# species_source

description:
  Macrodiplosis castaneae

  Smooth, globular fold
  Galls develop in spring
  In June and July larvae escape through the elongate opening that develops along the vein on the upper surface of the leaf.


description:
  Macrodiplosis sp.

  Rough, ribbed, usually elongate fold

  Host: C. dentata, C. pumila

  Distr: MA and NY to NC


description:
  Neolasioptera galeopsidis

  Irregular stem swelling
  Galls are spongy, polythalamous, and 1-2 cm long
  Orange larvae in elongate silken chambers

  Host: G. tetrahit

  Distr: MA


description:
  Contarinia sp.

  Slightly convex leaf spots
  3 mm in diameter
  Same color as the leaf when the larva is present
  Spots turn black in late spring

  Host: S. albidum

  Distr: PA, MD


description:
  Undescribed species of Contarinia

  The damage consists of a widened pair of leaves that are stuck together to form a flat, circular cell.


description:
  This is an introduced European gall observed once in Quebec.

  [Genetic evidence](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2022/02/13/2022.02.11.480154.full.pdf) shows that N quercusbaccarum is very distantly related to North American Neuroterus and is much closer to Cynips, Philonix, Atrusca, and many others. 


description:
  Bruggmanniella perseae Gagne, new species

  Larvae live in ovaries of young fruit and pupate in situ. Infested young fruit, less than 2 cm long (Figs. 1-4). die and dehisce shortly after adult emergence.


description:
  A gall matching this description, but which may or may not be the one Weld was referring to, was observed in Colorado in [September](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/93274058). 


description:
  A globular swelling in the stem of Stachys chamissonis just beneath a node, densely covered in short white hairs not obscuring the surface. Apparently fresh galls observed in Oregon in July and October. According to Ray Gagne ([see comment here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88781124#identification-6040c2b0-f087-4622-9032-6382a68a1560)), this gall is induced by an undescribed species in the genus Neolasioptera. 


description:
  Carya laciniosa added as a host based on [this](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/93752281) observation.


description:
  A tapered stem swelling, covered in short hairs, on Helianthus pauciflorus. Observed in Illinois in July and Manitoba in August.


description:
  A large, hairless, irregularly globular red-orange sack gall on the lower side of leaves of an undetermined Salix species. A similar gall [has been reported](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/87815116) on Salix laevigata. Observed in Arizona in July and August. 

  This gall bears a resemblance to [the undescribed sawfly "near Pontania pacifica"](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3899) described from Salix lasiolepis in Arizona. 

  It is interesting to note that the two tentatively assigned hosts of this undescribed species, Salix laevigata and gooddingii, were specifically [noted by Smith](https://gallformers.org/source/413) as "the only willows in the California area wholly found to  lack" Euura/Pontania galls (page 42, second to last paragraph on left column).


description:
  A proliferation of numerous bud-like structures around nodes of Lonicera hispidula. Bud-like structures appear to be bursting out of splits in the stem alongside node as well. 

  Old galls observed in California in June.


description:
  Severe curl and deformation of pinnae and rachis of Osmunda spectabilis, accompanied by a dense coating of minute orange-brown gelatinous spheres. Cf Synchytrium. 


description:
  Large, very irregularly globular, nearly lobed, leaf galls attached broadly to the lower sides of leaves of Rhus trilobata. The galls are sparsely covered in short hairs and range from light yellow-pink to bright candy-red. They sometimes occupy nearly the entirety of host leaves. Observed as early as May, persisting into July, in Utah, Arizona, Idaho, and nearby states. 

  Observations outside of iNaturalist (see link below) can be found on [BugGuide](https://bugguide.net/node/view/1047375) and on [Flickr](https://www.flickr.com/photos/barthphoto/27786601276/in/photostream). Some observations currently identified as Aculops rhois within the US southwest likely belong to this species. 


description:
  Quercus nigra tentatively added as a host based on [this observation](https://bugguide.net/node/view/636952/bgimage). 

  Quercus falcata tentatively added as a host based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/112587745). 


description:
  Purple discoloration and leaf curling on Galium boreale accompanied by long, slender, ice-like hairs around each leaf. Observed in Alberta in September.


description:
  A tapered stem swelling on Epilobium ciliata, green-red, covered in short hairs. Observed in California in July.


description:
  A green, hairless, globular petiole swelling on an undetermined Halesia species. Observed in Florida in July. A similar gall was observed in [October](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96904466) adjacent to the midrib. 


description:
  A linear pocket gall along the midrib opening toward the upper side of a leaf of Fraxinus latifolia. Observed in California in July. 

  Mike Palmer reported on [iNaturalist](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/278114134) on May 3, 2025, that Ray Gagné had stated that images of [midge larva obtained from a leaf fold gall on Fraxinus latifolia](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/275363177) showed either Dasineura apicata or D. fraxinifolia. The images had been sent a few days earlier. Gagné also told Palmer that the Oregon midges were the first known west coast population, and a host record - whichever midge it is.

  Galls of these species are described very briefly in [Felt, E.P. 1907d. New species of Cecidomyiidae II. New York State Education Department, Albany](https://www.google.com/books/edition/Studies_in_Cecidomyiidae_II/a0BDAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=fraxinus). Felt wrote under "Fraxinus (ash)": "Rolled leaves ...... Dasyneura fraxinifolia" and "Head of deformed leaves ........ Dasyneura apicatus." 


description:
  Asphondylia sp.
  "Succulent gall"

  [gall known only from adult flies, no additional description of gall appears]

  Host: Coreopsis palmata

  Range: probably midwestern US


description:
  Green, globular, hairless swellings along the stem of an undetermined Coreopsis species. Observed in Ohio in July. 


description:
  Aculus carsonellus

  Aculops carsonellus

  Host: Salix exigua

  Relationship: Elongate leaf galls or folds

  Range: CA


description:
  Eriophyes? salicicola

  Phytoptus salicicola

  Hosts: Salix interior, alba, bebbiana, discolor, melanopsis, pyrifolia

  Relationship: Elongate fold galls, leaf rolling; "one or two narrow, longitudinal upward folds extending lengthwise on the leaf, opening via a slit below."--Chadwick, p. 145.

  Range: IL, IN, NY

  Aculops salicicola [A separate entry; unclear if these are distinct species or not]

  Cecidobia salicicola
  Phyllocoptes salicicola
  Aculops salicicola

  Host: Salix sp.

  Relationship: Leaf galls

  Range: CO


description:
  A brown-tan, slightly hairy, integral, hemispherical leaf gall on the upper side of a leaf of Ambrosia ambrosioides, with a slight nipple at the apex. Observed in Mazatlan in July. 


description:
  The gall ... constitutes a modified capitulum. It is cylindrical, 5–10 mm long and 2–3.5 mm wide, usually slightly wider at base than at the tip. The gall is green but densely covered by short, white hairs that give it a whitish, fuzzy appearance. Galls are almost always situated among normal capitula, and are accompanied by tiny leaves and/or ray florets at their base. Each gall contains a single smooth, thick-walled chamber. Inside this chamber is an inner, conical chamber with very thin walls, containing a single larva, facing downwards. Larvae turn to face upwards inside the gall before pupation. The gall’s wall is much thinner apically than laterally, and galls that contain pupae sometimes have slits at their tips ... Galls become apparent in mid August and pupation takes place in late August to mid September.


description:
  Green, hairless, spindle or cylindrical shaped galls emerging erect or leaning from on or adjacent to the lower midrib of leaves of Euthamia leptocephala. The galls are longitudinally ribbed and typically narrow to a short nipple at the apex. Observed in Louisiana in May. 


description:
  A hairless, tan, globular bud gall on Quercus berberidifolia. Observed in California in July, with multiple exit holes and a slightly wrinkled, collapsed surface.


description:
  Galls are found in clusters of 3–15 on rhizomes, at the base of spring shoots. The gall is single-chambered, resembles a bud, with acute apex and base, 4.5–6.0 mm long and 1.5–2.5 wide. The surface of the gall is smooth and white, with green stripes where it is exposed to light.


description:
  ...the much slower-developing summer-generation galls ... become apparent around mid June and vary considerably in size. These galls are composed of several wide leaves that surround dozens of densely packed, smaller and shorter leaves, giving the gall a shape of a little sunflower that appears flatter than the similar gall of R. solidaginis on S. altissima ... Occasionally, the outer leaves merge to form a continuous sheath around the central part of the gall. Summer galls reach their final size when the larvae are still tiny first instars that are found at the base of the rosette leaves. Six to twenty white, conical chambers, similar to those found in the spring galls, appear in the gall only when the larvae molt into third instars. Larvae are usually found deep at the bottom of the chamber, facing down. The chambers are 4–6 mm high and 1–2 mm wide, and are situated among the short leaves in the center of the gall rather than being individually surrounded by a group of longer leaves, as in the rosette gall of R. solidaginis.


description:
  The spring-generation galls, described here for the first time, appear in early to mid May in young S. gigantea sprouts, and are therefore found very close to the ground... The galls are composed of many short and narrow leaves among which 1–8 white, conical chambers are situated ... each containing a single orange larva. The white chambers appear in the gall only when larvae are second instars. ..The central complex of short leaves is about 3 cm in diameter and surrounded by 5–10 much longer and wider leaves, giving the gall a star-like shape and an overall diameter of up to 10 cm ... At young stages of development, the longer, surrounding leaves may sheath tightly the center of the gall and these loosen at a later stage.


description:
  Leaf snap galls were observed once during this study on *S. nemoralis*, but we were unable to rear adults from them or to characterize them with molecular tools. Similar galls may be found on other *Solidago* hosts but the identity of the species that induce them requires further study.


description:
  Similarly, small rosette galls that resemble those of *A. rosulata* sp. nov. were observed by R.J. Gagné (pers. comm.) on *Solidago tortifolia* Elliott, 1823 in Maryland in late October, but the identity of the gall inducer is currently unknown.


description:
  The galls are small, conical and single-chambered, usually occurring on the lower side of leaves but occasionally on the upper side of leaves and on stems ... When on leaves, the gall is always attached to either a major or minor vein ... Each gall contains a single white larva. Galls on S. rugosa are 2.5–6.0 mm long and 0.7–1.2 mm wide at widest part, tapering toward apex, green to yellowish green, and covered by short, whitish hairs. Very young galls are sometimes accompanied by a tuft of hair at their base, almost as long as the gall itself.


description:
  The floret/capitulum galls of this species have not been described in detail and the host plant is unknown, hence it is impossible to determine whether this species is distinct and who its relatives among the Rhopalomyia spp. on goldenrods are. According to the information given by Felt (1915), the galls were collected in Santa Cruz Mts. in California in August 1889 and adults emerged from them “before May 1890”.


description:
  The galls of this species ... are identical to those of R. pedicellata ... except for the lack of a pedicel. This difference is consistent and no intermediate forms were found. The galls are found on leaves, stems and inflorescences, are 6–12 mm long, 1–2 mm wide at the base, and tapered towards apex. Galls are often found in aggregations ...They are smooth, green to purplish-green with longitudinal darker lines, contain a single chamber, and are smooth and shiny on the inside.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32802#page/28/mode/1up
description:
  Zopheroteras cuneatum, new species

  Host: Quercus alba

  Conical, red, 3.0-4.4 mm. long by 1.5 mm. broad at base, attached to the very base of the petiole in fall just as the leaves are turning. On young trees or sprouts from stumps. Rare.

  Habitat: VA, MO, AR

  On October 17, 1938, the living adult was cut out of a gall collected just a year previously at East Falls Church, Va. Galls have been seen at Ironton, Mo., and at Hot Springs and Texarkana, Ark. 


description:
  Slightly hairy, leafy, irregularly lobed leaf galls causing slight deformation of the leaf on Ambrosia trifida. Observed in Chihuahua in July. 


description:
  Circular leaf spots on Acer negundo, starting gray and often disintegrating in the center leaving a round gap in the leaf. May be caused by more than one fungal pathogen; cf Phyllosticta negundinis, Cylindrosporium negundinis, Septoria negundinis, or Cercospora negundinis, or none of these. A similar lesion [has been noted](https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Zonate-leaf-spot-of-boxelder-maple-Acer-negundo-infected-with-Cristulariella-moricola_fig1_263651079) as caused by Cristulariella moricola on Acer negundo in Korea. 


description:
  Brown rust spots protruding below the leaf between veins of Rudbeckia laciniata, leaving green-yellow indentations when viewed from above. Similar rusts occur on other species of Rudbeckia. Four species of rust-inducing fungi are known to be associated with Rudbeckias (Uromyces perigynius, U. rudbeckiae, Puccinia dioicae, and Aecidum batesii) and we currently don't know if they can be separated by host species or gall morphology. 


description:
  Leaf curl on Ambrosia ambrosioides and likely other species of Ambrosia induced by one of many possible species of mealybug (Pseudococcidae). Often tended by ants. [ScaleNET lists 30 species on the genus](http://scalenet.info/associates/ambrosia/pseudococcidae/) but none on this host specifically. Observed in Arizona in July.


description:
  Fuzzy, gourd-shaped flower galls on the inflorescence of Echinacea pallida. They bare some resemblance to Asphondylia ratibidae, and may be members of the tribe Asphondyliini. Observed in Missouri in July.


description:
  Red, monothalamous, berry-shaped galls often appearing as globular outgrowths on the lower leaves and petioles of Dalea formosa. Observed in Texas. A similar gall was [observed](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101573776) on Dalea pulchra in Arizona in August.


description:
  Pink, snapped-leaf galls on Euphorbia fendleri. Galls consist of two leaves stuck together and slightly deformed.


description:
  Capsule-like galls on the flowers of Euphorbia pediculifera. Each gall contains numerous orange larvae and has thin walls. Observed in Arizona in August.


description:
  Succulent, cylindrical galls on Euphorbia polycarpa. Each gall consists of a tubular outgrowth of the bud, which internally is succulent. Known only from Arizona.


description:
  Pinkish-yellow, pubescent galls on the buds of Euphorbia melanadenia. These galls differ from the similarly shaped galls on  Euphorbia polycarpa in their pubescence. Observed in Arizona in September.


description:
  Swollen leaves on Euphorbia serpillifolia. Galled leaves are pouch-like, and pinkish-red, and are occasionally wrinkly. Observed in Arizona.


description:
  Two Callirhytis species, quercuspomiformis (Bassett) and quercusrugosa (Ashmead), herein are transferred to the Amphibolips genus.


description:
  Rhopalomyia californica

  Hosts: Baccharis pilularis

  bud gall, usually Terminal, lobed and succulent

  This species is multivoltine. Eggs are laid in terminal growth, and the hatching larvae crawl between bud scales where the buds begin to form. 

  Similar galls occur on B glutinosa in Oklahoma, but it is not known whether R californica is responsible for that gall also.

  Range: CA, OR


description:
  Neolasioptera lathami Gagne

  Hosts: Baccharis halimifolia, neglecta, sarothroides

  relatively soft, irregular stem swellings, often on upper stem

  This species may be multivoltine because the galls occur on lower and upper parts of the stem. Galls sometimes produce stunting in seedlings. Eggs are laid mostly in stem terminals, but some in leaf axils. 

  Range: NY to FL west to TX and AZ


description:
  Neolasioptera baccharicola Gagne

  Hosts: Baccharis halimifolia

  hard, woody, tapered stem swelling at base of plant

  This species is probably multivoltine. Adults were reared from galls in spring.

  Range: VA


description:
  Leaf blisters on Asclepias syriaca. The blisters are green, and cause distortions on the upper leaf. Observed in Pennsylvania in July.


description:
  A cluster of 2-6 red oblong-globular galls attached to the lower midrib of Quercus mohriana. They are hairless, slightly pimpled with lighter spots, and have lobes of tissue that irregularly and slightly exceed the scar at their apex, surrounding it in short fleshy bracts. Turning and brown and gaining white spots of mold later in the season. Observed in Texas in October. 

  This may be [Callirhytis vaccinii](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/575).


description:
  A similar leaf curl on Ulmus parvifolia observed in Virginia in [August](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/91545329) may or may not be caused by the same species of aphid.


description:
  Circular raised blisters on Ambrosia trifida. May be caused by some kind of rust fungus, cf Albugo tragopogi or Puccinia xanthii. Observed in Texas in May.

  Possibly Protomyces: 
  - Underside of spots looks very like Taphrina, but Taphrina is not known for infecting Asteraceae. Protomyces is related to Taphrina and causes similar symptoms. 
  - P. gravidus causes large stem galls on A. trifida in Ark. and La. See [Cartwright RD, Templeton GE (1988) Biological limitations of Protomyces gravidus as a mycoherbicide for giant ragweed, Ambrosia trifida. Plant Disease 72:580-582. doi.org/10.1094/PD-72-0580](https://www.apsnet.org/publications/plantdisease/backissues/Documents/1988Articles/PlantDisease72n07_580.PDF) 


description:
  Irregularly bumpy pocket galls bulging slightly toward the lower side of leaves of Rhus aromatica, opening with a linear slit on the upper leaf. Observed in southern California in April. 


description:
  A pocket gall formed by pinching the lamina of a leaf of Salix lasiolepis upward, opening with a linear slit below, accompanied by chewing feeding. Leaf tissue was folded without apparent thickening of tissue. Cf Phyllocolpa. Observed in California in August.


description:
  Quercus austrina is added tentatively as a host based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/94165953) and the close phylogenetic relationship between it and Quercus stellata and the other known hosts. 

  Quercus oglethorpensis added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/136448971). 


description:
  Lopesia licaniae Gagné, new species

  Biological observations.—Woody, spheroidal outgrowths can be found on the subterranean stems (Figs. 1-2). Galls with the gallmaker inside are an off-white color. Old galls are a dark brown and usually have an exit hole. Fresh galls were present in the summer, fall, and winter months. A single cecidomyiid larva is found inside each gall.


description:
  Swollen leaves of Croton glandulosus. Galls are pubescent and a light green-white, and are swollen midribs of the leaves causing them to swell into a pouch-like shape.


description:
  Abruptly swollen pouches on leaves of Philadelphus lewisii. The leaves are thickly folded inwards close to the midrib, and the petiole is also swollen. Observed in May in British Columbia.


description:
  White, fluffy tufts encrusting the upper and lower leaves of Artemisia norvegica. Observed in British Columbia in June.


description:
  Crumpled distorted leafs inwardly distorting the leaf lamina and edges of Smilax rotundifolia. Observed in North Carolina in June.


externallink: https://bugguide.net/node/view/2028460
description:
  A slight swelling of the midrib of Lobelia siphilitica containing the larva of a cecidomyiid. Observed in Iowa in August.


description:
  Green, hairless galls on the caryopses of Echinochloa muricata. The galls are narrowly clustered, and likely contain midge larvae, or are possibly of fungal origin. Observed in Ontario in September.


description:
  ?

  Hosts: Celtis laevigata, (tenuifolia) [parentheses indicate occasional observation]

  Blister gall with upper central spine

  Range: LA, VA


description:
  A midrib or lateral vein fold/swelling elevated above the leaf, with a long slit opening below. Sometimes multiple observed on a single leaf. The galls contain midge larvae. Observed on Quercus agrifolia in California in September and October. 

  [According to Joyce Gross](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/99762324#activity_comment_ee663fb3-639e-4629-9862-af628f4c7ff1), Dr Gagne has identified larvae from similar galls as Macrodiplosis and Dasineura. Based on other galls, it seems likely that the Dasineura larva is an inquiline. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88720#page/286/mode/1up
description:
  Xystoteras volutellae, sp. n.

  Host: Quercus macrocarpa

  Gall--A conical, bluish-gray gall, from 3 to 3.5 mm high by 2.5 mm in diameter at base; occurring singly or in great numbers on the under surface of leaves of Quercus macrocarpa in Riley County, KS. The top of the gall is truncate and internally it is hollow, with the larval cell or kernel, resembling a minute nipple, situated at its base. The gall is attached to the leaf by a few fibres and may easily be detached. The colour of the gall is produced by a powdery or pruinose bloom which completely covers it when fresh. 

  The wasp, according to Mr Marlatt, issues from the gall early in January. 

  Range: KS


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88720#page/289/mode/1up
description:
  Asclepiadiphila stephanotidis, sp. n.

  Host: Stephanotis sp. [mistaken?]

  Gall: A small, rounded or pea-like gall averaging from 6 to 8 mm. in diameter, growing from the stems of a species of Stephanotis. Externally it is opaque and varies from a gray to a brownish colour, while internally it is whitish and composed of a dense pithy substance with a single larval cell in the centre. 

  Range: MO


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885291#page/364/mode/1up
description:
  Xystoteras volutellae

  Host: Quercus macrocarpa

  Hemispherical or conical, attached to the under surface of the leaf
  Single or clustered, conical, bluish-gray, monothalamous leaf galls, height 3 to 3.5 mm, diameter 2.5 mm, on Q macrocarpa.


description:
  A raised blister in the leaf lamina of Quercus ilicifolia, containing erineum below. Observed in New Hampshire in September.


description:
  Vitisiella brevicauda (Felt), new combination

  [Cecidomyia] vitis tomatos Riley 1873. Invalid, a polynomial.
  Janetiella brevicauda

  This species is responsible for bright red, globular leaf and tendril galls of grapes in eastern North America (Gagne 1989) and probably beyond. Larvae collected in New Mexico agree with the description and are tentatively included under this species. 

  Range: MO, FL, MD, NM, NY, NC

  One other described Nearctic cecidomyiid that forms galls on grape also has conspicuous sclerites on the female ninth segment but does not belong to Janetiella. This is Dasineura vitis Felt (1908: 341), a species that was originally and subsequently reared from leaf swellings purportedly similar to those made by V. brevicauda. Specimens of D. vitis in the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History (USNM) have been reared from blister leaf galls on grape as well, so this species may prove to be an inquiline. Dasineura vitis has toothed tarsal claws and also a broken costa at its juncture with R5. The general similarity between its ovipositor and that of Vitisiella is likely convergent, a case of different genera on a similar host sharing a similar striking character.


externallink: http://wci.colostate.edu/Assets/pdf/GrapeSeedChalcidPoster2013.pdf
description:
  Prodecatoma cooki 

  There are two species of grape seed chalcid. Prodecatoma cooki is widespread but rare within its geographic range, with reports from Canada to Venezuela. There is no mention of Evoxysoma vitis in the scientific literature since 1924. It has disappeared. 

  Grape seed chalcid was found damaging ‘Concord’ grapes, Vitis labrusca and Virginia creeper, Parthenocissus quinquefolia in a back yard home garden setting in Montrose, Colorado (Montrose County) in 2011. 

  A search of literature published on grape seed chalcid reveals two species of seed chalcids that attack grapes. Evoxysoma vitis (Saunders) was originally described in Saunders 1869, with life history observations in Crosby 1909a & b. Crosby 1909a describes a second species of seed infesting chalcid, Prodecatoma phytophaga, from Virginia creeper. Gahan (1924) recorded the first account of P. phytophaga feeding on grapes. He recognized that there were actually two distinct species of chalcid that fed on vitaceae seeds. His mention of E. vitis is the last mention of this insect in non-taxonomic scientific publications. He recognized synonymy of P. phytophaga and Decatomidea cooki (Howard) in his 1951 publication and renamed the species to Prodecatoma cooki (Howard). Adlert documents P. cooki in Florida grapes in two 1973 publications. It has been reported from Canada, several US states, Venezuela (Cermeli 1973) and Mexico (Cortez-Madrigal et al. 2012).


externallink: http://wci.colostate.edu/Assets/pdf/GrapeSeedChalcidPoster2013.pdf
description:
  Evoxysoma vitis

  There are two species of grape seed chalcid. Prodecatoma cooki is widespread but rare within its geographic range, with reports from Canada to Venezuela. There is no mention of Evoxysoma vitis in the scientific literature since 1924. It has disappeared. 

  Grape seed chalcid was found damaging ‘Concord’ grapes, Vitis labrusca and Virginia creeper, Parthenocissus quinquefolia in a back yard home garden setting in Montrose, Colorado (Montrose County) in 2011. 

  A search of literature published on grape seed chalcid reveals two species of seed chalcids that attack grapes. Evoxysoma vitis (Saunders) was originally described in Saunders 1869, with life history observations in Crosby 1909a & b. Crosby 1909a describes a second species of seed infesting chalcid, Prodecatoma phytophaga, from Virginia creeper. Gahan (1924) recorded the first account of P. phytophaga feeding on grapes. He recognized that there were actually two distinct species of chalcid that fed on vitaceae seeds. His mention of E. vitis is the last mention of this insect in non-taxonomic scientific publications. He recognized synonymy of P. phytophaga and Decatomidea cooki (Howard) in his 1951 publication and renamed the species to Prodecatoma cooki (Howard). Adlert documents P. cooki in Florida grapes in two 1973 publications. It has been reported from Canada, several US states, Venezuela (Cermeli 1973) and Mexico (Cortez-Madrigal et al. 2012).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/169/mode/1up
description:
  Contarinia johnsoni

  Vitis
  Fruit and bud galls
  Reared from enlarged, sometimes reddish, striped blossom buds, diameter 2 to 3 mm. 


description:
  Schizomyia pomum

  Vitis
  Fruit and bud galls
  Hard, nut-like, polythalamous bud gall, diameter 1.5 cm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/170/mode/1up
description:
  Schizomyia coryloides

  Vitis
  Fruit and bud galls
  Clustered, fusiform, woolly, pubescent bud galls, each 1 to 1.5 cm long.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/171/mode/1up
description:
  Neolasioptera vitinea

  Vitis
  Leaf or tendril galls
  Reared from similar gall [Oval, petiole or tendril gall, length 2.5 cm, swelling mostly distant from the base.], swellings mostly basal. 

  Schizomyia petiolicola [assumed to be synonymous, at least as a gall (fly may be distinct, possibly an inquiline), based on Gagne 1989]

  Vitis
  Leaf or tendril galls
  Oval, petiole or tendril gall, length 2.5 cm, swelling mostly distant from the base


description:
  Contarinia johnsoni

  Vitis spp, cultivated American varieties
  Deformed flower or swollen fruit
  Deformed flower

  Eggs are laid in opening flower buds. Larvae live gregariously in developing flowers and prevent fruit set.

  Range: NY


description:
  Neolasioptera vitinea

  Vitis
  Woody, elongate-tapered swelling of tendrils, petioles, or midveins

  Swellings are 5-15 mm long, and several may occur in tandem. Larvae live along the pith. One generation occurs per year, the adults emerging from the galls in spring. 

  Range: New England to Virginia, west to MO

  Schizomyia petiolicola Felt was reportedly reared from a tapered stem swelling attributable to Neolasioptera vitinea but I have never seen Schizomyia larvae in these galls.


description:
  Schizomyia viticola

  Vitis
  Complex, woody, node gall or dehiscent spine gall on leaf

  The spinelike galls usually occur on the leaves and are monothalamous. S viticola comes from leaf galls. All the galls vary in shape and hairiness.

  Range: eastern half of North America


description:
  Schizomyia vitiscoryloides

  Vitis
  Complex, woody, node gall or dehiscent spine gall on leaf
  Polythalamous galls always occur at a node. S vitiscoryloides comes from clustered, "hazelnut" galls. All the galls vary in shape and hairiness.

  Range: eastern half of North America


description:
  Schizomyia vitispomum

  Vitis
  Complex, woody, node gall or dehiscent spine gall on leaf
  Polythalamous galls always occur at a node. S vitispomum comes from applelike galls. All the galls vary in shape and hairiness.

  Range: eastern half of North America


description:
  Janetiella brevicauda [Gagne lists Brachineura vitis, Dasineura vitis, Lasioptera vitis, and Rhizomyia vitis as likely inquilines in similar galls]

  Vitis
  Globular, irregular, usually red swellings on leaf, tendril, or flower
  This is the most commonly reared species from these galls. It is probably multivoltine. Full-grown larvae cut a hole in the gall and drop to the soil to pupate. Galls sometimes cover so much surface that leaves and flower parts are deformed.

  Range: New Hampshire to North Carolina, west to Ontario and Missouri


description:
  Janetiella sp.

  Vitis
  Regular, monothalamous, blister or spot gall on leaf
  Larvae of several distinct, undescribed species, are found in various kinds of leaf galls.

  Figure 432d

  Range: MA to VA


description:
  Schizomyia sp.

  Vitis
  Complex, woody, node gall or dehiscent spine gall on leaf.
  The spinelike galls usually occur on the leaves and are monothalamous.

  Figure 432e

  Range: eastern half of North America


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/171/mode/1up
description:
  Lasioptera vitis [Gagne implies these are all most likely inquilines of Vitisiella brevicauda]

  Irregular, tumid, lobulate, greenish or reddish leaf or tendril gall, diameter .5 to 1.5 cm.

  Dasyneura vitis

  Reared from similar gall.

  Rhizomyia vitis 

  Reared from similar gall.

  Brachyneura vitis 

  Reared from similar gall.

  Janetiella brevicauda

  Reared from similar gall.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/172/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia viticola

  Vitis
  Leaf or tendril galls
  Elongate, conical, reddish or greenish leaf gall, length 6 to 9 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/172/mode/1up
description:
  ?Coleophora sp.

  Vitis
  Leaf or tendril galls
  Irregular, subglobose leaf gall showing a swelling on the upper surface and a globose enlargement on the lower


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/172/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloxera vitifoliae

  Vitis
  Leaf or tendril galls
  Small, wartlike leaf galls on either the upper or the lower surface, diameter 2 to 3 mm


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/173/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes vitis [Felt also lists many other erineum-forming mites on Vitis species, referring to Chadwick '08. None of these appear in the Amrine catalog except with the implication they might exist.]

  Vitis
  Leaf or tendril galls
  An erineum on the under side of the leaf, causing a swelling above, on Vitis vinifera


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/173/mode/1up
description:
  Ampeloglypter sesostris

  Vitis
  Leaf or tendril galls [sic]
  Irregular, oval cane galls, length 2 cm, diameter 1.5 mm.


description:
  Colomerus vitis

  Phytoptus vitis

  Hosts: Vitis vinifera, aestivalis, vulpina. There are probably different species of Colomerus on native wild grapes

  Relationship: Erineum on leaf undersurfaces.

  Range: California, Florida, Maine, Ohio, Oregon, New York, Washington USA


description:
  Quercus michauxii added tentatively as a host based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/94460851) and the relatedness to Quercus alba. 


description:
  From above, these galls resemble the upper side of galls of Polystepha pilulae, particularly those with irregularly confluent rather than near-spherical structure. However, they differ in being found only in vein angles, in having a darker, almost black surface, and in having an enlarged hairy domatia on the lower side rather than a smooth callus. Observed in Florida in September.


  [A similar gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3266) has been observed on the lower side of Quercus shumardii vein angles. [Polystepha podagrae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1194) is known to make slightly smaller galls on veins and angles of Quercus ilicifolia and velutina.


description:
  A light-green, hairless, integral leaf gall on leaves of Spiraea alba, with conical protuberances on the upper side narrowing to ragged openings, and round swellings on the lower side. Observed in New York in May.


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidismamma (Fletcher, 1883)

  Type locality: USA, Iowa. 
  Additional distribution: USA, widely distributed in eastern and central North America; considered introduced in 
  California.
  Host plant: Celtis occidentalis, C. laevigata. 
  Remarks: First recorded in California in 1989 (Gill 1989)


description:
  Pachypsylla celtidisvesiculum Riley, 1884

  Type locality: USA. 
  Additional distribution: USA, widely distributed in eastern and central North America; considered introduced in 
  California. 
  Host plant: Celtis laevigata. 
  Remarks: First recorded in California in 1960 (Gill 1989); common name: hackberry blister gall psyllid


description:
  "Gall succulent, just before terminal leaves"

  "Galls appear in late summer and are 8-15mm long and 5-10mm in diameter, usually green, often elongate-tapered but sometimes globular, and polythalamous."

  "Distr: New York and Maryland"


description:
  The gall  is a cylindrical swelling varying in size with the part affected, and also varying from 1 to 4 cm. in length.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=88&skin=2021&q1=corylus
description:
  Agrilus politus

  Corylus
  Globose constricted twig swelling, diameter 3/4 inch, beetle

  Salix
  Twig galls

  Globose constricted twig swellings, diameter 3/4 inch, beetle, spring


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=88&skin=2021&q1=corylus
description:
  Eriophyes avellanae

  Corylus
  Aborted terminal or lateral buds, diameter 1/2 inch, mite, spring

  Eriophyes sp.

  Corylus
  Buds, swollen, aborted before or slightly after opening, mite, spring


description:
  Aceria tristriata
   
  Cephaloneon bifrons
  Phytoptus tristriatus
  Eriophyes tristriatus

  Hosts: Juglans regia, Corylus columa

  Relationship: Blister mites in the intercellular spaces in mesophyll and forming round and dark brown, hard leaf pustules or galls along midrib; erinea ?

  Range: Europe, AZ, CA


description:
  Eriophyes? coryli

  Hosts: Corylus american, avellana (error)

  Relationship: Thickened, sac-like veins that open by slits above (probably a cecidomyiid or aphid gall).

  Range: MA


description:
  Phytoptus avellanae

  Phytoptus pseudogallarum
  Calycophthora avellanae
  Phytoptus coryli
  Phytocoptes gallarum
  Phytoptus coryligallorum

  Hosts: Corylus avellana, americana, maxima, tubulosa, columa (if big bud mites occur on all of these hosts, they are probably separate species!)

  Relationship: Big-bud of terminal buds; enlarged buds have surfaces of scales formed into irregular protrusions 

  Range: Europe, CA, WA, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/19/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes avellanae

  Hosts: Corylus americana

  This gall is an abortion of the terminal bud and sometimes the lateral bud or buds. The stem does not develop, and the leaves become scarcely more than scales. Subspherical, about 1 cm in diameter. On hazelnut, Corylus americana. Rather common. Similar to Phytoptus coryligallarum of Europe.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/19/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes coryli n. s.

  Host: Corylus americana

  A deformity of the leaf brought about by the excessive shortening and thickening of midrib and some of the main veins, producing puckering of the blade tissues. The thickened sac-like veins are really the galls, opening by slits above. Pubescent. On leaves of hazelnut, Corylus americana. One specimen. September.


description:
  Aceria caborcensis

  Host: Ambrosia sp. (originally listed as Franseria sp.)

  Mites form irregular leaf galls

  Range: Sonora 


description:
  Aceria boycei

  Hosts: Ambrosia psilostachya

  Mites produce numerous bead galls on the terminal leaves

  Range: AZ, CA, FL


description:
  Aceria ambrosiae

  Hosts: Ambrosia psilostachya, artemisiifolia

  Relationship: the mites were found in buds, in leaf axils, and on young unfolding leaves among hairs. A stunting and twisting of young leaves was present when populations were high.

  Range: CA


description:
  Iteomyia sp. C
  Appressed Tooth Gall Midge 
  [Page 221]

  Although superficially similar to galls of [Iteomyia sp. A](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3628), galls of this midge differ in that they form on the ventral leaf surface flat against the leaf rather than hanging down.

  Host: Salix barclayi and perhaps other willows in the subalpine environment of mountains


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/213997#page/12/mode/1up
description:
  Rhodites rosae 

  Cynips rosae
  Diplolepis bedeguaris
  Diplolepis rosae
  Diplolepis bedeguaris fungosae

  Hosts: Rosa rubiginosa; it has been recorded from eighteen species of rose, and is likely to be found on almost any of the species.

  Gall. A large mass (Figs. 3 and 4) of moss-like filaments surrounding a cluster of hard, bud-like cells. The filaments are pale green or reddish or purplish- tinged when young, becoming brown or black during the winter; they are sometimes simple, forming a tangled mass, or may be broad, branched, or leaf-like; the whole gall is spherical or oval, about 50 mm. or less in diameter. Each cell of the central core is a modified bud, monothalamous, thick-walled, with a distinct but inseparable larval cell; the cell is more or less covered with irregular projections; and often several cells fuse. Terminal on the stems of roses, especially of the sweet briar; it has been recorded from eighteen species of rose, and is likely to be found on almost any of the species.

  Range: Toronto, Quebec, New England to Georgia, west to Michigan, Kansas, and Colorado

  The species is evidently of European origin, probably having been imported in North American and other parts of the world on the sweet-briar. 

  The gall is a curious modification of the young leaves. It is among the most specialized of the Rhodites galls. But what has been gained by the specializaton is not altogether apparent, for the amount of parasitism of this species is great (at least 15%), and evidently the peculiar devices which complicate the gall are of no avail in keeping out parasitic insects. 

  The galls of rosae appear as early as June 5 (Adler, 1877), about three weeks after the eggs are laid; these galls are well grown in late July and mature by September. The insects overwinter as larvae and pupate only a few days before their emergence from the gall. The adults emerge from April 27 to July 9. This is a wider range of dates of emergence than is commonly found among the Cynipidae and, unlike practically all of the other gall-wasps, adults of this species will sometimes emerge from a single gall at two or more dates separated by a month or more, indicating a considerable range of differences between the eggs from a single parent. The adults oviposit within a few hours after emergence but may live for four or five days before dying. 

  Males and females are sometimes produced in about equal abundance. From my first lot of material I bred six females and seven males, and Cameron reported (1889) a similar experience. But other galls will give no males at all, indicating a great variation in the eggs laid by different individuals. The final average gives between one and two per cent males, and the observations of several workers (Adler, 1888; Cameron, 1889; et al.) confirm my experience in this respect. It is to be expected that under such conditions the females are often not fecundated but, nevertheless, the eggs of such individuals will grow parthenogenetically. This was very positively proved by Adler (1877), who secured galls from eggs he had observed to be laid in the plant. He conducted extensive experiments with this species; in four different years he obtained similar results, rearing three generations in direct succession, obtaining galls and adults in each case exactly like those of the parent generation. This was conclusive proof that there is no alternation of generations with this species, and nothing known of its life history would suggest that an alternation ever occurs. By strictly isolating the females from the males at emergence and before oviposition, and by anatomical examination of the receptaculum, Adler proved the parthenogenetic development of eggs. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/213997#page/15/mode/1up
description:
  Rhodites ignotus

  Rhodites ignota
  Rhodites carolina
  Rhodites carolinus

  Galls. — Irregularly globose leaf-galls (Figs. 5 to 7), covered with a white, mealy powder. Each gall is about globose, monothalamous, but often several galls coalesce to form large, elongate, more or less entire masses sometimes 20 mm. long. On the terminal twigs, petioles, and stems of the leaflets of Rosa blanda, R. Carolina , R. humilis, R. nitida , R. virginiana, and most likely other roses. 

  Range: Ontario, MA, RI, CT, NY, NJ, PA, MD, DC, NC, FL, IO, CO

  The galls of Rhodites ignotus are first noticeable about the middle of August, somewhat deforming the leaves of the roses on which they are formed. The galls overwinter, sometimes on the bush, but often on the ground, to which they readily fall when the leaves bearing them wither in the autumn. The mature wasps are known to emerge the following spring from May to August, most of the adults appearing about the last of May or the first of June. As with R. rosae, this extended period of emergence is an unusual thing to find among the gall-wasps. Of thirty-seven of the wasps which I have bred, thirteen, i. e.. 35% of them were males, which is a higher percentage than that known from other species of the genus. However, incomplete observations on other breedings I have made would indicate a much lower percentage of males to be more nearly normal. The number of parasites obtained from these galls is extremely high : I have found them to constitute about 90% of all the insects bred — another instance of the ineffacacy of highly developed “protective” devices. Most of these parasites, are figitids, Synerginaj, etc , the so-called “inquilines,” but many other parasitic Hymenoptera also attack the galls. 

