls appear to be on *S. juncea*...


description:
  Larva in bulbletlike gall occasionally present around central cell containing *A. monacha*...*Rhopalomyia* sp.

  The galls are monothalamous, teardrop-shaped, and somewhat shorter than the central cell containing *A. monacha*. Several may surround the central gall. Host: *S. juncea*. Distr.: Maryland.


description:
  Larva in bulbletlike gall occasionally present around central cell containing *[Asphondylia] monacha*...*Rhopalomyia* sp.

  The galls are monothalamous, teardrop-shaped, and somewhat shorter than the central cell containing *A. monacha*. Several may surround the central gall. Host: *S. juncea*. Distr.: Maryland.


description:
  Modified floret...
  Gall onion shaped, short-pointed at tip...*Schizomyia racemicola* (Osten Sacken)

  Galls are green to red, smooth, thin-walled, and weakly ribbed. Larvae are orange, very active, and leave the gall to pupate in the soil. Probably only one generation occurs per year. Hosts: *S. canadensis* [in a broad sense, including at least *S. altissima* and *S. gigantea*], *S. leavenworthii*


description:
  Modified floret...
  Gall more or less cylindrical...
  Gall widest near apex, smooth...*Rhopalomyia* sp.

  This species is known only from its brown galls at the USNM and is only tentatively identified as a *Rhopalomyia*. Host: *S. canadensis*. Distr.: Maryland.

  [note: The galls are also figured in this book in a drawing. The figure shows them occurring on a raceme-like array, this array occurring lower-down on the main inflorescence axis than the unmodified flowering arrays. In the place of typical flower-heads there are small rosettes of narrow bracts, most of which have one of these tiny galls in its center. As drawn, the galls are actually more bell-shaped than cylindrical, with a slight flare at their apices. They are depicted as much smaller than *Schizomyia racemicola* and *Rhopalomyia anthophila* galls.]


description:
  Modified floret...
  Gall more or less cylindrical...
  Gall widest near apex, smooth...*Rhopalomyia* sp.

  This species is known only from its brown galls at the USNM and is only tentatively identified as a *Rhopalomyia*. Host: *S. canadensis*. Distr.: Maryland.

  [note: The galls are also figured in this book in a drawing. The figure shows them occurring on a raceme-like array, this array occurring lower-down on the main inflorescence axis than the unmodified flowering arrays. In the place of typical flower-heads there are small rosettes of narrow bracts, most of which have one of these tiny galls in its center. As drawn, the galls are actually more bell-shaped than cylindrical, with a slight flare at their apices. They are depicted as much smaller than *Schizomyia racemicola* and *Rhopalomyia anthophila* galls.

  Gagné uses "*S. canadensis*" in a very wide sense, including at least *S. altissima* and *S. gigantea*. Maryland is nearly out of range for *S. canadensis* in the strict sense, so these other species are also listed on this page as perhaps more likely hosts.]


description:
  Modified floret...
  Gall more or less cylindrical...
  Gall widest near apex, smooth...*Rhopalomyia* sp.

  This species is known only from its brown galls at the USNM and is only tentatively identified as a *Rhopalomyia*. Host: *S. canadensis*. Distr.: Maryland.

  [notes: The galls are also figured in this book in a drawing. The figure shows them occurring on a raceme-like array, this array occurring lower-down on the main inflorescence axis than the unmodified flowering arrays. In the place of typical flower-heads there are small rosettes of narrow bracts, most of which have one of these tiny galls in its center. As drawn, the galls are actually more bell-shaped than cylindrical, with a slight flare at their apices. They are depicted as much smaller than *Schizomyia racemicola* and *Rhopalomyia anthophila* galls.

  Gagné uses "*S. canadensis*" in a very wide sense, including at least *S. altissima* and *S. gigantea*. Maryland is nearly out of range for *S. canadensis* in the strict sense, so these other species are also listed on this page as perhaps more likely hosts.]


description:
  Modified floret...
  Gall more or less cylindrical...
  Gall widest near apex, smooth...*Rhopalomyia* sp.

  This species is known only from its brown galls at the USNM and is only tentatively identified as a *Rhopalomyia*. Host: *S. canadensis*. Distr.: Maryland.