  The adults of ignotus live for only a few days at the most, oviposition often occurring only a few hours after emergence. The females will refuse to oviposit unless they find a bush in the right condition for receiving the eggs. A lot of the insects which I placed on a cultivated rose which was somewhat retarded in development refused to climb over the bush at all to examine the buds, though the same insects became active enough when placed on a plant in a more advanced state of development. They carefully examined the young leaves, hardly yet out of the buds, and in these leaves the eggs were laid. The quantities of parasites which emerged, mostly a couple of weeks after the cynipids, were very active in examining the leaves of the same plant and many of them were observed to oviposit, but whether into the eggs and very young galls of the gall-wasps I am not certain. 

  The points at which oviposition was made by the ignotus females were carefully marked and kept covered by gauze bags for almost a month and a half. The galls produced were first seen about the first of September, i. e., over a month and a half after the eggs were laid, but the degree of development of the galls indicated that they had appeared possibly two weeks earlier. The galls thus obtained were typical ignotus galls, in every way resembling the galls of the parent generation. Nothing else known of the life history of the species would suggest that it possesses an alternation of generations. Ants attacked the cynipids when they died after oviposition and only a single whole specimen, a male, was rescued for the collection. This, with galls of the two successive generations, are in my collections, distinctively labelled. I cannot say positively whether the reproduction is wholly or at any time parthenogenetic, though it is very likely that it is parthenogenetic at least part of the time. The one male in my net may have fertilized the fe- males, though I did not observe copulation. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/213997#page/18/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus batatus form bisexualis, new name

  Galls. — Moderate-sized swellings (Figs. 8 and 9) of young stems and petioles, essentially the same as the galls of the agamic generation (q. v.), but differing in being often much smaller, often having tufts of short, woolly pubescence. On stems, petioles, or midveins of Quercus alba. 

  Range: Canada. NH, MA, RI, CT, NY, NJ, VA, OH, IL, MI, CO

  In 1864 Bassett reported that he had observed for a number of years the alternation of two crops of galls on a small tree near his house. The abundance of each crop in turn suggested the relationships of the two. Moreover, the insects proved indistinguishable except through a slight difference in size and in the then unexpected condition of having- only females in the winter galls, with both males and females in about equal numbers from the spring galls. Neither Bassett nor later workers have actually seen the oviposition of the species, nor obtained under con- trolled conditions the gall of one generation from an egg deposited by a female of the previous generation, but Bassett’s field experience is regularly confirmed by later collectors of gall- wasps. I have examined material from the Bassett collection which shows this, also photographs of material collected by Miss Cora Clarke, and a quantity of material collected and bred by Millett T. Thompson. This latter material shows the two generations often close together on successive parts of the same branch. The descriptions here given are made from a study of many specimens which I have compared with the Bassett types. No previous separation has been made of descriptions of the two forms of adults, and the gall of the bisexual generation has never been described in detail, nor have Latin names been applied to distinguish the forms. 

  The galls of the bisexual generations appear about the middle of May and the adults emerge, in about equal numbers of the sexes, by the middle of June. These oviposit in the new wood of the stem on which the better-known gall of the agamic generation develops. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/213997#page/19/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus batatus form batatus

  Galls. — Large, woody, stem swellings (Figs. 10 to 12). Polythalamous. Averaging 40X10 mm., often larger; tuber-like, irregular, but usually roughly cylindrical, elongate, involving stems and bases of petioles on terminal twigs; inseparable from the rest of the plant. Bark-colored, reddish, purplish brown, or with a glaucous bloom. Internally the galls are solid, woody, the larval cells scattered irregularly, the cell walls hardly distinct and not at all separable from the surrounding tissues. On terminal stems of Quercus alba (not known definitely from any other species of oak). 

  Range: Canada. NH, MA, RI, CT, NY, NJ, VA, OH, IL, MI, CO

  The galls of this generation, because they remain upon the tree for the longer time and often reach the larger size, are the better-known of the two forms of this species. The insects live in the galls over winter, emerging late the following April or early in May. The very great similarity of the adults of the two generations of this species (except for the agamy in the winter generation) and the essentially identical plan of the galls of the two forms, is a matter of great interest. In this species, as in Neuroterus noxiosus, we find as simple a case of alternation of generations as has yet been recognized. The differences in the galls are very evidently due to seasonal differences of the conditions in the part of the host affected. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/213997#page/22/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus noxiosus form noxiosus

  Galls. — Irregular, elongate, woody swellings (Figs. 17 to 19) of young stems and sometimes petioles. Polythalamous. About 60X10 mm., roughly cylindrical, but often very irregularly twisted, etc. Inseparable from the plant. Bark-colored, usually with a glaucous bloom. Internally the gall is closely packed with larval cells which are distinct but not separable from the surrounding woody tissue. On the newer growth of Quercus bicolor , Q. Prinus , and possibly other oaks. 

  Range: MA, RI, CT, NY, NJ, New Brunswick, IL, IO, MI

  This gall is the better-known form of the species, due apparently to its longer persistence on the tree. The gall very closely resembles that of Neuroterus batatus batatus, from specimens of which it is often difficult to distinguish this species. The more highly distinct larval cells of noxiosus is often a good basis for making the distinction. The most certain test, however, is the species of the host plant, noxiosus being confined as far as known to Quercus bicolor and Q. Prinus , while batatus occurs on Q. alba. It would prove interesting to try to induce one of these species to oviposit on the “wrong” species of oak, and to observe if galls and what galls were produced. The larvae of noxiosus overwinter in the galls, emerging the following spring from March 24 through April to early May. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/213997#page/21/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus noxiosus form vernalis, new name

  Galls. — Irregular clusters of woody swellings (Figs. 14 to 16) of the stems, petioles, and leaves. Polythalamous. The whole mass roughly about 20X40 mm. in diameter or less, inseparable from the plant; fist-like, the separate parts woody, indicating the separate leaves or parts of leaves involved, and bearing a small portion of deformed leaves; these parts are united by the deformed petiole, or by a fused mass of petioles or young twigs. The gall is bark-colored, or tinged with a glaucous bloom. Internally the larval cells are crowded closely together, the cells very distinct but not separable from the surrounding woody tissue. On the young growth of Quercus Prinus and Q. bicolor. 

  Range: MA, RI, CT, NY, NJ, New Brunswick, IL, IO, MI

  When Bassett first described this species he gave detailed descriptions of the galls of the two generations and noted differences in sizes of the adults. The specific relations of the two generations had been arrived at through the field observation of the alternate abundance of the two forms of galls and the close similarity of the adults of the successive generations. The tremendous abundance of this species locally often gives abundance opportunity for observations. Gillette, Beutenmuller, Miss Clarke, Thompson, and other students of the family have made observations confirming Bassett’s statements, and there can be no doubt of the regular alternation of these forms, even though the data has not been checked by experimental work. This was the fourth and last in- stance of heterogeny discovered by Bassett. 

  The galls of this form appear when the young leaves first unfold in May and, like most of the spring galls of dimorphic species, grow very rapidly to maturity. The adults are known to emerge from June 12 to July 5. They occur in about equal numbers of the sexes: I counted 276 females and 233 males in one lot bred by Millett T. Thompson. After fertilization the females oviposit in the new wood of the twigs, usually not far from the galls in which they have developed. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/213997#page/22/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus tectus form tectus [sexgen]

  Galls. — Small swellings (Figs. 20 to 22) of the stems of flower clusters, of petioles, or of young stems of oak. Each swelling consists of closely-packed clusters of thin- walled, oval larval cells, each measuring about .7X1.2 mm. with a thin covering of distorted bark, there being little other hypertrophied tissue present. Usually covered with gray pubescence. On Quercus prinoides (and Q. alba?). 

  Range: MA, CT, PA, RI, NY, NJ

  These galls are very inconspicuous productions, hardly to be observed until the tiny exit holes made by the insects may be found in the stems of the flower clusters. The insects emerge late in May and early in June, after only a month spent in the galls. Bassett found the adults mostly emerged by June 10. 

  Neuroterus tectus form abundans, new name [agamic]

  Galls. — Not certainly identified. Most likely swellings very similar to the galls of the bisexual generation, but on the midvein of the young leaves, somewhat distorting the whole leaf. 

  Range: MA, CT, PA, RI, NY, NJ

  The eggs which produce this form of the species are laid early in June by the female of the bisexual generation. It is not certain what sort of galls are produced. Galls of the above description, in the Thompson Collection, belong, I believe, to the females of this generation, but the data was not distinctly affixed. From what is known of the life history of the species, it is evident that this generation lives in the galls for about ten and a half months, emerging and ovipositing April 29 (Bassett) to May 10 (Thompson). As far as known, the generation is agamic. The females very closely resemble the females of the bisexual generation but are readily distinguishable by the larger, more oval abdomen, a character to be expected in the agamic generation. 

  The material on which I base this data was obtained by the late Millett T. Thompson, whose collection of gall-insects is now in the Museum of the Boston Society of Natural History. The females marked “F” in the collection were found ovipositing May 10, 1907, in buds of Quercus prinoides, the points of oviposition were marked, the galls produced were bred and the females and males of the bisexual generation obtained. This material, distinctively labelled, is now in the Boston Society collections and in the author’s collections. 

  These observations are in accord with those made by Bassett concerning the similarity of the two generations as he had found them, but Bassett did not mark the points of oviposition of the agamic form, nor did he note the differences in the two generations and keep them sepa- rate in his collections. The female “tectus” as Bassett described it, was apparently the agamic female, but the description of the abdomen as “small, in outline an equilateral triangle,” applies distinctly to the female of the bisexual generation ; while among the Bassett cotypes are females of both generations. Inasmuch as the male and the distinctive gall of the bisexual generation were called tectus, I use that name to designate that generation, and abundans describing the larger-bodied female, for the agamic generation. 

  I feel fortunate in being able to present the life history of this species, because it gives another instance of the very slight differences between the successive generations of the species of Neuroterus and, further, bears out my belief that alternation of generations is merely a development of seasonal dimorphism. It is very much to be desired that we closely observe other species of Neuroterus and try to discern still more primitive instances of dimorphism, or of a double-brooded condition without an accompanying heterogeny, among the species of the group. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/213997#page/25/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus futilis form futilis

  Cynips quercus futilis
  Cynips quercus papillata
  Cynips futilis
  Cynips futiilis
  Cynips papillata
  Andricus papillata
  Callirhytis futilis
  Callirhytis papillatus
  Andricus papillatus
  Callirhytis papillata
  Callirhytis quercus-futilis
  Callirhytis quercus-papillata
  Dryophanta papula

  Galls. — Blister-like swellings (Figs. 28 and 29) of the leaf-blades, more or less globular, projecting only slightly on the upper surfaces, projecting in about half a hemisphere on the lower surfaces. Leaf-color, sometimes surrounded by a reddish ring on the surface of the leaf; about 3-7 mm. in diameter. Thin-shelled, hollow, with usually 2 or 3 small larval cells, distinct, central, connected with the outer wall of the gall by fine, silky, radiating fibers. On leaves of Quercus alba, Q. bicolor, Q. prinoides, Q. Prinus, and Q. stellata. 

  Range: Ontario, NH, MA, CT, NY, NJ, PA, DC, MD, OH, IN, IL, MI

  Osten Sacken did not feel certain of the specific differences of futilis and of papillatus ; the main reason for which the two have been kept distinct is the reddish ring sometimes found around the galls called papillatus, and the different host plants of the two. I have compared the types of the two species and believe them to be identical. At the most, papillatus may be a host variety of futilis. As far as I can discover, the female of this species has not been previously described. It is quite variable as to shade of coloring. 

  The galls of futilis are first discernible about the middle of May, and are then to be found often very abundantly, on the white oak especially, sometimes occurring in numbers on a single leaf. The galls are at first so succulent that they are not easily bred; they should be gathered late in June and be placed directly on moist sand. The adults emerge from the last of June to the middle of July, leaving the empty galls now dry, hard, and brittle. The insects are positively geotropic and, after copulation, oviposit in the bark of the roots or the bases of the trunks of the white oaks. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/213997#page/27/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus futilis form radicicola

  Callirhytis radicis
  Andricus radicicola
  Andricus radicis

  Galls. — Larval cells (Fig. 27) in the scurfy bark of the roots or the basal portions of the trunks of oaks. The cell-wall is distinct but inseparable from the surrounding bark-tissue which does not seem to have much new tissue developed, but is distorted to cover the larval cell, forming pustules about 3-4 mm. in diameter. On the same species of oak, most likely, on which futilis occurs. 

  In 1873 Bassett reported finding a number of wasps of an unknown species ovipositing in the buds of white oaks, which trees bore, at a later date, quantities of the galls of futilis. This alone was not sufficient evidence to warrant conclusions, for futilis is often exceedingly abundant- on the majority of Q. alba trees in a region. But by 1889 he was able to report a more complete life history of the species. He had found hundreds of females which agreed with those he had bred from root-galls ovipositing in the buds of trees which later bore futilis-galls in abundance and only those galls. This evidence for the relation of the root-gall to the futilis-gall does not invite much doubt. The agamic form which had come from the root-galls was described as radids. 

  The eggs which produce this form were laid in the bark during July. Because of the difficulty of finding these inconspicuous, subterranean galls, little is known of the form until it emerges as an adult the following spring, from April 22 to Arpil 25 and likely later. At such times they are often found ovipositing in the buds of the white oaks, on the new 7 leaves of which the futilis-galls will appear. 

  In 1895 (Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, III. p. 261) Riley reported the rearing of futilis galls by Pergande from buds which he had observed being pricked by several females of a cynipid w hich Ashmead identified as Callirhytis clavula. Riley suggested, therefoie, that Bassett/s observa- tions w r ere in error because of misidentification. On the other hand, it is to be noted that the value of Riley’s record depends on the correctness of Ashmead’s identification. I have carefully examined numbers of the very specimens on which Bassett based his report, and they are available to others who wish to study them. I cannot see any specific differences between the individuals bred from root-galls and those marked as ‘*ovi-positing in Q. alba buds, April 22, 1889.” Moreover, my own experience with C. clavula leads me to doubt the correctness of Riley's report. I know of no published dates of the emergence of that species but, having- collected many hundreds of the galls, examining them for enclosed larvae or adults regularly for a couple of years, I have found nothing to suggest that the imago emerges before the middle or last of July, at which time (July 27) I have been successful in obtaining several adults. Mr. Lewis R. Weld and Wm. Beutenmuller have kindly confirmed my experience by similar records from their own observations, July 12 to July 30 being the emergence dates from their breedings. It is not likely that Riley's insects, found ovipositing three months earlier than clavula emerges, could be that species. I have no doubt that there is an error in Riley’s report and that Bassett's observations of this species are correct. 

  Range: Ontario, NH, MA, CT, NY, NJ, PA, DC, MD, OH, IN, IL, MI


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/213997#page/29/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus operator form operator

  Cynips quercus operator
  Cynips operator
  Andricus operator
  Callirhytis operator
  Callirhytis quercus-operator

  Galls. — Large, compact masses (Fig. 32) of wool containing seed-like larval cells. The clusters are irregular in shape, often oval, 4X5.5 cm., more or less, in dimensions, the hairs at first crisp, succulent, greenish, white, or rose-tinged, some-times deep red, becoming yellowish brown with age, finally weathering bluish gray or black and drying into a shrivelled mass. Within the wool, scattered or in small clusters, are the larval cells, hard and rather thick-walled, oval, about 1.5X3 mm., distributed mostly but not entirely toward the center of the gall. On and involving the young terminal stems, new clusters of leaves, and especially the flower clusters of Quercus coccinea, Q. ilicifolia, Q. marylandica, Q. palustris, Q. rubra, Q. velutina, and likely related oaks. 

  Range: Ontario, MA, RI, CT, NY, NJ, PA, DC, IL, New Brunswick

  The gall of this form is a very abundant early-spring gall in scrub- oak country, appearing with the flowers of the oaks about the middle of May and growing rapidly. It should not be gathered for breeding until after the first of June, for it is succulent when first formed and dries and dies unless nearly mature when gathered. The woolly hairs, Bassett has pointed out, are merely a much modified leaf pubescence. The galls, after the emergence of the adults, become much the worse for weathering and by autumn only fragments of the wool remain upon the trees. The galls often bring great numbers of the insects to maturity; from three galls I obtained 578 adults which emerged from June 9 to June 30. The sexes are produced in about equal numbers. The females, as Bassett discovered, deposit the eggs in the acorns of the scrub-oaks, inserting the ovipositor between the nut and the cup of the very small, young acorns. The gall produced is the form operatola. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/213997#page/31/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus operator form operatola

  Cynips quercus operatola
  Callirhytis operatola
  Andricus operatola
  Callirhytis operator
  Andricus operator

  Gall. — A small, seed-like gall (Figs. 30 and 31) at the base of the nut of the acorn, inside the cup. The gall suggests a development of the aborted ovule of the acorn, but sometimes five or six occur in a single acorn. It is a compressed, inverted cone in shape, about 5 mm. high by 4 mm. in diameter, larger or smaller, and is thin-walled, the larval cell occupying most of the gall. In the acorns of Quercus ilicifolia and of the other red oaks on which the bisexual form occurs. 

  Range: Ontario, MA, RI, CT, NY, NJ, PA, DC, IL, New Brunswick

  The most remarkable character of the heterogeny of this species really lies in the very great differences of the galls of the two generations, and even this does not appear so remarkable when one considers the totally different natures of the parts of the plant affected. 

  The gall of operatola usually escapes detection until the fall, when the growing gall projects beyond the rim of the acorn cup and often splits or otherwise deforms the nut of the acorn. These galls fall to the ground, sometimes fixed in place, more often broken out of the fruit, so that acorns bearing the scars of the galls may be found abundantly under scrub-oaks. The galls are highly parasitized and are often much damaged by wintering on the ground — another instance of the poor quality of the “protection” afforded a gall-wasp. Consequently, it is a difficult matter to rear the adults of this form. Bassett states that the insects may mature the following spring or may remain in the galls until the second or even third spring before they emerge. He found them emerg- ing May 4 and ovipositing in the young buds of the oaks. 

  Bassett’s observations of this species finally led to the first absolute proof that heterogeny occurred in the Cynipidae. A detailed account of the discovery has been given on page 324. Adults have been bred from galls of both generations and each of these have been observed to oviposit to produce the galls of the other generation. Bassett’s observations were apparently made in the open, but his definite statements would indicate that the pricked parts were definitely marked for later identification. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/213997#page/33/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus palustris

  Cynips quercus palustris
  Cynips quercus notha
  Andricus palustris
  Andricus notha
  Callirhytis notha
  Callirhytis palustris
  Dryophanta notha
  Dryophanta palustris
  Andricus pusulatoides
  Neuroterus notha
  Callirhytis pustulatoides
  Callirhytis quercus-palustris
  Callirhytis quercus-notha
  Callirhytis pusulatoides
  Cynips notha
  Cynips quercus aquaticae
  Spathegaster quercus laurifoliae
  Andricus quercifoliae
  Dryophanta liberaecellulae

  Galls. — Globular, entirely hollow, succulent galls (Figs. 23 and 24) the size of a cherry, containing a free larval cell. The galls average about 3-12 mm. in diameter, are green or rose-tinged, very succulent, quickly shrivelling or decaying, and are entirely glabrous or in other instances roughened or densely but finely pubescent, depending upon the nature of the host. The mature gall is thin-walled, entirely hollow, more or less filled wuth a liquid, and contains a single larval cell, whitish, averaging 2.0 mm. in diameter, hard but thin- walled, entirely free, rolling about within the gall. Singly or in clusters, sometimes somewhat fused together, on the young buds, aments, petioles, and leaf-blades of oaks, sometimes only slightly attached, at other times inseparable from the leaf-tissue. On Quercus coccinea , Q. falcata, Q. ilicifolia, Q. imbricaria, Q. marilandica, Q. palustris, Q. phellos, Q. rubra , Q. velutina, and most likely other red oaks. 

  Range: Ontario, MA, ME, RI, CT, NY, NJ, PA, DC

  I have examined the types of Andricus notha (Osten Sacken) and the adults appear to be true palustris. The galls are somewhat more oval in shape, with the larval cell more elongate, but I have found that that character shows gradations in large series of palustris and there is little doubt that notha is, as Osten Sacken strongly suspicioned, not distinct. Beutenmuller makes Andricus pusulatoides Bassett a synonym of notha. Beutenmuller (1911, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXX) also says that he cannot find essential differences between true palustris and the types of Dryophanta aquaticae, D. laurifolice, and D. liberaecellulae but, because of lack of sufficient material, he prefers to consider them distinct. I can hardly see any justification for keeping those names out of the synonymy. 

  The gall of Andricus palustris palustris is one of the best-known of the galls of early spring, appearing abundantly on red oaks of many species, often before any leaves have appeared. They often crowd closely on the flowers of the oaks. When the galls first appear they are solid, with the larval cell distinct but entirely connected with the outer walls of the gall; but within a very few days or even hours the gall, growing very rapidly, becomes hollow, leaving the larval cell (which had gained its full size in the young gall) loose to roll about within the enlarged outer wall at every movement of the branches of the tree. How the nourishment is provided for the larval cell and the enclosed larva is a process yet to be studied. During damp weather the galls will be found to contain a more or less viscous liquid, and placed in a pan of water they become filled with this liquid. It is probable that food is carried by osmosis to the larval chamber. Galls taken from the tree will grow still larger if placed directly on very moist sand or in water indicating how independent an organism these deformations may become. 

  Because the galls are so very succulent they should not be gathered for breeding until they are about mature, and should then be placed directly on very moist sand. The growth of these galls is very rapid after their first appearance upon the trees and they are mature within ten days or two weeks. The pupation period of the insect is very short; within a few days the adult emerges and within another few days the galls are mostly completely withered away or have decayed. 

  The adults emerge from mid-May to June 4, depending on the latitude and the progress of the season. The insects are produced in about equal numbers of the sexes. They copulate almost immediately upon emergence and run rapidly up the branches to the young leaves, on the under sides of which they settle to oviposit, often remaining there for several days before they die. In all, only about a month has passed from the time of the first appearance of the young gall to the time of oviposition. Over ten months will be required for the alternate generation to reach full maturity. 

  The experiments by which I was fortunate enough to discover the relations of the two generations of this species were made under the strictly controlled conditions which I have described in the introduction. The tree on which the sexual adults were put was covered with a net for almost a month and there was no chance of other insects having reached it during that time, nor is there much likelihood of the galls having been produced by insects from any other source. Of the thirty small oaks in the greenhouse, none produced any galls that season (1918) except the one on which the palustris had been isolated. Several scores of the adults of that form were observed to oviposit on the under surface of the leaves on which eight galls of Philonix compressa were found the first of September. The small size of the galls had prevented their detection earlier, for it is likely that they appear by the first of August. 

  P. compressa was a '‘species’' known definitely from only two stations, Westchester Co., N. Y., and Ames, Iowa, while palustris had been known for sixty years to be a very abundant species throughout eastern America. It was rather surprising to find an apparently rare, local species to be the alternate form of one of the commonest of widely distributed galls. Fortunately, I recalled definitely the location of the very trees on which I had found the palustris galls from which the experimental material had been bred. I made a trip to these trees and found the leaves bearing an abundance of the compressa galls. Then I found the galls in the Millett Thompson Collection, taken in Massachusetts or lthode Island; these were figured in the Thompson Catalogue but the collection was not recorded in the text. After that, I collected compressa galls at Melrose Highlands, Forest Hills, and Blue Hills, which are in the neighborhood of Boston, and always found it abundant at that date. The small size of the galls and the fact that they are very quickly deciduous is sufficient explanation of the failure of previous collectors to find the form. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/213997#page/38/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus fulvicollis form bicolens

  Dryophanta erinacei
  Cynips erinacei

  Galls. — Small, thin-walled, elongate egg-shaped galls (Fig. 33), within the bud-scales. The galls are about 2-3 mm. long, all but microscopically smooth, monothalamous, thin-walled, yellowish brown, without a separate or even distinct larval cell ; sometimes two or three galls will develop in the same bud-scale and become fused. In the bud-scales or (“bicolens”) on the terminal portions of leaf and flower buds of Quercus alba. 

  Range: Ontario, MA, CT, NY, NJ, PA, VA, NC, FL, OH, IN, IL, MI, IO, KS, OK, CO [Kinsey places question marks by FL and CO indicating some doubt about these records]

  In 1914 C. J. Triggerson reported from the Entomological Laboratory of Cornell University an account of the life history of this species, together with a study of its parasites and inquilines, and questions concerning the stimulus for gall formation. The observations on the life history of this wasp are more complete, and the evidence concerning the alternate generations more definite than for any other species of American cynipid, to date. Branches with buds in which the agamic form had oviposited were brought into the laboratory, where the adults of the second generation were bred from the galls. Oviposition of this generation was observed both in the laboratory and in the field, and later at these points galls of the agamic generation were obtained and the agamic female was again bred. Triggerson’s account furnishes many details of the life history of the species, and no attempt need be made here to give much more than descriptions of the galls and adults of the two generations. 

  According to Triggerson, the galls of this form were first visible about May 12; the adults emerge from May 21 (indoors) or May 29 (out-of-doors) until June 5. They oviposit immediately to produce the agamic generation. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/213997#page/39/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus fulvicollis form erinacei [Kinsey reverses the synonymy of fulvicollis and erinacei in later work]

  Philonix fulvicollis 
  Cynips quercus erinacei
  Teras fulvicollis
  Cynips fulvicollis
  Acraspis erinacei
  Biorhiza fulvicollis
  Biorrhiza fulvicollis
  Acraspis quercus-erinacei

  Galls. — Oval leaf-galls (Fig. 34), densely covered with fine spines, reddish purple. The galls are globular or more often oval, 10X14 mm., more or less, the surface light yellowish, closely set with small, raised points, each tipped with a slender, thread like, flexuous spine 2 or 3 mm. long, yellowish, reddish purple, or blackish in color. Within, the tissue is compact-granular, the larval cells usually two or three (two to eight), each measuring about 1. 5X2.0 mm., the cells distinct but inseparable. Attached by a single point to a main-vein, on the upper or under surfaces of leaves of Quercus alba. 

  Range: Ontario, MA, CT, NY, NJ, PA, VA, NC, FL, OH, IN, IL, MI, IO, KS, OK, CO [Kinsey places question marks by FL and CO indicating some doubt about these records]

  Beutenmuller is authority for the identity of erinacei and fulvicollis. This gall appears in late June, becoming mature about the last of August, staying on the trees into October. The insects emerge from November 5 to 21. or even in early December, often when the weather is very cold, and snow is on the ground. The insect oviposits in the young buds of the oak trees. Fuller details of the habits of this species are given in Triggerson’s paper. 


description:
  Rhodites vernus

  Cynips tuberculosa
  Rhodites verna
  Rhodites nodulosus

  [no gall description or photo included, only a synonymy]


description:
  Andricus punctatus

  Cynips quercus punctata
  Cynips quercus podagrae
  Andricus davisi
  Holcaspis globulus (error)

  Hosts: Quercus ilicifolia, rubra, velutina, coccinea

  [The majority of the galls Kinsey discusses here are those of Synergus lignicola affecting Callirhytis quercusgemmaria; he admits in a footnote that he may be "wrong in believing Andricus punctatus to be ever involved."]


description:
  Synergus lignicola [Kinsey, apparently mistakenly, states that these galls are induced by Andricus punctatus and modified by Synergus lignicola as inquilines]

  Hosts: Quercus ilicifolia, rubra, velutina, coccinea

  The galls from which these [Synergus lignicola adult males and females] were bred appear to be deformed specimens of Andricus punctatus. 

  The parasitized or inquiline-inhabited galls are quite different from normal galls of the species. Infested galls are usually more or less globular, in groups, but not so completely fused into a single mass as normally. Internally these galls are only loosely woody, with several small larval chambers (without a distinct larval cell-wall) arranged somewhat radially and near the bark. Each portion of the fused mass of the normal gall is woody and will contain toward the center one to three good-sized larval cells with a distinct cell-wall. This is a typical instance of the change effected in the structure of a gall when it becomes inhabited by inquilines. 


description:
  This species is listed as undescribed because its genus-level assignment is known to be almost certainly wrong. 

  Quercus hemisphaerica is added tentatively as a host based on the close relationship with Quercus laurifolia and [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/95153370). 


description:
  Synergus lignicola may not be the only Synergus species responsible for this deformation in [Callirhytis quercusgemmaria](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/914) galls. However, it is the species named by Kinsey and the only species listed as associated with C quercusgemmaria according to Nastasi and Dean.

  Quercus ellipsoidalis added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/136329229). 


description:
  Diplolepis gracilis (Ashmead)

  Diplolepis gracilis was first described from galls collected at an undisclosed site in the northeastern United States (Ashmead 1897). Little is known about the distribution of D. gracilis. However, it has been recorded from several northern states (Thompson 1915; Olson 1964; Burks 1979). On the prairies, galls are found on roses growing in shaded areas along the North Saskatchewan River in Edmonton, Alberta, eastward toward Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, and northward along the South Saskatchewan River from the Alberta– Saskatchewan border. 

  Mature galls are ellipsoid, averaging 4–6 mm in diameter, have blunt protuberances extending from the lateral circumference, and are on the abaxial surface of leaflets (Fig. 26). They are single-chambered (Fig. 27) with thin walls. Maturing galls are white and although they are usually found in rows, adjacent galls seldom coalesce. Mature galls turn light tan and fall with their host leaves in mid-September. Galls are initiated in late summer. 

  A large population of galls found near Douglas Provincial Park in Saskatchewan illustrates a typical community for this species (Fig. 44H), of which 12.7% were inducers and 21% were Periclistus. The most abundant parasitoids were Orthopelma (at 30.5%) and Aprostocetus (26.4%). Eurytoma were relatively low at 2.6%. Only about 20% of the immature galls sampled at another site in central Saskatchewan in mid-season had Periclistus and 19.1% by the time the galls matured (Table 5). The mean number of Periclistus per mature gall is also low (Table 4). No parasitoids mature and exit mature galls in the season of gall induction (Table 3).


description:
  Diplolepis nebulosa

  Diplolepis nebulosa was first described from unknown localities in the northeastern United States (Bassett 1890). Beutenmüller (1907, 1914) recorded the species from Connecticut, New York City, and Ontario. It is found sporadically across the prairies but sometimes occurs in such large numbers that hundreds can be collected in an hour. Galls are most commonly found on roses growing in the Mixed Grassland Ecoregion of southern Alberta and Saskatchewan.

  Galls are spherical, averaging 5.0–7.0 mm in diameter, spineless, and on the abaxial leaf surface (Fig. 22). They occur singly or in a row and sometimes coalesce. Galls are green when immature and light brown when mature. They are single-chambered (Fig. 23) and the walls of mature galls are thin and brittle. Mature galls often abscise before their host leaves do. Periclistus-modified galls are larger and much firmer than inducer-inhabited galls. Galls are initiated in mid-spring. 

  Beutenmüller (1907) recorded galls on R. blanda and R. carolina L. in eastern North America. On the prairies and in southern British Columbia, these galls are found on R. woodsii. The most common habitat for D. nebulosa is on short R. woodsii, averaging 0.75 m in height and growing on dry, exposed sites. A large population of galls from the flood plain of the Oldman River northwest of Coaldale, Alberta, illustrates a typical community for this species (Fig. 44D). Inducers made up 8.8% of the inhabitants, whereas 32.1% were Periclistus. Parasitoids, mainly Orthopelma and Aprostocetus, formed 59.1% of the inhabitants. A higher percentage (66.6%) of galls were inhabited by Periclistus (average of 3.3 per gall; Table 4) in mid-season, which declined to 13.1% by the time galls were mature (Table 5). For Eurytoma and Torymus, 16.6% and 26.4%, respectively, of individuals exited galls by the fall (Table 3).


description:
  A gall covered with hairs on the buds of Ageratina altissima. The gall is thin-walled, crinkly and green. They contain two to three small white cocoons containing the midge larva. Observed in Ohio in September.


description:
  Flower-bud clusters containing small, white cecidomyiid larva. Galled flowers are slightly swollen. Observed in Iowa in August.


description:
  Slight crookedness and slight discoloration on the petiole of Ageratina altissima, internally revealed to contain small cecidomyiid larva. Observed in Iowa in October.


description:
  Andricus scutella [Russo's photo and description of A scutella do not entirely match those of Weld, who does not mention hair and specifies that the gall does not have an inrolled edge, which Russo's photo does]
  Little-red-cup-gall wasp
  [Page 185]

  Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia, turbinella

  Galls are hairy, rose pink to red-brown, and measure 2 mm high and wide. 


description:
  In addition to the observations collected in the Observation Field linked below, this gall has been observed in [Arizona in August](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/12256365).

  Upper leaf included as a possible location based tentatively on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/29658181). 


description:
  Petiole added as a location tentatively based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/32854840). 


description:
  Andricus rhizoxenus
  (Amphibolips rhizoxenus)*
  Abrupt-stem-gall wasp
  [Page 167]

  Hosts: Quercus emoryi [sic]

  Given the repeated finding of this gall on Emory Oak in the Santa Catalina mountains on separate trips, I believe the netleaf host was misidentified or this is a new species. 


description:
  [Russo states that "given the repeated finding of this gall on Emory Oak in the Santa Catalina mountains on separate trips, I believe the netleaf host was misidentified or this is a new species." Since we have seen several galls matching Weld's description of A rhizoxenus on Q rugosa, we tentatively assume that [Russo's gall is a new species](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3129) pending further research]


description:
  A gall that may or may not match Weld's gall was observed on what may be Quercus arizonica in Arizona in [August](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/33457077).


description:
  A similar swelling was observed on Quercus rugosa in Arizona in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/48849071). 


description:
  A similar gall was observed on Quercus rugosa in [Arizona](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/72134071).


description:
  Colomerus holodisci

  Eriophyes holodisci

  Hosts: Holodiscus discolor

  Relationship: Yellowish erineum on both leaf surfaces; the erineum consists of simple hairs.

  Range: CA


description:
  A slight swelling of the stem of Callicarpa americana, localized on one side of the stem, causing the bark to stretch and expose yellow-tan tissue beneath. Observed in Alabama in September.


description:
  Rhopalomyia erigerontis

  Hosts: Erigeron "fragilis"

  Apical bud gall

  Galls are whitish-downy

  Range: CA


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=20
description:
  Quercus oblongifolia, subturbinella [turbinella]
  Leaf galls
  Integral
  Oblong blister-like cells in row on midrib on underside.


description:
  Russo's [budding-stem-gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2595) may be the same species. 

  Neuroterus clavensis can be confused with [this undescribed gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2518), which can cause a similar swelling and bend in the stem of Quercus turbinella and gambelii, but which is monothalamous rather than polythalamous. 


description:
  A deformation and stunting of a fruit on Frangula californica. Observed in California in September. This may or may not be the same species as Russo's [Flower-Gall Midge](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2176).


description:
  Loxaulus boharti
  [Page 144]

  Hosts: Quercus palmeri

  Eggs are possibly deposited in buds, where the bisexual generation develops.

  Range: "island patches" of Q palmeri in Contra Costa and Riverside counties, CA; northern Mexico


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32802#page/22/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus formosalis, new species

  Host. — Quercus emoryi

  Gall (pl. 2, fig. 13). — Ovoid, 8 by 5 mm., whitish with a velvety surface when young, a button-shaped mass of pubescence at apex. Produced in clusters of 3-5 on the previous year's growth early in spring, dropping to the ground early in July. A cross section of a mature gall shows a larval cavity in the center, 2 mm. in diameter, the thick surrounding wall cellular and traversed by 11-13 rather large canals. 

  Habitat. — The type material was collected at Wolf Creek Camp near Prescott, Ariz., July 13, 1935, by Mrs. N. W. Capron. Living adults were cut out of the galls on April 15, 1936. She also sent old galls from Young, Ariz., and clusters just starting to develop on February 4 from Nogales. The writer collected these galls at Oracle, Nogales, Patagonia, and in the Huachuca Mountains, Ariz. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/332/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips plumbea, new species

  Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia, arizonica

  Gall (fig. 12). — Globular, 8-11 mm. in diameter, produced singly in the fall on the under side of leaf saddled on midrib. Lead color when fresh with a whitish bloom that easily rubs off and leaves a shining surface. Green or rosy on one side when growing, tan-colored when old. Monothalamous, the larval cavity surrounded by a wall about one-third the diameter of gall thick.

  Range: AZ


description:
  A globular gall on the lower midrib of Quercus arizonica, covered in both black and white stellate hairs, not obscuring the green surface. Observed in Arizona in March. Similar to [Antron plumbeum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2438) but with sparser, stellate hair and in the spring rather than the fall. 


description:
  A documented disease in cultivated clovers, likely caused by a virus or possibly a bacterium vectored by cicadellid feeding. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885285#page/358/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia serrata

  A broadly yellow-margined, circular, blister leaf gall, diameter 3 mm, on Q coccinea


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885285#page/358/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia pustulata

  A variable brown, irregularly oval, pustulate leaf swelling, diameter 5 to 6 mm, on Q velutina, Q rubra


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885285#page/358/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia simpla

  An irregularly oval, pustulate swelling showing equally on both leaf surfaces but with no nipple, diameter 5 to 6 mm, on Q rubra, velutina


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885285#page/358/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia sobrina

  Irregularly oval, pustulate leaf swelling showing equally on both surfaces but with no nipple, diameter 5 to 6 mm, on Q velutina


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885285#page/358/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia americana

  A slight, circular, blisterlike swelling of the lateral veins, length 3 mm, diameter 1 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885285#page/354/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia podagrae

  Narrow, dark purplish, fusiform, thin-walled swelling on the under side of the mid or lateral veins may contain two or more larvae, length 8 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885285#page/354/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyai niveipila

  Large, midrib fold with a conspicuous, white pubescence, the leaf frequently deformed


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885285#page/354/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia sp.

  Fusiform, thin-walled, striate, pale green vein swelling, length 5 mm, diameter 3 mm, on red oak


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885285#page/354/mode/1up
description:
  Parallelodiplosis florida [an inquiline]

  Elongate, pocketlike swellings along the midrib of round-leaved scrub oak, length 5 mm.

  Cecidomyia oruca

  Elongate fold gall close to the midrib on the under surface, length 12 mm, diameter 1 mm, on Quercus, possibly identical with the preceding.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36619989#page/542/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia serrata

  This species was reared in June 1908 from circular blister galls on scarlet oak, Quercus coccinea, taken near Boston MA.

  Gall: The dark brown, broadly yellow-margined blister gall is circular and about 3 mm in diameter. The galls occur here and there upon the leaf.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36619989#page/543/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia quercifolia

  This was reared in the bureau of entomology from a flat gall on red oak, Quercus rubra, leaves collected in the District of Columbia, adults appearing April 1 to 27, 1896.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36619989#page/544/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia pustulata

  This species was reared in some numbers in the latter part of April and early in May 1909 from oval, pustulate swellings on the leaves of the black oak Quercus velutina, taken in MA in October 1908. Apparently the same species was reared March 30 1896 from a similar leaf gall on red oak, Quercus rubra, taken at DC.

  Gall. This is a variable brown, irregularly oval, pustulate swelling 5 to 6 mm in diameter. It occurs here and there on the leaf surface.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36619989#page/545/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia simpla

  The oval blister galls on oak produced by this species are so insignificant as rarely to attract the attention of any but those specially interested in the study of insect galls. This species was reared in small numbers from several lots of galls taken on Quercus velutina in MA and also from blister swellings on the leaves of red oak, Quercus rubra, taken in the vicinity of Albany NY.

  Gall. An irregularly oval pustulate swelling 5 to 6 mm in diameter and showing equally on both surfaces but with no distinct nipple. The galls are a variable brown in the fall, darker than the normal tissue and occur here and there on the leaf. Apparently the same species produces a slightly green or variable yellowish and red elevation on both surfaces of the leaf some 5 by 7 mm in diameter. Several larvae occur in the cavity beneath. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36619989#page/547/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia podagrae

  This species was reared in small numbers in April 1908 from a narrow, fusiform vein swelling on the leaves of Quercus velutina in MA in October 1908.

  Gall. This is a narrow, dark purplish, fusifom, thin-walled swelling some 8 mm long on the under side of the mid or lateral veins and may contain two or more orange larvae.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36619989#page/548/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia globosa

  This dark-brown species with short, relatively broad wings was reared in some numbers from a subhemispheric, brown, slightly nippled, oak leaf gall on black oak, probably Quercus velutina, in April and May 1909 from material collected by Miss Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, Mass., in October 1908. Apparently the same gall was taken by Miss Clarke on the scarlet oak, Quercus coccinea. A very similar oak leaf gall may produce a Cynipid. 

  Gall. Subhemispheric, brown, slightly nippled, 1.75 mm in diameter. It is monothalamous, occurs on the under side of the leaf and causes on its upper surface a slight, brownish elevation encircled by yellowish orange. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36619989#page/549/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia americana

  This small, broad- winged form was reared in April 1908 from a slight blisterlike swelling on the lateral veins of red oak, Quercus rubra taken at Albany, N. Y., November 12, 1907. 

  Gall. The gall is a slight, circular, blisterlike swelling on the lateral veins beneath and of very nearly the same color as the leaf. It is some 3 mm long and 1 mm wide, and may extend along the vein as well as into the leaf tissues beside. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36619989#page/552/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia pilulae

  This species appears to be one of the commonest representatives of the genus. The gall is by no means rare on various species of oak in the vicinity of Albany and in other parts of the country. It is presumable that all of the citations given above relate to this form, though we have reared Cynipids from galls supposed to be made by Cincticornia on several occasions. It would not be surprising if the work of two very dissimilar insects had been confounded occasionally. The late Dr M. T. Thompson of Clark University records the appearance of the young gall at Worcester, Mass., the second week in June, while Professor Beutenmueller states that in the vicinity of New York City it begins to develop in May and becomes full size by August or September. At first it is blister- like, yellow or pale brown and surrounded by a light-green ring. The full-grown gall varies greatly in size, ranging from about 3 to 6 or 7 mm in diameter and presents a characteristic reticulated appearance. The insect winters in the gall, the larvae escape and form silk-lined cells among leaves or in the soil prior to trans- formation. The late Doctor Thompson records having taken this gall on Quercus ilicifolia, Q. rubra, Q. coccinea, Q. stellata and Q. palustris. It also occurs on Q. falcata, Q. velutina and Q. nigra. Professor Beutenmueller states that it is found on various species belonging to the red oak group. Galls of this species were received from Riverdale, Md. through Dr W. L. McAtee accompanied by the statement that flocks of sparrows were observed opening the galls and eating the larvae. 

  There is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass., a gall labeled Cecidomyia palustris O. S. The deformity described by him (Ent. Soc. Phil. Proa, 1 1252 and 4:359) is most probably the work of a Cincticornia and may be only a modified form of C. pilulae Walsh. 

  The adult of what may have been this species was briefly characterized by Dr A. S. Packard in the 5th Report of the U. S. Entomological Commission. The characters given are insufficient for the recognition of the species and it is possible that Doctor Packard was misled and characterized an inquiline or some form issuing from other material. We were fortunate in rearing a large series of adults in the spring of 1909. Midges of this species were obtained in numbers by the late Dr M. T. Thompson of Worcester, Mass., from material collected in that vicinity. It was taken by Prof. C. W. Johnson May 19, 1901 at Clementon, N. J., April 26, 1896 in Delaware county, Pa., and was reared from galls on Quercus nigra and Q. rubra taken at Washington, D. C, in March and April 1896 by the bureau of entomology. These specimens, while presenting some minor variations among them- selves, are probably all referable to one species. This midge appears to be widely distributed, having been recorded, in addition to the localities given above, from Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois and Rhode Island. 

  Gall. Reddish brown, coarsely reticulate, thick walled, irregularly subglobose, 3 to 4 mm in diameter, somewhat depressed or fused to form lobulate masses 1 cm or more in length. The galls may occur scatteringly on the leaves or be present in large numbers, there being from 1 to 4 or 5 up to possibly 75 on a leaf. On badly infested leaves the galls may be confluent, and occasionally a considerable number adhere to form an almost continuous mass on one or both sides of the midvein. The young galls are fleshy while the old ones are very hard and woody. Normally but one larva occurs in the typical gall, though three or four are frequently present in a confluent mass. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36619989#page/555/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia symmetrica

  This deformity has been described by Osten Sacken as a hard, red gall on the leaves of different kinds of oak. It is small and round, between one-twentieth and one-tenth of an inch in diameter, though more commonly assuming an irregular shape by the coalescence of several galls. He states that this gall occurs in large numbers on the leaves of Quercus falcata in autumn, sometimes occupying almost the entire leaf and having exactly the same size and shape on both surfaces. A study of the types of this gall in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, showed that it was very close to, if not identical with, that of Cincticornia pilulae. Beutenmueller states that it differs from the more common C. pilulae by protruding equally on both surfaces of the leaf, and adds that it has not been found in the vicinity of New York City. The larvae in the collections of the United States National Museum and labeled as having come from this gall, belong to the genus Cincticornia and possibly may be different from those of C. pilulae. It is provisionally placed next this common species. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36619989#page/556/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia sobrina

  Gall. An inconspicuous, circular, blister enlargement showing mostly on the under surface of the leaf and varying in diameter from 3 to 5 mm. 

  Adults of this form were first reared by the late Dr M. T. Thompson of Clark University, Worcester, Mass., from a vial containing earth brought into the laboratory for the purpose of. rearing Tineids. It was then thought that they might have come from some seed, possibly elm keys. Subsequent rearings in April 191 1 resulted in obtaining numerous flies, referable with little question to this species, from the leaves of the black oak, Quercus velutina, and probably those of other species, thickly infested with an inconspicuous, circular, blister gall. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36619989#page/559/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia pustuloides

  This species is with very little question referable to Cincticornia. The gall is circular, blisterlike and protrudes slightly on each side of the leaf. It measures 4 to 7 mm in diameter and occurs in September in clusters on the leaves of various kinds of oaks. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/37925#page/64/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia pustuloides

  Q ilicifolia 

  June-July. Low, flat-topped bladder; green with brown circle above; yellow with small central point of black beneath. Some slightly lenticular. 

  MA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9529348#page/343/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia pustulata n. sp. 

  reared in April and May, 1909, from oval, pustulate swellings, 5 to 6 mm. in diameter, on the leaves of yellow barked or black oak, Quercus velutina, taken by Miss Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, Mass. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9529348#page/343/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia simpla n. sp.

  was reared in April and May, 1909, from an irregularly oval, pustulate swelling, 5 to 6 mm. in diameter, from the leaves of the yellow barked or black oak, Quercus velutina, and also red oak, Q. rubra, taken by Miss Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, Mass., and also collected in the vicinity of Albany. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9529348#page/343/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia globosa n. sp.

  was reared in April and May, 1909, from a subhemispheric, brown, slightly nippled oak leaf gall, 1.75 mm. in diameter. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9529348#page/343/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia podagrae n. sp.

  was reared in April, 1908, from a narrow, dark purplish, fusiform vein swelling, 8 mm. long, on the under side of oak leaves. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9529348#page/344/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia antennata n. sp.

  was reared in the spring of 1909 from a yellowish green or brown, subglobular, thick-walled hickory leaf gall, 4 to 5 mm. in diameter.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9529348#page/344/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia consobrina n. sp.

  was reared in April and May, 1909, from a small, depressed, globular, yellowish green or brownish, thin- walled hickory leaf gall 2 mm. in diameter. 

  Caryomyia similis n. sp.

  was reared the latter part of April and early in May from a thin-walled, subglobular, slightly nippled hickory leaf gall 2 to 3 mm. in diameter. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9529348#page/344/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia inanis n. sp.

  was reared April 29, 1909, from an irregular, subglobular, thin-walled hickory leaf gall, 2 to 3 mm. in diameter, and easily recognized by the more or less complete false chamber at the tip of the gall. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9529348#page/344/mode/1up
description:
  Caryomyia tubicola [new combination]

  Caryomyia n. g.

  Type Cecidomyia tubicola 

  Cecidomyia tubicola
  Hormomyia tubicola


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9854745#page/533/mode/1up
description:
  Itonida foliora

  Leaf edge galls
  Gall a folded leaf edge between serrations

  Cecidomyia erubescens

  Similar gall, possibly identical


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9854745#page/533/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia podagrae

  Vein galls
  A narrow, dark purplish, fusiform, thin-walled swelling on the under side of the mid or lateral veins may contain two or more orange larvae, length, 8 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9854745#page/533/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia majalis [this description differs from those given in other sources and should be viewed skeptically]

  Vein galls
  Gall very similar to, if not identical with [the above](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1194). [A narrow, dark purplish, fusiform, thin-walled swelling on the under side of the mid or lateral veins may contain two or more orange larvae, length, 8 mm.]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9854745#page/533/mode/1up
description:
  Clinodiplosis florida [an inquiline]

  Vein galls
  Elongate, pocket-like swellings along midrib of round-leaved scrub oak [Quercus ilicifolia?]

  Cecidomyia oruca

  Vein galls
  An elongate fold gall close to the midrib on the under surface, length 12 mm; diameter 1 mm, on Quercus tinctoria [velutina]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9854745#page/533/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia pilulae

  Globose or subglobose, thickened, usually reddish galls
  Reddish, oval, irregular, wrinkled leaf gall, diameter 3 to 4 mm.

  Dasyneura florida [inquiline]

  Globose or subglobose, thickened, usually reddish galls
  Gall similar to though much smaller than that of Cincticornia pilulae


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9854745#page/533/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia symmetrica

  Globose or subglobose, thickened, usually reddish galls
  A similar gall [to Polystepha pilulae], apparently Southern, possibly made by the same species. [P pilulae: Reddish, oval, irregular, wrinkled leaf gall, diameter 3 to 4 mm.]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9854745#page/533/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia globosa

  Globose or subglobose, thickened, usually reddish galls
  A subhemispheric brown slightly nippled monothalamous gall on the under side of the leaf, diameter 1.75 mm


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9854745#page/533/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia quercifolia

  Flattened, pustulate or blister galls
  A flat, relatively inconspicuous, probably blister gall


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9854745#page/533/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia americana

  Flattened, pustulate or blister galls
  A slight circular, blister-like swelling on the lateral veins, length, 3 mm, diameter 1 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9854745#page/533/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia serrrata

  Flattened, pustulate or blister galls
  A broadly yellow margined, circular, blister gall, diameter 3 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9854745#page/533/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia pustulata

  Flattened, pustulate or blister galls
  A variable brown, irregularly oval, pustulate swelling, 5 to 6 mm in diameter.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9854745#page/533/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia simpla

  Flattened, pustulate or blister galls
  An irregularly oval, pustulate swelling, 5 to 6 mm in diameter, showing equally on both surfaces but with no nipple.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9854745#page/533/mode/1up
description:
  Cincticornia sobrina

  Flattened, pustulate or blister galls
  Reared from a similar gall [to [P simpla](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1202): An irregularly oval, pustulate swelling, 5 to 6 mm in diameter, showing equally on both surfaces but with no nipple.]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885285#page/381/mode/1up
description:
  Itonida foliora

  Gall a folded leaf edge between serrations

  Cecidomyia erubescens

  Galls similar, possibly identical


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885285#page/548/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia sp. [Doesn't appear in main body of text?]

  Oak leaves with lobes folded by Cecidomyia sp., adult unknown


description:
  Similar to the European species [Macrodiplosis pustularis](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/cecidomyiidi/cecidomyiini/macrodiplosis/macrodiplosis-pustularis/). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885285#page/353/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia sp.

  Fusiform ribbed or carinate mid or lateral vein folds on the under surface, length 6 to 8 mm, diameter 3 to 4 mm.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=159&skin=2021&q1=cincticornia
description:
  Cecidomyia sp. [the plate Felt refers to seems to more closely resemble [this gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1639)]

  Fusiform, thin-walled, striate, pale green vein swelling, length 1/5 inch, diameter 1/8 inch, on red oak, gall midge.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=159&skin=2021&q1=cincticornia
description:
  Cecidomyia sp.

  Subglobose or fusiform, pale green, yellow margined leaf fold, mostly on under surface, length 1/8 to 1/4 inch, diameter 1/8 inch, gall midge.


description:
  Quercus falcata is the only host confirmed in the literature and all clearly matching observations on iNat so far have been on that host. Polystepha pilulae-like galls with apparently similar symmetrical habit but lacking the definite matching texture on both sides have been observed on [Quercus shumardii](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66310045) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/85262604). 

  A gall matching the description of P symmetrica was [observed in Michigan](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98446394) on Quercus rubra and on Quercus velutina in [Missouri](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98998200). It's not clear whether these are the same species. 


description:
  Quercus falcata added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/86391652). 


description:
  Yellow-green nail galls in numbers on the upper side of Rhus aromatica/trilobata leaves. Observed in Arizona in August. 


description:
  Yellow-green bunches of narrow leaf-like filaments forming a loose ball at the base of palmate leaflets of undetermined Rubus spp. This may be [Diplolepis rosae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1411) on an unreported host.


description:
  Unknown #1
  Pouch-gall mite

  Hosts: Salix alaxensis, planifolia subsp. pulchra

  Shapes vary; some individual galls look like clubs, arising from the leaf surface on a narrow neck, then bulging out into a globular, convoluted head.

  Range: Alaska


description:
  Leaf blisters on Alnus tenuifolia sunken below the leaf, colored light green tinged with red. Observed in Alaska in July. 


description:
  Light-green globular galls on the upper side of leaves of an undetermined Ulmus sp. Sparsely  short-hairy, not obscuring surface. Observed in Illinois in May. 


description:
  Dasineura sp.
  Big-bud-gall midge
  [Page 66]

  Hosts: black cottonwood [Populus tristis]

  The galls are composed of greatly enlarged bud scales covered by orange, sticky liquid.


description:
  A thick, flat-topped structure on the upper side of a leaf of Impatiens sp. Apparently hairless or only short-hairy. Observed in Michigan in August. 


description:
  Unknown #2
  Club-gall mite

  Hosts: Salix barclayi

  Bright red galls on top of yellow stalks occur either singly or clumped together.

  Range: Cascade Mountains, WA


description:
  A deformation of leaves of Rhus copallinum ranging from widening of the midrib, frilling of the lamina around the leaf edge, and abortion of the leaf toward the distal end. Cf Phytoplasma, possibly "[Rhus yellows phytoplasma](https://eol.org/pages/52178820)."

  A similar symptom [has been observed](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/86727701) on Rhus typhina.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/295/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus (Diplobius) howertoni, agamic form

  Neuroterus howertoni

  Gall. A small, eruptive swelling on the under surface of the leaf blade. Each “monothalamous’’, up to 1.5 mm. in diameter. The larval cell closely imbedded in the leaf, without a distinct wall, the gall evident on the upper surface only by a very slight, papilla-like swelling, colored more yellowish or brown than the leaf blade; on the under surface forming a more distinct, cone-shaped swelling with a central depression, resembling a “volcano” cone; more often leaf color on the under surface, and not pubescent except with the microscopic pubescence normal to the leaf. In numbers on each leaf, on Quercus virginiana and other live oaks (figs. 37, 38). 

  RANGE. — New Mexico (Bassett). Texas: Austin, Leander, Skidmore, Hondo. Possibly distinct varieties occur in the two states. 

  This is practically a physiologic species, for the insect is not satisfactorily distinct from niger or verrucarum, differing in a few characters which appear only of varietal impor- tance in this portion of the genus. The galls, altho quite suggestive of niger are so distinct that they ought to be considered a separate species, especially since the same oaks over the same region bear typical niger galls. In a similar situation with Neuroterus verrucarum pulvinus I gave only varietal rank to the physiologic group, but we as yet have so little insect material of howertoni that I do not feel warranted in too definite an opinion as to relationships. 

  Bassett’s type material was from an undetermined oak, which it would now appear was Q. grisea. The distinct host, Q. virginiana, from which my material came, may isolate a distinct variety, and the two faunal areas involved may further effect isolation, but altho I have insects from all three of the Texas localities, they are not sufficient for varietal studies. My galls contained larvae in the first half of December and gave adults at some later date, probably in early spring. Dr. Patterson has cut adults from galls in the last of December. As Bassett stated, the insects emerge from the lower surfaces of the galls, but the normal, central depression should not be mistaken for an exit hole. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/299/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus niger variety engelmanni, agamic form

  Hosts: Quercus engelmanni

  GALL. — About circular, with rather well-defined boundaries, often with an indefinite central point on the upper surface. On Quercus engelmannii (fig. 39).

  RANGE. — California; Alpine, Fallbrook. Probably confined to the limited range of Quercus Engelmannii, in southern California and adjacent Mexico. 


description:
  Neuroterus washingtonensis, bisexual generation

  [see paper for photo, figure 16 on page 11 of the pdf]

  Gall. Irregular swellings on undersides of principal leaf veins, usually on young subterminal leaves; on trees of any size or age, but seldom on very young trees or next to the ground; more common in relatively open sunny exposures. The upper side of the leaf is contorted and reddish. The polythalamous galls contain from 4 to 85 cells, oriented towards the upper surface of the leaf, and vary in size from 7 to 55 mm, sometimes over the entire leaf length; they may be single, multiple or confluent. Occasionally more than one leaf is involved if the gall develops quickly on terminal growth. Many galls may occur over a relatively small area of a tree. Young galls are firm and white inside, green outside, becoming progressively paler and redder, finally becoming brown and hard after the insects have emerged. Adults emerge on the topside of the leaf in early summer, usually from individual exit holes. The galls persist long after the leaf parts weather away. 

  Adults of the bisexual generation emerge during late June. The polythalamous galls usually contain both males and females. 


description:
  Neuroterus washingtonensis, agamic generation

  [see paper for photo, figures 17 and 18 on page 11 of the pdf]

  Hosts: Quercus garryana

  Gall: Monothalamous subovoid chambers just under the bark of slender twigs; approximately 1 x 1.5 mm, somewhat conical at outer end, oriented up and out; the thin brownish shell incorporated into the soft pith. Galls may occur singly or in groups up to 8, usually at a node or just below a bud; slight swelling distortion may occur. They seldom cause any discoloration to the stem. Exit holes made by the adults are relatively small, and often involve a short tunnel obscured by chewed bark. Sometimes galls occur in sufficient quantity to stunt or kill twigs and small branches.

  Agamic females chew their way out of the twigs during March and April, and oviposit on the upper vein surface of young leaves in the opening buds.

  Galls of agamic N washingtonensis are frequently on the same twigs as the bud galls of agamic A opertus, or the twig galls of agamic D eldoradensis. Agamic females may oviposit in the same buds as agamic Bassettia ligni, but the much larger galls produced by the former are usually dominant.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/294/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus cockerelli

  Hosts: Quercus sp

  GALL. — On the leaves of a species of oak. Hemispherical or subhemispherical, pale brown, minutely crackled, hard and flattened at the base. Width, 4 mm.; height, 2.50 mm. (fig. 36). 

  HABITAT.— Manitou, Colorado (T. D. A. Cockerell). 

  I have been unable to secure any certain information as to this name. The type may be in the Beutenmuller collection, and is unavailable to me. This is the only published name in the American groups of the genus which I have not been able to interpret. From the original description one might place the insect in Diplobius, and it may be a variety of saltatorius. Professor Cockerell has sent me what appeared to be galls similar to the material he had sent Beutenmuller; these galls were on Q. Gambelii; they fitted the original description and figure, but they contained insects related to Dryophanta eburnea Bassett. The original description of the insect does apply to a Neuroterus, but the possibility of the insect having been wrongly connected with the gall must be considered when some student of Cynipidae has an opportunity to study the Beutenmuller type. In the statistics given thruout this paper, I have treated cockerelli as some variety, instead of a distinct species. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/294/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus (Diplobius) floricola bisexual form

  Hosts: Quercus douglasii

  GALL. — A small, egg-shaped capsule in the ament. Monothalamous, rarely two or three more or less fused. A modified anther, each capsule egg-shaped, almost smooth, microscopically coriaceous, drying brownish yellow, averaging 1.5 by 0.7 mm.; thin-walled, entirely hollow. Scattered in the aments of Quercus Douglasii (fig. 23). 

  RANGE. — California: Three Rivers. Probably occurs thruout the range of Quercus Douglasii. 

  This gall appears very early in the spring, the adults probably emerging a short time after the buds open on the oak. The species probably has an alternate, agamic generation. It is so closely related to the other species of the sub- genus Diplobius that, as with them, the alternate should be a leaf vein or petiole swelling. As pointed out in the introduction to this paper, the monothalamous, precisely formed anther gall is not as specialized as it looks, but is the inevitable result of a simple proliferation of anther material. 


description:
  The name "Neuroterus howertoni" seems to refer to two distinct galls in the literature. Bassett and Weld describe a southwestern species, while Kinsey describes a species from live oaks in the southeast. 

  Kinsey mentions that Bassett's type specimen was from Quercus grisea, and Weld's hosts are closely related and have a similar range to Quercus grisea. Kinsey's specimens come from Quercus virginiana, and galls matching his description but differing from Weld's photo have been [observed on Quercus fusiformis](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/67015054) in Texas. 


description:
  Several types of hairless integral blister galls are induced by Neuroterus wasps on white-group oaks. Galls induced by the sexgen of [Neuroterus floccosus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4277) (and [presumably also of Neuroterus quercusverrucarum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4281)) have defined edges and are typically found in small numbers as leaves unfold. These galls were apparently never mentioned in the literature prior to their description in 2022. All other integral blister galls were previously grouped by Kinsey as varieties of Neuroterus niger. Kinsey and previous authors emphasized that the supposed sexual and agamic generation galls and wasps of N niger were remarkably similar, and this led them to conclude they were conspecific without any observed rearing to link the generations or genetic evidence to prove their relationship. However, in light of the recent discovery that the [sexgen of Neuroterus niger](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/982) in fact produces very different galls, Kinsey's sexual generation galls as well as any undescribed spring sexgen blister galls are dubiously linked to N niger at best. While [the paper](https://www.gallformers.org/source/559) describing the sexgen of N niger makes spring sexgens like [N perminimus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1177), [papillosus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/933), and [pattersoni](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4852) into junior synonyms of niger, this is in direct contradiction of the description given of niger's phenology and galls. Therefore, until further evidence is published, Gallformers treats these as distinct and valid galls. 

  This article refers specifically to agamic galls that appear on leaves in the late summer and overwinter to emerge and oviposit in early spring, including what Kinsey referred to as var niger on Quercus alba, var nigripes/hiemalis on Quercus stellata and breviloba, var arizonicae on Quercus arizonica, var griseae on Quercus grisea. [Neuroterus engelmanni](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2360) is treated separately.

  N niger can be easily distinguished from these spring sexgen galls based on their phenology. These wasps all leave their galls in numbers by the end of July, while N niger persists in dry leaves throughout the winter.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/307/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus saltatorius variety australis, new variety

  GALL. — Rather spherical, slightly elongate, without an apical tip; entirely but very finely pubescent; rather small; on Quercus stellata.

  RANGE. — Texas: Austin (Patterson collector). 

  The insects emerged from March 6 to 13, 1923. This gall has been known for some time, but the insect is not easily reared. Dr. Patterson secured only 11 females from many thousands of the galls, parasites being reared however in considerable numbers. This is probably a winter generation, but the summer generation may also be agamic, in a very similar gall. A variety of saltatorius also occurs on Q. stellata in the Middle West and thruout the Atlantic States, but australis is very probably confined to a limited southern area west of the Mississippi. Until we get more locality records I cannot suggest whether this area is in Central Texas or in more Eastern Texas and the adjacent states. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/308/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus saltatorius variety decrescens, new variety

  GALL. — Elongate, twice as long as wide, up to 0.7 mm. in length; the surface microscopically roughened, irregularly set with a short pubescence; brownish or tinged purplish red; on Quercus arizonica (fig. 29).

  RANGE. — Arizona: Bisbee, Prescott. Probably confined to Q. arizonica in a southwestern portion of the U.S. and adjacent Mexico. 

  This insect is closely related to the other varieties of saltatorius, but the galls are so distinct as to suggest that decrescens may belong to a distinct species. Until we can breed more material from all of the pubescent, separable galls of the southwestern evergreen oaks, there will be a question as to their specific relations. This is true for the present insect and for an undescribed species producing a more spherical, more pubescent gall on Q. grisea in West Texas. Decrescens is one of the three or four smallest Cynipidae known. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/312/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus saltatorius variety texanus, new variety

  GALL. — About globose, hardly any longer than high or wide, entirely irregularly roughened, without a trace of a distinct tip apically; gall small; on Quercus virginiana (fig. 28). 

  RANGE. — Texas: Austin (Patterson coll.); Yoakum, Skidmore, Hondo, (Leander?). 

  I have galls of this variety from several localities, but Dr. Patterson has succeeded in breeding the wasp. He states that the galls appear late in the fall, the insects emerging by March 8 in 1922. My Leander record may apply to a distinct variety confined to a small area in Central Texas. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/312/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus umbilicatus agamic form

  GALL. — Small, separable, saucer-shaped. Each cell monothalamous. Up to 1.0 mm. in diameter, strictly circular, flattened, centrally depressed, with a low rim, a minute point in the center of the depression; light green, becoming brown; rather densely covered with short hairs; attached by rather a broad point, but quite easily separable, hardly at all imbedded in the blade, but indicated on the upper surface of the leaf by a slight papilla surrounded by a considerable circle of discoloration. Internally entirely hollow, without a distinct larval cell. On the under surfaces of white oaks, commonly on Quercus bicolor (the type variety), recorded from Q. michauxii (acc. Felt), Q. macrocarpa (acc. Jarvis), and Q. stellata (Patterson coll.). Figs. 40, 41. 

  RANGE. — Ontario (Jarvis). Massachusetts: Boston (in Clarke coll.); Forest Hills (Kinsey coll). Connecticut: Waterbury (Bassett); New Haven (Viereck). New York: New York City, Staten Island (Beutenmuller) ; Barrytown (Bassett in coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.); Hudson Falls, Mt. Kisco, Sea Cliff (Felt). New Jersey: Ft. Lee (Beutenmuller); Broadway (Kinsey coll.). Pennsylvania, Illinois (Beutenmuller). Mississippi: Pickens (Felt). Texas: Austin (Patterson coll.) . Probably thruout the eastern half of the United States. 

  The gall of this species is very common, and a familiar object to all who have hunted galls in the northeastern part of the United States, but the insect is so difficult to rear that, as far as I know, no one has yet accomplished it. Bassett’s type material was obtained by cutting mature adults from galls and by capturing them as they were flying about the oak trees to oviposit. The galls of this agamic form are found on the leaves in late summer, but do not mature until very late in the fall as the leaves are falling. Most of the galls have by then become detached from the leaves, and are soon lost on the ground. By sifting the soil, sand, and leaf-mold, Bassett succeeded in the spring in obtaining galls which contained living wasps. The growth of the insect is probably very dependent upon moisture and temperature conditions of the sort found on the ground thruout the winter months, and the minute galls, with their thin walls, dry out very soon after collecting, explaining the difficulties in breeding the insect. Bassett found insects of this species in numbers over an oak, on a warm spring day, ovipositing in the buds of the tree. He further states that ‘In the latter part of May and the beginning of June the young galls were nearly full grown and as abundant as ever before.” This last must apply to a spring generation, for the galls of the agamic form are not mature until September or later; and inasmuch as Bassett failed to differentiate the spring galls it would appear they are similar to the agamic galls, similarly placed on the leaf. The insect of the spring form may be agamic (as with the closely related saltatorius), or bisexual as with other species of Diplobius, and it will be interesting to determine this definitely. These data have been published for twenty-three years, but have apparently been overlooked as a record of heterogony. 

  The type variety is on Quercus bicolor, and the records for other hosts will prove to represent distinct varieties. The type locality is in Connecticut. The Ontario, Illinois, Mississippi, and Texas records will undoubtedly represent as many distinct varieties. The oaks, Q. bicolor, Q. macrocarpa, and Q. stellata, belong to a single group, but Q. michauxii belongs to the group of chestnut oaks. If the last record proves correct, the insect would appear to occur on species of both white and chestnut oaks over all of the eastern half of the United States, with a possibility of upward of 80 varieties. Mr. Frank A. Leach has collected a very similar but slightly different gall on Q. lobata and Q. douglasii from localities in central California; it is possible these will prove varieties of this species, extending its range over the whole of the United States. 

  The monothalamous, rather separable gall, connects this species with saltatorius, and the insects of the two are so nearly alike that they can hardly be separated. Here is another case of physiologic species, and a rather remarkable instance inasmuch as the galls of the two are very distinct. When we have discovered a larger number of varieties of each species, we may be able to perceive the specific characters more clearly. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/317/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus vernus variety distortus bisexual form

  GALL. — A slight swelling of the bud or young leaf, petiole or vein; on Quercus bicolor. 

  RANGE. — Connecticut: Waterbury (?). New York, New Jersey (Beutenmuller). Probably confined to a more northeastern part of the United States. 

  This insect is closely related to variety tectus, but is apparently due to isolation upon the distinct host. Like tectus, this is a bisexual form, starting growth with the unfolding of the buds and maturing in May or June.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/318/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus vernus variety evanescens bisexual form

  GALL. — A swelling of the ament stem, forming a mass about 5 mm. long; on aments of Quercus breviloba.

  RANGE. — Texas: Austin. 

  A couple of corrections should be made in the data I originally published with this insect. The types should bear the Patterson number 68 ; the galls appeared about March 19, and the adults began emerging April 4, 1922. Patterson observed the insects ovipositing on the under sides of leaves, and since the variety is so closely related to the varieties which produce leaf vein swellings, there is little doubt that the agamic generation will be found in such a gall. The Patterson material occurring on Q, stellata should be numbered 46. This may represent a distinct variety. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/318/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus vernus variety exiguus bisexual form

  Neuroterus gillettei

  GALL. — As described for the species; swelling on petioles, mid- veins, or ament stems, or anther capsules on Quercus stellata (figs. 24, 25). 

  RANGE. — Connecticut: Waterbury (?), West Rock (Bassett). New York (Beutenmuller). New Jersey: Lakehurst (Beutenmuller). Vir- ginia: Rosslyn. Probably confined to a northeastern area of the United States. 

  Bassett found his galls in May, the insects emerging by the end of the month. My material from Rosslyn, Virginia, was about ready to emerge on May 16, 1920. 

  Felt’s reference to N. floccosus on ament flowers is explained, by Dr. Felt himself, as a clerical confusion of exiguus with exiguissimus and the reduction of exiguissimus to a synonym of floccosus (following Beutenmuller) ; the reference applies to exiguus. 

  Gillettei is certainly a complete synonym of exiguus. I have examined good series of paratypes of both names, com- paring them with types of all the related things, and cannot find any differences at all. The hosts of the two are the same. The two type localities are probably near together, altho the locality of gillettei was not definitely given, but in all such cases Bassett appears to have implied Waterbury, Connecticut, and the identity of the types of the two show they came from the same faunal area. The galls of the two names are different, exiguus coming from ament stem swellings (and anther cells), and gillettei from leaf petiole and midvein swellings, and these differences apparently prevented Bassett from seeing the relationship. The two descriptions were published on the same page, but were certainly written at different times, as evidence the great differences in the ordering of material, the choices of terms, etc. The differences in the galls, as for several related species of N euroterus, imply nothing more than that the insects are primitive, can produce only indefinite proliferations, do not restrict their activities to a single part of the host, and consequently are found in galls which vary as different tissues are affected. 

  This is further apparent from an experience of mine which closely matches Bassett’s original experience with this insect. He obtained his Netiroterus exiguus types from boxes of galls which gave his Plagiotrichus exiguus (described as an Andricus) . He believed that this latter insect came from tiny, egg- shaped capsules in the aments, and at first he explained the shortened, thickened, compacted condition of the whole ament to the action of the Plagiotrichus. When he found the N eu- roterus in the box he cut open both anther capsule galls and the anther stem swelling. Concerning the anther capsule he states 'T examined the galls very carefully, but found but a single species, and from this the Andricus [Plagiotrichus] surely came, as I found a specimen in the unopened galls.” And later, concerning the stem swelling, he records "After repeated efforts I finally found some of the Neuroteri in these galls and the mystery was solved.” Solved, in part! 

  I have large series of both insects from similarly combined clusters of anther capsules and ament stem swellings. My material is from Rosslyn, Virginia, on Q. stellata; I have compared both insects with types and cannot find differences, altho I am not convinced that Rosslyn, Virginia, and Water- bury, Connecticut, are in the same faunal area. At any rate, my material is specifically related to if not varietally identical with the Bassett types. I cut open anther and stem galls to determine the source of each insect. I found, in several instances for each species, both the Plagiotrichus and Neuroterus in both kinds of galls! Here is a case of gall dimorphism to match the several others in the genus, where the gall-producing capacity of the primitive N euroterus is not sufficient to obscure the nature of the plant tissue involved, and where the form of the gall thus varies as different plant tissues are attacked. But in this instance the interpretation is remarkably substantiated when we find two insects of distinct, but in both cases primitive genera, producing quite identical galls when the same part of the plant is attacked. It is possible that no other part of the plant but the ament and particularly the anther would restrict the gall as closely to form. The egg-shaped anther gall is now known from a number of species of Cynipidae of diverse genera (see the discussion of gall polymorphism in the introduction), and there seems to be little chance of the anther ever producing any other type of gall. This comparative, taxonomic study of species is giving us considerable information as to the factors which influence gall production. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/321/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus vernus variety tectus bisexual form tectus

  Neuroterus tectus

  GALL. — A small swelling of closely packed larvel cells, without much other tissue; on petioles, young stems, and flower stems of Quercus prinoides. 

  RANGE. — Massachusetts (Thompson). Rhode Island: Providence (Thompson). Connecticut: Waterbury (Bassett). New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania (Beutenmuller) . 

  These galls are inconspicuous swellings, affecting prob- ably any young part of the oak. The insect starts growth with the unfolding of the buds, emerging late in May and early in June in New England; Bassett found galls in part empty by June 10. 

  Neuroterus vernus variety tectus agamic form abundans

  GALL. — Not certainly identified, but probably a slight swelling of leaf midveins. 

  RANGE. — As given for the bisexual generation. 

  This insect begins development in midsummer, emerging in the following May. Leaf vein swellings in the Thompson collection may belong to this generation, but the data are not certain. I used the Thompson collections when I named this form, and that should constitute the type material rather than the Bassett material which I named in 1920. Bassett found the agamic females ovipositing, but did not distinguish them from the bisexual form. Millett Thompson also observed agamic insects ovipositing, and from the marked buds ob- tained galls and adults of the alternate generation. The credit of observing this heterogeny should be given to both Bassett and Thompson.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/323/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus vernus variety vernus bisexual form

  GALL. — A slight, irregular swelling of ament stems, young leaf veins, or petioles; on Quercus macrocarpa. 

  RANGE. — Iowa: Ames (Gillette). Illinois: Algonquin (Nason). Probably confined to an area in the Middle West. 

  Gillette stated that this insect was '‘double brooded’', but failed to distinguish agamic and bisexual forms, not obtaining the male. He noted that the insects of the two generations differ somewhat in color. He stated that the one (agamic) generation emerged in April, the bisexual in May and June. The agamic galls are confined to leaves. I have not seen material, and draw the descriptions from Gillette’s original accounts, 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/328/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus verrucarum variety minutissimus

  GALL. — Similar to the galls of the other varieties; of moderate size, the papilla swelling on the upper surface almost entirely absent (due to the thickness of the evergreen leaf?). On Quercus virginiana. 

  RANGE. — Florida: Jacksonville (Ashmead) ; Lady Lake, Tavares, Bowling Green, Fort Meyers. Probably confined to the most southeastern part of the United States. 

  I have not seen types, but I have insects and galls deter- mined as this species by Ashmead, and insects I collected at Tavares, Florida. It may be that more than one variety is represented by the other localities I have listed. In the material I have seen the antenna has 13 segments, not 14 as Ashmead stated, and the areolet is not obliterated as originally described but is small and bounded in part by a very faint vein. The insect is distinguished from restrictus by its smaller size, the large amount of yellow on the legs including the coxae, and the smaller areolet. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/323/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus (Diplobius) verrucarum (Osten Sacken)
  agamic forms 

  [Kinsey gives lengthy series of varieties by host, region, and morphology now treated as synonyms of N quercusverrucarum:

  [var exiguissimus](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/325/mode/1up) Bassett - Quercus alba; MA, RI, CT.

  [var inficiens](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/327/mode/1up) Kinsey - Quercus breviloba; TX

  [var macrocarpae](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/328/mode/1up) Kinsey - Quercus macrocarpa; TX, OK, LA

  [var opacus](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/329/mode/1up) Kinsey - Quercus stellata, breviloba; TX, OK, LA

  [var pulvinus](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/331/mode/1up) Kinsey - Quercus stellata; TX

  [var restrictus](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/333/mode/1up) Kinsey - Quercus chapmanii, margarettae; FL, GA

  [var verrucarum](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/333/mode/1up) Kinsey - Quercus stellata; DC, VA

  Three of his varieties, var [minutissimus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/767) on live oaks and vars [floccosus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4276) and pernotus (=floccosus) on Quercus macrocarpa and bicolor, are now recognized as valid species distinct from quercusverrucarum.]

  GALL. — A minute cell covered with a flattened disc of wool. Monothalamous. Each gall a smooth, seed-like cell, hard, thin-shelled, entirely hollow, attached by a small point to a leaf-vein, separable, but the leaf depressed so at the point of attachment that the gall is not easily detached; the cell covered with a dense, whitish mass of wool which dries brown, the wool somewhat flattened, disc-shape, varying in diameter from 0.7 mm. in one variety to 3.5 mm. in another, averaging 2.5 mm. Attached to veins on the under surfaces of the leaves; indicated on the upper surfaces by a smooth, naked, circular, papilla elevation with a slight indication of a central point, this papilla however almost lacking in a couple of varieties. On leaves of white oaks except the chestnut oaks (figs. 32, 33). 