  [notes: The galls are also figured in this book in a drawing. The figure shows them occurring on a raceme-like array, this array occurring lower-down on the main inflorescence axis than the unmodified flowering arrays. In the place of typical flower-heads there are small rosettes of narrow bracts, most of which have one of these tiny galls in its center. As drawn, the galls are actually more bell-shaped than cylindrical, with a slight flare at their apices. They are depicted as much smaller than *Schizomyia racemicola* and *Rhopalomyia anthophila* galls, which are drawn on adjacent arrays in the same figure.

  Gagné uses "*S. canadensis*" in a very wide sense, including at least *S. altissima* and *S. gigantea*. Maryland is nearly out of range for *S. canadensis* in the strict sense, so these other species are also listed on this page as perhaps more likely hosts.]


description:
  Smooth, large, apical gall subtended by leaf whorl...*Rhopalomyia hirtipes* (Osten Sacken)

  Galls are succulent and polythalamous...This species is evidently responsible also for galls on the stolons and crown...


description:
  Stem swelling...
  Swelling woody, evenly tapered; larva in the enlarged pith...*Lasioptera solidaginis* Osten Sacken

  The exterior surface of the gall has the same texture as the rest of the stem. These galls are found near the base of the plant, 5–10 cm above the soil surface. The pith is soft with elongate, vertical larval tunnels...Host: *S. canadensis*, *S. rugosa*.

  [Note: Gagné uses a very wide sense of "*S. canadensis*" including at least *S. altissima* and *S. gigantea*.]


description:
  I am indebted to Mr. Edw. Norton for the communication of several specimens of this *Lasioptera*, reared by him in a box which contained a number of galls on the stalks of *Solidago*, all resembling more or less the common gall of *Trypeta solidaginis* Fitch. [= *Eurosta solidaginis*] By a careful examination of these galls and their contents I attempted to discover from which of them the *Lasiopteræ* had escaped. Although this attempt remained fruitless, and I did not find, as I had expected, any exuviae of the pupa of the midge, I will nevertheless communicate some facts, which resulted from my examination, and may be useful for future observers. I soon perceived that the galls could be separated into three groups...
  [goes on to describe the heterogenous nature of the galls he received, which included some not made by *Eurosta solidaginis*.]
  ...
  Does *Lasioptera* produce a gall for itself, very similar in appearance to the gall of *Trypeta* and therefore, perhaps overlooked by me, or taken out of the box, before it reached me? Or does it colonize the galls of *Trypeta*, after they have been abandoned by their original owner? Or else, before the escape of the latter, the larvæ of both species living in company? All three cases are not without precedent in the history of *Cecidomyiæ*.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3830980#page/284/mode/1up
description:
  But from a gall on the same plant, and also on the allied Compositous plant *Vernonia fasciculata*. which is externally like the Lepidopterous gall [probably here referring to the gall of *Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis*], but is internally filled with brown sponge and numerous cells, I have bred many specimens of *Lasioptera solidaginis* O. S., a minute Cecidomyidous fly. Whether this Dipteron is inquilinous in the Lepidopterous gall, or the Lepidopteron in the Dipterous gall, or whether the two galls are distinct and both the Dipteron and the Lepidopteron are gall-makers, I cannot say with any certainty ; but on mature consideration of all the facts now known to me, I incline to the last supposition.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3830980#page/284/mode/1up
description:
  But from a gall on the same plant [*Solidago* sp.], and also on the allied Compositous plant *Vernonia fasciculata*. which is externally like the Lepidopterous gall [probably here referring to the gall of *Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis*], but is internally filled with brown sponge and numerous cells, I have bred many specimens of *Lasioptera solidaginis* O. S., a minute Cecidomyidous fly. Whether this Dipteron is inquilinous in the Lepidopterous gall, or the Lepidopteron in the Dipterous gall, or whether the two galls are distinct and both the Dipteron and the Lepidopteron are gall-makers, I cannot say with any certainty ; but on mature consideration of all the facts now known to me, I incline to the last supposition.


description:
  Gall formed by two leaves appressed together to form a blister gall...*Asphondylia solidaginis* Beutenmüller

  Each of the two leaves involved forms one half of the unicellular, ovoid, 4–5 mm diameter, white-fungus-lined gall...


description:
  Conical, decumbent gall attached to leaf rib...*Rhopalomyia clarkeae* Felt

  Galls are 1–2 mm long, inconspicuous, the same color as the leaf and usually on the underside...


description:
  *Sonchus* (sow-thistle)

  Leaf blister...*Cystiphora sonchi* (Bremi)

  Galls are green or red, their upper surface convex, the lower surface flat. One larva occupies each gall...introduced into Canada from Europe...


description:
  *Tetradymia*

  Woolly, ovoid, lateral bud gall...*"Mayetiola" tetradymia* Felt

  Adults emerged from galls in April. Galls are polythalamous. Host: *T. comosa*.


description:
  **[Dasineura] tetradymia**. USA (California). *Tetradymia comosa* (Asteraceae). 
  *Phytophaga tetradymia* Felt 1925a: 15. USA: California, Claremont; ST; ♂,♀; NYSM. Ref.: Gagné 2017: 282 (n. comb.).


description:
  *Verbesina*
  ...
  Aborted, swollen florets..."*Cecidomyia*" *verbesinae* Beutenmüller

  "*Cecidomyia*" *verbesinae* is known only from galls and larvae and cannot now be placed to genus. Galls have one larval cell each, but may be confluent...Host: *V. alternifolia*


description:
  **[Schizomyia] verbesinae**. USA (Pennsylvania, North Carolina). *Verbesina alternifolia* (Asteraceae). 
  *Cecidomyia verbesinae* Beutenmüller 1907a: 391. USA: North Carolina, Buncombe Co., Valley of the Black Mts; HT; L; AMNH. Ref.: Gagné and Jaschhof 2014: 335 (n. comb.).


description:
  *Verbesina*
  ...
  Swollen stem, occasionally just under flowers...*Neolasioptera* sp.

  Galls can be found in summer along the whole length of the stem. At that time larvae are in various instars in elongate, fungus-lined tunnels. Larvae are youngest in galls nearest the plant apex...The soft parts of the galled stem rot away during winter, the only hard parts left when the larvae pupate being the cylindrical larval tubes made up of the fungal byproducts and a few woody strands. Host: *V. alternifolia*


description:
  Plakidas (1994: figs. 10–11) ascribed galls on the main stem to *N. verbesinae* and those among the upper branchlets to his *N. incisa*. Both illustrations in Plakidas (1994) show typical galls of *N. verbesinae*. Whether at the lower or upper stem and regardless of size, *N. verbesinae* galls (Figs. 5–7) are characteristically ovate with an excessive internal growth of soft tissue through which larvae appear to bore haphazardly.
  ...
  Galls are ovate swellings of the stem of *Verbesina* spp. that are mostly filled with a soft tissue into which the growing larvae burrow (Fig. 6). Larval tunnels become gradually reinforced and surrounded by a persistent hard white substance while the intervening material becomes increasingly soft with age and evanesces in winter (Fig. 7). Overwintering larvae form a silken lining inside the brittle cover and pupate in place. There are at least two generations per year based on the fact that galls at plant midheight have empty tunnels in late summer.


description:
  ...on *Verbesina alternifolia* and ... on *V. virginica*.
  ...
  *Neolasioptera imprimata* is responsible for a slender, woody, tapered swelling on stems of *V. alternifolia* and *V. virginica* (Figs. 3–4). The gall is narrow, streamlined, and much less conspicuous than that of *N. verbesinae* and may bear one to four larvae that grow along the central longitudinal stem axis where they appear to hollow out and enlarge the pith. Separate galls may be found growing in tandem.


description:
  Enlarged, aborted seed capsule...*Asphondylia vernoniae* Felt

  Galls are globular with longitudinal ribs, dark green, often purple at apex. Adults emerged in autumn...Host: *V. novaboracensis* and possibly also *V. blodgettii*


description:
  Swollen petiole, midrib, or stem...*Neolasioptera vernoniae* (Beutenmüller)

  Swellings are green to red, 6–10 mm long. Hosts: *V. baldwinii*, *V. noveboracensis*


description:
  *Viguiera*

  Swollen stem...*Neolasioptera* sp.