  RANGE. — Ontario to Minnesota, Florida, and Texas. Apparently confined to the eastern half of North America. This very common species has developed varieties in which the insects are usually distinguishable only by slight differences in size, color, and size of the areolet. These differences would not be enough to warrant the recognition of distinct groups, except that they are very constant in large series representing several localities of a single faunal area, and are correlated to a large degree with host and distributional data. Nevertheless in some cases I have not been able to distinguish material from undoubtedly distinct faunal areas. The galls of the several varieties differ mostly in regard to average size. Many of the varieties are confined to single hosts in distinct faunal areas ; in a few cases a variety seems to occur on two closely related oaks or over two adjacent areas. Pulvinus is a variety with a very distinct gall but the insect is indistinguishable from opacus. The species is closely related to Neuroterus niger which is evidently a more primitive species. The degree of separability and the distinct form of the gall of verrucarum, its restriction to eastern North America, and its exclusion from the chestnut oaks, all suggest something of specialization. The best key characters for the insect of verrucarum are the small abdomen and the slightly and smoothly curved first abscissa of the radius; the eyes are smaller and the cheeks are wider than in niger. The known life history data are much the same for all of the varieties. The galls are first seen after mid-summer, in August further north, probably earlier further south; the larvae do not mature until late in the fall or early in the winter, then quickly becoming adults which remain in the galls on the dead leaves over winter, emerging in the early spring, March or earlier in the south to May further north. This is as much as is known of the species, the bisexual form not being known. It is probable that an obscure bud or flower gall, probably monothalamous, will prove to be the alternate of the agamic verrucarum. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/351/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus (Dolichostrophus) dubius

  GALL. — A small, egg-shaped capsule; monothalamous, thin-walled, entirely hollow, 2.0-3. 0 mm. long by 1.0 mm. in diameter, pointed at one end, drying light yellowish brown, scatteringly set with short wool. On the edge of the leaf or on the aments of white oaks (figs. 53, 54). 

  RANGE. — Massachusetts to California. Probably thruout North America, wherever white oaks occur. 

  All of the known varieties are bisexual, in spring galls, the insects emerging not very late in the spring. The galls of only a single form are known, the other insects having curiously turned up in collections of galls of other Cynipidae. Probably the galls of all varieties are so small and simple as to be overlooked in collecting. 

  Neuroterus dubius variety clarkeae

  GALL. — As described for the species; on the edge of the leaf, or on aments of Quercus alba (figs. 53, 54). 

  RANGE. — Massachusetts: Magnolia (Clarke coll.). New Jersey: Broadway. Probably confined to a more northeastern portion of the United States. 

  Beutenmuller’s Massachusetts material emerged in late May and early June; my New Jersey material emerged soon after collecting on May 19, 1920. The type galls occurred on leaves ; my material was on the aments ; I have not been able to examine the type material, but I think there can be no question of the varietal identity of my own insects. The galls are very similar to most anther galls, but bear a scattered wool. The occurrence of the type galls on leaves and of my galls on aments is merely typical of the gall polymorphism in this subgenus, where any young tissue may be attacked, the insects showing little specialization in their choices of points of oviposition. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/350/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus (Dolichostrophus) dubius

  GALL. — A small, egg-shaped capsule; monothalamous, thin-walled, entirely hollow, 2.0-3. 0 mm. long by 1.0 mm. in diameter, pointed at one end, drying light yellowish brown, scatteringly set with short wool. On the edge of the leaf or on the aments of white oaks (figs. 53, 54). 

  RANGE. — Massachusetts to California. Probably thruout North America, wherever white oaks occur. 

  All of the known varieties are bisexual, in spring galls, the insects emerging not very late in the spring. The galls of only a single form are known, the other insects having curiously turned up in collections of galls of other Cynipidae. Probably the galls of all varieties are so small and simple as to be overlooked in collecting. 

  Neuroterus dubius variety digressus

  GALL. — Not known. On Quercus lobata. 

  RANGE. — California: Coalinga. Probably occurs thruout the range of Q. lobata in Central California. 

  The type material was found among a lot of insects from ament galls of Neuroterus pacificus, and the galls of digressus were not identified, probably because they are small, simple cells in the aments, in the accompanying buds, or on the young leaves. The insects emerged sometime before the end of March in 1920. Altho geographically distant from the range of variety dubius, there is no doubt that digressus belongs to the same species. 

  Neuroterus dubius variety dubius

  GALL. — Not known. Probably similar to those described for the species. Apparently on Q. stellata.
   
  RANGE. — Connecticut: Waterbury. Probably confined to a more northeastern portion of the United States.

  The above descriptions are made from a paratype female and a paratype male. This insect was obtained by Bassett from a box of galls of Andricus pruinosus, and he did not find galls which might have been made by the Neuroterus. Pruinosus comes from Quercus stellata, and probably dubius has the same host. 


description:
  Kinsey predicted that galls similar to those Beutenmuller reported from Q alba leaf edges and which he found on Q alba flowers would also be found on many white oaks throughout the country. The following undescribed galls match Kinsey's species-level description and may be wasps he would have listed as varieties of Neuroterus dubius:

  [Unknown q-garryana-hairy-flower-cell](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2409) on Quercus garryana
  [Unknown q-arizonica-pointed-leaf-edge-cell](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2447) on Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, rugosa
  [Unknown q-macrocarpa-fuzzy-flower-gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2120) on Quercus macrocarpa
  [Unknown white-oak-fuzzy-tan-gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1596) on Quercus alba
  [Unknown white-oak-yellow-bud-gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2414) on Quercus douglasii, dumosa, garryana, lobata


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/69/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus laceyi
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Small spangle like [Neuroterus umbilicatus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/866), Fig 220. Boerne, TX, Oct.

  [Figure caption]
  220. Never reared. On Q laceyi. From Boerne, TX in October.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56186354#page/36/mode/1up
description:
  Eutreta simplex

  The fully developed, mature monothalmous galls of E. simplex consist of short¬ ened and thickened terminals of sessile or short-stalked vegetative shoots formed at or just above the litter or soil surface (Fig. Id). Externally, they are subovoidal, smooth, grey-green tomentose, and bear sessile leaves with expanded, transversely oriented, fish scale-like leaf bases. The leaf blades elongate at the gall apices to form characteristic, flattened rosettes 2-6 cm in diameter (Fig. le). The lengths and widths of 38 galls (collected on Santa Rosa Mountain and containing fully grown larvae or puparia, Fig. If, lg) averaged 12.0 ± 0.4 (8-20) mm and 9.0 ± 0.2 (6-11) mm, respectively, after leaves were removed. The largely buried ped¬ icels measured up to 7.6 cm in length between gall bases and their juncture with the rhizome (Figs. If, lg). The central feeding chambers were clavoidal, open, rounded basally, narrowing apically, and measured 7.0 ± 0.3 (6-9) mm long and 3.0 ± 0.1 (2-4) mm wide (n = 17). The walls of the galls were pitted and covered with frass from larval feeding (Fig. If). The walls of mature galls were thickest basally (4-7 mm), thinner laterally (2-3 mm), and thinnest apically (< 1 mm) at the point of exit for the adult (Figs. If, lg). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/353/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus (Dolichostrophus) irregularis bisexual form

  GALL. — A thick, leaf blade swelling, involving both surfaces of the leaf, with the larval cells mostly deeply imbedded. Polythalamous. Galls generally elongate, oval, as thick as wide, up to 5. mm. wide by 15. mm. long, several galls often fusing; green, very succulent, shrivelling considerably upon drying; solid, the larval cell with a distinct but inseparable lining, lying mostly below the surface, only rarely evident on the surface. Smooth, naked, and larger when on Quercus alba; very pubescent and smaller when on Quercus stellata (fig. 52). 

  RANGE. — Ontario to Texas. Probably thruout eastern North America. The galls of this species appear on the very young, un- folding leaves, and very quickly mature, the insects emerg- ing before the leaves are fully expanded. This, of course, is earlier further south, April and May, to early June in New England. The galls become shrivelled and decayed, and only a few remnants will be found later in the summer. Of 430 insects which I have bred for all varieties, 167, or 39 per cent, are males. This is higher than the percentage for the related decipiens, but may show a tendency toward the reduction of the male. 

  This is clearly the eastern equivalent of Neuroterus decipiens, but the two are distinct species. The present species is closely related to Neuroterus minutus, but irregularis, altho one of its varieties is the type of the subgenus, is certainly an extreme in Dolichostrophus. Irregularis varieties are very poorly defined, and rest in all but one instance on color and size characters, the males being most distinctive. Apparently the eastern third of the United States does not possess the sharply defined faunal areas of the Pacific Coast, and the more uniform geography of the east would lead one to expect this. Further, the eastern oaks are in many instances more closely related than those of the west, and host isolation, in irregularis at any rate, does not appear to have developed distinct insects. These conditions, combined with considerable individual variation, so obscure the group variation that I would hesitate to determine single specimens of the females and sometimes of the males of varieties of this species. 

  [Kinsey describes several varieties of N irregularis, all of which are still synonyms of the species today. See paper for more information.]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/359/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus (Dolichostrophus) minutus bisexual forms

  GALL. — An inseparable swelling, varying greatly, depending upon the part of the plant affected; on Quercus alba, Q. bicolor, and probably related white oaks. 

  RANGE. — Connecticut to Pennsylvania. Probably thruout eastern North America. 

  This species is the eastern equivalent of Neuroterus quercicola, differing mainly in having a lighter color, the abdomxen not produced, and the first abscissa slightly arcuate. The galls of variety minutus resemble leaf galls of quercicola. Neuroterus irregularis is closely related to minutus, but the males of the two are very distinct. The two varieties of minutus have what might appear to be radically different galls, but several similar cases of gall polymorphism are recorded in this paper for this genus. The galls of variety pallidus are "monothalamous" clustered, seed- like, anther galls; those of minutus are irregular, polythalamous, petiole or vein swellings. The diversity is probably the result of the relatively simple gall-producing physiologies of the insects and of the differences of the affected plant tissues. A consideration of gall polymorphism, and of the nature of anther galls, will be found in the introduction to this paper. That one of the varieties should be known only from the leaf galls on Q. alba, the other only from the ament galls on Q. bicolor may evidence merely our lack of sufficient data. Both galls may be found on both oaks, but if this is not shown, then an examination of the vernations of the buds in which the insects oviposit may explain the matter. There is little chance of there being any great differences in the physiologies of the two varieties. Each of the two described varieties is confined, it would appear, to a single species of oak. About 40 varieties should occur on related oaks in the eastern half of North America. The bisexual insect is short-lived, its gall evanescent, and consequently not often collected. An alternate, agamic generation, producing perhaps a stem or leaf swelling, probably exists, but I fail to recognize this form among any of our described species of Neuroterus, 

  Neuroterus minutus variety minutus

  GALL. — An elongate, irregularly cylindrical swelling of a petiole or midvein. Polythalamous, with a moderate number of cells. Each gall irregularly cylindrical, elongate, up to 5. mm. in length, sometimes several galls more or less fused; covered with normal tissue and an additional pubescence, pinkish when young, drying brownish. Internally more or less solid, with the larval cells rather closely packed, without distinct cell walls. On petioles and leaf veins, more or less dwarfing and deforming the leaf; on Quercus alba (figs. 45, 46). 

  RANGE. — Connecticut: Waterbury (Bassett). New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania (Beutenmuller). Probably confined to Q, alba in a northeastern part of the US.

  Bassett described this gall as appearing as soon as the oak leaves begin to expand, in April or May, and maturing within a few weeks, by the time the leaves are fully expanded. The above descriptions are made from a good-sized series of types. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/363/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus quercicola variety congregatus bisexual form

  GALL. — Typical for the species ; described as a terminal twig swelling, 6.-8. mm. in diameter, with larval cells developing within the bud, and covered with a pubescence; or merely larval cells buried in the twig; on Quercus (Gambelii?) . 

  RANGE. — Colorado: Manitou (Gillette). Probably confined to a limited area of the foothills east of the Continental Divide. 

  Gillette's insects were taken at Manitou, Colorado, emerging from May 8 to 17 ; they were all males. The host was not named, but it was probably Quercus Gambelii, which is the common oak about Manitou. Not only stems and buds, but also flowers and leaves should be involved in the galls of this bisexual form. Gillette compared his galls to those of N. vesicula, but the two are very different. There is no question of the relation of congregatus to the Pacific Coast varieties of the species. The male of this variety is the darkest in the species, furnishing another instance of the melanism common at Manitou. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/370/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus quercicola variety pubescens, new variety
  agamic form

  GALL. — As described for the species. A moderate-sized mid-vein or petiole swelling, woody, packed densely with larval cells, covered with a bluish gray, dense, short pubescence; on leaves of Quercus grisea. 

  RANGE. — Arizona: Globe, Safford. Probably confined to the mountain country just south of the Colorado Plateau. 

  This gall is rather distinct from others of the species in its coat of bluish gray pubescence. It is of interest as an agamic generation in a leaf gall; the only other agamic form known inhabits twigs or acorns, but the evergreen leaf of the host of the present variety allows the fall and winter form to survive on the leaf. This form may also occur in twigs with or without producing a gall. The bisexual form probably occurs in a similar gall on the leaf. 

  Neuroterus quercicola variety quercicola 
  bisexual form

  GALL. — Typical for the species; a leaf midvein swelling; on Q. Gambelii. 

  RANGE. — Utah: a southern part (Bassett); Salt Lake City (thru C. T. Dodds) . Probably confined to a region in Utah. 

  Weld's galls, collected on July 2, 1911, gave adults July 30. This is considerably later than the March and April emergence of variety pacificus further south, and shows the considerable dependence of cynipid development upon the development of the host. The above descriptions are made from paratypes. The insect differs only slightly from pacificus, but has not gone the way of the usual synonomy. The gall is very much like that of pacificus on Q. Douglasii. It is possible that the aments of garryana will show galls of variety washingtonensis similar to the ament galls of pacificus on Q. lobata. The alternate generation of this insect may be either a similar leaf swelling, a woody stem swelling, or a cell in an acorn cup, and I have collected the latter gall at Ashland, Oregon.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/364/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus quercicola variety fragilis

  GALL. — Typical for the species, rather small, on the midveins, involving the blades; an irregular, polythalamous swelling up to 6 mm. in diameter; on Quercus dumosa. 

  RANGE. — California: San Diego (vicinity) (Bassett) ; Pasadena, Upland. Probably thruout southern California from Palo Alto and El Portal south, wherever Q. dumosa occurs. 

  I have not seen insects of this variety, and have depended upon the meager, original description for my note on the adult. I have galls from Pasadena and Upland which agree with the original description and with the figure given by Beutenmuller (1910). The Beutenmuller material, altho not definitely designated, would appear to have come from Bassett. The small galls with small exit holes would favor Beutenmuller’s 0.7 mm. instead of Bassett’s .05 inches for the length of the insect. My galls, as well as Beutenmuller’s, are from Q. dumosa; Bassett recorded the host as ‘'a small oak in southern California, probably Q. virens or a related species.” Wold, in McCracken and Egbert, considered fragilis and pacificus synonyms, and those authors, confusing the two in- sects, intimate that Q. Douglctsii and Q. lobata are the hosts of fragilis. Of course neither Douglasii nor lobata occur within nearly a hundred miles of the type locality of fragilis. Dumosa and Engelmannii are the only white oaks near San Diego, and since dumosa is the only small oak in accord with Bassett's description, this would appear to be the host of this variety. I have never seen the same variety of a cynipid on Q. lobata in Central California and on Q. dumosa in southern California, and there is hardly a chance that fragilis and pacificus are not distinct. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/365/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus quercicola variety pacificus bisexual form pacificus

  GALL. — Typical for the species, varying as to its location on leaf veins, petioles, young stems, or flower stems, this location apparently determined by the species of the host, as follows: 

  Q. Douglasii Gall: Elongate swelling of a leaf vein, involving the blade; up to 25. mm. in length and 10. mm. in diameter, somewhat irregular, protruding largely from the under surface of the leaf, smooth, green, succulent when fresh, drying dark brown, rather hard and papery, without much shrivelling (fig. 60).

  RANGE. — California: Cupertino, San Jose (Fullaway); Stanford University, Sunol (McCracken) ; Metz (in coll. Univ. Calif.) ; Mt. Diablo (F. A. Leach coll.); Zelzah, Gilroy (Redwood School), Coalinga (Al-calde), Three Rivers, Exeter, Paso Robles, San Luis Obispo, Byron, Galt, Redding. Certainly thruout Central California and possibly wherever Q. Douglasii and Q. lobata occur. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/365/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus quercicola variety pacificus bisexual form pacificus

  GALL. — Typical for the species, varying as to its location on leaf veins, petioles, young stems, or flower stems, this location apparently determined by the species of the host, as follows: 

  Q. lobata Gall: Elongate swelling mainly of the flower stem, beset with dwarfed clusters of stamens; involving the young twig, petioles, and leaf blades to a minor degree; elongate, but very irregular, up to 15. mm. in length by 8. mm. in diameter, greenish or yellow when fresh, drying light yellowish brown and shrivelling considerably upon aging (fig. 63). 

  RANGE. — California: Cupertino, San Jose (Fullaway); Stanford University, Sunol (McCracken) ; Metz (in coll. Univ. Calif.) ; Mt. Diablo (F. A. Leach coll.); Zelzah, Gilroy (Redwood School), Coalinga (Al-calde), Three Rivers, Exeter, Paso Robles, San Luis Obispo, Byron, Galt, Redding. Certainly thruout Central California and possibly wherever Q. Douglasii and Q. lobata occur. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/226481#page/368/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus quercicola variety pacificus 
  agamic form varians Kinsey

  Neuroterus quercus-batatus (woody gall only)
  Neuroterus pacificus (woody gall only)
  Neuroterus varians
  Neuroterus cupulae

  GALL. — A slight swelling of the affected part, the larval cells with a distinct but inseparable lining; galls of two types as follows: 

  Stem Galls: Short, blunt, irregular swellings; up to 35. mm. in length, and 12. mm. in diameter; very rough, covered with bark of normal color, also involving distorted buds, petioles, or leaves; some- times not producing much of any swelling. Internally filled with closely compacted, oval larval cells, located mostly toward the periphery (figs. 51,55). 

  Adults emerged from twig galls at Byron on March 21, 1920, a couple of days after collecting, and from both twig and acorn galls on March 7, 1920, at Paso Robles. The twig galls which Fullaway had, bred adults on February 15 in the laboratory. All of the insects had previously emerged from twig galls I collected on March 3, 1920, at Zelzah, and March 23 at Three Rivers. Emergence, then, occurs early in the spring before the buds have opened, and it is in these closed buds that the insect oviposits to produce the flower stem, and leaf vein galls of form pacificus. 

  There can be no question of the identity of varians and cupulae. I described these as distinct species primarily because the galls of the two are so very different that the possibility of their identity never was entertained. I never compared the two descriptions, and only a revision of the whole genus, analyses of subgenera, and the writing of comparative descriptions, Anally showed me the mistake. This is an indictment of the publication of miscellaneous new species, and justification of the revision of whole groups at a time. Varians and cupulae are synonyms, not because the insects largely resemble each other, but because detailed examination of large series of the types of the two fails to disclose a single point of constant, group difference. Insects were emerging from both kinds of galls at the same date from the same trees at Paso Robles in 1920. 

  Here is one of the most remarkable cases known of one cynipid producing two or more distinct kinds of galls on different parts of the host. Several other cases are pointed out in this paper for the genus, but otherwise few cases of gall polymorphism are known in the Cynipidae. Varians lives either in twigs or acorn cups. In the first instance the galls are polythalamous swellings packed with larval cells, while in the second instance they are single, scattered larval cells which produce almost no swelling. So does the plant tissue determine the character of the gall! It might be suggested that the two insects, altho alike morphologically, are different physiologically as evidenced by their different points of oviposition, but such matters cannot be investigated with our present means. Meanwhile it appears probable that insects from either type of agamic gall lay eggs for either type of bisexual gall, apparently due to the lack of a peculiar physiology which might restrict oviposition to a single point on the plant. 

  Range: CA, thruout central CA and possibly wherever Quercus douglasii and lobata occur.


description:
  Quercus ilicifolia is added tentatively as a host based on these [unconfirmed observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96430545) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96430540).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/372/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus (Dolichostrophus) rileyi 

  GALL. — An irregularly continuous stem swelling. Polythalamous. The swelling rather restricted in size, 10. mm. long or less, raised 5.0 nun. or less above the normal stem, asymmetric on the stem, but often many swellings fused to make a more or less continuous mass 80. mm. long and 12. mm. wide, lying all around the stem; covered with normal bark which is sometimes rather loose and wrinkled. Internally compact woody, the larval cells near the surfaces, with a distinct but wholly inseparable lining. On chestnut oaks (fig. 62). 

  RANGE. — Massachusetts to Colorado; possibly transcontinental. 

  Neuroterus rileyi variety atripleurae, new variety
  agamic form 

  GALL. — As described for the species; of medium size, the swelling elevated to 2.5 mm. above the stem. On older twigs of Quercus Prinus. 

  RANGE. — Oklahoma: Pawnee. Probably thruout the oak areas of Oklahoma, Arkansas, western Louisiana, and eastern Texas. 

  Live adults were in these galls on April 28, 1920, while some had already emerged at that date. This is the agamic generation, and the alternate should be very similar, bisexual, in smaller galls on younger twigs, starting growth in May and emerging in July. 

  Neuroterus rileyi variety mutatus, new variety
  agamic form 

  GALL. — As described for the species, but large, woody, up to 12. mm. in diameter (whole stem) ; on the stems of Quercus Muhlenbergii. 

  RANGE. — Texas: Hamilton’s Pool (Travis Co.). Probably confined to an area in Central Texas. 

  The occurrence of this insect on a distinct host in a very well-defined faunal area has clearly favored the development of a distinct variety. The gall is so much larger than in other varieties that it somewhat resembles galls of N. batatus.

  Neuroterus rileyi variety rileyi
  agamic form 

  GALL. — As described for the species; large, the swelling elevated above the stem to 3.0 mm. On older twigs of Quercus prinoides. 

  RANGE. — Ohio: North Bend (Riley in Bassett). Indiana: (Cook). Illinois: (Beutenmuller) . Missouri: Cadet (Riley in Packard). Iowa; (Cook). Probably confined to a region of the Middle West north of Oklahoma. 

  Riley recorded this insect emerging in April and early May, and Cook added that the galls form in late summer, so the insect overwinters in the galls. This is in agreement with the occurrence of other agamic forms in the genus. The alternate generation will be very similar, the insect possibly a little smaller, the galls smaller and on younger twigs, beginning growth in May, with the insects emerging in June or July. 

  Neuroterus rileyi variety thompsoni Kinsey
  bisexual form 

  GALL. — -As described for the species; small, the swelling elevated above the stem, raising the bark to 1.0 mm. On younger twigs of Quercus prinoides.

  RANGE. — Massachusetts. 

  Thompson stated that these galls form in May. This is a bisexual generation, and adults, if typical for this genus, would develop very quickly, emerging before midsummer. We do not have the emergence date for this material, but it is probably June or early July. The agamic generation would form after mid-summer and emerge early in the following spring, as for variety rileyi.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/376/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus rileyi variety virgens Gillette
  agamic form 

  Neuroterus virgens

  GALL. — Probably as described for the species; the types small, with only a slight swelling. On twigs of Quercus Gambelii.

  RANGE. — Colorado: Manitou (Gillette). 

  Gillette’s insects were all females, not males as Beutenmuller stated. They were reared between May 8 and 13. The host was not recorded, but was probably Q. Gambelii, the common oak of the region. I have not seen material certainly known to be types, but I have seen material from the U.S. National Museum collected by Baker and determined by Baker; Mr. Weld says that these insects agree with the type of virgens. This is the only record of a variety of rileyi occurring on other than chestnut oaks, and the only record of the species west of the 100th meridian. This may suggest that the species occurs on white oaks of several groups and that it is transcontinental. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/381/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus vesicula

  Gall.--A small, thin-shelled, globular bud or bark gall. Monothalamous, up to 3 mm in dia (bark galls smaller); rather thin-walled, quite globular, the bark galls more solid; almost smooth, but microscopically pebbled; bark galls colored with light buff yellow and brownish red in splotches; internally entirely hollow, without a distinct larval cell. Inserted in the slightly ruptured bark of stems; on white oaks and chestnut oaks.

  Neuroterus vesicula variety cerinus
  [Bark gall on Q stellata, possibly breviloba]

  GALL. — A bark gall, as described for the species. On stems of Quercus stellata (and Q. breviloba?) (fig. 48).

  RANGE. — Texas: Austin (Patterson coll.). 

  Dr. Patterson is to be credited with the discovery and breeding of this interesting insect. He reports this gall as appearing to be several weeks old on February 1, 1923, the adults emerging about the first of March in 1921, and on February 23 in 1922, fully half of the adults having emerged by February 26, 1922. From these dates, this should be the agamic, winter generation of some variety, as discussed in the introduction to this species, but Dr. Patterson assures me that he has secured 5 females and 6 males from these galls. The male does differ from the female in antennal color more than the amount of secondary sexual differences usual in the species, and at first I doubted the connection of the two, but the rugose scutellum and the narrowed foveal furrow show the relationship. The gall is very similar to galls of the other forms but is unique in its occurrence on the bark of stems and is (consequently?) of different texture and color. This is one of the most interesting of Dr. Patterson’s many valuable finds. 


description:
  Closely clustered, sand-green, gourd-shaped galls on the stems of Desmanthus cooleyi. Observed in Arizona in September.


description:
  Swollen buds containing small orange larva. Succulent internally, and thin-walled. Observed in California in September.


description:
  Diastrophus tumefactus, new species

  Galls.--Nodular swellings of the stem. Polythalamous or agglomerate, ie many separate cells nearly together in a single stem. Each swelling averages about 15 mm long by 10 mm in diameter, but several swellings will fuse to make one gall 7 cm, more or less, in length; it is covered with the smooth bark of the stem, but has scattered, very minute, blunt spines. The larval cells within are distributed irregularly through the pith which proliferates somewhat about the chamber, but this cell is not separable, nor is it formed of a distinct layer. On the stems of Potentilla monspelienesis var norvegica.

  Range: Quebec, Ontario


description:
  Here we .... present behavioural, morphological, ecological and genetic evidence for the occurrence of HAD [Host-Associated Differentiation] in the gall midge Dasineura folliculi (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on two sympatric species of goldenrods (Solidago rugosa and S. gigantea).


description:
  *Dasineura folliculi* Felt is reported from *Solidago rugosa* Miller and *S. gigantea* Aiton ... The galls are usually 4-8 cm in length and 1-3 cm in width, although larger galls of up to 6 cm in width were sometimes observed, especially on *S. gigantea*. Galls are induced in apical buds. Leaves composing the gall become widened and thickened at the base, are tightly wrapped together when the larvae are young, and loosen as the gall and the larvae age. Larvae feed gregariously among the gall leaves. ... The central leaves of old galls that no longer contained larvae were often brown and dead, although the shoot usually continued to grow normally after the larvae had left, leaving a slightly thickened region on the stem and shorter internode distances ... Galls are usually characterized by yellowish-green spots on the leaves composing the gall and on some leaves below it. These spots, which are probably caused by larval feeding, do not occur in bud galls of *Rhopalomyia capitata* Felt that occupy the same niche on *S. gigantea* .... galls tend to become spottier as they mature. 
  ...
  The description of the gall given by Felt (1909, 1915) for *D. radifolii* no doubt refers to galls of the last generation in the fall, because it is indicated that the galls were only 1 cm in length and that adults were reared in mid-April. This is in accordance with our findings that galls of the last generation are often considerably smaller than those of previous generations. The adults reared by Felt thus probably represented the first generation of adults that emerge from the soil after the winter diapause.
  ...
  [please see this source for much more information]


description:
  *D. carbonaria* was wrongly associated with leaf blister galls of *Asteromyia carbonifera* (Osten Sacken), a mistake that was later corrected in Felt (1915), where a good description of the gall was given under *D. flavicornis*. The galls are composed of two to four leaves that are entwined together and sometimes adhered to each other along their margins to form a loose, elongated structure, usually 3-8 cm in length, without defined chambers, and sticky on the inside. The yellow larvae feed gregariously in the gall and cause feeding spots that resemble those in *D. folliculi* galls. However, because Euthamia leaves are long and slender, the spots are usually more aggregated than on *D. folliculi* galls, giving the affected leaves a bumpy or wrinkly appearance. The leaves composing the gall are yellowish green to purplish red, and in the latter case the gall is very conspicuous.


description:
  The multi-chambered galls are induced in apical and lateral buds. They are first apparent in mid May, when they form about 1 cm-wide globular swellings in shoot tips. ... Some galls occur in clusters around the shoot tip or in adjacent lateral buds... At this point, several leaves surround a small spongy mass at the base of the gall, which grows gradually over the next month up to a final size of 6 cm in diameter. ... The leaves that are tightly wrapped around the spongy mass are much wider than the normal, thin leaves of the plant ... Around the second week of June, these leaves begin to loosen, revealing the whitish tissue in which 5–35 larval chambers are embedded. Adults emerge from late June to mid July, at which point the fleshy core of the gall is exposed. ... Soon after the gall midges emerged, the fleshy tissue turns black, and dry galls remain on the plants for several weeks.


description:
  The gall is found on stems, leaves, or inflorescences. This is a delicate, slender, 14–21 mm long gall, carried on a pedicel that is about half as long as the remainder of the gall (hence the species’ name). ... The gall is single-chambered, green to purplish-red, with longitudinal ridges, and tapered at both ends. The internal walls of the gall are smooth and shiny and the larva is usually found facing downwards at the bottom of the chamber. Galls are common and found from mid June to September. ... The structure of the gall is identical to that of R. fusiformae except for the presence of the pedicel.


description:
  This species is bivoltine and induces morphologically different bud galls in spring (April–May) and summer (August–September), which are very similar on all three host plants. ... White chambers that are similar to those in the spring galls appear in the gall around mid July ... and each chamber contains a single larva that is found deep in the chamber, facing downwards. Each chamber is surrounded by a group of very short and narrow leaves, which in turn are surrounded by longer and wider leaves to form a distinct subunit within the gall. Usually at least 2–5 subunits are clumped together at the shoot apex to form a conspicuous rosette that is 3–5 cm in diameter. ... The rosette gall of *R. capitata* ... is superficially similar but does not contain distinct subunits and appears flatter than galls of *R. solidaginis*.


description:
  This species is bivoltine and induces morphologically different bud galls in spring (April–May) and summer (August–September), which are very similar on all three host plants. The spring generation galls ... are inconspicuous and difficult to locate due to the minor difference between galled and normal shoots, although the growth of galled ramets is sometimes stunted and they therefore appear shorter than ungalled ramets. ... The apical leaves of a galled ramet appear splayed, and the base of the gall from which they originate is slightly thickened. Each gall usually contains only one conical, white chamber in the middle of the apical meristem (Fig. 76), ca. 3 mm long, and containing a single larva that is usually found deep at the bottom of the chamber with its head facing downwards. Occasionally 2–3 chambers are found in the same gall and may be attached to each other longitudinally. The chamber is surrounded by approximately 10 leaves that are much shorter and thinner than normal leaves. ... On S. altissima, these modified leaves are lighter in color, especially along their mid vein. These are surrounded in turn by a whorl of leaves of normal shape and size. Galls contained pupae already in early May, suggesting rapid development of the spring generation soon after the plants sprout.


description:
  Galls of this species ... are similar in appearance to galls of R. clarkei on S. rugosa ... and of its close relative on S. gigantea. ... They are 2.8–5.0 mm long and 0.6–1.3 mm wide at widest part (n=22), smooth and green, often with purplish longitudinal lines and tip, and are most often found on the upper side of leaves. The position of the gall is usually apparent on the other side of the leaf only as a small scar, but some galls had a long, curly appendage extending from that side. ... Galls were found in mid May to mid June and adult emergence began in early June ... Further examination of the plants in early August failed to reveal any galls, but Gagné (1989 and pers. com.) found similar galls in late September on leaves subtending and composing the rosette galls of Asphondylia monacha on S. juncea in Silver Spring, MD. It therefore appears that this species completes at least two generations per year. 


description:
  Galls of this species appear at the base of the stem in mid June to mid July ... They mostly occur just above the ground but are occasionally found up to 60 cm above it ... and are surrounded by a rosette of long leaves. It is therefore clear that the gall develops from vegetative buds rather than from rhizomes. The young gall is wide at base and has a tapered tip ... which disappears as the gall matures. During July and August, the gall becomes ovoid, 8–25 mm long and 6–36 mm wide and often changes its color from green to brownish, resembling a small potato.... Galls are spongy and usually multi-chambered, containing 1–30 individual larvae in separate chambers ... As long as the larvae feed, they face downwards inside their chambers, but before the onset of pupation, in early August, they turn to face upwards. Shortly before adult emergence, the gall splits open at its apex into several lobes, similar to the shell of a hickory nut ... Adults emerge from early to late September, after which the gall shrivels and dries on the stem. Emergence of all adults from the same gall may continue over more than a week. Some galls fail to split, resulting in death of the pupae inside the gall. Galls of this species can be very difficult to locate and were rare even in fields where S. juncea was the dominant plant.


description:
  The galls were found by R.J. Gagné in capitula, carried on a pedicel among normal capitula but shorter and hidden by them. The gall is conical-cylindrical, smooth, white to green, or sometimes red, and apically tapering. Each gall contains a single larva. A galled capitulum is wider and harder to the touch than capitula without galls.


description:
  Felt (1908) described this species from a single male and a single female and speculated (Felt 1915) that it develops as an inquiline in galls of R. capitata. However, we did not find any signs of its presence in galls of R. capitata. Given the morphological similarity of R. inquisitor adults to those of R. clarkei, it is possible that R. inquisitor is not an inquiline but, rather, induces inconspicuous conical galls that escaped Felt’s attention. In the present study we found such galls on leaves of S. gigantea ... including on modified leaves composing the bud galls of Dasineura folliculi. This finding supports our hypothesis that R. inquisitor may well be the species responsible for these galls, but the galls were rare and we were unable to rear adults from them ... A comparison of such adults with the type specimens of R. inquisitor would be the only way to determine whether the galls we found are indeed those of R. inquisitor. ...
  Galls of this species [given as Rhopalomyia sp. ] are very similar in shape and size to galls of R. clarkei on S. rugosa, but are much rarer and are smooth rather than hairy. They are 2–3.3 mm long and 0.5–0.7 wide at widest part, green, sometimes with dark longitudinal lines, and most were found on the upper side of leaves. Due to the scarcity of the galls and to high parasitism rates we were unable to rear adults from them, but a molecular analysis based on larvae indicated that this species differs from R. clarkei (Dorchin et al., in prep.). Some galls were found on leaves composing the bud galls of Dasineura folliculi on S. gigantea and there is no reason to believe they do not occur also on modified leaves of the rosette gall induced by R. capitata on the same host plant. If this is indeed the case, then these galls may actually be those of R. inquisitor, which was reported by Felt (1908) as an inquiline in R. capitata galls (see details under R. inquisitor).


description:
  This species has two generations per year, both of which develop in rhizome galls. The spring generation galls are solitary or clustered, bulbous, fleshy masses with 1–8 chambers each. As the galls develop, they become apparent above the ground and burst open before adult emergence in early May ... The second generation galls constitute brownish, globular, and usually multi-chambered swellings of the rhizomes, which were still completely subterranean in mid August, when they contained mature larvae. Pupation took place in late August to early September, at which time the galls became elongate and fleshier. Shortly before adult emergence the galls became apparent above the soil surface, and adults emerged from mid to late September. 


description:
  The green, bristly, onion-shaped capitulum galls are situated among normal capitula and can sometimes be found in aggregations. They were recorded by Felt (1907a, 1915) from *S. altissima* in North Carolina, and Gagné (1989) reported similar galls on *S. fistulosa* from Florida, which he attributed tentatively to the same species. The description of the galls and the mention of previous records of this species in Felt (1915) actually refer to the galls of *Schizomyia racemicola* rather than those of *R. racemicola* (see Gagné 1971). The true nature of [Felt's 1907] *R. racemicola* galls is therefore uncertain, and we tentatively adopt Gagné’s assumption that the galls he received from Florida are those of *R. racemicola*. Adults emerged in mid September in North Carolina, and in December in Florida. Given that the galls develop in capitula, we assume that *R. racemicola* is univoltine, but verifying the identity of the host plant and the galls, and clarifying the life history of this species require more investigation.


description:
  The galls of this species were found by E. Fontes in May and June of 1982 around Gainesville, Florida (Fontes et al. 1994). They developed on young stems, and seemed to have stunted the growth of the apical meristem, because galled ramets were usually only 30 cm tall and atypically branched under the galls. The galls are oval with a tapered tip, single-chambered, grayish, and are typically aggregated around a stem to form a “star-like” structure. Galls found in August were already dry except for one or two records.


description:
  ...reared at Alameda, Calif., from Grindelia robusta, presumably by Koebele many years ago. No record is obtainable as to the nature of the gall, but the plant is named on the label and several puparia are connected with the specimens. Another female was taken by Cockerell at Halfway House, Pike's Peak Trail, Colo., September.


description:
  Redescribed from numerous specimens. Twenty-nine specimens were reared from galls on Solidago at Great Falls, Va., by C. T. Greene (Hopkins No. 14819a) 

  ...types of setigera include.... "from leafy rosulate galls on Solidago nemoralis" ... reared in Virginia, near Washington by Theo. Pergande from galls on Aster which deform the stem and dwarf the plant; other unreared types of setigera are from Bristol, R. I. (Burgess), southern Georgia (Morrison), Baldwin, Kans. (Bridwell); additional unreared specimens of atra are from La Fayette, Ind. (Aldrich), French Creek, W. Va. (F. E. Brooks), Cherryfield, Me. (F. H. Lathrop), Smiths Cove, Nova Scotia (C. A. Good), and .... 

  See [Procecidochares] minuta for Felt's specimens reared from Chrysothamnus in Utah.

  PROCECIDOCHARES ATRA, variety AUSTRALIS, new variety
  Described from three specimens. The type, a female, was reared at Waco, Tex., by W. Dwight Pierce, from head of Heterotheca subaxillaris; it emerged October 3, 1906. One male was collected at Llano, Tex., on October 23, 1905, by A. W. Morrill; the other was taken by sweeping at Orlando, Fla., on February 28, 1918, by G. G. Ainslie (Aldrich collection).


description:
  Described from 16 specimens of both sexes, reared "from gall on sunflower stem," by H. K. Morrison, at Fort Huachuca, Ariz. Emerged June 9 to July 18, 1883.


description:
  Helianthus nuttallii given as host species only as a reasonable placeholder for "sunflower" that grows in Arizona based on the Aldrich 1929 quotation.


description:
  Felt, in his Key to Galls, (p. 198), and in 34th New York Report, for 1922, (p. 76), reports atra reared from galls on Chrysothamnus [now in Ericameria] at Manti, Utah, but the species was really minuta.
  ...
  Other material which I assign to the species is as follows: .... Manti, Utah, June 24 to July 3, reared by H. R. Hagan from ovate woolly lateral bud gall on Chrysothamnus graveolens [now in Ericameria] (Felt's record, as atra)


description:
  [As Callachna gibba]

  Redescribed from four males and two females reared in April, 1889, at Lafayette, Ind., by F. M, Webster, from galls on Ambrosia artemisiaefolia; two males and two females reared at Kirkwood, Mo., April, 1887, "from aggregated gall on Ambrosia" by Miss Mary E. Murtfeldt; 14 specimens of both sexes reared at Sioux City, Iowa, April, 1922, from " polythalamous gall on weed";


description:
  A. trifida listed as host based on two rearing records on Bugguide: one from [a leaf vein gall](https://bugguide.net/node/view/2090282) and one from [an integral stem gall](https://bugguide.net/node/view/1511554). 


description:
  ...is a true monophage on Isocoma acradenia (E. Greene) E. Greene on which it produces two annual generations, one florivorous which alternates with a longer generation that spends most of the winter, spring, and summer ....inside a slowly developing ....gall. 