  Galls were collected in winter, and adults were reared in spring. Swellings can be slight. Host: *V. annua*. Distr.: Arizona


description:
  *Xanthium* (cockleburr)

  Larva in root...*Resseliella radicis* (Felt)

  Damage or symptoms were not further specified. Host: *Xanthium* sp. Distr.: Alabama.


description:
  *Mycodiplosis radicis* n. sp.
  ...
  Reared in August, 1935, from the roots of cockle burr, *Xanthium* sp. collected at Mobile, Alabama. Holotype a male.


description:
  *Xanthium* (cockleburr)
  ...
  Branch tip galls...*Asphondylia xanthii* Felt

  Galls were not further specified. Adults reared in June. Host: *Xanthium strumarium*.


description:
  The insects were reared June 4, 1935, from galls on the growing tips of the branches of cockle burr, *Xanthium strumarium*, collected at Navasota, Texas. Holotype a male.


description:
  Globular, pendant flower bud gall...*Schizomyia impatientis* (Osten Sacken)

  Galls are succulent and 10–15 mm in diameter. The active, red larvae leave the galls in late summer or early fall and drop to the ground to overwinter...Hosts: *I. capensis*, *I. pallida*...


description:
  Swollen midrib or petiole...*Neolasioptera impatientifolia* (Felt)

  Swellings are usually more visible from beneath the leaves, are succulent, partly translucent, light green, and contain one to several larvae and an associated fungus...Hosts: *I. capensis*, *I. pallida*


description:
  Swollen stem base...*Lasioptera centerensis* Felt

  Known only from a larva, this species was reported once, from a "double-celled" gall. Host: *I. pallida*. Distr.: New York.


description:
  Lasioptera centerensis n. sp.
  This name is proposed for a yellowish orange larva inhabiting a double celled gall at the base of the stem of *Impatiens aurea* taken at Karner, N. Y., September 6, 1906.

  Gall. The gall is soft, green, one-half of an inch long, one-third of an inch in diameter, and is composed of two cells.
  ...
  This larva is easily distinguished from that of *L. impatientifolia* by the tridentate breastbone.


description:
  *Alnus* (alder)
  ...
  Enlarged bud...*Dasineura serrulatae* (Osten Sacken)

  Affected buds are 6–12 mm in diameter. Each contains several reddish larvae that drop to the soil in fall...Hosts: *A. crispa*, *A. rugosa*, *A. serrulata*. Distr.: Massachusetts and Ontario to North Carolina


description:
  *Alnus* (alder)
  ...
  Folded leaflet...*Dasineura* sp.

  Young leaves are folded in half along the long axis. Larvae spin cocoons in the folds and pupate there. Host: *A. rubra*. Distr.: British Columbia to Oregon.


description:
  *Betula* (birch)
  ...
  Swollen stem, bud, or base of petiole...*Apagodiplosis papyriferae* (Gagné)

  Galls appear in midsummer. Full-grown larvae drop to the ground in late September and form cocoons in which they overwinter... Several larvae occur in separate cells in the cortical enlargement. Bud and stem mortality results from girdling. Host: *B. papyrifera*...


description:
  *Betula* (birch)
  ...
  Swollen bract or ovary of female catkin...*Semudobia* spp.

  Five species of *Semudobia* are known from North America, three native and two originally introduced from Europe in seeds of *Betula pendula*. One of the three native species is Holoarctic, the two others are Nearctic only. The biology of all five species is generally similar. Eggs are deposited in spring between the bracts and flowers. Usually only one larva infests a bract or ovary. Pupation occurs in the gall the following spring.
  ...
  *S. betulae* (Winnertz), an immigrant from Europe. Host: *B. pendula*. Distr.: Ontario and Pennsylvania.


description:
  see excellent photos here:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/lasiopteridi/lasiopteridi-unplaced/semudobia/semudobia-betulae/

  *S. tarda* prefers the same host.


description:
  see excellent photos here:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/lasiopteridi/lasiopteridi-unplaced/semudobia/semudobia-betulae/

  *S. tarda* and *S. skuhravae* occur on the same host.


description:
  *Betula* (birch)
  ...
  Swollen bract or ovary of female catkin...*Semudobia* spp.