  ...each gall represented a foreshortened axillary branch circumscribed by up to 20 ranks of scale-like, lanceolate, entire-margined leaves demarking stunted internodes... Procecidochares blanci is a bivoltine, circumnatal species.... on Isocoma acradenia in southern California....until January when larval eclosion and gall initiation coincide with axillary bud growth stimulated by the resumption of winter rainfall... 

  [photos of gallicolous generation at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16178092#page/70/mode/1up]


description:
  ...uniquely forms bud galls on shoots arising from subsurface rhizomes of Solidago californica (Nuttall)...
  [see this paper for much more information, including photos of galls]


description:
  Procecidochares kristineae and P. lisae are strictly monophagous tephritid flies forming axillary bud galls on the branches of the native, shrubby, xerophytic ragweeds Ambrosia dumosa (Gray) Payne and A. eriocentra (Gray) Payne (Asteraceae), respectively.  [see this paper for much more information]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56147088#page/25/mode/1up
description:
  Procecidochares stonei Blanc & Foote is a facultatively multivoltine, stenophagous, gall-forming fruit fly on Viguiera laciniata Gray and V. deltoidea Gray var. parishii (Greene) Vasey and Rose [now in the genus Bahiopsis, and the variety elevated to species] (Asteraceae) in southern California. ... 

  The axillary bud galls of P. stonei were found on the lower portions of previous growing season's branches of both host species. They lack or have short pedicels, and are dark green, subspheroidal, and bear many bract-like leaves, especially apically (Fig. 6B). 

  Several features were measured on mature galls containing puparia from both host species. Galls from V. laciniata measured 2.9-12.5 [7.9 ± 0.25] mm in width and 3.9-15.2 [9.5 ± 0.3] in length (n = 80).


description:
  Acalitus brevitarsus

  Erineum alneum
  Phytoptus purpureum
  Phyllerium alnigenum
  Phytoptus brevitarsus

  Hosts: Alnus glutinosa, cordata, hirsuta, incana, incana ssp. rugosa, pubescens, rugosa, viridis

  Relationship: Erineum patches, white to yellow and orange, on leaf undersides

  Range: WV, Europe

  Host associations with other non-Alnus plants are probably missidentifications, such as Betula, Juglans, etc. Erineum on alder in the USA may be caused by a different species from Acalitus brevitarsus in Europe.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/278/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis rubida, new species

  Host. — Quercus coccinea Muenchhausen. Quercus rubra Linnaeus. 

  Gall. — Cells in the thick brown bark at or just below surface of ground on stumps or trees. Abrupt local swellings are formed which may even surround small saplings, the number of contained cells somewhat evident externally. (Plate 36, fig. 31.) 

  Type locality.— Ravinia, Illinois. Galls collected October 22, 1916, and when cut open about half contained full-grown larvae and half living adults. Host oak not recorded. On May 19 a similar gall was found at Millers, Indiana, in the thick bark of a stump of Q coccinea, and a living fly was cut out, which agrees with the Ravinia specimen in structure, but measures onlv 2.5 mm. Galls found on Q. rubra at Plummer Island, Maryland, and cut open September 21, 1919, gave five adults, two pupae, and several full-grown larvae. 


description:
  Polystepha pilulae is among the most abundant, widespread, and varied galls on eastern North American oaks. It is known to be associated with many species in the red oak group from Texas to the east, and may be found on red-group oaks present there. No confirmed reports on a white-group oak exist; Felt lists Quercus stellata, but this report was likely a misidentified Quercus marilandica. 

  In Gagne 1989, all Polystepha galls that project only from the upper side of the leaf, leaving a flat, smooth, green scar on the lower side, key to P pilulae. Galls found projecting equally from both sides of the gall apparently occur only on Quercus falcata and are induced by [Polystepha symmetrica](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1054). Galls found projecting toward the lower side of the leaf, typically much smaller and often with a slight flat nipple at the top, are induced by [Polystepha globosa](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1196). 

  This key, however, is known to be incomplete, and current galls that currently key to P pilulae are highly varied morphologically. Given the apparently relatively consistent morphology observed in P symmetrica and P globosa, it is very likely that current P pilulae observations represent multiple species. We currently treat two of the most morphologically distinct upper-leaf galls as distinct morphospecies: a [numerous small cone gall on Quercus nigra](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1811) and others, a [flat-topped gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2994) known from Q marilandica and myrtifolia and possibly others. Galls found matching P pilulae but facing toward the lower side of the leaf [(eg)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98446393) may be Polystepha pilulae or a distinct undescribed species.

  However, further research may reveal others that deserve to be separated. "P pilulae" galls on Quercus phellos [(eg)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/90896059) are typically found on the midrib and have much larger "segments" on their outer surface. Galls on Q palustris and other pin oaks [(eg)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/91035114) are often much bigger, lighter in color and smoother in texture, and typically single and not confluent with other galls. 

  Quercus ellipsoidalis added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation in Michigan](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96028097) and [another in Minnesota](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/99581917).


description:
  Aceria betulae

  Eriophyes betulae
  Eriophyes rudis dissimilis

  Hosts: Betula alleghaniensis

  Relationship: Terminal growth checked, forming an abnormal mass of bud galls.

  Range: Quebec, MA

  Notes: If this is an eriophyoid mite, then the name is valid and meets the standards of the code; it should be found and redescribed. This tree is common in WV, but neither the symptoms, nor a mite, have been found.


description:
  Red/orange hairless spangle on the margin of Quercus alba leaves starting in early summer, persisting on the leaf into late September. Differs from [Phylloteras poculum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/857) in completely lacking any trace of a white-blue glaucous coating. These galls are typically flatter than those of P poculum but occasionally show a raised boss in the center. Usually single, occasionally in groups of 2-3. Observed in Ohio.


description:
  Eriophyes exilis

  Phytoptus exilis
  Eriophyes tiliae exilis
  Aceria exilis

  Hosts: Tilia platyphyllos subsp. cordifolia, cordata, platyphyllos, americana, americana var. heterophylla, japonica,  petiolaris, tomentosa, zamoyskiana 

  Relationship: Vein angle galls with outer hair (on leaf undersurface?)

  Range: [Europe] 

  Note: Eriophyes exilis is a valid species producing vein angle galls on the underside of the leaves of Tilia platyphylos Scop.; it does not cause erineum on several species of Tilia as published by Soika & Kozak, 2013; their erineum mite, labeled Eriophyes exilis (Nalepa, 1892), is Eriophyes leiosoma (Nalepa, 1892).


description:
  Eriophyes leiosoma 

  Eriophyes liosoma
  Phyllerium tiliaceum
  Erineum tiliaceum
  Phyllerium nervale
  Erineum rubigo?
  Eriophyes tiliae var nervalis
  Eriophyes nervalis

  Hosts: Tilia platyphyllos, cordata, tomentosa

  Relationship: Erineum (Erineum nervale Kunze and Erineum tiliaceum Persoon)

  Range: [Europe], Ohio

  Notes: Soika and Kozak claim that leiosoma is the deutogyne and junior synonym of Eriophyes exilis (Nalepa, 1892); but Eriophyes exilis has not been associated with erineum; it produces vein angle protrusions [on leaf underside] covered with hair. 


description:
  Eriophyes tiliae

  Phytoptus tiliae
  Sarcoptes gallarum tiliae
  Ceratoneum extensum
  Phytoptus extensum

  Hosts: Tilia platyphyllos, americana, cordata, tomentosa

  Relationship: Erineum, galls; tall, narrow cephaloneon galls with internal filaments directed downward, swollen margins around protruding aperture on lower leaf surface; The mites form elongate, pointed, upper surface leaf galls; horn galls, 'galles corniculee'.

  Range: CA, OH, WA, WV, [Europe]


description:
  Phytoptus abnormis

  Phytoptus rotundus

  Hosts: Tilia americana

  Relationship: Irregular finger galls on both leaf surfaces

  Range: KS, SD


description:
  Phytoptus tetratrichus

  Legnon crispum
  Erineum marginale
  Phytoptus tilarius

  Hosts: Tilia platyphyllos, cordata, europaea, tomentosa

  Relationship: Marginal leaf roll; "leaf margin tightly inrolled."; leaf edge roll with irregular outer protrusions and erineum at the opening to the roll; warty galls and erinea appear on the upperside and underside of silver linden (T. tomentosa) leaves, respectively (Boczek 196, Soika and Kielkiewicz 2004, Soika 2006).

  Range: Europe [this species is not confirmed to be present in North America]


description:
  Asphondylia garryae ... 

  induces round, fleshy, monothalamous galls on axillary buds and catkins of silk tassels Garrya buxifolia and G. fremontii. Galls are composed of greatly expanded, overlapping bud scales and bear a sparse arrangement of tiny hairs across the surface.


description:
  Saltbush Agromyzid Fly
  Ophiomyia atriplicis 

  This leaf-mining fly induces leafy, monothalamous, lateral or terminal bud galls on allscale saltbush and four-wing saltbush. Large galls measure up to 30mm in diameter, but individual galls are usually 10-55mm across. 

  Hosts:
  Atriplex canescens
  Atriplex polycarpa

  Range: 
  Southern CA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16361125#page/691/mode/1up
description:
  Ophiomyia atriplicis

  The mature gall is ca. 6 mm long and is covered with and hidden by a dense cluster of slightly elongated leaves (Fig. 5A). The leaves of A. polycarpa [host plant] are clustered on axillary buds along the stems, and the adult female inserts a single egg into the stem at the base of a bud. Following eclosion the first instar occupies a small chamber formed in the stem beneath a bud until gall development begins. As the gall develops into its characteristic cone shape, the larva moves into the gall where it feeds and develops in an elongate, central chamber which it excavates with its mouth hooks (Fig. 5B). 

  As larval development proceeds, the gall changes from green and succulent to brown and woody. Prior to pupariation, the mature larva scrapes a window near the distal end of the gall wall (Fig. 5C). Pupariation occurs in the gall (Fig. 5C) with the head oriented distally. The adult (Fig. 5D) emerges from the puparium and leaves the gall through the pre-formed emergence window. 

  The leaves on empty galls gradually die and turn brown. These empty galls may persist for several months but are no longer present by the following season. Gall development may be initiated anytime from late fall to early spring. 

  It is not known how or where O. atriplicis diapauses. Old galls do not support larvae or pupae over the summer, and no galls have been found on other plant species sympatric with A. polycarpa. 

  Host: 
  Atriplex polycarpa


description:
  Stem Gall Midge
  Neolasioptera willistoni

  There are two forms of these galls: one occurs near the tip of fruit-bearing branches, is somewhat fissured, and has an abrupt base; the second is a smooth, gradually tapered stem-swelling. 

  Hosts:
  Atriplex canescens, Atriplex hymenelytra, Atriplex polycarpa

  Range: 
  NM, CA


description:
  Blister Gall Midge
  Asphondylia atriplicola [sic]

  This midge induces swollen, integral, monothalamous leaf blisters on four-wing saltbush, spiny saltbush, and possibly other species. These galls occur along the midrib or leaf margins. Some galls also occur on the petiole, bending it radically. 

  Hosts:
  Atriplex canescens
  Atriplex spinifera

  Range: NM, CA


description:
  A light-green irregularly globular terminal bud gall on Quercus agrifolia. It differs from the agamic gall of [Callirhytis quercusagrifolia](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1311) primarily in being completely glabrous. Observed in California in October.


description:
  Oval leaf spots on leaves of Quercus phellos, often but not exclusively clustering along the midrib, with a purple spot in the center and a distinct purple ring at the edge. Slightly swollen above and below the surface of the leaf. Observed in Arkansas in April and May. 


description:
  Quercus rubra, coccinea, velutina, ilicifolia, and marilandica are the only hosts of this gall listed in the literature. 

  Quercus falcata is added tentatively as a host based on [these](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96950220) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96941881) unconfirmed observations. 

  Quercus buckleyi is added tentatively as a host based on [this](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64620965) unconfirmed observation. 

  Quercus laevis is added tentatively as a host based on [this](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/100240013) unconfirmed observation. 

  A similar gall was observed on an oak that may have been [Quercus pagoda](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/57845235).


description:
  Tanaostigmodes pithecellobiae

  Hosts: Pithecellobium keyense [Weekley concludes that previous reports of this wasp on P unguis-cati were mistaken]

  Gall development parallels leaflet development. It takes 8 to 10 weeks for leaflets to become dark green and leathery. During this time the galls develop from pimple-like eruptions on the upper surface of the leaflet to tumor-like swellings. Galls mature in about 10 weeks and do not change in physical appearance until emergence of the adult gall-maker (or one of its parasitoids). Gall-maker emergence begins only after 14 weeks (later for overwintering galls). Exited galls necrose and once all the galls are exited the leaflet abscises prematurely.


description:
  Unknown #24
  Clustered-blister-gall wasp
  [Page 158]

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  The small, integral, monothalamous, blister galls of this new species shown on both sides of leaves of canyon live oak. Galls barely protrude above the surface in spring and measure 1.5-2 mm in diameter, which makes them difficult to see.

  Range: Mount Shasta area, CA


description:
  Lasioptera querciperda [Gagne implies it is ambiguous whether these midges are gall inducers or inquilines but does not associate them with any particular cynipid wasp]

  Tapered, woody swellings on twig, petiole, or midvein, some of them caused by cynipid wasps
  The most commonly collected species, L querciperda, has been reared from leaf midrib and twig galls of white oak and from petiole and midrib galls of bur oak and red oak. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35487979#page/279/mode/1up
description:
  Lasioptera querciperda

  These midges were reared at the United States Bureau of Entomology June 14 to 25, 1883 from twigs of white oak (Quercus alba) taken in Virginia. A number of parasites were obtained from June 14th to July 3d, as well as Cynipid flies. 

  Gall. Large, hard, uneven galls, length 4-6 cm, diameter 2 cm, somewhat resembling a potato. The galls, according to unpublished Bureau notes by Mr Pergande, were abundant on small oaks, all the young twigs on some of the larger branches being deformed (U. S. Bur. Ent. Notes). [Felt's description suggests these were inquilines in galls of Neuroterus quercusbatatus]


description:
  The literature suggests there is some ambiguity about whether these midges are gall inducers or merely inquilines. They are reported from a range of both red and white group oaks, sometimes but not always associated with cynipid inducers. 

  Quercus velutina added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96852372).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33339993#page/64/mode/1up
description:
  135. Cecidomyia (Lasioptera (?) querciperda)

  Oak twigs. Deformation of small twigs. Woody, polythalamous, oval knot; surface mamillate, with globular swelling of the separate chambers.

  MA, June

  147. Cecidomyia (Probably Lasioptera querciperda)

  Q alba. Q rubra. MA, RI. Leaves gall in Sept. Series of half inch long oval enlargements of twig. Excentric on limb and successive ones run spirally around it.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30518219#page/310/mode/1up
description:
  Lasioptera querciperda

  Stem galls. Lasioptera querciperda lives in the subcortical tissues of white oak twigs, producing gnarly areas and, presumably, defects in the wood.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56448726#page/308/mode/1up
description:
  Heteroecus devorus, New Species
  Bisexual generation

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  Gall (Fig. 1E).—A small, monothalamous leaf blister 2.3 mm in length. The galls are visible on both surfaces of the new leaves and mature rapidly. Adults emerge from the upper surface of the gall 24 May-7 June. 

  Range: Pasadena CA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56448729#page/307/mode/1up
description:
  Heteroecus crescentus, new species
  bisexual generation

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  Gall (Fig. 1D).—A small, green blister two and one-half mm in length, showing on both sides of the leaf. Galls are double chambered with the developing larvae and pupae occupying the lower chamber. The adult insects emerge from the lower side of the leaf. 

  Locality.— The type and paratypes were collected from galls on Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. in La Crescenta, California. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56448729#page/303/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus chrysolepis, new species

  Host. — Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. 

  Gall (Fig. 1A).—An abrupt, blister-like, monothalamous swelling that arises on the young stems of Quercus chrysolepis. The galls mature slowly and require at least nine months to complete their development. Developing galls contained large larvae in March, pupae in April and yielded adults in late April and early May. At this time, adult females could be taken as they oviposited into the new leaf buds and stem growth. Infestation was quite heavy on some trees and in many instances, the new growth was severely damaged or completely killed. This is the first Neuroterus to be described from Quercus chrysolepis or from related oaks in this group. Insects of this genus had previously been known from galls on white oaks only. This species shows distinct differences in sculpture from other Pacific Slope members of the genus. 

  Locality. — Specimens in the type series were collected at Pasadena, California. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56448729#page/304/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus reticulatus

  Hosts: Quercus engelmanni

  This species, originally described by Bassett, 1890, has been recorded from a number of white oaks in the Southwest (Arizona, New Mexico and West Texas). The cynipids of the Southwest have been considered to be sharply separated from those of the Pacific Slope; therefore it is surprising to find this species producing galls on Quercus engelmanni Greene in Southern California (Fig. IB). Specimens were collected on a number of trees near Los Angeles and Pasadena with the insects emerging in late February. Infestation was particularly heavy on some trees, usually younger ones, and in several instances, the trees were nearly defo¬ liated. Female wasps were ovipositing in the unopened buds on 23 February in La Canada, California. These sites were marked with colored thread and with the opening of the new leaves, 23 March the young galls were immediately visible. The young galls were covered with pinkish, white hairs and growth was rapid so that galls were full sized by 23 April although the developing larvae were still small. The appearance of the new galls only one month after emergence of the adults indicates that an alternate bisexual generation does not exist in this species, at least in this area. The adult females were compared with paratypes of Andricus reticulatus Bass, from New Mexico and they appear to be the same, although the notaulices are incomplete in some specimens from Quercus engelmanni. Lewis Weld collected this California Andricus reticulatus many years ago and his notes indicate that he could not separate it from Arizona specimens. Figure 172 in “Cynipid Galls of the Pacific Slope,” Weld, shows the gall as an undescribed species but notes similarity to Andricus reticulatus Bassett and an Eastern species, Andricus petiolicola (O.S.). There are twelve specimens of the California reticulatus in the Weld collection. Charles Dailey has sent in females of this species from galls collected on Quercus turbinella Greene, ssp. turbinella Tucker growing at El Condor, Baja California, Mexico and also from a hybrid oak, Quercus dumo- sa x Quercus turbinella Greene, ssp. California Tucker growing at Gorman, Cal¬ ifornia. They are typical Andricus reticulatus Bass. 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=88
description:
  [Listed by Weld as undescribed, synonymized to A reticulatus by Lyon]

  Quercus dumosa, engelmanni
  Leaf galls, integral
  Globular with a scar above, solid, smooth, dia 10 mm, on midrib or petiole on basal third of leaf, green or brown. Fig 172. Resembles [petiolicola](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/770) or reticulatus on the white oaks in Arizona. 

  Fig 172. Unknown. On Q-dumosa and engelmanni. Solid, greenish, with a scar at apex. Resembles gall of Andricus reticulatus Bass. from a dwarf oak in N. Mex. and that of Andricus petiolicola (6.5.) in eastern U. S. Contained living adults on March 2 (Boulevard).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56448729#page/309/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis lentiformis, new species

  Host. —Quercus agrifolia Nee. 

  Gall (Fig. 1F).—A spherical, deciduous, bud gall that drops to the ground in October. The galls resemble the galls of Callirhytis agrifolia Bassett but are much smaller and quickly shrivel to a biconvex, lens-shaped gall 3.5 mm in diameter. The galls contain large larvae at the time they drop from the tree but adults do not emerge until the following summer (July, August and September). 

  Locality.— The type and paratypes were collected from Quercus agrifolia Nee growing in the San Gabriel Mountains north of Pasadena, California. 


description:
  Heteroecus dasydactyli 

  Females emerged on Mar. 28 from H. dasydactyli galls (Fig. 1 c) collected on Mt. Hamilton in March 1966. They were placed individually on 5 seedlings of Q. chrysolepis. Oviposition was not observed but by May 15 leaf galls were found on 1 of these seedlings; only males emerged from these galls. 

  The galls of the bisexual generation are monothalamous, round to oval swellings protruding from both surfaces of the leaf. They occur on leaves singly or in pairs and are brown when mature. Adults emerged from either surface. Thirteen galls measured 2.55 mm long by 2.05 mm wide.

  [A photograph of the gall appears on page 3 of the pdf, FIgure 1D]


description:
  Neuroterus thompsoni, new species

  Neuroterus rileyi (error) [Kinsey separates N thompsoni from rileyi here but subsequently synonymizes it as a variety of a broader N rileyi in 1923]

  Galls.--Pustulate swellings under the bark, each swelling oval, about 2 x 3 mm, and elevating the bark about 1 mm; usually many galls are confluent, around the twig and along it for a length of 2-12 cm. Larval cells, distinct but inseparable, lie in the wood, near the bark, 1-5 to each pustule, and each about 0.7 mm in diameter. On young twigs of Quercus prinoides.

  Range: MA

  The galls form in May. 


description:
  Andricus concolorans, new species

  Cynips cicatricula (gall)
  Andricus cicatricula (gall)
  Callirhytis cicatricula (gall)
  Andricus cicatriculus (gall)
  (Andricus cicatriculus belongs to Ceroptres and is an inquiline in the gall of Cynips concolorans)

  Gall "Polythalamous galls on the midvein of the leaves of Quercus alba, prinus, prinoides, never more than one on a leaf, and situated sometimes at the base, but usually from one-fourth to one-half way from the base, rarely above the middle. They project one-third below and two-thirds above the surface of the leaf. The gall is solid and somewhat fibrous, and in its shorter diameter measures about one-half inch and in the longer from five to seven-eighths of an inch. The larval cells radiate in all directions from the center of the gall and are quite numerous. There is at or near the summit of the cone a small scar or indentation" - Bassett 1881 p 101.

  Range: MA, RI, CT, NY

  Thompson found the adults emerging late in June.


description:
  Andricus peredurus, new species

  Hosts: Quercus sp [Quercus potosina added as a placeholder based on range]

  GALL.-A large, darkbrown, irregular, woody mass (Figs. 28and29) surrounding a small twig. Polythalamous, often containing fifty or more larval cells. The whole is formed of very many distinct but thoroughly fused masses, forming a rather spherical gall 8 mm. more or less in diameter; the surface is very rough, completely cracked as though it were burnt leather, the raised portions polygonal, averaging 2 mm. in diameter, dark, blackish brown, the separating lines being much lighter or yellowish.Internally the gall is composed of a dense, somewhat granular tissue which becomes more compact-woody close to the margin and immediately around the larval cells. The gall is quite too hard to cut through with a knife. The larval cells are about 3mm. in diameter, but elongate, and are closely surrounded by the woody tissue; they are scattered quite irregularly throughout the gall. Surrounding the young twigs of Quercus sp.

  RANGE.-Mexico: San Luis, Potosi (Palmer Coll.).


description:
  Disholcaspis fungiformis, new species

  [only female described]

  GALLS.-A very curious cluster (Figs. 37 to 39) of brownish, mushroom-shaped,twig galls. Each gall is small, composed of three distinct parts: a solid top which is abroad, flattened cone 7-10 mm. in diameter but barely 4 mm. in height, the upper surface irregularly pitted, buff-brown, with the apex dark brown; a small, solid stem not 2 mm. in diameter and 2 or 3 mm. long connecting this cap with the base which contains the larval cell; a base which is a broad, inverted cone, the apex being the point of attachment on the twig, with an irregular, flaring, thin, leaf-like cup extending from this base up and around the cap of the gall, resembling an enormously developed cup at the base of a mushroom. Each gall is monothalamous, the larval cell occupying most of the basal part of the gall, the cell distinct from but tightly enclosed in the surrounding tissue. On the twigs of a variety of Quercus virginiana [presumably this refers to Quercus fusiformis].

  RANGE.-Texas: Tiger Mills, Burnett Co. (Schaupp); San Carlos (in Coll.Gray Herb.).

  The gall is the most curiously complicated structure I have seen among cynipid productions. It is possible that it is of quite a different form when young and fresh. I find additional specimens of these; galls on oak material in the collections of the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University. This material was collected in November 1831 and is from San Carlos, Texas, which is over four hundred miles from the locality of the type material.

  The general shape of this gall is very different from that of most of the species of Disholcaspis, but the location and character of the larval cell is typical for that genus. The insect is a true Disholcaspis.


description:
  Disholcaspis plumbella, new species

  GALLS.-Small, brown, bullet-galls (Figs. 34 to 36), bearing a sharp, projecting point at the apex. Monothalamous. Entirely spherical, 9 mm. or less in diameter,yellowish or reddish brown, the surface of the dried galls shrivelled but essentially smooth, bearing a sharp point at the apex which is about 1.5 mm. long. Internally the gall is filled with a loosely granular, yellow tissue; the larval cell is hardly distinct from this surrounding tissue. On twigs of Quercus dumosa.

  RANGE.-California: San Diego County (D. Cleveland Coll.)


description:
  Disholcaspis unicolor, new species

  Hosts: Quercus sp. [Quercus oleoides added as a placeholder]

  GALLS.-Large, globular bullet-galls (Figs. 40 to 43) with a nipple at the apex; rough, with a mealy covering when younger. Monothalamous. 21 mm. or less in diameter. Buff-brown in color when young, dark gray or black when old. Internally quite filled with a solid, woody tissue, the thick-shelled, egg-shaped larval cell separable but tightly enclosed in the younger gall, lying loose in a good-sized cavity in the mature gall. On the twigs of a species of Quercus, singly, or several near together.

  RANGE.-Mexico: Saltillo Mts. (Palmer Coll.).

  Except for its more woody tissue internally, the gall of this species seems quite identical with the gall of Disholcaspis cinerosa (Bassett,1881, Can. Ent., XIII, p. 110), which is known from Texas only. The adult, though very closely related to cinerosa, is really very distinct and readily distinguished from that species by the key characters I have given at the beginning of the description of this species. I have examined a large series of adults of cinerosa and do not find that it varies toward unicolor.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32802#page/14/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus argentatus, new species

  Host: Quercus gambelii

  Gall (pl. 2, fig. 10).— Ellipsoidal, dark colored, 1.2 by 0.9 mm. by 0.6 mm. high, firmly attached to underside of leaf in numbers close to main veins. Each is covered, except in center where there is a slight papilla, with radiating straight silvery single-celled hairs about 0.5 mm. long. Exit hole near one end. 

  Habitat. — The type material was collected by Mrs. N. W. Capron in Oak Creek Canyon, Ariz., in November 1937 when adults were then emerging. Galls were seen at Grand Canyon also. Similar galls were collected on Q. subturbinella at Camp Creek and Mayer, Ariz. 


description:
  Narrowly conical galls on the flowering branches of a *Solidago* species in the triple-veined group, probably *S. altissima*. The galls occur among (and arise within?) capitula, and are somewhat pubescent. Tentatively assigned to *Rhopalomyia* based on overall resemblance to *R. anthophila*. Observed in Ohio in October.

  Possibly the same thing as [the galls in Figure 218c in Gagné (1989)](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/5298), although not a perfect match. He tentatively assigned these to *Rhopalomyia* as well. He identified the host plant as *"S. canadensis"*, but used the wide sense of *S. canadensis* throughout his book, which includes *S. altissima*.

  Alternatively, these may represent the "real" *Rhopalomyia racemicola* galls of Felt, rather than [the late-season galls on *Solidago fistulosa*](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3179) currently (tentatively) assigned to that species by Dorchin et al. (2009), and Gagné (1989).

  These iNaturalist observations cannot be annotated with a gallformers code, but presumably belong here as well:
  https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98224590
  https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98228838


description:
  Dryocosmus demartinii, new species

  Gall (Figs 14–17) [see page 8 of the pdf for these color photos]. A roughly spherical axillary bud gall found on shoots of the same year, approximately 6–7 mm  in  diameter.  Superficially  similar  to asexual  gall  of  D.  rileypokei,  but  typically  smaller and  rounder with smooth surface. Gall surface is smooth; purple in colour in growing galls turning yellow-brown in mature galls. The gall remains solid as it matures, with no air space between the larval cell and surrounding parenchyma tissue.

  Biology. Only asexual females are known, inducing bud galls on Chrysolepis chrysophylla which develop from late summer. Galls are mature by September/October and fall to the ground to overwinter. Under laboratory conditions adults emerge the following year in summer.

  Distribution. USA, California.


description:
  Dryocosmus juliae, new species

  Gall (Figs 36–43) [see page 12 of the pdf for these color photos of each gall variant]
  The sexual generation of Dryocosmus juliae, new species has four different galltypes, collected from Chrysolepis chrysophylla and C. sempervirens, and here listed under the field codes assigned to our collections. All galltypes occur at the same time (and often on the same individual plant) and probably reflect variation in the exact oviposition site within dormant buds before the buds develop into new growth/leaves with concurrent gall formation.

  spCAl13  (Figs  36–37)—an  integral  leaf  gall,  typically  developing  in  July,  about  6–7  mm  in  diameter,  
  protruding mainly from lower surface of the leaf, sitting totally within the lamina of the leaf, never on the leaf edge, with a free-rolling inner larval cell. This is an undescribed galltype listed by Weld (1957). 

  spCAl14 (Fig. 38)—an integral leaf gall, developing in July, about 3–4 mm long and 2 mm across, on the edge 
  of the leaf blade, causing infolding of the lamina (sometimes all the way to the midrib), with a free-rolling inner 
  larval cell. Very similar to the previous galltype (spCAl13); however, located on the edge of the leaf blade.

  spCAb5 (Figs 39–41)—a small green gall that appears to be induced in terminal or axillary buds, conical, 
  slightly pointed, up to 8 mm long, 4–5 mm diameter, with a free-rolling inner larval cell. Further investigation has 
  shown that this gall is actually induced on a leaf, and the apparent position on a bud is because gall development stops leaf growth. Collected primarily in June and July, although some galls (one containing a viable pupa) were collected in October, perhaps indicating some proportion of larvae undergo a period of diapause.

  spCAs5 (Figs 42–43)—an integral stem gall, collected in July and August, causing swelling of the terminal 
  bud and immediately adjacent new twig growth.

  Biology. Alternate sexual and asexual generations are known, developing on Chrysolepis sempervirens and C. 
  chrysophylla. Galls of the sexual generation typically develop in June-August, adults emerge during the same 
  period. Asexual galls on catkins starting to develop in September, adults probably emerge next spring.

  Distribution. USA, California.


description:
  Dryocosmus juliae, new species

  Gall. The  asexual  generation  of  this  species  induces  catkin  galls,  which  were  collected  from Chrysolepis sempervirens at the two sites near Manzanita Lake (USA, California) on 2008.09.11 and 2012.09.24. However, at the time galls were collected only small larvae were inside the galls and no adults were subsequently reared. DNA sequences from these larvae matched those obtained from the sexual generation described above, confirming that this  catkin  gall  is  the  alternate  asexual  generation  of  D.  juliae,  new  species.  These asexual  generation  galls  (galltype code spCAc4) develop on staminate catkins, are around 4 mm in diameter, with a fluffy buff coloured surface. The internal structure shows an inner larval cell located at the bottom of the gall with a "dummy" cell above that contains a small opening on the upper surface (Figs 44–45). [See page 12 of the pdf for color photos of this gall].

  Biology. Alternate sexual and asexual generations are known, developing on Chrysolepis sempervirens and C. chrysophylla. Galls of the sexual generation typically develop in June-August, adults emerge during the same period. Asexual galls on catkins starting to develop in September, adults probably emerge next spring.

  Distribution. USA, California.


description:
  Dryocosmus rileypokei 

  Hosts: Chrysolepis chrysophylla

  Gall. Sexual generation galls develop in the cupule part of the fruit (Figs 80–81). The larval chambers are 
  within the mesocarp tissue of the developing fruit; infested fruit do not develop seeds. A detailed description of 
  galls is given in Buffington & Morita (2009).

  [See page 20 of the pdf for color photos of these galls]


description:
  Dryocosmus rileypokei

  Hosts: Chrysolepis chrysophylla

  [See page 20 of the pdf for color photos of these galls]

  Asexual generation galls develop in axillary buds (Figs 82–85). Galls are typically ovoid, occasionally more 
  spherical, narrowing towards the point of attachment with the host plant at the base of the gall; approximately 8–9 mm in diameter. The gall surface is textured, with scattered pubescence or small raised bumps (similar to the catkin galls of D. castanopsidis); brownish-purple in colour. As the gall matures, an air space develops between the larval cell and surrounding parenchyma tissue, although the larval cell is never completely free. Galls are quite similar to those of D. demartinii and are induced on the same part of the plant as that species, but are more ovoid in shape, have a textured surface and develop an air space around the larval cell when mature.

  Biology. Alternating sexual and asexual generations are known. Sexual galls in fruit were collected from July to the first half of September. Adults emerged under laboratory conditions soon after collection. Asexual bud galls develop during late summer/autumn, are mature by October, and fall to the ground to overwinter. Adults emerge the following spring. A proportion of asexual larvae have an extended period of diapause and emerge in early spring two years after galls were induced.

  Distribution. USA, California


description:
  Dryocosmus castanopsidis

  Gall (Figs 97–99) [See page 22 of the pdf for photos of this gall]. Galls on staminate catkins, 12–24 mm in diameter, round, reddish, slightly pubescent, the inner cell has no air space around it.

  Biology. Only asexual generation females are known which induce galls on Chrysolepis chrysophylla and C. 
  sempervirens. Galls start to develop in late May-early summer, mature in September-October and fall to the ground and overwinter in the leaf litter. Some galls remain on the trees and can be collected through winter, although these galls may remain on the trees due to attack by inquilines that could inhibit complete development of the galls (the authors collected some in January that contained only inquiline larvae).

  Distribution. USA, California and Oregon.


description:
  Dryocosmus rileypokei Morita & Buffington, new species

  Hosts: Chrysolepis sempervirens

  Description of nut damage.—Damage contained within nuts (c.f., Fig. 2F); lateral aspects of base of nut pericarp bulged slightly and mesocarp layer relatively thick when compared with undamaged nuts; larval chamber circular in cross-section and found within the mesocarp layer (GC, Fig. 2E; also visible in Figs. 2B–D; also see diagram, Fig. 3), seed (=endosperm and embryo; S, Fig. 2A) missing in infested nuts; exit hole of adult usually located near equa- tor of nut, occasionally at base of nut.

  Biology and distribution.—Dryocosmus rileypokei is set apart from other Cynipini as a nut galler on Chrysolepis sempervirens. In all C. sempervirens nuts examined, the gall is within the mesocarp layer of the lower one-half of the nut, expanding the walls of the nut slightly, resulting in a gentle bulge, and are presumed to have acquired nutritional resources normally sent to the developing seed. Emergence holes usually were located along the side of the nut (Fig. 2E) or at its base. In one nut examined, three adult wasps (dead) were removed, indicating that each nut can support more than one adult wasp. The distribution of this wasp is probably coincident with Chrysolepis sempervirens, which can be found throughout the Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges of CA, NV, and southern OR (McMinn 1939).


description:
  A cluster of small kernels emerging from a major side vein of Quercus rubra toward the lower side of the leaf. Loosely covered in long hairs, of varying colors from green-yellow to dark purple, widening from the base to a flat end with a significant dimple at the apex. Observed in Illinois in October.

  This gall bears some resemblance to the gall known as [Neuroterus laurifoliae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/566), sharing the same distinctive conical, dimpled structure to their clustered cells. The gall differs in its host plant (N laurifoliae is known from Quercus imbricaria, laurifolia, and possibly hemisphaerica) and its relatively sparse wool. 


description:
  Dryocosmus castanopsidis
  Flower-gall wasp

  Hosts: Chrysolepis chrysophylla, sempervirens

  The deep red galls have a golden bloom that easily rubs off.

  Likely occur throughout the range of the host plants


description:
  Dryocosmus juliae #1
  Leaf-gall wasp

  Hosts: Chrysolepis chrysophylla, sempervirens

  Late spring galls usually occur once per leaf and are green when fresh but turn fawn brown by August.

  This gall is found throughout the range of this host.

  Dryocosmus juliae #2
  Bud-gall wasp

  Galls are globular to pear-shaped and reddish-green to maroon, with a slightly mealy-granular texture when fresh.

  Range: Siskiyou Mts; Humboldt county; CA


description:
  Dryocosmus juliae 

  Hosts: Chrysolepis chrysophylla, sempervirens

  The asexual generation induces nondescript round galls on the staminate flowers of chinquapin in early spring.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885281#page/358/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus papillosus

  Elongate, oval, blisterlike leaf swelling without a nipple, on the under side, length 1 mm, diameter .75 mm, on Q platanoides [bicolor]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610593#page/277/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus papillosus

  Parenchyma galls in the leaves of Quercus bicolor, agreeing with the type galls of this species, were collected at Chesterton, Ind., June 25, the adults emerging June 27-29, 1912. They occurred on the leaves of thrifty sprouts and on lower branches of a small tree near by. Exit holes on lower side. Galls were also taken at Wilmette, IL., June 9, 1913. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505979#page/198/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus papillosus Beut. 

  Cells isolated, more prominent on upper surface, scarcely projecting below, elliptical in outline, 1 mm. long, very numerous on leaf, exit hole below. On Q. bicolor in June. Adults emerge the last of June. 


description:
  Neuroterus papillosus sp. nov.

  Gall. (Plate X, Fig. 2.) In numbers on the leaves of swamp white oak (Quercus platanoides [bicolor]) in June. Monothalamous. Elongate oval, blister-like bodies protruding on both sides of the leaf, and without a nipple on the under side. Length about 1 mm.; width about .75 mm.

  Habitat. Bronx Park, New York City.

  The gall is somewhat similar to that of N. niger, but is smaller, and lacks the nipple on the under side. The flies emerge during June and early in July, from galls produced in May. The species is undoubtedly double brooded.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/351/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta pallipes n. sp.

  Galls.--The rapid Spring growth of thrifty young white oak shoots is sometimes suddenly checked by the appearance of this gall at their apex. The gall does not prevent the developed of the leaves below it, but immediately surrounding its base half a dozen of more brown, thread-like bodies from three-fourths of an inch to an inch and a half in length appear. Occasionally two or more of these are narrowly strapped in shape, and suggest that they are all undeveloped leaves. The gall, a mere larval cell at the center of this cluster, is blackish brown, thin shelled, oblong-oval, 0.9 of an inch in length and 0.6 in diameter. The insect emerges from the apex of the cell, leaving it resembling an eggshell with the end removed. This is a rare species, though I have found it in a certain locality several years.

  CT, sexgen


description:
  Dryophanta pallipes

  Gall: Among the buds of thrifty young shoots of white oak (Quercus alba) early in May. The gall is oblong oval, thin-shelled and of a blackish brown color. It does not prevent the developed of the leaves below it, but immediately surrounding its base half a dozen or more long, brown thread-like bodies appear. The fly emerges from the apex of the cell, leaving it resembling a miniature egg-shell with the end removed. Length about 2.5 mm; diameter about 1.5 mm.