  Five species of *Semudobia* are known from North America, three native and two originally introduced from Europe in seeds of *Betula pendula*. One of the three native species is Holoarctic, the two others are Nearctic only. The biology of all five species is generally similar. Eggs are deposited in spring between the bracts and flowers. Usually only one larva infests a bract or ovary. Pupation occurs in the gall the following spring.
  ...
  *S. brevipalpis* Roskam, an eastern Nearctic species. Hosts: *B. papyrifera*, *B. populifolia*.


description:
  *Betula* (birch)
  ...
  Swollen bract or ovary of female catkin...*Semudobia* spp.

  Five species of *Semudobia* are known from North America, three native and two originally introduced from Europe in seeds of *Betula pendula*. One of the three native species is Holoarctic, the two others are Nearctic only. The biology of all five species is generally similar. Eggs are deposited in spring between the bracts and flowers. Usually only one larva infests a bract or ovary. Pupation occurs in the gall the following spring.
  ...
  *S. skuhravae* Roskam, a Holarctic species. Hosts: *B. alleghaniensis*, *B. occidentalis*, *B. papyrifera*, *B. pendula*, *B. populifolia*.


description:
  *Betula* (birch)
  ...
  Swollen bract or ovary of female catkin...*Semudobia* spp.

  Five species of *Semudobia* are known from North America, three native and two originally introduced from Europe in seeds of *Betula pendula*. One of the three native species is Holoarctic, the two others are Nearctic only. The biology of all five species is generally similar. Eggs are deposited in spring between the bracts and flowers. Usually only one larva infests a bract or ovary. Pupation occurs in the gall the following spring.
  ...
  *S. steenisi* Roskam, a western Nearctic species. Host: *B. occidentalis*.


description:
  *Betula* (birch)
  ...
  Swollen bract or ovary of female catkin...*Semudobia* spp.

  Five species of *Semudobia* are known from North America, three native and two originally introduced from Europe in seeds of *Betula pendula*. One of the three native species is Holoarctic, the two others are Nearctic only. The biology of all five species is generally similar. Eggs are deposited in spring between the bracts and flowers. Usually only one larva infests a bract or ovary. Pupation occurs in the gall the following spring.
  ...
  *S. tarda* Roskam, an immigrant from Europe. Host: *B. pendula*.


description:
  For excellent images:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/lasiopteridi/lasiopteridi-unplaced/semudobia/semudobia-tarda/


description:
  for excellent images:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/lasiopteridi/lasiopteridi-unplaced/semudobia/semudobia-skuhravae/


description:
  1\.   Either the axil of the scale is galled, or the galled fruit is distinctly coalescent with the scale; window-pit absent..........*skuhravae* sp. n.
  —  Galling of the fruit, the gall is in ripe situation never coalescent with the scale.......... [all other *Semudobia* spp.]
  ...
  Gall ...galling of the "bract"; the ovoid gall is situated between the spindle of the catkin and the scale; window-pit absent *(B. pubescens)*. In Japanese (Honshu, Azegate, *B. ermanii*) and American (South Dakota, Black Hills, *B. occidentalis*) material *S. skuhravae* is found in fruit galls. These galls have no window-pit and are coalescent with the scale. When gall and scale are separated, the membraneous cocoon of the larva becomes visible.


description:
  1\.   Either the axil of the scale is galled, or the galled fruit is distinctly coalescent with the scale; window-pit absent..........*skuhravae* sp. n.
  —  Galling of the fruit, the gall is in ripe situation never coalescent with the scale.......... [all other *Semudobia* spp.]
  ...
  Gall ...galling of the "bract"; the ovoid gall is situated between the spindle of the catkin and the scale; window-pit absent *(B. pubescens)*. In Japanese (Honshu, Azegate, *B. ermanii*) and American (South Dakota, Black Hills, *B. occidentalis*) material *S. skuhravae* is found in fruit galls. These galls have no window-pit and are coalescent with the scale. When gall and scale are separated, the membraneous cocoon of the larva becomes visible.
  ...
  [Records from *Betula alleghaniensis* and *B. populifolia* were from cultivated trees grown outside of their natural range; not otherwise reported from these hosts.]


description:
  1\.  Either the axil of the scale is galled, or the galled fruit is distinctly coalescent with the scale; window-pit absent..........*skuhravae* sp. n.
  —   Galling of the fruit, the gall is in ripe situation never coalescent with the scale..........2
  2\.  Window-pit absent or indistinct, gall subrotund and glabrous, wings of fruit often completely reduced..........*tarda* sp. n.
  —   Window-pit(s) distinct..........[all other *Semudobia* spp.]
  ...
  Gall...galling of the fruit; the fruit is button-like swollen, subrotund, wings are completely or nearly completely reduced; window-pit rather indistinct (*B. pubescens*).
  ...
  [Record from *B. papyrifera* was from a cultivated tree in Quebec where "an introduction of infected fruits of Palaearctic birch species is supposed". Only otherwise recorded from North America on introduced *B. pendula* in Montana.]


description:
  1\.  Either the axil of the scale is galled, or the galled fruit is distinctly coalescent with the scale; window-pit absent..........*skuhravae* sp. n.
  —   Galling of the fruit, the gall is in ripe situation never coalescent with the scale..........2
  2\.  Window-pit absent or indistinct, gall subrotund and glabrous, wings of fruit often completely reduced..........*tarda* sp. n.
  —   Window-pit(s) distinct..........3
  3\.  Often a window-pit on both sides of the gall, one of them large; gall glabrous, wings of fruit often completely reduced; East-Nearctic species..........*brevipalpis* sp. n.
  —   Only one window-pit developed; gall more or less hairy, wings present..........[*S. steenisi & *S. betulae*]

  Gall...galling of the fruit, the gall is obovate and glabrous, wings almost completely reduced, window-pit distinct, usually developed on both ad- and abaxial side of the gall (*B. populifolia*).


description:
  1\.  Either the axil of the scale is galled, or the galled fruit is distinctly coalescent with the scale; window-pit absent..........*skuhravae* sp. n.
  —   Galling of the fruit, the gall is in ripe situation never coalescent with the scale..........2
  2\.  Window-pit absent or indistinct, gall subrotund and glabrous, wings of fruit often completely reduced..........*tarda* sp. n.
  —   Window-pit(s) distinct..........3
  3\.  Often a window-pit on both sides of the gall, one of them large; gall glabrous, wings of fruit often completely reduced; East-Nearctic species..........*brevipalpis* sp. n.
  —   Only one window-pit developed; gall more or less hairy, wings present..........[*S. steenisi & *S. betulae*]

  Gall...galling of the fruit, the gall is obovate and glabrous, wings almost completely reduced, window-pit distinct, usually developed on both ad- and abaxial side of the gall (*B. populifolia*).


description:
  1\.  Either the axil of the scale is galled, or the galled fruit is distinctly coalescent with the scale; window-pit absent..........*skuhravae* sp. n.
  —   Galling of the fruit, the gall is in ripe situation never coalescent with the scale..........2
  2\.  Window-pit absent or indistinct, gall subrotund and glabrous, wings of fruit often completely reduced..........*tarda* sp. n.
  —   Window-pit(s) distinct..........3
  3\.  Often a window-pit on both sides of the gall, one of them large; gall glabrous, wings of fruit often completely reduced; East-Nearctic species..........*brevipalpis* sp. n.
  —   Only one window-pit developed; gall more or less hairy, wings present..........[*S. steenisi* & *S. betulae*]
  ...
  Gall...galling of the fruit, the gall is obovate and glabrous, wings almost completely reduced, window-pit distinct, usually developed on both ad- and abaxial side of the gall (*B. populifolia*).