  Habitat: CT, NY, NJ, PA

  The flies emerged from the gall during May.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635472#page/78/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta pallipes

  Oblong, oval, thin-shelled, blackish-brown galls among the thrifty young buds and surrounded by six or more long, brown, threadlike bodies, length 2.5 mm, diameter 1.5 mm, on Q alba.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516724#page/273/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips fulvicollis variety fulvicollis
  bisexual form pallipes (Bassett)

  Dryophanta pallipes
  Diplolepis pallipes

  GALL. — A rather elongate but still broadly egg-shaped cell with one end (the base) truncate, flat; reddish-brown and dark brown in color; the surface all but microscopically smooth ; the cell wall thin, hard and brittle, occasionally with more than one layer (as several bud scales become involved in the gall); entirely empty, without a separate larval cell; up to 3.5 mm. in length. Buried inside otherwise unmodified buds, or deforming and dwarfing clusters of leaves which become slender and thread-like about the gall; on Quercus alba. Figure 231.

  RANGE. — Probably the same as that of the corresponding agamic form [this seems to be what we know as Philonix nigra] which occurs everywhere on Q. alba, from Massachusetts to Iowa and the Ohio River Valley (fig. 41). The bisexual form known definitely only from: Connecticut: Waterbury (Bassett, types). New York: state (acc. Beutenmiiller 1911). New Jersey: state (acc. Beutenmiiller 1911). Pennsylvania: state (acc. Beutenmiiller 1911). Indiana: Charlestown (E. W. Spieth in Kinsey collection).

  These bisexual insects have been previously known only from Bassett’s very scant collection and from Beutenmuller’s records for which I have not seen material. I have secured 16 insects and numerous galls from southern Indiana by bagging large numbers of unopened buds of Q. alba in the early spring.

  The date of appearance of the adult insect will vary as the latitude and season may affect the development of the buds of the oaks in the region. In southern Indiana adults were emerging from the galls on April 22 and May 1 in 1927. Bassett did not find the galls appearing in Connecticut until early May, while the insects emerged later in May. This insect has gone uninterpreted since Bassett's original discovery, but the following considerations now seem to lead to our conclusion that this is the bisexual form of no less common an insect than Cynips fulvicollis fulvicollis.

  Pallipes is undoubtedly the alternate of some eastern American species of agamic Cynips for which at least some variety is already described. No Eastern species of Cynips (as categories are used in this paper) has been added to our list since 1882, altho new varieties are still being discovered. 

  The only eastern American Cynips left for consideration as a possible alternate of pallipes is some variety of fulvicollis. Fulvicollis and pezomachoides are the only Cynips common on Q. alba in the northeastern quarter of the United States. 

  [Cynips gemmula (link in text)](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/363/mode/1up)
  bisexual forms

  GALL OF BISEXUAL FORMS.— A thin-walled, egg-shaped cell, occurring singly in the buds of the chestnut oaks. Known for only a single variety, so see the description for variety gemmula bisexual form gemmula. 

  [Cynips gemmula variety gemmula](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/371/mode/1up)
  bisexual form gemmula

  Cynips gemula
  Dryophanta gemula
  Diplolepis gemmula

  GALL. — A small, thin-walled, elongate, egg-shaped cell in a bud. Monothalamous, about 2.0 to 3.0 mm. long, regular in form, nearly egg-shaped but somewhat more elongate, pointed apically, truncate at base; microscopically roughened; older galls dark brown to blackish. Very thin-walled, brittle when dry, without a distinct larval cell. Singly, deep and nearly hidden in the leaf or flower buds, or at the apices of young stems or on the main stems of the staminate flowers and surrounded by a few deformed bracts; on Quercus prinoides. Figures 305, 306, 335. 

  RANGE. — Probably as given for the agamic form prinoides (fig. 62) ; probably restricted to an area on or near the Atlantic Coastal Plain. This bisexual form known only from: Massachusetts: eastern part (M. T. Thompson coll. No. 166). Connecticut: Waterbury (types, Bassett). New Jersey: Lakehurst (acc. Beutenmuller 1911). 

  Altho not represented by many collections, the good-sized series of this insect in the Bassett and Thompson collections indicate that proper search should reveal this as a very com- mon even if obscure form in the leaf and flower buds of the chinquapin oak, Q. prinoides. Bassett described the galls as fully developed when the staminate flowers of the oak are in bloom. He remarked that “When the gall happens to be in a leaf bud, it is often found at the summit of a young branch one or two inches long, so rapid is the growth of the tree at this season. . . . The insects appear in both sexes about the middle of May ...” [at Waterbury, Connecticut] . A Bassett specimen in the American Museum is labelled as in coitu on May 10 (1879) . Thompson found the galls late in May in eastern Massachusetts, and Beutenmuller recorded (in Smith 1910 :599) galls occurring in May and June— the cells probably being empty for some time before they disappear from the dried-up flower buds. 

  Bassett originally spelled this name gemula, a feminine adjective meaning moaning or complaining. It seems evident that Bassett intended to write gemmula, a noun meaning a small bud. This would aptly describe the gall of this insect. Perhaps it is not certain that Article 19 of the International Rules allows an emendation of this original form as a lapsus calami; but perhaps we need common sense rather than rules in this case. Gemmula is here taken to be the bisexual form alternating with the agamic prinoides. My reasons for this opinion are as follows : 

  The insect shows the generic characters of a bisexual Cynips as established by the life histories experimentally determined for varieties of folii and divisa, and for erinacei. The insect belongs to the subgenus Acraspis, as evidenced by the character of the hypopygial spine, the wing-body ratio, and the blotches (even tho obscure) in the cubital cell. 

  The relation to an agamic Acraspis is further proved by the close resemblance of gemmuia to bicolens, the experimentally demonstrated bisexual form of Cynips pezornachoides erinacei. 

  That gemmuia is not also a form of pezornachoides is shown by the host on which it occurs, namely Quercus prinoides, one of the chestnut oaks. Pezornachoides occurs only on the true white oaks of the Q. alba group, and is rigidly excluded from the chestnut oaks. 

  Cynips hirta and prinoides are the only agamic forms of Acraspis known from the chestnut oaks, and prinoides is the only Acraspis known from Quercus prinoides. 

  Prinoides , then, seems to be the only agamic Cynips of which gemmuia might be the alternate, and none of the data are in conflict with the conclusion that these two are really alternates. 


description:
  Acrapis gemula, syn. nov.

  Philonix pallipes

  Comments. Kinsey (1930) transferred Dryophanta pallipes Bassett into Philonix and considered it as the sexual generation of P. fulvicollis. However, Kinsey provided no justification for  this  synonymy [Kinsey seems to have assigned pallipes to fulvicollis based on a process of elimination]. Weld (1959) wrote that P.  pallipes  was  perhaps  a  synonym  of  Acraspis gemula (Bassett)î. We compared the three specimens of P. pallipes (from Beutenmueller collection, USNM, Washington, DC) with the paratypes of the sexual generation of A. gemula and found no differences. Philonix pallipes is a syn. nov. of A. gemula. If P. pallipes (Bass.) is treated as  an  Acraspis species, there is no evidence that species of Philonix have alternate  sexual generations.


description:
  Bud Gall Midge
  Asphondylia caudicis

  Galls measure 4mm in diameter and have short hairs. Galls are usually found at the base of petioles, though a few were found attached to the base of galls of the tumor stem-gall midge, Asphondylia atriplicis. 

  Host: Atriplex canescens

  Range: NM, CA


description:
  Woolly Stem Gall Midge
  Asphondylia floccosa

  This midge induces large, white, cotton-like gall masses on stems of allscale saltbush, spiny saltbush, and shadescale. Galls cover most of one side of a branch and sometimes completely encircle it. 

  Hosts:
  Atriplex polycarpa
  Atriplex confertifolia
  Atriplex spinifera

  Range:
  CA, AZ


description:
  Nodular Stem Gall Midge
  Asphondylia nodula

  This midge induces rough, fissured, monothalamous, integral stem galls on allscale saltbush and desert holly These galls appear as eruptions of the stem and may be round to elongated; they are the same color as the stem.

  Hosts:
  Atriplex polycarpa
  Atriplex hymenelytra

  Range: Southern CA


description:
  Pom Pom Bud Gall Midge
  Asphondylia sp. 

  This midge induces woolly, round, monothalamous bud galls on desert-holly. Some galls are dusty pink, while others have white-tipped red hairs or are bright reddish pink, resembling pom-poms. 

  Host: Atriplex hymenelytra


description:
  Leaflet Gall Midge
  Contarinia sp.

  This midge induces monothalamous, swollen bud galls on joined pairs of leaflets before they open on catclaw. 

  Host: Senegalia greggii


description:
  Stem Gall Wasp
  Tanaostigmodes howardii

  This wasp has been associated with two different galls on catclaw. The first, an elliptical, sometimes lopsided, integral, monothalamous, stem gall on catclaw is a bit lopsided, measures up to 12mm long by5mm in diameter, and is the same color as the stems. 

  Host:
  Senegalia greggii


description:
  Stem Gall Wasp
  Tanaostigmodes howardii

  This wasp has been associated with two different galls on catclaw. The second gall is a detachable, round, monothalamous gall often found in clusters along stems of catclaw. The surface of these galls is broken into plates, with a small thorn or bristle emanating from each plate.

  Host: Senegalia greggii


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=30
description:
  Tanaoatigmodes howardi Abhm. 

  Mimosa biuncifera [aculeaticarpa]
  A chalcid gall. Globular rugose bullets, 6 m. in dia. Myrtopsen minosae has been reared from this gall also.


description:
  Tapered stem swellings of Acalypha ostryifolia. The galls are red to green in color, and have a succulent interior. They each contain several small, orange larva. Observed in Ohio in October.


description:
  Galls comprise visibly swollen seedheads with deformed and clustered flowers. Internally, they are thick-walled, with 2-4 larval chambers each containing a small larva. The larval chambers are usually found inside the bracts. They possibly overwinter within the galls as they were found particularly late in season for most flower galls. The galls appear to be widespread in the Cincinnati, Ohio area in early October, and have been observed several  times in the city.


description:
  A leaf spot caused by a leaf-mining caterpillar with a central dark spot formed by frass. Found on various oak species. For further information see the [Bugguide page for this moth](https://bugguide.net/node/view/1045494).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32293#page/148/mode/1up
description:
  Biorhiza mellea n. sp.

  Quercus obtusiloba [stellata]

  Galls — Small, brownish yellow, globular galls, occurring separately or in clusters of three or more together, on the upper surface of the leaf, attached by a slender point and easily detached. Externally they are covered with minute warty, pubescent dots; internally they are fleshy, but when fully matured are of a more or less cellular consistency and shrivel in drying. Diameter .10 to .15 inch. They fall to the ground and mature in the sand and fallen debris. 

  Described from eight specimens reared in February. Occurs on Q. parvifolia [chapmanii?]


description:
  Lyon lists both P prinum and P poculum on Quercus montana, and it isn't clear how the two galls can be distinguished on that host. 


description:
  Aggregated bud galls that are very similar to those of *A. monacha* are also found on *S. sempervirens* ... and *S. bicolor* ..., and although we could not find morphological differences between *A. monacha* and individuals from these populations, our molecular analysis indicates that the latter belong to one or more undescribed species.

  [please refer to this paper for many more details of gall biology, insect life history, anatomy, and phylogeny]


description:
  [blog post documenting discovery of these galls; includes diagnostic photos of gall and insects within]


description:
  This is likely a synonym of the modern species [Neuroterus fragilis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1618)


description:
  A globular, hairless, pink-green, abrupt swelling on the upper stem of Oenothera lindheimeri. Observed in Texas in October. Tentatively assumed to be induced by a moth in the genus Mompha based on similar galls known from other Oenothera species.


description:
  Quercus michauxii added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/49260089), which is somewhat atypical for the species. 


description:
  Neuroterus umbilicatus

  Gall. (Plate XIII, Fig. 7.) In great numbers on the underside of the leaves of swamp white oak (Quercus platanoides [bicolor]) in August and September. Monothalamous. Small, circular, flattened and concave, with a minute conical elevation in the centre of the concavity. Beneath the conical elevation lies the minute larval cell.Brown and covered with minute hairs. The galls are easily detached, but leave an indentation which is seen as a flattened elevation on the upper side of the leaf.Diameter, 1 to 1.50 mm.

  Habitat. Canada (Ontario); Connecticut; New York; New Jersey; Pennsylvania; Illinois.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/354/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus umbilicatus, n. sp.

  The galls of this species are found in great numbers on the under surface of the leaves of Q. bicolor. Four or five hundred have been counted on a single leaf. They are small, circular, flattened and concave, with a minute conical elevation in the centre of the concavity. They are about .07 of an inch across and .05 in depth, and the pit is only .04 across. Beneath the conical elevation lies the minute larval cell. Except the concavity described, which is smooth, the surface is covered with short, stiff hairs, much like the under surface of the leaf. The galls are easily detached, but leave an indentation which is seen as a flattened elevation on the upper surface of the leaf. The peculiar form of these galls suggests the trivial name. 

  I collected these galls in countless numbers for many years, and made numerous unsuccessful attempts to rear gall flies from them. Flies in vast numbers were bred from them, but all bore the unmistakable marks of cynipideous parasites. These repeated failures led me to wonder if there might not be, after all, species bearing all the characters of the parasites that were true gall makers. It is true that I knew of no such species, and I did not forget that proof of this negative sort and hardly less in amount led Dr. Fitch to publish a winged parasite as the originator of his Cynips ficus galls, which, later, Dr. Walsh discovered were produced by the subapterous Biorhiza forticornis. I, too, had reared millions of parasites from the galls Neuroterus floccosus B. before a single gall fly was discovered. Visiting on a warm morning in Spring an oak that had for years furnished these galls in abundance, I found a species of Neuroterus laying eggs in the buds of this tree. Busy capturing specimens from the low branches of the tree it was sometime before I discovered that my clothing was covered with flies of the same species. Having but a few minutes left for collecting, I was only able to collect some thirty individuals from the buds and my clothing. I left unwillingly, to return in the afternoon. By afternoon the weather had turned cold and not an insect of any kind could be found. 

  I made visits later and on more favorable days, but no flies were seen. On one of these visits I took up a quantity of sand and leaf-mould under the tree, and sifting it carefully found many empty galls and two that contained perfect living gall-flies. One of these I destroyed in opening, the other proved to be identical with those captured a few days before, and from it the above description is, for the most part, drawn. 

  In the latter part of May and the beginning of June the young galls were nearly full grown and as abundant as ever before. At this time I had in my breeding boxes, in damp earth, galls of this sort gathered the Autumn before, and from them were appearing parasites in considerable numbers. Visiting the tree at this time I found from one to five of these flies actively at work among the umbilicus galls. I cannot say that I actually saw them stinging the galls, but we may reasonably suppose they were doing so, and it is easy to understand why so few gall-flies are so produced from the almost countless number of galls of this and some other species. I have seen parasitic hymenoptera stinging, but not often. My favorite oak has recently been cut down and a railroad siding covers the stump, but I hope to find another as good on which to follow up my investigations. 


description:
  It seems likely that Melika's synonymy of Acraspis gemula and Philonix pallipes is either incorrect, partial, or the original gall descriptions are somehow incomplete. Philonix and Acraspis sexual generation galls of many species are likely collected in this current name. It isn't clear whether Kinsey's varieties and species will end up matching those that are ultimately determined by rearing experiments. 

  According to Scott Digweed (personal communication): "A helpful diagnostic character for Acraspis and Philonix (and Disholcaspis, for that matter) sexual galls on bur oak is that Acraspis are tan (and associated with bud scales), Philonix are chocolate brown, and Disholcaspis are creamy or pinkish."


description:
  According to Scott Digweed (personal communication): "A helpful diagnostic character for Acraspis and Philonix (and Disholcaspis, for that matter) sexual galls on bur oak is that Acraspis are tan (and associated with bud scales), Philonix are chocolate brown, and Disholcaspis are creamy or pinkish."


description:
  Andricus quercuslaurinus Melika & Pujade-Villar, new species

  Gall (Figs 37-38). Juicy integral monolocular leaf galls are located on the central vein, rarely on leaf petiole, causing a vein swelling. The fully grown gall is 13 mm long and 5.6 mm wide. Generally one gall per leaf occurs, rarely more; up to six galls per leaf were detected. In this case the separate galls are fused and it seems that the galls are multilocular. During the gall development, the colour of the surrounding leaf tissues changes from green to brown-yellow and the vein swelling is enlarging. As the cynipid larva matures, the main vein changes to purple colour. The central larval chamber is oval. When the gall matures, the tissues become hard. Adults emerge from early May to early July.

  Biology. Alternate asexual and sexual generations are known, both inducing galls on Quercus laurina (Section Lobatae of Quercus, red oaks), which is distributed in Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador (Govaerts & Frodin 1998). In the state of Hidalgo of Central Mexico, severe outbreaks of this newly described cynipid species cause the death of thousands of trees in natural stands of Q. laurina. The decline and death of trees is due to the twig and stem swellings caused by asexual galls. For Mexico, this is the first reported cynipid gallwasp capable to kill trees of different ages and sizes. A local infestation took place in a private forest in 2003 and the severe outbreak remained active until summer of 2009 without any signals of reduction of harmful impact, in spite of intensive management applied. There is no doubt that this species could expand its distribution and jeopardize the survival of Q. laurina in other parts of Mexico.

  Distribution.  Currently  known  from  the  type  locality only: México, Estado de Hidalgo


description:
  Andricus quercuslaurinus Melika & Pujade-Villar, new species 

  Gall (Figs 17-18). The complete growth and development of the gall until mature stage requires at least 30 months. Asexual females lay eggs in twigs about 1-3 cm in diameter, in late spring and early summer of the first year. In late winter or early spring of the second year, the diameter of the infected twig is rapidly increasing. At this stage, developing galls are spherical, contiguous contact between them deforms the branch, galled tissue reaches up to 40 cm long and 3.5 cm wide. Surface of the galled tissue is smooth and light green. In the summer of the third year, many of the larval chambers acquire a “horn shaped” form, and some are projecting through the exterior surface of the gall; many of these chambers are expulsed and fall down to the ground. By the end of the third year, pupae are formed and during late January and February of the next year adults emerge.

  Biology. Alternate asexual and sexual generations are known, both inducing galls on Quercus laurina (Section Lobatae of Quercus, red oaks), which is distributed in Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador (Govaerts & Frodin 1998). In the state of Hidalgo of Central Mexico, severe outbreaks of this newly described cynipid species cause the death of thousands of trees in natural stands of Q. laurina. The decline and death of trees is due to the twig and stem swellings caused by asexual galls. For Mexico, this is the first reported cynipid gallwasp capable to kill trees of different ages and sizes. A local infestation took place in a private forest in 2003 and the severe outbreak remained active until summer of 2009 without any signals of reduction of harmful impact, in spite of intensive management applied. There is no doubt that this species could expand its distribution and jeopardize the survival of Q. laurina in other parts of Mexico.

  Distribution.  Currently known  from  the  type  locality only: México, Estado de Hidalgo


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/70/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus californicus

  Hosts: Quercus lobata, douglasii, garryana, dumosa

  GALL. — Large, globose to reniform, smooth, twig gall. Monothalamous, or polythalamous, containing from one to a dozen larval cells. Irregularly rounded, ovate, ellipsoid to reniform, all sizes, up to 65. mm. in diameter by 113. mm. long; the surface smooth, sparingly, shallowly roughened; reddish to yellow and brown. Internally more or less filled with compacted, soft, crystalline, brown, yellow, or white material, woody from the point of attachment to above the center of the gall; the larval cells oval, averaging 4.-5. mm. long by 3. mm. wide, more or less radiantly in the woody tissue, toward the center of the gall. Laterally, on twigs of several white oaks. 

  RANGE. — From the Mexican border of California to Washington. 

  [Kinsey goes on to describe several varieties with distinct host, range, and gall morphologies; see paper for details]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/79/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus lasius

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  GALL. — A more or less globular, wool-covered, leaf gall. Polythalamous, with a half dozen or fewer cells. Roughly globular, flattened basally, 10. mm. in diameter, covered with short, dense wool about 2. mm. thick, the wool at first bright golden brown, weathering light gray or black. Internally hard, woody, solid except for the larval cells, which average 2.5 x 1.5 mm., and which are arranged rather radiantly about the mid-point of the base. Attached by a slight projection of the woody gall to the mid-vein or often to the petiole, occasionally two together, on either surface, usually on the under surfaces of leaves of Quercus chrysolepis. 

  RANGE. — California: El Toro to Ukiah and Dunsmuir. I cannot fix characters which will distinguish the galls of the varieties, for they are very similar. Here is an instance of the physiologic measure of the insect varying less than does the morphologic. Morphologically the varieties are also very similar. What differences do exist are correlated with the occurrence of the faunal areas. 

  [Kinsey goes on to describe several varieties that do not differ by host or gall morphology, only adult morphology and range; see paper for details]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/82/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus operator

  Hosts: Quercus marilandica, coccinea, ilicifolia, velutina, schneckii [shumardii]

  GALL. — An oval larval cell, mostly inseparable from and occupying most of a thin-walled, seed-like capsule. These capsules woolly, clustered in the bisexual generation, naked in the agamic generation, producing the following forms of galls; on eastern American black oaks. 

  Agamic Generation : The larval cell occupying most of a triangulate or obconical capsule, somewhat compressed, up to 5. by 4. mm. in dimensions, one to six, usually one, between the nut and the cup of the acorn; on all of the black oaks which bear the bisexual generation. 

  RANGE. — Ottawa to Virginia, Texas, and Illinois. Probably thruout more eastern North America wherever black oaks occur. 

  [Kinsey goes on to describe several varieties that differ by host, range, and gall morphology; see paper for details]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/82/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus operator

  Hosts: Quercus marilandica, coccinea, ilicifolia, velutina, schneckii [shumardii]

  GALL. — An oval larval cell, mostly inseparable from and occupying most of a thin-walled, seed-like capsule. These capsules woolly, clustered in the bisexual generation, naked in the agamic generation, producing the following forms of galls; on eastern American black oaks. 

  Bisexual Generation: Large, compact masses of wool, irregular in shape, often oval, up to 40. by 55. mm. in dimensions; the hairs at first crisp, succulent; greenish, white, or rose-tinged, sometimes deep red; becoming straw color or golden brown upon aging, finally weathering bluish gray or black, shrivelling considerably. Within the wool, scattered or in small clusters, mostly toward the center of the gall, are the seed-like capsules with the closely imbedded larval cells, each capsule hard, oval, about 1.5 by 3.0 mm., sometimes 150 or more cells in a gall. On or involving young stems, new clusters of leaves, and especially the flower clusters. 

  RANGE. — Ottawa to Virginia, Texas, and Illinois. Probably thruout more eastern North America wherever black oaks occur. 

  [Kinsey goes on to describe several varieties that differ by host, range, and gall morphology; see paper for details]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/92/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus ovatus

  Hosts: Quercus laevis, shumardii, texana, myrtifolia

  GALL. — Elliptical, hollow, standing out from the bark of roots. Monothalamous, altho several galls may more or less solidly fuse. Each gall globoid to ovoid or egg-shaped, up to 4. mm. in diameter by 6. mm. long, usually smaller, covered with bark mostly of normal color and texture, somewhat smoother; a direct continuation of the root bark, altho the galls stand out distinctly from the bark; a large, circular exit hole terminally. Internally entirely hollow (in mature galls), the walls moderately thin, a distinct woody lining inside of the bark wall. On very large roots or on rootlets not 2. mm. in diameter; on black oaks. 

  RANGE.— Florida to Texas. 

  This is a very distinct root gall. The insects pupate late in the fall, soon becoming adults, but not emerging until early in the spring. The three varieties I have seen are distinct as to color, two of them remarkably so. It has been a mistake to completely ignore variation in color as tho occurring without order in any group of individuals. These color differences are correlated with very definite morphologic characters, and with host and geographic distribution. It is too much to expect one variety to become the next if transplanted from one oak to another or one locality to another. But host and geographic isolation have separated distinct forms in this species. The galls of all of the varieties are very similar. 

  [Kinsey goes on to describe several varieties that differ by host, range, and gall morphology; see paper for details]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/95/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus pomiformis

  Hosts: Quercus agrifolia, wislizenii

  GALL. — Spherical, smooth, compact, in section suggesting an apple with seeds about the core. Polythalamous, often with fifty or more larval cells. More or less perfectly spherical, rarely flattened, or elongate ovate; of all sizes up to 55. mm., averaging nearer 40. mm. in diameter; the surface sometimes entirely smooth, usually finely, irregularly pitted and cracked, sometimes set with low, raised lines or irregular rows of low tubercles radiating more or less from the slightly pointed tip of the gall ; brilliant, rich apple red when fresh, with some apple green and lighter green, becoming bright brownish yellow on aging, weathering darker. Internally like compacted sawdust, crystalline, spongy only in old and weathered specimens; with a hard, woody core originating from the point of attachment, the core flaring and somewhat branching in the center of the gall, with the larval cells arranged radiantly in the extremities of this core, mostly in a single layer centrally of the gall; each cell averaging 2. x 4. mm., with a distinct and easily separable, thin-walled lining. Laterally, less often terminally, attached by a small point, sessile on twigs of Quercus agrifolia and Q. Wislizenii. 

  RANGE. — California: from the Mexican border to Dunsmuir and Ukiah. 

  This is one of the most prominent of Californian galls, being surpassed in size and abundance only by Andricus californicus. Both species are known as oakapples. As with californicus, the possibility of more than one variety, each with its own intensely interesting biologic problems, has been heretofore entirely overlooked. The biologist who will learn what these two species should easily disclose in ten years or less work on the held, may contribute as important data as we yet possess on such problems as the nature of alternation of generations, distribution factors, and host effects, for instance.

  Adults mature in early spring, earlier at southern localities. The field data indicate that northern varieties (see variety pomiformis) complete the life cycle in a year, with the possibility of an alternation of generations; while southern varieties (see maculipennis) take two years or more to mature, and may not have an alternate generation. This must be considered a suggestion, to be verified only by experimental work. If this is shown to be the true condition, it confirms my previously expressed opinion (1920, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLII, p. 372) that alternation of generations is an extreme development of seasonal dimorphism. 

  If galls are collected too soon before maturity, the larvae will develop into adults altho few insects will emerge. One finds this the case with galls in the laboratory more often than with galls in the open. Under adverse conditions in the field, such as a season of drought, there may be a similar destruction of adults before emergence. An experience with this species in the laboratory alone, in connection with some other similar cases, misled me into an over-statement in a previous paper (1920, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLII, p. 383) as to the lack of vitality of Cynipidae in general. 

  Some of the most illuminating data I yet have on the effectiveness of the host in isolating varieties is that presented under variety distinctus. 

  Some of the varieties of this species show a median depression of the scutellum much as in the genus Amphiholips. Other varieties do not show this. An evolution of a generic character has occurred within this single species. 

  Callirhytis rossi Kieffer (1903, Marcellia, II, p. 84, figs. 1, 2) is probably the same as one of the varieties described for this species in this paper. The publication was made without a more definite locality than "California", and with- out a host determination, but with a host description which best fits Quercus chrysolejns. I feel certain there must be a mistake here, just as I do not believe Kieffer's eriophorus came from Wislizenii as published. Until we can see types of rossi it will not be possible to determine the variety it represents. I am inclined to expect to find it a synonym of maculipennis. 

  [Kinsey goes on to describe several varieties that differ by host, range, and gall morphology; see paper for details]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/104/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus ribes, new species

  GALL. — Spherical, berry-like, very succulent, green and more or less translucent when fresh, bright red when very young; the surface pebbled, with a few, small, projecting points. Shrivelling greatly upon drying, becoming blackened, 4.-6. mm. in diameter; when drying upon the twig, the galls become rather obconical in shape, remaining lighter in color. Monothalamous, the cavity filling the whole gall, the wall of tissue moderately thin, thinnest furthest from the point of attachment. Attached by only a slight point to twigs (bud galls) of Quercus douglasii.

  RANGE.— California: Oroville, Three Rivers. Some of the galls at Oroville contained pupae on April 1, while an equal number showed adults or exit holes thru which adults had already emerged. The whole life of this generation must be a month or so, with an alternate, probably agamic generation in the rest of the year. Of 40 adults I have, 14 are males. The species is not entirely unlike Dryophanta pulchella Beutenmuller, of which the male and gall are unknown, but the two species are distinct enough. 


description:
  Andricus ribes Kinsey was listed as the sexual generation of A. quercusechinus (Weld 1951; Burks 1979). Weld (1952a) described for this species that "on circumstantial evidence this is considered the alternating generation of echinus." There is no evidence for this. Kinsey (1922) did not mention that A. ribes might be the sexual generation of any other cynipid wasp in the original description. Kinsey (1930) gave no acceptable evidence for the synonymization of A. ribes to A. quercusechinus. However, A. ribes is entirely congeneric with sexual Cynips and, of course, is the sexual generation of one of the Californian Cynips (Antron) species. However, it is too early to state that it is the sexual generation of A. quercusechinus; this must be proved. 

  The following species must be transferred to Cynips: as well as the following Antron species: comb. rev., quercusechinus Osten Sacken


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/105/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus spectabilis Kinsey

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

  GALL. — Elongate stem swelling. Polythalamous. Large, elongate, oval to spindle-shaped, averaging 25. mm. wide by 50. mm. long; large specimens scarcely greater in diameter will reach 110. mm. in length; covered with bark of natural color. Internally hard and woody, only the peripheral tissue being less compact than the normal stem wood; larval cells toward the center of the gall, oval, 3. by 5. mm., tissue almost not at all distinct from the rest of the wood; exit holes upon aging show a distinct, smoother area on the bark. On smaller stems of Quercus chrysolepis. 

  RANGE. — California: San Jacinto Mountains to Auburn and Ukiah. Probably wherever Quercus chrysolepis occurs. 

  [Kinsey goes on to describe several varieties that do not differ by host or gall morphology, only range and adult morphology; see paper for details]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/108/mode/1up
description:
  Compsodryoxenus brunneus variety brunneus (Ashmead)

   GALL. — None, or a slight stem swelling; the larval cells embedded in the wood, quite as in the other variety. On Quercus chrysolepis. 

  RANGE.— California: Mt. Diablo (Ashmead) ; Placerville. Probably confined to more northerly localities where Q. chrysolepis occurs. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/111/mode/1up
description:
  Compsodryoxenus brunneus Ashmead 

   GALL. — None, or only a very slight swelling of the stem. The larval cells are elongate, averaging 2.5 mm. long by hardly 1.0 mm. wide, embedded in the wood, with the lining hardly distinct, and not at all separable. Mostly on young twigs of white oaks. 

  RANGE.— California. 

  Compsodryoxenus brunneus variety atrior, new variety

   GALL. — None, or a slight swelling; the larval cells embedded in the wood; quite as in the other variety. On Quercus lobata. 

  RANGE. — California: Byron. Probably occurs thruout the range of Quercus lobata (and not improbably Q. Douglasii) . 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/112/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips mirabilis, new species

  Holcaspis maculipennis
  Cynips maculipennis
  Amphibolips quercus-inanis (error)

  GALL. — Globular leaf gall; monothalamous; 15.-35. mm. in diameter, thin-shelled, smooth, yellowish brown, rather closely marked with irregular, purplish brown spots. Internally with a hard-shelled larval cell, 3. X 5. mm., held centrally by a moderately dense mass of silky, sparingly branched fibers. On leaves of Quercus garryana. 

  RANGE. — Washington: White Salmon. Oregon: Ashland, Junction City, Grants Pass, Roseburg, Canby; Portland (E. 0. Hovey) ; Albany (Trotter). California: Ukiah(?), Yreka; McConaughy, Siskiyou Co. (Fullaway) ; Elsies Creek, Amador Co. (G. Hansen, in Gray Herb.). Probably found thruout northern California, Oregon, Washing- ton, and British Columbia, wherever Q. garryana occurs. 

  By a mistake in identification of this Hovey material, this species has gone thru the literature as Gillette's maculipenninis. The two are generically related, but are very distinct species. Maculipennis was described from New Mexico, and is restricted as far as I know to a southern Rocky Mountain area; mirabilis is confined to the Vancouveran zone of the Pacific Coast, at present recorded only from Quercus garryana, or some of its varieties, on which oak it is very abundant. Apparently adults emerge late in the fall or early in the spring, for by early March the galls are all vacated. This species belongs to Cynips Hartig; and not to Cynips of most American authors ; the species shows also some characteristics of Amphibolips, with which genus the physiology reflected by gall characters would connect the insect. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/114/mode/1up
description:
  Diastrophus kincaidii variety kincaidii (Gillette) 

  [Kinsey distinguishes this species from "Diastrophus kincaidii variety austrior," which is now Diastrophus austrior, as follows] 

  These two varieties are about as similar as any two forms which I should call distinct. Both insects and galls share the similarity. The best single distinction between the insects is the nature of the foveae of the scutellum ; other characters are distinct mostly in their averages. The two have distinct ranges. This species is not so very different from Diastrophus nebulosus and D. turgidus of the eastern parts of the United States, and I am not entirely certain that all of these should not be considered varieties of one species. 

  GALL. [same description for both varieties] — Large, irregular stem swelling, Polythalamous, with a great many cells. Swelling rather abrupt, elongate, up to 60. mm. in length by 20. mm. in diameter; somewhat irregular, smoothed, covered with bark of normal color. Internally filled with mostly loose tissue in which the larval cells are densely crowded, the cells not separate, but almost separable, broadly oval, averaging 2. x 2.5 mm. On stems of Rubus parviflorus (acc. B. G. Thompson in Mus. Comp, Zool.), and R. nutkanus. 

  RANGE.— Washington: Seattle (in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.) ; Olym- pia (Gillette); White Salmon. Oregon: Corvallis (B. G. Thompson in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Idaho: Cedar Mts. (Beutenmuller det.). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/114/mode/1up
description:
  [Kinsey distinguishes this species "Diastrophus kincaidii variety austrior new variety" from "Diastrophus kincaidii variety kincaidii" as follows] 
  These two varieties are about as similar as any two forms which I should call distinct. Both insects and galls share the similarity. The best single distinction between the insects is the nature of the foveae of the scutellum ; other characters are distinct mostly in their averages. The two have distinct ranges. This species is not so very different from Diastrophus nebulosus and D. turgidus of the eastern parts of the United States, and I am not entirely certain that all of these should not be considered varieties of one species. 

  GALL. [same description for both varieties] — Large, irregular stem swelling, Polythalamous, with a great many cells. Swelling rather abrupt, elongate, up to 60. mm. in length by 20. mm. in diameter; somewhat irregular, smoothed, covered with bark of normal color. Internally filled with mostly loose tissue in which the larval cells are densely crowded, the cells not separate, but almost separable, broadly oval, averaging 2. x 2.5 mm. On stems of Rubus parviflorus (acc. B. G. Thompson in Mus. Comp, Zool.), and R. nutkanus. 

  RANGE. — California: Point Arena (Fullaway) ; Alameda Co. (thru Riley) ; Mt. Tamalpais. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/120/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis fusiformans

  GALL. — Small, elongate stem swelling. Polythalamous, with rather few cells. Irregular, usually longer than wide, sometimes rather globose, more or less abrupt, usually but not always symmetrical about the stem, covered with brown bark somewhat different from the normal bark; up to 30. mm. long by 8. mm. in diameter, usually smaller, sometimes several more or less fused. Internally woody, rather solid, the normal stem tissue more evident centrally; the larval cells more or less elongate oval, the lining rather distinct but inseparable. On stems of Rosa species. 

  RANGE.— Canada: Toronto (Cosens). Illinois (Weld). Colorado. California. Probably occurs thruout North America, wherever roses occur. 

  This is one of the primitive species of the genus, as indicated by the closed radial cell, the small second abdominal segment, the equal numbers of the two sexes, and the slight development of the gall. It is not the same species as Diplolepis verna (Osten Sacken), altho both species are primitive. This species should be discovered wherever roses occur in North America, and many other varieties will need to be described. Of 236 insects I have bred, only 89, or 38 per cent, are males. But material of one variety gave over 50 per cent males, suggesting that the sexes are probably equal if the collections are adequate. The insects emerge in spring, from February further south to April (or later?) further north. It is unlikely that an alternation of generations occurs. 

  [Kinsey goes on to describe several varieties of this species which vary in gall morphology and range; see paper for details]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/125/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis radicum

  GALL. — A large, massive, pithy root gall. Polythalamous, larger galls with a hundred or more larval cells. Very irregular in shape, but generally rounded, globular, depressed at the points of attachment, irregularly folded, gnarled, sometimes as an unopened bud; variable in size, up to 105. mm. in length by 70. mm. in diameter; reddish brown, darkening with age. Internally soft, rather pithy, with only a small amount of woody fiber; the larval cells large, nearly round, often 4. mm. in diameter, with a smooth but hardly distinct, inseparable lining. On stems and roots, under ground, or under debris close to the ground; sessile or nearly so, laterally or terminally, on roses. 

  RANGE. — Canada and Maine to North Carolina and Washington, Probably everywhere in North America where roses occur. The insects emerge rather late in the spring, in April or May or later, depending on the development of the season. Immature galls may be found in July or August. The species is bisexual, with the sexes about equal in numbers, and probably takes only a single year to mature, without an alternation of generations. The number of parasites bred is not great, altho they do occur. W. M. Davis (1908) records finding galls broken into by mice. 

  Diplolepis radicum variety radicum (Osten Sacken)

  GALL. — Does not differ particularly from the galls of other varieties; averaging smaller. 

  RANGE.— D.C.: Washington (Osten Sacken). North Carolina (Beutenmuller) . Pennsylvania? (Beutenmuller) . New Jersey: Ft. Lee (Beutenmuller) . New York: Staten Island (Beutenmuller); Nyack (Zabriskie in Amer. Mus.). 

  Diplolepis radicum variety johnsoni, new variety 

  GALL. — Does not differ particularly from the galls of other varieties, averaging smaller. 

  RANGE. — Massachusetts : Gloucester. Not improbably occurs thruout more northern New England. 

  Probably no two localities in the United States have been more thoroly collected for Cynipidae than eastern Massachusetts and the neighborhood of New York City. It is no credit to the taxonomy we have been doing to have ignored the evident differences between material from the two regions. No two adjacent varieties of this species are more distinct than radicum and johnsoni. I have not yet worked out the extent of the cynipid fauna of eastern Massachusetts; it is probably the same as the fauna of most of more northern New England; variety radicum is very probably confined to the remnants of the old Atlantic Coastal Plain. 

  [Kinsey goes on to describe three more varieties, one of which is listed separately as [Diplolepis utahensis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1395)]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/130/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis radicum variety utahensis (Bassett) 

  Rhodites utahensis

  GALL. — Does not differ particularly from the galls of other varieties; averages larger. 

  RANGE.— Utah: Thistle (Weld collector); Provo, Price. 

  Bassett described utahensis from several males cut from old galls sent by Mr. Siler ''from Utah". The original de- scription was a brief comparison of the males with "radicum'', but such a comparison as would cover several of the western varieties, especially since it cannot be entirely certain which of the eastern varieties Bassett had in mind. As with other Cynipidae, there are probably several varieties of this species to be found in Utah, and I have no other reason for taking my Provo and Price material to represent Bassett's name than that this is the common variety in a large part of the more accessible regions of that state. This material does not disagree with anything in the original description. Altho the types are lost it may be as well to retain the Bassett name, restricting it as I have. 