description:
  1\.  Either the axil of the scale is galled, or the galled fruit is distinctly coalescent with the scale; window-pit absent..........*skuhravae* sp. n.
  —   Galling of the fruit, the gall is in ripe situation never coalescent with the scale..........2
  2\.  Window-pit absent or indistinct, gall subrotund and glabrous, wings of fruit often completely reduced..........*tarda* sp. n.
  —   Window-pit(s) distinct..........3
  3\.  Often a window-pit on both sides of the gall, one of them large; gall glabrous, wings of fruit often completely reduced; East-Nearctic species..........*brevipalpis* sp. n.
  —   Only one window-pit developed; gall more or less hairy, wings present..........4
  4\.  Gall usually concave on ad-axial side, window-pit irregularly formed; West-Nearctic species..........*steenisi* sp. n.
  —   Gall usually convex on both sides, window-pit subrotund; mainly Palaearctic species..........*betulae* Wtz.
  ...
  Gall...galling of the fruit; the gall is obovate and usually concave on ad-axial side, more or less hairy, wings present, although not so large as in healthy fruits; window-pit distinct (*B. occidentalis*).


description:
  1\.  Either the axil of the scale is galled, or the galled fruit is distinctly coalescent with the scale; window-pit absent..........*skuhravae* sp. n.
  —   Galling of the fruit, the gall is in ripe situation never coalescent with the scale..........2
  2\.  Window-pit absent or indistinct, gall subrotund and glabrous, wings of fruit often completely reduced..........*tarda* sp. n.
  —   Window-pit(s) distinct..........3
  3\.  Often a window-pit on both sides of the gall, one of them large; gall glabrous, wings of fruit often completely reduced; East-Nearctic species..........*brevipalpis* sp. n.
  —   Only one window-pit developed; gall more or less hairy, wings present..........4
  4\.  Gall usually concave on ad-axial side, window-pit irregularly formed; West-Nearctic species..........*steenisi* sp. n.
  —   Gall usually convex on both sides, window-pit subrotund; mainly Palaearctic species..........*betulae* Wtz.
  ...
  Gall...galling of the fruit; the gall ovoid, more or less hairy, wings present, although not so large as in healthy fruits; window-pit distinct (*B. pubescens*).
  ...
  [Record from *B. populifolia* was from a cultivated tree in Ontario where "an introduction of infected fruits of Palaearctic birch species is supposed". Only otherwise recorded from North America on introduced *B. pendula* in Pennsylvania. Host records on other *Betula* species were all from outside North America (sometimes on North American species in cultivation elsewhere).]


description:
  H. cornu galls witch hazel, but does not produce galls on its alternate host, birch. See https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/witchhazel-leaf-gall-aphid for photos of these "aleurodiform" [whitefly-like] aphids on birch. 


description:
  H. cornu galls witch hazel, but does not produce true galls on its alternate host, birch. See https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/witchhazel-leaf-gall-aphid for photos of an "aleurodiform" [whitefly-like] generation of these aphids on birch. 

  The excerpt from von Dohlen & Stoetzel does not mention leaf curl on birch, but it is common for sap sucking by aphids and other Hemiptera to cause some leaf curl. More research is needed to explore whether the leaf curl on birch is distinctive enough for ID. 


description:
  A hairy integral gall protruding above and below the leaf of Planera aquatica, alone or in small clusters always around the midrib. 


description:
  Abrupt, globular swellings on the roots of Rubus trivialis. [Found in December in Mississippi.](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/194379892)


description:
  Enlarged buds of Quercus agrifolia, containing multiple orange midge larvae between bud scales. Observed in California: [Monterey County](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/184072017) in September-November and [Sacramento County](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/194220327) in December. [Similar galls](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4712) have been seen on Q. falcata and Q. phellos in the Eastern US.


description:
  Clasping-Twig-Gall Wasp  Disholcaspis prehensa
  This cynipid wasp induces monothalamous, mushroom-shaped stem galls on scrub and leather oaks.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24831#page/1108/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus quercusutriculus (Bassett). 

  Connecticut to Florida, west to Illinois. 

  Ecology: Produce leaf galls on Quercus alba, Quercus chapmanii, Quercus stellata.

  Cynips quercusutricula Bassett, 1881. Canadian Entomologist. 13: 78, female, gall.
  Andricus (Andricus) utriculus Ashmead, 1885. American Entomological Society, Transactions. 12: 295.
  Andricus pruinosus Bassett, 1900. American Entomological Society, Transactions. 26: 311, female, gall.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/335/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus pruinosus n. sp.