  Of 4077 insects I have bred of this material, 2554, or about 63 per cent, are males. This high percentage is evidently due to the premature collecting of the galls which appears to pre- vent a larger number of the less mature females from emerging. Of the first 2948 Provo insects emerging 69.5 per cent were males; of the last 765 Provo insects emerging only 49 per cent were males. More mature galls collected at Price gave only 38 per cent males. These factors in obtaining ratios of the sexes of Cynipidae must be borne in mind if we are to avoid wrong conclusions. It is safe, however, to estimate that the males are about equal in number to the females in this species. The adults emerged after collecting on April 18 and April 20, 1920. As with other species in this genus this insect probably has no alternation of generations. 

  A part of the material from Pullman, Washington, matches this Utah material very closely, but until I can examine further collections I should hesitate to state that the range extends into Washington. Beutenmuller's 1907 description of utahensis was made from this Washington material, which is at least in part another variety, diver gens. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/133/mode/1up
description:
  Diplolepis variabilis

  GALL. — Irregularly ovate, smooth, solid, leaf gall. Polythalamous, each gall with usually three or four larval cells. Very irregular in shape, globular, to ovate, elliptical, or massive, all edges rounded; aver- aging 10. by 20. mm., observed to 25. mm. in diameter; smoothed, naked of bloom or scurf, light to rich brown (in mature galls). Internally solid, compact, soft, like compacted sawdust; the larval cells large, 2.0- 3.5 mm. in diameter, more round than usual, with a distinct but thin and inseparable lining. On roses, attached to leaves, or replacing leaf- lets, or replacing the whole leaf and attached directly to stems. 

  RANGE. — From Texas and Wyoming to Washington. A very closely related species, Diplolepis ignota (O. S.), extends over the eastern half of the United States. I have not seen the insects of this species which have been recorded from Texas (according to Beutenmuller) , Wyoming, or Washington, altho I have seen the galls of the Washington material. Undoubtedly these regions as well as others in the western part of the United States have varieties distinct from any yet described. What data have been over-looked by the approximate taxonomy which fails to distinguish the several varieties concerned! Important information as to the age of the species and factors in the origin of species are mentioned in connection with variety lutescens. Diplolepis ignota (Osten Sacken) with its varieties occur- ring thruout the eastern part of the United States is so closely related to variabilis that there cannot be found differences in the insects which one could presume are of more than varietal rank. With a single change in regard to the sculpture of the mesopleuras, the general description of this species will apply to all varieties of ignota. On the other hand, the galls of ignota varieties are covered with a white scurf which the galls of all varieties of variabilis lack, and all of the white- galled varieties occur in the eastern half and all of the brown-galled varieties in the western half of the United States. This indicates closer affinities within each group than between the groups. One must choose between considering the groups as species and over-emphasizing their distinctness; and consi ering it a single species involved and attempting to express the groupings of the varieties by a system of quadrinomials, which is objectionable. If we will keep in mind the close relations of the two it may prove most convenient to use two specific names. Of 1622 insects which I have bred, 784, or over 48 per cent, are males. I have a relatively small amount of material of ignota, and I had previously believed that the high percentage of males obtained there was abnormal. But it would appear as if these species have a more nearly equal sex ratio than some others of the genus. As with other rose cynipids I have bred, the males appear to emerge earlier than the females, accounting for instance for the 57 per cent males collected at Provo, and the 43 per cent collected at Holly. The insects emerge early in the spring, in late April in the Rocky Mountain country, probably earlier or later in regions of earlier or later seasons. I have recounted the life history of ignota (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLII, p. 331), and that species in Massachusetts does not have an alternation of generations. The field data for variabilis do not disagree, and it is prob- able that an alternation does not occur for any variety of either group. 

  [Kinsey goes on to describe several varieties; see paper for details]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/140/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis pattersoni, new species 

  GALL. — Large, bluntly conical, bullet gall, in compacted clusters about the twig. Each gall primarily a true cone, but distorted by pres- sure of surrounding galls, a slight projection basally extending into the twig, and a slight overlapping of the primarily circular base about the twig; dark purple when fresh, becoming rich brown, darker at the tips; smooth; averaging 8. mm. in diameter by 12. mm. high. Internally solid, the larval cell oval, 2. x 4. mm., with a distinct, shell-like wall, not at all separable; cell located below the mid-point of the gall but not at the very base. On twigs of Quercus breviloba. 

  RANGE. — Texas: Austin (Patterson); Round Rock, Leander. 

  The gall of this cynipid has been known to me for several years, but previously I have not had the adult. I am glad to be able to name this for Dr. Patterson who successfully reared the insect. In 1921 Dr. Patterson found young galls on July 28, mature galls on August 29, pupae by October 21, mature adults in the galls by November 5, and emerging adults on December 12. I collected galls in abundance on December 6 and 8, 1919, at Round Rock and Leander, not far north of Austin, but all of the adults had emerged previously. Emergence dates must vary considerably with the development of the seasons in different years. 

  This is probably a variety of Disholcaspis bassetti Gillette, but until I can see the types and more material of bassetti I cannot be certain of the relationships of pattersoni. 


description:
  Leafy rosette galls found at the growing tips of Plantago coronopus. Observed in California in August.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/148/mode/1up
description:
  Heteroecus bakeri (Kieffer)

  Callirhytis bakeri 

  GALL. — A naked, robust, ovate gall with a slender tip. Monothalamous. Body of gall spherical to more elongate-ovate, more abruptly flattened apically, 9.-13. mm. in diameter, more or less constricted basally; bearing a slender point apically, arising more or less abruptly from the body of the gall, averaging 1.5 mm. in diameter by 5. mm. long; entirely smooth or with a few tubercles, or with part of the surface roughly rugose, or the whole surface granulose; when fresh, bright to dark green, speckled red, or reddish or purplish brown with buff yellow or light green speckling; on aging becoming more uniformly yellowish brown. Internally similar to compacted sawdust, with a cylindrical central cavity extending from the base almost to the tip. Scattered, on twigs of Quercus chrysolepis. 

  RANGE. — California: Yosemite (Trotter); El Portal, Pasadena, Upland, San Bernardino, San Jacinto Mountain. 

  I have seen the Pomona College cotypes, and the Baker material in The American Museum of Natural History, and they agree with my Upland material. Indeed, my locality, Upland, and Baker's Claremont, are nearby towns neither of which have Quercus chrysolepis, but these are post office names for very probably the same region in the nearby mountains. 

  Most of the adults were emerged in the San Bernardino mountains on January 31, 1920, and at Upland on February 3 ; most of the insects were not yet emerged at Pasadena on February 7, and adults were still alive in the galls at El Portal on March 21. As usual, emergence is later in more northerly localities. 

  Both the galls and adults of this species show considerable variation. The above description applies to an average of the material from Upland, that is, near the type locality. The areolet varies from small to large, the foveae are smooth or sparingly rugose or completely, closely rugose; the parapsidal grooves extend further in some individuals than in others. The galls vary from smooth to very rough or tuberculate, the tip arises very abruptly or only gradually from the body of the gall, the greatest diameter comes at the middle or nearer the apex of the gall. All of these variations occur at each of the localities : San Bernardino mountains, San Jacinto mountains, Upland, Pasadena, El Portal. I cannot perceive any regularity in the concurrence of characters, and have not yet discovered any tendency for a single type to occur in the San Bernardino range, contrary to the usual situation. Galls from Placerville, and part of the material from El Portal, may belong to a northern variety of this species. Some adults from Placerville may belong to a northern variety of bakeri, but unfortunately these galls and adults were not definitely connected in the breeding, and I shall need to see more material before deciding the point. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/150/mode/1up
description:
  Heteroecus dasydactyli 

  GALL. — Spindle shaped, covered with long wool. Monothalamous, occasionally bithalamous. Cylindrical, with a constricted base and an apex which is long in one variety, the tip often curved; smooth, some- times with a few, scattered, blunt tubercles; light green when young, turning light straw brown to darker; completely covered by a thick mass of long-threaded wool, light buff yellow tinged with pink when young, golden brown when older, attached only to the slightly projecting base of the gall; the wool deciduous from older galls. Internally almost solid; more porous tissue surrounding a cylindrical cavity extending from the base of the gall hardly more than half way to the tip, with the larval cell in the apical part of the cavity. Singly or in clusters, on twigs of Quercus chrysolepis. 

  RANGE. — California: San Jacinto Mountains to Dunsmuir. 

  Ashmead described the galls of this species as ''covered with long, brownish wool", which is correct. But the rest of his description of the gall, type galls which I have seen, and gall material labelled dasydactyli in several collections, match the galls from which I bred Hetercecus melanoderma. The extent of Ashmead's confusion is indicated by his choice of the name dasydactyli for this rather than for the true ''date- seed" gall, melanoderma. The gall and insect both are most nearly related to H. pacificus. One might take pacificus galls to be older galls of this variety with the wool worn off, but when the wool drops from dasydactyli it leaves the gall smooth (unlike melanoderma), and showing the projecting base to which the wool was attached (unlike pacificus) . 

  Heteroecus dasydactyli variety dasydactyli (Ashmead) 

  GALL. — Differs from the galls of other varieties in being more often long, elongate spindle-shaped, averaging 15.-30. mm. long by 7.- 12. mm. in diameter, often with a long, slender apex, less often curved than in pygmxus ; usually singly on the twigs. 

  RANGE. — California: Yosemite Valley, Placerville, Dunsmuir. Probably occurs in the central Sierras north of El Portal, wherever Q. chrysolepis occurs. 

  Ashmead's adults were bred from January 18 to February 11, probably indoors. I obtained adults at some date after collecting the galls out-of-doors : March 30 at Placerville, April 3 at Dunsmuir. Galls collected in the Yosemite Valley, at a high elevation, while snow still buried most of the small trees, were quite immature on March 26. These Yosemite Valley insects belong, without doubt, to this variety rather than to eriophorus, the variety of the southern Sierras. Eriophortis occurs at El Portal, not twelve miles from the Yosemite Valley, but at an elevation which is a thousand feet lower, and in a locality not nearly as exposed to the severe climate of the higher Sierras. The Yosemite Valley belongs to one faunal area. El Portal to another! 

  Heteroecus dasydactyli variety eriophorus (Kieffer) 

  Callirhytis eriophora 

  GALL. — Very similar to that of variety pygmaeus. Each gall short, ovoid or less often spindle-shaped, with the tapering point short, not usually curved as in pygmaeus, more or less smooth. Usually singly, sometimes a few in a cluster, on twigs. 

  RANGE.— California: El Portal; Clareniont (Baker); Upland, Pasadena, San Jacinto Mountains. Probably occurs thruout the southern Sierras and their extensions, south of El Portal, except in the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca mountains. 

  This variety comes very close to variety pygmaeus, but the insects can be separated by the darker rufous brown general color, and by the rugose bottoms of the fovese of eriophorus. Pygmaeus comes from a neighboring but isolated mountain range. I have not seen types of this variety, but Dr. McCracken very kindly compared types of pygmaeus with Baker material of eriophorus at Stanford University, and independently concluded that the two are distinct. I have insects from Pasadena and the San Jacinto Mountains, but only galls from Upland, which is my locality for the same mountain range from which the Baker material came. All of my material is from Quercus chrysolepis. Kieffer records Q. Wislizenii as the host. I have never seen such a gall on Wislizenii ; the only material which I have seen labelled eriophorus bore leaves unmistakably those of chrysolepis; and I doubt very much whether Wislizenii is ever the host for this variety. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/153/mode/1up
description:
  Heteroecus dasydactyli variety pygmaeus, new variety 

  GALL. — Very similar to that of eriophorus. Each gall short, ovoid, or more usually spindle-shaped, with the tapering point short and strongly curved; more or less smooth. Singly or up to ten in a compact cluster on the twigs. [no host is listed]

  RANGE, — California: San Bernardino Mountains; Pasadena (?). Probably confined to the neighborhood of the San Bernardino Mountains. 

  The gall of this variety closely resembles that of variety eriophorus, but the two can be separated very definitely. Dr. McCracken has compared one of my types with Baker material of eriophorus, and she points out distinct differences as noted under eriophorus. The San Bernardino Mountains constitute a ''mountain island" area with a very distinct geologic history and separated quite definitely from the neighboring San Gabriels, in which latter range Baker collected Kieffer's eriophorus. Six insects from Pasadena and their galls match the San Bernardino material closely, tho most of the Pasadena material belongs to eriophorus. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/158/mode/1up
description:
  Heteroecus sanctae-clarae

  GALL. — A smooth, two-parted gall. The lower portion of the gall is rather cylindrical, narrower apically where it is inserted into the second part, concave basally where it is attached to the twig; the upper portion is low, cylindrical, as wide or more often nearer twice as wide as the lower portion, as high or little higher than the low^er portion, drawn more or less abruptly into a long, rather slender, blunt point; gall measuring up to 15. mm. in greatest diameter, and 20. mm. in total length; externally smooth or slightly roughened, covered with a bluish white bloom when fresh, becoming light buff to golden yellow, blackening on weathering. Internally compact, not woody, solid except for a small, irregular cavity in the upper portion ; the larval cell about central, divided between the two parts of the gall, or nearer the base. Sessil on twigs of Quercus chrysolepis. 

  RANGE. — California: San Jacinto Mountains to Dunsmuir. 

  This is not an acorn gall, as stated in the original description, but a bud gall. The insect shows extremely close relationships to other species of the genus. Indeed, the distinctive characters of the species are few. These characters are not as marked as for most varieties of species of the genus, and but for the character of the gall, sanctae-clarae would never have been described when it was. In regard to the gall, the character of the external surface, the compact internal tissues, and the fact that it is a monothalamous bud gall would indicate even a physiology related to that of the other species. It is in general form only that the galls are distinct. 

  [Kinsey describes three varieties which do not vary in gall morphology; see paper for details]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/162/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus evanescens, new species

   GALL. — Very slight swelling of the stem of the ament, causing an abortion of the whole ament into a short, ovoid mass about 5. mm. long, covered closely with clustered but otherwise normal anthers. The larval cells are tiny cavities in the swollen stem, without distinct linings, covered on the outside by only very thin tissue. On aments of Quercus breviloba. 

  RANGE.— Texas: Austin (Patterson). 

  Only two males were obtained among the fourteen adults, but it is not unlikely that the sexes are usually more nearly equal in number. Patterson reports the galls appearing early in March, and the adults beginning to emerge March 15. With such a short life history for this generation, another form must occur in the remainder of the year. A bisexual generation on such an evanescent part of the host usually produces the alternate, agamic generation on some other part of the same host, and Patterson has observed the females ovipositing on the under sides of the leaves. The gall material of the Patterson collection number 68 occurs on Q. stellata ; it shows only a slightly greater degree of swelling of the stems, but when the insects are obtained it may prove a distinct variety confined to the single species of host. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/163/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus floricola, new species

  GALL. — A minute. egg--shaped capsule in the aments. Monothalamous. Each capsule ovate, somewhat elongate, more pointed apically; golden yellow brown, the surface finely pitted like leather; averaging 1.5 mm. long by 0.7 mm. wide; thin-walled, entirely hollow. Singly or two or three completely fused; showing clearly the origin from the anthers, sometimes incompletely furrowed, or with parts of anthers attached; on the aments of Quercus Douglasii. 

  RANGE. — California: Three Rivers. Probably occurs thruout the range of Quercus Douglasii. 

  A form on the flowers of the oak must have a short life history, with an alternate, probably agamic generation. 

  This tiny species is of especial interest because the gall so closely resembles that of Andricus gigas Kinsey, gigas galls differing mainly in being larger, averaging 2.0 mm. in length by 1.0 mm. wide. Gigas was obtained from the same oak, in the same faunal area. I also have gigas from the same flowers which gave this Neuroterus. Of course the two insects are very distinct, belonging to different genera, even if the name Andricus does not define a genus. Some other species of Cynipidae produce similar galls on the aments. Here is one of the few cases I know among cynipids producing distinct galls where the species and genus of the gall maker is not the primary factor in determining the type of the gall. The anther appears to have only certain possibilities for abnormal development; practically identical results are effected when the stimulus is supplied by either Andricus gigas or Neuroterus floricola. Galls of much the same type, altho clustered differently and of several different shapes, are effected by Andricus dubiosus (Fullaway), Andricus serricornis Kinsey, Neuroterus pallidus Bassett, and some other species. In fact, I do not now recall any species where any other sort of modification of the anther is produced. The diversity of these insects is great; it would appear to be the nature of the anther which restricts the type of modification. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/168/mode/1up
description:
  Plagiotrichus asymmetricus, new species

  GALL. — Stem swelling containing compact clusters of larval cells. Polythalamous. The swelling covered with bark normal in appearance; a gradual enlargement, often asymmetrical on the stem; up to 30. mm. long, by 20. mm. broad. Internally, the larval cells in compact masses, each cell with a distinct and sometimes separable lining, not very thin walled; the cells usually densely clustered. On young stems of Quercus chrysolepis. 

  RANGE. — California: Pasadena and San Bernardino to Dunsmuir and Ukiah. Probably wherever Q. chryslepis occurs. 

  The gall of this species does not differ materially in external appearance from the galls of two other Pacific Coast species found on the same host: Andricus spectabilis Kinsey and Plagiotrichus chrysolepidicola (Ashmead). The species presents the typical condition of distinct varieties wherever it occurs in a distinct faunal area. Between the adults of the first two varieties there are few differences, but their galls are very distinctive; between the galls of the second and third varieties there are not appreciable differences, but their adults are very distinct. In the first instance the species varies more physiologically than morphologically, in the second instance the morphology varies more than does the physiology. 

  [Kinsey describes two morphologicallly identical varieties of this gall; see paper for details]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/171/mode/1up
description:
  Plagiotrichus batatoides

  GALL. — Quite similar to the galls of the other agamic forms of the genus; generally large, robust, up to 20. mm. in diameter and 28. mm. long; usually more irregular, composed of rather distinct, rounded parts, more or less fused; internally inclined to become partly hollow, the larval cells closely embedded, not very distinctly lined. On twigs of Quercus virginiana. 

  RANGE. — Florida, Georgia, and possibly elsewhere. The typical variety confined to an area including Jacksonville, Florida. 

  At this time I can add little to our knowledge of this species because I do not have insects enough to determine how many varieties it may have, and the range and hosts of each. The above descriptions, made from types, will separate this species from others of the genus, and give further details probably characteristic of only the typical variety. I have galls from a number of localities in Florida and Georgia, rep- resenting certainly more than one variety. Moreover some of the galls are from Quercus virginiana, some from Q. laurifolia, and some from Q. stellata. Probably each host has a distinct form for each faunal area. The Q. stellata galls from Georgia may represent a variety of Plagiotrichus elongatus, altho the galls are more like batatoides galls. Dozier states that galls collected early in December gave adults late in January; Weld bred adults on April 12, 1914. All of my galls were collected early in November, and I failed to secure adults probably because the larvae were still too young when the galls were dried. These galls are pecked into by birds and gnawed by mice, as Ashmead also recorded with the original description. Older galls persist on the trees until many of the live oaks are thickly covered with them. They are the favorite abode of ants which tunnel the soft tissue, further its early decomposition, and establish their colonies inside. Many of the old galls are almost hollow, covered by mostly complete bark, but internally a mass of thinly separated tunnels and decomposing chewings. The insect shows very distinct relationships to the other white oak species of the genus, rather than to the black oak species, but in many respects it is the most unique of the white oak species. The discovery of other varieties may link it more directly with some other species. Plagiotrichus elongatus rufopleurae, occurring in Texas on Quercus breviloba, is in some respects similar to batatoides, but more closely related to the other varieties of elongatus. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/172/mode/1up
description:
  Plagiotrichus chrysolepidicola

  GALL. — Similar to those of most species of the genus. Swelling up to 20. mm. in diameter by 70. mm. long, usually much smaller; the larval cells distinct, more or less imbedded in the wood, usually not completely surrounded by wood, never separable. On white oaks. 

  RANGE. — California and Oregon. Apparently confined to the Pacific Coast states. 

  I have grouped the following varieties into one species because they are all so closely related that further subdivision is not logical (as discussed under diminuens) ; because they all occur on white oaks in the Pacific Coast region, and are abundantly different from the black oak varieties of the same region. The most closely related varieties I have yet seen are the white oak varieties from the Rocky Mountain region, here treated as species frequens. In no case are these varieties as generally dark in color, or the abdomen as naked as in frequens. But inasmuch as in most other respects varieties of both groups are so similar, it must be borne in mind that frequens and chrysolepidicola are closely related, if they should not be considered one species. 

  The insects emerge very early in the spring, from February 7 in southern California to April 7 in Oregon. New galls were found in some instances at about the same dates, too soon to have been produced by the insects then emerging, suggesting the possibility of the species having an alternate generation which takes a full year for its growth. The galls are abundant wherever white oaks occur, each variety being confined as far as known to a single species of oak, and where that oak ranges over more than one faunal area there will be as many varieties of the insect. 

  It is unfortunate that the first variety described was named chrysolepidicola, which wrongly defines the habits of most of the varieties. If P. congregatus (Ashmead) should prove to be the bisexual generation of any of these varieties, that name will take precedence for this species. 

  [Kinsey describes nine varieties that differ in host and gall morphology; see paper for details]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/184/mode/1up
description:
  Plagiotrichus coxii

  GALL. — A globose to elongate, solid twig gall. Polythalamous, averaging twenty or more cells to a gall. Smooth, covered with nearly normal bark, somewhat reddened; up to 20. mm. in diameter and 65. mm. in length. Internally rather solid but not entirely so, the larval cells with a distinct lining-, closely embedded in the less solid part of the tissue. On black oaks. 

  RANGE, — Arizona. Possibly also in New Mexico, western Texas, and Mexico, wherever Q. Emoryi, Q. hypoleuca, and related oaks occur. 

  The insect of this species is in several respects, particu- larly the almost naked mesonotum and the 14-segmented, short antennse, extreme for this genus. But species like P. suttonii and P. perdens of California are intermediate between coxii and the white oak species of the genus. This empha- sizes the artificial nature of our sharp generic lines. I doubt whether I should consider the species in this genus except for the additional evidence furnished by the gall. It is typically a Plcigiotrichus gall, related more closely to the other black oak species, as is the insect also, than to any other white oak species. 

  The insects emerge in midwinter, December and January. The young galls appear immediately, which suggests that they arise from an alternate generation, the whole life cycle taking more than one year. 

  I have galls from New Mexico which may belong to this species, but rather extensive collecting in both western Texas and New Mexico failed to give me other galls of this species. If the species occurs in those states, it certainly does not there reach the abundance with which it infests the black oaks of southern Arizona. 

  [Kinsey describes a distinct variety on each of this gall's two hosts; see paper for details]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/187/mode/1up
description:
  Plagiotrichus elongatus, new species

   GALL. — Slight twig swelling, elongate in two varieties, globoid in one. Monothalamous or polythalamous, one to fifty or more cells in a cluster. The swelling slight, two or three times the normal stem diameter, up to 8. mm. in diameter, averaging 60. mm. long in two varieties, 8. mm. long in one; covered with normal bark. Internally solid except for an irregular, more or less continuous cavity completely filled by crowded, distorted, larval cells, each cell separate, with a distinct lining, but not separable. Near the tips of twigs of Quercus stellata and Q. breviloba. 

  RANGE. — Texas: Austin, Probably thruout a part of Texas and Louisiana. 

  [Kinsey describes three varieties of this gall; see paper for details]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/191/mode/1up
description:
  Plagiotrichus frequens

  GALL. — Similar to the galls of the other agamic forms of this genus. A stem swelling, up to 25. mm. in diameter and 110. mm. in length, usually smaller; internally rather woody, mostly solid, soft, spongy; the larval cells closely embedded, sometimes somewhat separable. On Quercus Gambelii, its varieties, or closely related oaks. 

  RANGE. — Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and probably New Mexico. Probably thruout the southern Rocky Mountains and adjacent regions wherever Q. Gambelii varieties occur. 

  The two known varieties occur in distinct faunal areas of the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Inasmuch as that country involves so many other faunal areas, there are probably many other varieties of the species to be described. I have galls from Q. Gambelii varieties from several localities in Arizona and Utah that probably belong to this species. A, rugulosus Bassett and its varieties produce rather similar galls on evergreen white oaks of parts of the southwest, but those insects are generically distinct from frequens. As far as I know, frequens occurs only on the deciduous white oaks. 

  The species is most closely related to P. chrysolepidicola of the Pacific Coast, and it is not impossible that we shall consider these one. species after other, intermediate varieties become known. P. elongatus of Texas is the next most closely related species, but frequens does not resemble elongatus nearly as closely as it does some of the varieties of chrysolepidicola. 

  Gillette described this species as from Q. undulata. I have seen it only from the white oak with large, long, deciduous leaves; this would appear to be Q, Gambelii, or one of its varieties or closely related species, according to the more recent treatments of these difficult oaks. 

  [Kinsey describes two varieties of this gall; see paper for details]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/194/mode/1up
description:
  Plagiotrichus perdens

  GALL. — Stem swelling, raggedly split open, containing flattened, seed-like cells. Polythalamous. Up to 13. mm. in diameter by 200. mm. long, averaging somewhat smaller. Within are large cavities, 4 or 5 arranged more or less radially about the axis of the stem, and a great many in series along the stem, each cavity sector shape, extending to the bark, 10. mm. or less in width at edge. Inserted on the wall of each cavity is a larval cell; each cell is monothalamous, flattened, a somewhat squared oval in outline, 4. mm. high by 3. mm. wide, broadest at the top; concave at the base with a projecting tongue by means of which it is inserted into the twig; cells smooth, shining, buff yellowish; finely streaked, more or less, with purplish brown. The cell walls are shell-like, moderately thick, entirely hollow within. At maturity the bark splits raggedly over each cavity, the larval cell drops to the ground, and the affected twigs die. On terminal twigs of Quercus Kelloggii, 

  RANGE. — California and Oregon. Probably wherever Quercus Kelloggii and Q. Wislizenii occur. 

  This species in several respects represents a considerable specialization for this genus. In no other species, as far as I know the genus, does the larval cell drop out of the gall be- fore the insect emerges. The species is directly related to Plagiotrichus suttonii, which occurs on Pacific Coast black oaks; the galls of the two are distinct. These galls are very common on Querctis Kelloggii and Q. Wislizenii, but I am not certain that they occur on the other black oak of the Pacific Coast, Q. agrifolia. A couple of galls I collected at Descanso, California, on February 23, 1920, are recorded from agrifolia, but I cannot be positive of this determination, especially since the two oaks intergrade regularly in their southern range. 

  As I noted before, these galls kill the stems beyond the point of infestation, and thus kill the whole tree. Extensive stands of young black oaks are sometimes badly hurt. 

  I do not know when the insect matures ; emergence occurs apparently after the larval cells drop to the ground. I found old galls, with no fresh galls evident, from January in southern California through April in Oregon. 

  [Kinsey describes two varieties of this gall; see paper for details]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45387508#page/196/mode/1up
description:
  Plagiotrichus suttonii

  GALL. — Rather large, solid stem swelling. Polythalamous, with a great many cells. The swelling elongate or globose to massive, distinct but only moderately abrupt, solid, covered with normal bark, a some- what distinct, smoother ring about the exit hole; internally very solid, entirely woody, the larval cell distinctly lined but closely embedded. On stems of all of the Pacific Coast black oaks. 

  RANGE. — California, Oregon. Probably also Washington and British Columbia, wherever black oaks occur. 

  The insects of this species emerge early in the spring, in February and March, earlier further south. The galls are hard and solid, and I have not found them eaten into by birds and mice as are the white oak species of Plagiotrichus. 

  The three varieties described here are confined to black oaks, each to a single species, all of the Pacific Coast black oaks being affected. Probably several varieties occur on each oak as it occurs in different faunal areas, but this has been proved only for the agrifolia varieties. This species is not so radically different from Plagiotrichus chrysolepidicola, but shows characters typical of the other black oak species of the genus. Its intermediate nature may be due to the close relations, probably dating from more remote geologic ages, of the black live oaks and the white live oaks of the Pacific Coast. I have included coxii and asymmetricus in this genus, even tho they are not closely related to some other species, mainly because suttonii nicely connects these more extreme species. The species is very closely related to Plagiotrichus perdens which occurs on two of the same oaks over much the same territory. 

  [Kinsey describes three varieties of this gall; see paper for details]


description:
  An irregular swelling apparently on leaves of Solanum carolinense. Hairy, with the thorns of the leaf, light green. Tentatively assumed to be induced by a cecidomyiine midge.


description:
  A slight swelling and twisting of the midrib or major side vein of Quercus alba, causing the leaf to bend sharply toward the ground. Multiple swellings may occur along the same leaf, causing the leaf to curl substantially. Observed in [Michigan in September](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/93654801). 


description:
  Raised linear pockets along the midrib of Quercus imbricaria, with a short fuzzy texture on the underside, possibly erineum. The pockets cause the leaf to bend toward the ground. Observed in Ohio in May and July. 


description:
  A hairless, globular, light-purple bud gall on an older twig of Quercus stellata, with a small black papilla at the apex. When observed in  October in Virginia and North Carolina, the gall was densely spotted with tan-white dots raised above the surface of the gall, causing an irregularly bumpy texture. 

  The shape and phenology of this gall are broadly consistent with Weld's [undescribed gall listed here](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1050).


description:
  A leaf blister on Quercus hypoleucoides protruding in open, round depressions toward the lower side of the leaf. Red above, covered in the normal dense gray-silver hair of the leaf below. Small nipple-like structures visible on small blisters toward the lower side of the leaf. Observed in Arizona in June.


description:
  Red, hairless, irregularly globular swellings on the stem and flower axis of Mimosa dysocarpa. Observed in Arizona in September.


description:
  Light-green hairless pocket swellings along the lower side of lateral veins of Alnus rubra, opening with a slit above. Observed in California in October. This gall differs from Russo's [leaf-fold gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3149) in occurring in the fall rather than the spring and on the side veins rather than the midrib. They may prove to be closely related or the same species. 


description:
  Polystepha galls on the lower leaf vein angles of Quercus shumardii, overtaking the domatia, though hairs are often visible around the base of the gall. They have a typical Polystepha texture on the bottom, with a fissured and segmented hairless brown-tan surface. They are subglobular and often confluent with neighboring galls, creating irregularly round shapes. On the upper side of the leaf, a flat and shiny scar appears. Old galls observed in Texas in December. 

  A gall [observed on Quercus rubra](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/99888905) in Texas is similar but not limited to vein angles. This may or may not be the same species. 

  A similar gall [observed on Quercus marilandica in Texas](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101430231) had more distinct faceting. This may or may not be the same species. 

  [A similar gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3112) has been observed on the upper side of Quercus nigra vein angles. [Polystepha podagrae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1194) is known to make slightly smaller galls on veins and angles of Quercus ilicifolia and velutina.


description:
  Aceria caliberberis

  Eriophyes caliberberis

  Hosts: Berberis dictyota, Berberis thunbergii

  Relationship: The mites make irregular, sinuate, upper surface leaf folds

  Range: CA, OR


description:
  A flat, circular leaf spot on Diervilla lonicera. Observed in Ontario in July, at which point the gall was apparently already past its prime age. Tentatively assumed to be a midge gall based on similarity to other leaf spots. 


description:
  A witches broom of leaflets and florets at the apex of stems of Trifolium, tentatively placed as Trifolium pratense. Observed in Ontario in September.


description:
  Atriplex leucophylla added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/97729647).


description:
  A large, pink, irregularly globular structure on the stem of Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa ssp. acanthocarpa, apparently composed of many smaller globules and covered in a shiny white fuzz, lending it an overall appearance reminiscent of a fruiting sumac inflorescence. Observed in Arizona in September.


description:
  A rosette of bunched leaflets at the apex of a stem of Erigeron sp, likely anuus or strigosus. Smaller leaflets were densely covered in white hairs. Observed in Michigan in September.


description:
  A hairless, red, globular gall on the stem of an oak likely to be Quercus marilandica. The gall has white spots and is reminiscent of [Kokkocynips imbricariae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/733) in its overall appearance and placement. However, this gall differs in having a relatively flat top narrowing to a smaller conical structure, blackened at its apex. Observed in Texas in October.


description:
  Hidden cells in the midrib of Quercus alba, causing no swelling but associated with a black-grey discoloration around multiple distinctly circular exit holes in October. Observed in Virginia.


description:
  A slightly tapered hairless stem swelling on Porophyllum gracile. According to [Arizonensis.org](http://www.arizonensis.org/sonoran/fieldguide/arthropoda/asphondylia_on_porophyllum.html) a midge belonging to the genus Asphondylia was extracted from a gall like this, but [another observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96923260) contained a caterpillar. This may be an inquiline. Observed in Arizona in October.


description:
  Seeds of Bromus vulgaris producing leaflets while still on the inflorescence. Observed in Washington in August.


description:
  Circular leaf spots scattered haphazardly across the lamina of leaves of Quercus alba, sometimes crossing lateral veins. Green, irregularly swollen in wedge-like lobes, associated with curling of the leaf. Observed in Georgia in April. 


description:
  Small, irregularly shaped, shiny leaf blisters scattered along the left and right side of the midrib of a leaf of Salix lasiolepis. Observed in California in June.


description:
  Green erineum along the veins on the upper side of leaves of Betula alleghaniensis. Observed in Minnesota in June and [in New Brunswick in June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/8226233). 


description:
  An atypical growth of short hairs over the pedicels of Prunus virginiana, visible after fruit has fallen. Observed in Minnesota in July.


description:
  Thick white erineum along the lower and upper sides of leaves of Betula neoalaskana, associated with some leaf curling and blistering. Observed in Alaska in June. 


description:
  A proliferation of buds without any apparent larval cells or galls, observed on cultivated Quercus x warei (hybrid bicolor/robur) in Massachusetts in August. 


description:
  Near-spherical rosettes of tiny gray-green leaflets on the buds or stems of Artemisia dracunculus. The host was originally thought to be A. campestris but based on the comments of plant expert Patrick Alexander [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/11424352) and [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96119028) the host has been changed to A. dracunculus. Observed in New Mexico, Colorado, Montana, and Minnesota. Likely the same as [this](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2953).


description:
  Acorn pip galls most consistent with the description of Callirhytis balanacea have been observed on its known hosts as early as June 11. While Weld consistently describes this species as a fall gall, it seems most likely that these [summer galls](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/identify?reviewed=any&quality_grade=needs_id%2Cresearch&ident_taxon_id=1224692&month=6%2C7%2C8) are early galls of C balanacea.

  Quercus buckleyi added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/131013913). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305399#page/496/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis balanaspis, new species

  Host. — Quercus marilandica Muenchhausen. 

  Gall. — Produced in the fall in October on immature acorns which are about 6 mm. in diameter, the size being characteristically larger than the normal young acorns. It is deeply embedded in the acorn cup beside the acorn, less than half of the gall protruding, and secretes honeydew at apex while growing. When detached the gall is 5 by 7 mm., flattened, tapering at each end. The larval cell is in the middle and placed transversely. 

  Habitat. — The type material was collected at Texarkana, Arkansas, October 15, 1917. A pupa was cut out March 25, 1919 (trans- formed by April 29), and two living flies were cut out December 2, 1919. Normal emergence date unknown. The same galls were noted at Ironton, Missouri; Little Rock and Hot Springs, Arkansas; and at Palestine, Texas. Large numbers were seen at Eosslyn, Virginia, and in the District of Columbia on October 10, 1920, when the galls were dropping to the ground and being gnawed open, probably by mice. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305399#page/501/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis balanoides, new species

  Host. — Quercus velutina Lamarck. 

  Gall. — Produced in autumn on small acorns of the current season, bursting out between the acorn and the cup. They secrete honey dew while growing. There are sometimes 2 to 3 galls on one acorn. When detached they are triangular in outline, flattened, the larval chamber transversely placed in the upper half of the gall and below it a spongy region which decays away after the gall drops, giving it an excavated base. 

  Habitat.— The type flies were bred from galls collected October 5. 1917, at Ironton, Missouri, the flies issuing May 5, 1919. Similar galls have been seen at Ithaca, New York; Glencoe, Illinois; East Falls Church, Virginia ; and at Wharton, Texas. 


description:
  Andricus balanaspis closely resembles [Callirhytis balanoides](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1128). In Weld's original description, the host oak is the only unambiguous way to separate the two, but in his later book, he lists both species occurring on Quercus velutina; caution is warranted in separating the two on this host from galls alone. 


description:
  Callirhytis balanoides closely resembles the agamic gall of [Andricus balanaspis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/744). In Weld's original description, the host oak is the only unambiguous way to separate the two, but in his later book, he lists both species occurring on Quercus velutina; caution is warranted in separating the two on this host from galls alone. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35478849#page/431/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus perditor

  The galls of this species are 3 to nearly 4 mm. long and 2.5-3 mm. broad. The base is broad, the apex conical, the base with the cicatrix of a true acorn. They occur in among the acorns of Quercus ilicifolia in the Spring of the acorns' second year's growth, at which time the latter are very like these galls in appearance. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885317#page/390/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus perditor

  Inhabiting apparently normal, small acorns or those slightly deformed, on Quercus ilicifolia.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30322266#page/155/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus perditor

  The gall of this species is practically nothing more than a deformed acorn of the scrub oak. The eggs are deposited early in spring in the very young acorns of the first year's growth. They are reddish and mature in September and October. When fully developed they turn brown like the color of the acorns. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30322266#page/151/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips prunus

  Cynips quercus prunus

  This is the well known oak plum gall which grows on the acorn cups of red oak (Q. rubra), black oak (Q. velutina), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), and scrub oak (Q. nana [ilicifolia]). It is bright red, more or less globular and often looking like a marble. When fresh it is solid but fleshy and of a pink color inside, shading into yellow toward the middle, where there is a single large larval chamber. When mature it becomes blood red and when old and dry it becomes shriveled and quite hard. It matures late in August or early September, and the fly emerges the following spring. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30322266#page/152/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips gainesi

  The gall is attached by a single small point to the side of an acorn cup of the black jack oak (Q. marylandica) . It is perfectly round and smooth and measures from 24 to 42 mm. in diameter. When dry it is brown and rusty brown inside and of a dense corky consistency. Internally it contains a large central larval chamber, which is firmly imbedded in and adherent to the surrounding mass. The imago is one of the largest species and is closely allied to A. prunus. The gall is probably red or yellow when fresh. 

  Habitat: Texas. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30322266#page/152/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips fuliginosa

  A small red gall measuring from 8 to 12 mm. in diameter. It is rounded or spherical, smooth, and of a corky texture, with a central larval cell. Dr. W. H. Ashmead states that the galls drop from large trees of willow oaks (Q. laurifolia) in August and that he was unable to find out whether they grow on the twigs or leaves. I am of the opinion that it is an acorn gall, growing on the cup, owing to the resemblance of the adult and structure of the gall to that of A. prunus. 

  Habitat: Florida. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30322266#page/153/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis fruiticola

  The gall of this interesting species occurs in the meaty part of acorns of scarlet, red and black (Q. tinctoria [velutina]) oak and probably others belonging to the red oak group. It consists simply of a hard rounded kernel or larval cell imbedded in the inside of the acorn. Sometimes there are more than a dozen larval cells closely pressing upon one another and filling the whole interior of the acorn. The gall matures in the autumn and the adult emerges next spring. A gall similar to that of fruiticola was found by Mr. L. H. Weld, at Evanston, IL., in the acorn of the swamp oak {Q. platanoides [bicolor]) which, when the adult is known, will undoubtedly prove to be a new species. 