  Galls—0.12 to 0.15 of an inch in diameter, perfectly round and variously situated on the leaves, and occasionally on the sterile aments of Q. obtusiloba [stellata]. Outside they are densely pruinose, and the walls are very thin. There is no larval cell. In many instances the blade of the leaf, or the part affected by the gall, is reduced to a mere rudiment of irregular form and varying size, but in such cases the gall is always banded by a minute ridge answering to the leaf blade. It bears a rather close resemblance to A. utriculus B.

  Collected by myself on East Rock, New Haven, Connecticut, May 7?


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/336/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus patiens n. sp.

  Fifty or more individuals captured in early Spring in the act of ovipositing in the buds of Q. ilicifolia. They were taken when the temperature was so low that a heavy overcoat was needed to keep one comfortable, and a stiff northeast wind prevailed, and the buds showed no signs of life.

  These insects must be strangely insensible to cold, or be driven by an irresistible impulse to deposit their eggs, or they would not brave such inclement weather.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24831#page/1123/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis patiens (Bassett). 

  Conn. 

  Ecology: Taken ovipositing in buds of Quercus ilicifolia; never reared and gall unknown. This may be a synonym of [Callirhytis] parvula.

  Andricus patiens Bassett, 1900. Amer. Ent. Soc., Trans. 26: 312, ♀.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/350/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta parvula n. sp.

  I found this minute species, of which I have but a single specimen, ovipositing in the buds of Q ilicifolia, May 26, 1871.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24831#page/1123/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis parvula (Bassett)

  Conn.

  Ecology: Taken ovipositing in buds of Quercus ilicifolia; never reared and gall unknown

  Dryophanta parvula Bassett, 1900 Amer Ent Soc Trans 26: 326 Female


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24831#page/1107/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus pulchellus Bassett

  Conn

  Ecology: Probably produce stem or leaf galls on Quercus prinoides.

  Andricus pulchellus Bassett 1900 Amer ENt Soc Trans 26: 314 Female


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522410
description:
  I have had in hand for several years a few galls collected at Wood's Holl from Potentilla canadense, by Miss Cora H. Clarke. They differ greatly in form and size, but I did not think the variations were specific and placed them together in the breeding box. The smallest are round or oval, not larger than the smallest peppercorn, and contains not more than one or two larval cells; while the largest are an inch long and one-fourth of an inch in diameter, and involve the whole stem and contain a dozen or more larval cells. Were the insects identical the form of the galls would not suggest any specific difference. When the large galls include a joint of the plant the joint is enlarged with the rest, but auxillary buds are not affected. In this it differs from D. potentillae Bass., which affects buds only and whose galls are monothalamous.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31780#page/152/mode/1up
description:
  Bassettia gemmae, new species

  Described from three female specimens, labeled "From JG Barlow, Cadet MO, April 27 1880, ovipositing in buds"


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31780#page/152/mode/1up
description:
  Bassettia pallida, new species

  Described from a single speicmen labeled "Savannah, Georgia April 15, 1884."


description:
  [F]irst discovered in Long Beach, California, in July 1984 ...  the peppertree psyllid, Calophya schini ... is native to Peru, which is also the native home of the California pepper tree, Schinus rnolle ...

  Damage is caused by the nymphal stage of the insect. Each nymph makes a deep pit in the leaflet, and several dozen pits may occur on the same leaflet. Pitting and nymphal development occur also on petioles, immature flower buds, slender green twiglets, and occasionally on heavier wood. The pitting and associated discoloration and distortion of leaflets and twiglets disfigure trees. High psyllid populations result in a grayish appearance of infested trees, followed by extensive foliage drop, particularly during the
  winter and early spring before the new flush of foliage is produced.

  Adult female psyllids deposit translucent white eggs, which darken before hatching, on several types of tender new growth of the pepper tree. Unexpanded leaves ... seem
  to be the preferred site of egg-laying. On hatching, the nymphs settle on nearby plant growth. Of 170 nymphs found on 192 leaflets examined from 16 leaves, 55 percent were on the lower surface and 45 percent on the upper surface. 