  Habitat: N. Y., Conn., N. J., Penn., IL., Mich., Mo. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30322266#page/153/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus operatola

  Forms a flattened tooth-like or wedge shaped gall on the outside between the cup and the acorn with the ends more or less protruding. It lies in a depression and is of a light brown color. Often there are as many as eight galls on a single acorn. It occurs on red, scarlet, black and scrub oak. According to H. F. Bassett the galls mature in autumn, and early in the spring following part becomes imagos, another part remaining in the larval state another year, while a few remain in this condition still longer, and, as suggested by C. V. Riley, may develop the third year. 

  Habitat: Ottawa, Can., Conn., N. Y., N. J., Penn., and westward. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30322266#page/155/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus eldoradensis sp. nov.

  Gall. — Inside the acorns of Q. agrifolia. Rounded bodies or larval cells, sometimes filling the whole interior of the acorn. In shape and structure they are like those of Callirhytis fruiticola. 

  Habitat: Alameda and Los Angeles Co., Cal. (A. Koebele). 

  The flies of this species are from Los Angeles Co, and are labeled "from acorns of Q. agrifolia", while the galls are from Alameda Co. It is barely possible that the flies have nothing to do with the galls, but both bear the same number, 109. 


description:
  It is not entirely clear based on the current literature and available observations whether there is one, two, or more species of acorn pip galls on first-year acorns of Quercus ilicifolia. Only one, Callirhytis perditor, is described, and the descriptions and images of this species are sufficiently ambiguous that they could feasibly apply to all known observations. Bassett and Weld list this species as a spring gall, but Beutenmuller implies that it matures in the fall. Weld lists a distinct [undescribed species](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1120) on Q ilicifolia in the fall, but indicates the same image listed for C perditor, and gives no way to distinguish this gall other than phenology. None of the descriptions of either gall mention spots, which are frequently and prominently observed on pip galls on Quercus ilicifolia. Until further research is conducted to settle the question, all observations on Q ilicifolia may be tentatively assigned to C perditor. 


description:
  It is not entirely clear based on the current literature and available observations whether there is one, two, or more species of acorn pip galls on first-year acorns of Quercus ilicifolia. Only one, [Callirhytis perditor](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/780), is described, and the descriptions and images of this species are sufficiently ambiguous that they could feasibly apply to all known observations. Bassett and Weld list this species as a spring gall, but Beutenmuller implies that it matures in the fall. Weld lists a distinct undescribed species (this entry) on Q ilicifolia in the fall, but indicates the same image listed for C perditor, and gives no way to distinguish this gall other than phenology. None of the descriptions of either gall mention spots, which are frequently and prominently observed on pip galls on Quercus ilicifolia. Until further research is conducted to settle the question, all observations on Q ilicifolia may be tentatively assigned to C perditor. 


description:
  A red, hairless pip gall on first-year acorns of Quercus rubra in the fall, secreting honeydew which attracted ants. Globular in shape, narrowing to a small conical apex, differing from [Callirhytis balanacea](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/822) but similar to several described pip-gall-inducers on red-group oaks not known from this host. Cf [Callirhytis balanopsis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/784), but possibly undescribed. Observed in New York in October.


description:
  A near-spherical, hairless, yellow-red mottled globular bud gall surrounded by numerous short, narrow, hairy bracts on Quercus alba. Similar to [Andricus stropus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/883) but with shorter bracts and a smoother, less elongated capsule. Differ from [Andricus quercusfrondosus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/843) in being fresh in the fall rather than the spring, in having a colored capsule rather than a white one, and in lacking broader leafy bracts. Observed in Virginia, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania, fresh in August-October, sometimes persisting on the tree into the following spring. Similar galls on Quercus bicolor may or may not be the same species. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56113330#page/14/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus quercusfrondosus, new status

  Cynips quercus frondosa
  Andricus flavohirtus

  The synonymy of these two names was noted by Weld (1959:42) who continued to use Beutenmuller’s name for the species, probably because he regarded Bassett’s name, based solely on the gall, as a nomen nudum. However, Bassett’s name is available (Art. 24 b (iii)). The synonymy was not included in the second supplement to the Hymenoptera Catalog (Weld, 1967). 

  Although much of Bassett’s collection is housed in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, part or all of his type galls of quercusfrondosa are in the USNM. Bassett did not give a locality for his species nor is one indicated with the galls, but presumably they originated in Connecticut. Comparison of Bassett’s galls with those of flavohirtus Beutenmiiller shows that Weld’s synonymy is correct. We have selected one of Bassett’s galls as lectotype.

  Bassett’s original description is usually cited as 1864, but a footnote on pages 684-685 is dated Jan. 28, 1865. Thus the latter year is the correct date for quercusfrondosus . 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56113330#page/13/mode/1up
description:
  Xanthoteras pulchellum

  Dryophanta pulchella
  Trigonaspis obconica (new synonymy)

  In 1930 Weld noted this synonymy on a determination label on material in the USNM, and later in his manuscript key to the species of Xanthoteras, but it has never been published. Our examination of the types confirms the synonymy. Beutenmuller described pulchella from two females, one from Santa Catalina Island, and one from Hood River, Oregon, both in the USNM. We have selected the California specimen as lectotype. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56113330#page/14/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus truckeensis, new combination

  Holcaspis truckeensis
  Disholcaspis truckeensis

  The notauli are complete in truckeensis which indicates that this species is more properly placed in Andricus than Disholcaspis, the latter genus being its most recent assignment. Andricus truckeensis is similar to three other species in the genus which have a pubescent thorax, a blurt bristly ovipositor spine, and which occur on oaks of the subgenus Protobalanus: lasius (Ashmead), reniformis McCracken & Egbert, and spectabilis Kinsey (see generic key in Weld, 1957). McCracken & Egbert (1922) suggested that reniformis might be only a variety of truckeensis. Additional studies may indicate that these four species should be placed in a new genus. 

  The type galls of truckeensis bear the rearing number 3769 which indicates that they were sent to Ashmead by Koebele in 1885. They cannot be the galls from which the two adults were reared because the wasps have labels dated 1880. Furthermore, according to Ashmead his two females were reared from galls sent by Comstock (rearing #731). The Koebele galls appear to belong to another western species, A. reniformis McCracken & Egbert. Also in the USNM collection there are larger, more ovoid, smooth contoured, tan galls from Quercus chrysolepis Leibm. collected by Weld at Kyburz and Idyll wild, California, inside of which he found wasps identical with Ashmead’s adults of truckeensis. Weld (1957, fig. 80) figured this gall. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56113330#page/15/mode/1up
description:
  Status of Liodora dumosae and Andricus kingi

  After some rearing experiments which yielded bisexual adults from galls identified as Liodora dumosae, Rosenthal and Koehler (1971) reached the conclusion that dumosae and Andricus kingi Bassett, 1900, were the alternate generations of a single species. Dailey has examined the material of Rosenthal and Koehler’s study (CIS) and found that they misidentified their wasp. The specimens are not dumosae, but are the previously unknown bisexual generation of kingi. The complete scutal notauli and short, straight tip of the galls distinguish the sexual form of kingi from that of dumosae. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56113330#page/15/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis quercusmedullae

  Cynips quercus medullae
  Andricus cryptus

  Weld noted this synonymy in his unpublished manuscript key to the species of Callirhytis, but it has not been established in print. We have examined the types of both species and confirm Weld’s synonymy. Two of Ashmead’s four syntypes of quercusmedullae and one of his two syntypes of crypta are extant in the USNM. Lectotype labels have been applied to one of the former and the single specimen of the latter. 

  The conspicuously swollen twigs from which the types of quercusmedullae emerged are quite different from the slender twig which produced the types of crypta (see figures 134 and 162 in Weld, 1959). This difference may have been caused by the presence of the inquiline, Synergus medullae Ashmead, in the galls of C. quercusmedullae. It is known that inquilines can cause modification of the host gall, as happens for example in galls of the bisexual generation of an undescribed Californian species of Callirhytis inhabited by Synergus digressus McCracken & Egbert. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23810#page/708/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus frondosa, new species
  New species of galls, the flies of which are as yet unknown to me 

  Quercus chinquapin [muehlenbergii]

  Gall a cone-like body, developed from the axillary leaf-buds, and covered when green and often when dry with a dense, rose-like cluster of imperfectly developed leaves. The cell containing the larva smooth, shining, oval, about one-eighth of an inch long, half immersed in the apex of the cone.

  These singular and very pretty galls are developed after the summer growth of the tree is completed, and the axillary buds are formed. The sting of the insect causes the buds that would otherwise remain undeveloped till the following year, to develop in the autumn in the abnormal manner described above. 

  The rudimentary leaves are green, ligulate, and the more perfectly developed galls resemble, more than anything else I can think of, the flowers of the common Artemesia of the flower garden. They are not common, but I have several times met with them, and the clump of oak bushes from which my specimens were gathered was covered with them. The larvae are now fully grown. On the same bushes I found a gall like C. q. globulus Fitch, — and several dry, brown galls on the petioles of the leaves, apparently those of C. q.petiolicola. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885276#page/349/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus flavohirtus

  Globose, monothalamous, thin-shelled bud gall, green, turning brown or gray, imbedded in short, lanceolate, aborted leaves more or less concealing the gall, diameter 3 mm, on Q platanoides [bicolor]


description:
  A circular leaf spot on Quercus nigra, causing a very slight, barely noticeable swelling above, concolorous with the leaf, and a slightly thicker swelling below, yellow-green with a darker spot in the center. Observed in Texas in [October](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/97965059).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/186/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips echinus agamic form

  Holcaspis douglasii
  Dryophanta douglasii
  Diplolepis douglasii
  Disholcaspis douglasii

  Cynips quercus echinus
  Cynips echinus
  Andricus speciosus
  Dryophanta speciosa
  Diplolepis speciosa
  Dryophanta echinus
  Diplolepis echina
  Dryophanta echina

  Gall: Spherical to squash-shaped, hard and crystalline leaf galls, in most varieties bearing short and blunt projecting tips. Strictly or irregularly spherical, or a regular or irregular, inverted, truncate cone; up to 9.0 mm. in diameter, in most varieties bearing short, stout, often crooked and irregular, spiny projections which are in length not half the diameter of the body of the gall; the surfaces of the galls naked or with a puberulence, whitish or light green or pinkish when young, soon becoming (in most varieties) rose violet to coral red in color; internally filled with a compact mass of crystalline material containing a very few branched fibers, the galls soft as rubber when moist, hard and brittle as glass when dry; a more or less complete cavity in the center of the gall below the larval cell and near the very base of the gall, this cavity with the larval cell making the gall appear, superficially, bithalamous ; the larval cell in- separable, embedded in the compact material of the gall or rarely (particularly in immature galls) held in place by fine, silky, radiating fibers; irregular in shape, up to 4.0 mm. in length, sometimes central in the gall, usually in the upper part of the gall directly under the epidermis, the cell centrally or asymmetrically placed, sometimes extending in part into one of the spiny projections. The gall wholly separable, attached by a point to a vein, usually on the under surfaces, sometimes on the upper surfaces of leaves of Pacific Coast white oaks, Quercus lobata , Q. douglasii , Q. dumosa, Q. turbinella, and Q. durata. 

  RANGE .—California, Shasta County to the Mexican border, probably in Lower California. 

  There are few cynipid galls more abundant than those produced by the agamic forms of echinus in the autumn in California. These galls are confined to white oaks, and do not occur north of Shasta County. 

  The young galls of the agamic forms first appear, at least north of the Sierra Madre, early in the summer; the larvae are mature within a couple of months, and the adults mature at various times from then on, emergence occurring in December or January. It should be noted that in mid-winter, in most of the areas involved, freezing temperatures are rare (varieties echinus and douglasii ) , while the colder days and snow storms of other parts of the region are intermingled with warm days when emerging insects might easily become active. 

  [Kinsey goes on to describe 6 varieties of the agamic form of this species; see paper for details]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/186/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips echinus bisexual form

  Dryophanta lobata
  Andricus ribes

  Gall: Spherical, berry-like, very succulent, pale green and more or less translucent when fresh, bright red when very young; the surface smooth or, in some varieties, pebbled and indefinitely marked with low ridges which bear soft, projecting points. The galls 4 to 7 mm. in diameter, shrivelling greatly upon drying, then becoming blackened; when dried upon the twig they become more or less obconical in shape, remaining lighter straw-brown in color. The wall of the gall moderately thin, thinnest apically; entirely hollow in- side, without a distinct larval cell. Attached very insecurely by a single, slightly elongated point, on the twigs (bud galls) of probably all the oaks on which the agamic generation occurs; definitely known from only Quercus lobata, Q. Douglasii, and Q. durata. 

  RANGE .—California, Shasta County to the Mexican border, probably in Lower California. 

  The bisexual forms of echinus, on the other hand, are known from hardly more than a half dozen recent collections, representing, however, four of the six known varieties of the species. These bisexual galls are probably not rare, but they are small, inconspicuously green in color, and so ephemeral that the chances of their collection are much reduced. They are bud galls that appear with the bursting of the leaf buds the first thing in the spring; they reach full size within a few days, and are then so loosely attached to the young, devel- oping stems that they fall to the ground in a heavy wind or at the slightest touch. The larval insects reach full size rap- idly and, transforming into adults, emerge within perhaps three weeks after the galls first appear. Emergence thus varies with the season, latitude, and altitude, the limits of our scant records being March 23 further south (at Three Rivers for form vibes) to May 13 further north (at Kelsey- ville for form atrata ) . Most of the emergence is probably in April. The males are not rare in our collections and they are probably produced in equal abundance with the females. Ovi- position has not been observed, but it must be in the veins of the then young but unfolded leaves, for the agamic galls appear within a month and a half to two months of that time. The bisexual galls shrivel very greatly when collected and dried, and decay very rapidly when moist, the latter being the explanation of our complete failure to find them except in the short season before the maturity of the insect. 

  The insects and the galls of the bisexual and agamic forms here described have not hitherto been recognized as successive generations, for they are superficially quite distinct. They are not yet connected by the experimental data to which our conclusions must always be subject; but a closer examination shows so many points of similarity and so much confirmatory host, distribution, and life history data that we may be justified in our present interpretation. 

  In the first place, the bisexual insects clearly belong to the genus Cynips and to the subgenus Antron. 

  They differ no more from the agamic forms than the bi-sexual forms of European Cynips differ from their experimentally connected agamic forms.

  There are only three species recognized among the agamic forms of Antron, and the present bisexual forms appear to be connected with the agamic echinus rather than with teres or guadaloupensis, for the following reasons: They have the mesonotum reticulated; they have blotched but not spotted wings; there is another bisexual insect (Beutenmtiller’s pulchella) which shows the spotted wings of the agamic teres. 

  The present bisexual forms are represented by varieties on Q. lobata , Q. Douglasii, and Q. dumosa, on all of which hosts we find the agamic echinus but not teres or guadaloupensis ; teres is unknown from Q. Douglasii on which the agamic echinus is common. The bisexual form is represented in the Central Valleys of California, an area in which echinus is common but teres un- known. The bisexual galls are similar to the galls of the agamic echinus in being fundamentally spherical with short, blunt, projections; and the bisexual gall is most nearly spherical and most nearly spineless on the host that bears the agamic echinus galls of this nature (variety schulthessae on Q. durata). 

  There is nothing in the structural, host, and distributional data which would preclude the connection of these bisexual forms with echinus, while there would be the several inconsistencies noted above in connecting the forms with teres. 

  In spite of the difficulty of collecting the spring galls, they are known to represent four varieties and therefore probably belong to a species that has at least as many common agamic forms known. The agamic echinus again qualifies on this count. 

  This species contributes materially to our comparison of morphologic and physiologic data in taxonomy. The agamic insects of the several varieties are all similar, and in several cases practically identical; the bisexual insects are as nearly identical; the bisexual galls are indistinguishable in three varieties, but the agamic galls are so distinct that most workers would accept them as the work of different species. Were we dealing with a group of insects in which we had no such physiologic data as the galls, it is quite certain that no one would arrive at our present classification, and the accompanying host and distributional data would then be largely meaningless. How much insect taxonomy is inadequate and misleading is a matter for serious contemplation. 

  That the differences in these agamic galls are not due to the qualities of the various oaks on which they occur, is proved by the occurrence of three types of galls, the work of three different varieties of echinus, on Quercus dumosa in Southern California. 

  Attention should be drawn to the peculiar, crystalline materials of which all these agamic galls are built. Between the thin epidermis and the wall of the larval cell there are solid masses of microscopic, deformed crystals intermingled with a few fibers of similar material. This substance is commonly reputed to be gallic acid (as in Fullaway 1911), and if this is so, these galls must have a very high percentage of the material. It would be interesting to know how the gall in its development segregates or stimulates the manufacture of this substance in the normal oak leaf. When the galls are moist (whether young or old) they are as soft as rubber. When dried, they quickly become as hard to cut with a knife or drill as tho they were made of so much compacted, ground glass. In order to mount such specimens on insect pins for preservation in our collections we soak the galls in water for a few hours, or place them out-of-doors in a damp location for a few days, after which they are readily penetrated by the pins. 

  In addition to the six varieties now known in this species, there are probably two or three additional varieties still to be described from California, but probably none to be expected elsewhere in this country. 

  [Kinsey goes on to describe 4 varieties of the bisexual form of this species; see paper for details]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/212/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips guadaloupensis var guadaloupensis
  agamic form

  Callirhytis guadaloupensis
  Acraspis guadaloupensis

  GALL. — Much flattened, circular, disk-like, up to 7.0 mm. in diameter and 1.2 mm. in height; the walls thick and the larval cell the only internal cavity; on. leaves of Quercus chrysolepis. Figure 146.

  RANGE. — California: Guadaloupe (R. W. Patterson; types). Santa Lucia Mts. (gall, acc. Weld 1926). Probably occurring thruout the range of Q. chrysolepis in a more southern Coast Range area of California; perhaps extending thruout the mountains of California from the Sierra Madre north to the Oregon boundary. Figure 27.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/214/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips guadaloupensis var insolens
  agamic form

  Acraspis insolens

  Gall. Peculiarly pouch- or wedge-shaped; drawn to a blunt, cylindrical tip at the base, much compressed and concave on two broad sides; the sides with distinct rims, approaching each other basally but well separated apically, well rounded at the apex; up to 10.0 mm. in length, the broad sides up to 5.0 mm. wide and up to 4.0 mm. apart at the apex; the dimensions usually smaller than this; with the larval cell located near the apex of the gall and a large, elongate, cylindrical cavity lying between the cell and the base of the gall; on the under surfaces of leaves of Quercus chrysolepis. Figures 140-141. 

  RANGE. — California: Idyllwild (Weld; types). San Jacinto Mt. (galls, Kinsey). Not known beyond a single locality in the San Jacinto Mountains, but possibly occurring thruout a southern Californian and Lower Californian area that reaches its northern limit in the San Jacinto Mountains. Figure 27. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/215/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips guadaloupensis var patelloides
  agamic form

  Gall. Deep bowl- shaped, somewhat flattened basally, the sides steep but slightly flaring, the rim more or less circular, the top of the bowl solid, flat to concave; up to 13.0 mm. in diameter by 7.0 mm. high, usually smaller than this; with the larval cell centrally located at the top of the gall, the rest of the gall more or less spongy crystalline; on the under surfaces of leaves of Quercus chrysolepis. Figures 144-145, 192. 

  RANGE. — California: Idyllwild (Weld in U.S. Nat. Mus. and Kinsey coll.). San Jacinto Mountains and Pasadena (galls, Kinsey coll.). Camp Baldy in San Gabriel Mountains (gall, acc. Weld 1926). Mt. Lowe (gall, Silvestri in Kinsey coll.). Kern County (U.S.D.A. 5527, acc. Weld 1926). Sequoia National Park (types, Weld coll.). Yosemite (gall, Silvestri acc. Trotter 1910) . 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/217/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips teres
  agamic forms

  GALL. — Small, slender, stalked, swollen at the apex, resembling an inverted Indian club in shape. Up to 8.0 mm. in length and 2.7 mm. in width (near the apex). The stalk slender, strictly cylindrical except for a slight flare at the base, straight or bent, averaging 0.7 mm. in diameter, expanding gradually or abruptly into the swollen, spindle- shaped, or more spheroid body of the gall; the surface of the entire gall minutely granular, covered with a short, crystalline pubescence which more or less disappears with age; the young galls light, creamy brown, becoming light reddish brown and finally dark brown. Internally rather hard, crystalline, the outer wall solid, rather thin, the stalk filled with a less solid crystalline mass, the body of the gall occupied mostly by the larval cell which has a distinct cell wall but is imbedded closely against the outer wall of the gall. Attached more or less at right angles; occurring singly, or a few scattered over the leaf, on the under surfaces of the leaves of Quercus lobata, Q. garryana, Q. dumosa, and Q. durata. 

  RANGE. — Probably from British Columbia to California, now known from western Oregon and more northern California southward in the mountains and the foothills to the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley. Figures 28, 29. 

  Cynips teres var hidebrandae, new variety
  agamic form

  Gall. Rather short, up to 6.5 mm. in length, the stalk rather slender but not long, the swollen portion spherical, rounded at the apex; on leaves of Quercus dumosa and Q. durata. Figure 196.

  Cynips teres var teres 
  agamic form

  Gall.  Shorter, more robust, up to 6. mm. in length, the stalk hardly longer than the swollen portion of the gall, the swollen portion quite spherical, well rounded at the apex; on leaves of Quercus garryana and its varieties. 

  RANGE. — Oregon: Salem, Cottage Grove, Oakland, Wolf Creek, McLeod, and Siskiyou (galls, acc. Weld 1926). California: Scott Bar and Fort Jones (galls, acc. Weld 1926). Yreka (galls, Kinsey coll.). Pit River, and Cow Creek near Millville (galls, Leach in Kinsey coll.). At about 4000 ft. in Sequoia National Forest (above Cedar Creek Checking Station; types, Weld coll.). Probably confined to higher elevations in Central California, and to more northern California and adjacent Oregon, wherever Q. garryana and its varieties occur. The Oregon records north of the Rogue River may represent a distinct variety. Figure 28. 


description:
  Resseliella maxima Gagne; new species

  Externally, infested areas of the stems were dark brown or black. Dissection of infested plantsrevealed orange larvae feeding within and at the leading edge of these darkened areas (Fig. 1). Initial feeding appeared to be confined to the phloem with larvae moving into the xylem and pith over time. 


description:
  A downward curling of the leaf of Quercus prinoides, affecting large portions of the leaf. Slightly hairy below, containing cecidomyiid larvae without any particular chamber or cell. Observed in Massachusetts in June.


description:
  Leaf blisters on the leaves of Malachra capitata, blistered above with erineum below. Observed in Texas in December.


description:
  A smooth, green, circular blister gall on leaves of Sideroxylon celastrinum. Observed in Texas in March and April.


description:
  Numerous small, hairy, conical, integral leaf galls, concolorous with the leaf, protruding either to the upper or lower side of leaves of Condalia hookeri. Observed in Texas in March and April.


description:
  Aceria breakeyi

  Eriophyes breakeyi

  Hosts: Ribes roezlii, divaricatum

  Relationship: The mites cause ragged white leaf erinea and leaf deformation.

  Range: CA, WA, Estado de Mexico, Puebla


description:
  Broad, hairless, light-green, slightly raised blisters on the upper side of leaves of Rudbeckia laciniata, accompanied by dense white-gray furring below. Resembles Albugo more than erineum but the inducer is currently unknown. Observed in Minnesota in September.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/225/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips pulchella 
  bisexual form

  Dryophanta pulchella

  No material of this insect has been available for the present study. From the original description pulchella would ap- pear to be a true Cynips. The naked abdomen, blotched and spotted wings, and Pacific Coast distribution suggest that the subgeneric position is in Antron. All of the characters of the insect and the June collection would identify this as a bisexual form, and if it is a true Antron this must be the bisexual generation of some variety of C. teres or C. guadaloupensis. The bisexual forms of C. echinus are known to differ in detail from pulchella. The naive admission that the Oregon specimen has a black thorax while the Catalina Island specimen has a red thorax is, of course, in accord with our knowledge that southern Californian cynipids may be represented by closely related but not identical varieties in northern Oregon. Until someone obtains access to the Beutenmuller collection, it will be impossible to determine which of the two type specimens deserves the name pulchella and which represents the unnamed variety. Pulchella has not been counted in the statistics given in this paper, for if it proves the bisexual generation of some described, agamic form of Antron , it will not alter the total number of varieties known in the genus. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/230/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips multipunctata var multipunctata
  agamic form

  Dryophanta multipunctata

  Gall. Indistinguishable from that of variety indicta, unless aver- aging larger. Green when young, becoming light and then dirty gray in color; appearing finely pubescent, in reality microscopically set with fine papillae and narrow, reticulated ridges, with only a scant pubescence of stellate and longer hairs, these wearing off in time; internally with finer, more silky, less compacted fibers between the outside wall and the larval cell, the cell in consequence easily broken from its position ; occurring singly, rarely in small, not compacted clusters, fastened to the veins, on the under surfaces of leaves of Quercus Douglasii. Figures 203-204. 

  RANGE. — California: Kern County (types in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Diablo and Napa (F. A. Leach in Kinsey coll.). Probably thruout the more southern range of Q. Douglasii. Figure 31. 

  This variety is restricted to the blue oak, Q. Douglasii, and has thus far been found only on the leaves. Beutenmuller’s original host record was a “species of oak/’ changed in his revision of the genus to “a species of white oak.” Without further data, Felt took this to mean Q. lobata, and McCracken and Egbert give this as the only host. The leaf with the type gall is, however, distinctly that of Q. Douglasii, and I have never seen specimens from any other oak and feel sure that the lobata records are unfounded. Leach collected galls in the latter half of July at Diablo. All of the galls collected after the first week in December have shown the emergence holes of the gall maker, and have never given me further adults. It is, however, to be questioned whether emergence is normally as early as this since the other varieties of the species emerge later in December and in January. The holotype female of multipunctata at the U.S. National Museum is a small, broken, and not deeply pigmented specimen that looks as if it might have been cut from an old gall. It is smaller, with the body lighter in color and the wings less heavily spotted than specimens I have from Diablo ; but these differences might well be due to the immature character of the holotype female, and certainly it is closer to the Diablo material than to indicta, the other variety known from Q. Douglasii.

  Cynips multipunctata var indicta, new variety

  Gall. Indistinguishable from that of variety multipunctata (q.v.), unless averaging smaller; mature galls becoming light and then dirty gray in color; internally with rather fine, silky fibers; on the under sur- faces of leaves of Quercus Douglasii. Figures 198, 201-202. 

  RANGE. — California: South Cow Creek in Shasta County, and Inskip (galls, F. A. Leach in Kinsey coll.). Redding (Kinsey coll, and F. A. Leach in Kinsey coll.). Battle Creek at 2000 ft. (F. A. Leach in Kinsey coll.). Colfax (E. R. Leach in Kinsey coll.). Kelseyville (types, P. Schulthess in Kinsey coll.). 7 miles southeast of Kelseyville; Lower Lake (D. Hildebrand in Kinsey coll.). Cobb Mountain and the south side of Bartlett Mountain in Lake County (P. Schulthess in Kinsey coll.). 

  Probably thruout the more northern range, or the altitudinally higher range of Q. Douglasii. Figure 31. 

  This is the more northern variety on the blue oak, Q. Douglasii. The gall is hardly distinguishable from that of multipunctata, the more southern variety on the same oak, but the insect is quite distinct. The material from Kelseyville and points north of there is typical indicta; the material from seven miles south of Kelseyville and from other points in the southern portion of Lake County is intermediate between indicta and multipunctata, and not determinable as one or the other variety. The material from Napa County clearly represents variety multipunctata. Miss Schulthess, who collected the type material, found full-sized but not yet fully developed galls as early as July 15 (1925 at Kelseyville) . Mr. Leach has collected more mature galls at later dates in July, but none of the collections made before the first of September contained larvae large enough to be bred. I have bred adults (out-of-doors at Bloomington, Indiana) on December 23 and January 8, 12, and 20, and still later in January (1926-28). From one lot of 52 galls, 7 contained gall makers, and all the others were parasitized. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/233/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips multipunctata var conspicua, new variety
  agamic form

  Green when young, becoming light and then dark brown in color, appearing mostly smooth and naked, with only a sparse, microscopic puberulence, the microscopic ridges relatively broad; internally more or less solid with compacted, crystalline fibers; occurring singly or often in more or less compacted clusters of up to a dozen galls, on the veins on the under or upper surfaces of the leaves, on the petioles, or on the young twigs of Quercus lobata. Figures 203-204. 

  RANGE. — California: Palo Alto (Wiltz coll, in Stanford Univ.). Cupertino (acc. Fullaway 1911). Diablo (F. A. Leach in Kinsey coll.). Napa (types, F. A. Leach in Kinsey coll.). Redwood City (C. T. Dodds in Kinsey coll.). Contra Costa County (galls, E. C. Van Dyke in Kinsey coll.). Klink (galls, L. H. Powell in Kinsey coll.). Probably wherever Q. lobata occurs thruout the Great Valley of California. Replaced in the Mendocino-Lake County area by variety heldae. Figure 32. 

  This variety is restricted to the valley white oak, Q. lobata . The galls occur in about equal abundance on the leaves, the petioles, and the young twigs. They probably appear sometime in July. Mr. Leach has collected full-sized but succulent galls at Diablo as early as August 13 and 26 (1926), and more mature galls on September 16 (in 1924). On November 26 (in 1922 at Diablo) there were large larvae in the galls. Galls collected at the same locality as late as December 18 still contained mature adults which emerged soon after that date, tho other records indicate that emergence sometimes occurs late in November or earlier in December. Fullaway recorded two species of Synergus bred from this gall (see above) . Of all the material I have handled, perhaps 80 per cent of the galls were inhabited by parasites or inquilines, the latter not always destructive to the gall maker larvae. Fullaway first described this variety from Stanford University material which Beutenmuller had determined as multipunctata. Fullaway noted the distinctive character of the gall, its location and host, the characteristic spotting of the wings, and the size of the insect, concluding that Beutenmuller’s “specimens are obviously different from mine,” but neglecting to give this insect a new name. Felt listed the two as distinct, but under one name. McCracken and Egbert repeated Fullaway’s suggestion without giving separate de- scriptions of the two. Dr. McCracken has kindly forwarded the Stanford material for my examination, and there is no question that it represents the present variety. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/236/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips maculosa
  agamic forms

  GALL. — Moderate sized, hard, spherical to flask-shaped leaf gall, up to 9.0 mm. in length and 7.0 mm. in greatest diameter. Regular, spherical to bulb-shaped, attached by a moderately stout, blunt tip which may be up to 1.0 mm. in diameter, evenly but rather abruptly enlarged into a swollen, ovoid body which is well rounded at the tip; essentially smooth and naked, but the epidermis thin, becoming papery, broken, and more or less dehiscent when mature and dry, making the gall appear ragged or (after the epidermis has dropped) leaving it very smooth and polished; the young galls greenish, mottled with white, becoming more yellowish, light orange, pinkish, or reddish brown, finally becoming light to dark brown or blackish. The outer wall of the gall of moderate thickness, hard, compact crystalline, somewhat brittle; the larval cell central in the swollen portion of the gall, at first small with a distinct cell wall, held in place by rather dense, irregular, tangled, crystalline fibers; the larval cell finally up to 3.0 mm. in length, then filling a large part of the gall, the fibers being then compressed into a more solid mass. Attached usually to the veins, on the under side of the leaf, sometimes on the upper side or on the petiole. On Quercus dumosa and Q. durata. 

  RANGE. — Known from Mendocino and Lake Counties southward in the mountains along the coast and in the Sierras as far as the Sequoia National Park. Figure 33. 

  The interesting gall of this species is apparently not rare in an area including Mendocino and Lake Counties, but there are no records for what is technically Southern California even tho one of the hosts, Q. dumosa , is one of the common oaks in that part of the state. The gall of maculosa is not to be confused with that of any other cynipid, but the insect very closely resembles Cynips mirabilis, differing chiefly in having a shorter fourth antennal segment, less heavily clouded patches on the wings, usually several spots in the discoidal cell, and a smaller size. It is instructive to compare the descriptions of the two insects and note how dependent we are on the physiologic measure (the gall) for separating them. 

  [Kinsey goes on to describe 2 varieties of the agamic gall of this species; see paper for details]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/249/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips (Philonix) plumbea
  agamic form

  GALL. — Spherical, thin-walled, brownish, naked, the centrally- placed larval cell imbedded in spongy or more compact tissue. Monothalamous; up to 11.0 mm., averaging nearer 8.0 mm. in diameter. Strictly spherical except for the broadly flattened base; not at all shrivelled when old; the gall greenish or rose-tinged when young, becoming lead color with a bluish gray bloom that is easily wiped off and largely wears off the older galls, exposing the brownish tan color of the older galls; the surface all but microscopically smooth and naked except for the deciduous bloom. The outer wall of the gall moderately thin but firm because it is inseparable from the rest of the gall; the gall internally more or less compact-crystalline, in some cases indicating a more fibrous structure, the larval cell central, closely embedded and entirely inseparable from the compact material of the gall. Attached by a fine point, singly on the main veins, usually underneath the leaves, on Quercus oblongifolia and Q. arizonica (and related southwestern oaks?). Figures 200, 225-226. 

  RANGE. — Arizona: Globe (var.? galls, Q. arizonica, Kinsey coll.). Whetstone (galls, Q. arizonica, Kinsey coll.). Oracle (Q. arizonica, Weld and Kinsey coll.). Santa Catalina Mountains (M. Chrisman acc. Weld 1926). Esperara Canyon in Santa Catalina Mountains (types; Q. oblongifolia; Hofer and Edmonston coll.). Sabino Trail in Santa Catalina Mountains ( Q . oblongifolia, Q. arizonica; Kinsey coll.). Santa Rita Mountains ( Q . oblongifolia, Weld and Kinsey coll.). Fort Hua- chuca ( Q . arizonica, Kinsey coll.; gall, acc. Weld 1926). Courtland ( Q . arizonica, Kinsey coll.). Chiricahua Mountains ( Q . arizonica, acc. Weld 1926). Nogales, Patagonia Mountains, and Tumacacori Mountains (galls, acc. Weld 1926). This variety probably restricted to more southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico, altho related varieties may be expected elsewhere in the Southwest and in Mexico. Figure 36. 

  The gall of this species is not uncommon in the mountains of southern Arizona, altho we have nowhere seen it as abundant as fulvicollis is in the East. The species occurs on both Q. oblongifolia and Q. arizoniea thruout the forested elevations below six or seven thousand feet, and the insects agree with many other Cynipidae in showing no appreciable variation on these two oaks. The galls of plumbea seem more firmly attached to the leaves than the galls of the easily deciduous fulvicollis. Plumbea galls probably begin development at some time in June. Weld found pupae in some galls on December 7 (1921), but a mature adult in another gall as early as November 24. This adult, when cut from the gall, lived in a pill box until January 1, just as it would have lived for some time as an adult before emerging from the gall. In this delayed emergence plumbea is in accord with the other species of Cynips . As dates of emergence of the adult, Weld records November 22, December 14 and 30, January 8, 12, 13, 24, and 25, and February 3, 4, and 6. I bred insects on January 6, on other dates in the first half of January? and at some date (unrecorded) after January 16 (gall in 1920). By analogy with Cynips fulvicollis of the present subgenus, the bisexual form of plumbea may be expected in a small, seed-like gall occurring in the buds of the oaks early in the spring. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/252/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips fulvicollis 

  GALL OF AGAMIC FORM. — Spherical, thin-shelled, gray, usually pubescent, the central larval cell supported by a dense mass of radiating fibers. Monothalamous ; up to 20.0 mm., in most varieties averaging nearer 8.0 mm. in diameter. Strictly spherical when fresh, but becoming a bit shrivelled and misshapen when dry; white, rose-tinged when fresh, becoming flesh-colored, ashen, or brown when mature; the surface shagreened, crystalline, slightly uneven, the raised spots bearing stellate hairs, the entire surface more or less pubescent, sometimes dense with a considerable pubescence when young, becoming more naked when mature. The outer wall moderately thin, papery or harder, not translucent; the young galls more or less solid, succulent, the older galls dry, well packed with fine, dense, radiating fibers which support the more or less spherical larval cell centrally. Attached by a fine point, singly, on the main veins, usually underneath the leaves, on all the more eastern American white oaks except those of the Q. virginiana group. 

  The galls of the agamic forms of fulvicollis are common on most of the species of white oak that occur over the northeastern two-thirds of the United States, often covering the ground under certain trees as closely as pebbles on a gravel drive. The more southern varieties of the species seem much more rare, being poorly represented in our collections altho I have done extensive field work in that portion of the country. Young galls of fulvicollis appear in June or July, earlier further south (June 6, 1927, in southeastern Kansas). Fully grown galls occur among the June collections from Kansas and in an August 25 collection from Roselle, New Jersey. The galls are deciduous, falling to the ground in September or October, by which time they contain some pupae. Adults are to be found in the galls in October of the year in which emergence occurs, but the insects do not chew out before the middle of November. Most of the emergence occurs before the end of December, but thruout the rest of the winter and early spring the insects continue to come out of the galls on bright days, especially if these have been immediately preceded by very low temperatures. The subapterous adults have been taken on several occasions running over the snow. 

  The most southwestern variety, vorisi, completes most of its emergence in the first winter after the development of the gall, thus holding to the life-history typical for the rest of the genus Cynips. On the other hand, some of the individuals of vorisi, and most of the insects of canadensis, fulvicollis, major, and gig as remain until a second or even a third winter in the galls before transforming into adults. Weld and Brodie first noted this, and my own experience confirms it. While only the northeastern varieties of fulvicollis were known, this two-year emergence seemed so exceptional as to suggest the exclusion of the species from the genus Cynips. The discovery of the shorter life cycle in our variety vorisi indicates how a physiologic quality that is ordinarily of generic rank may be modified by environmental factors. The small amount of first-year emergence which our records show for the more northern varieties may come from second-year galls that were indiscriminately included with first-year specimens in our collections. 

  On circumstantial evidence, we are now considering the long-winged pallipes the bisexual form of one of the short- winged agamic forms of fulvicollis. The data for this conclusion are detailed under pallipes. This bisexual insect is close to the bisexual forms known in the subgenus Acraspis, occurring in a seed-like bud gall very much resembling a bisexual Acraspis gall. The most distinctive thing in the bisexual Philonix is its unusual wing-body ratio of 1.17 which, however, is the length of the wing of the Southwestern Cynips (Philoriix) plumbea. 

  All of the previously recognized members of this species have been short-winged agamic forms. Few groups have had more varied taxonomic treatment, due to the difficutly of interpreting the relations of such specialized insects, and to an unusual amount of individual variation in the species. The genus Philonix was originally established by Fitch for his species fulvicollis and nigricollis, and Ashmead later designated fulvicollis as the type. Beutenmuller (1909) and Dalla Torre and Kieffer (1910) revised the generic assignments of these insects, but differed radically in their interpretations — chiefly because they worked with little material and studied few types. They nevertheless agreed in keeping these forms in genera which included none but nearly wingless forms. Weld maintained this policy when he revised the genera Acraspis and Philonix in 1922, but rendered a service by pointing out the two distinct lines of relationships represented by these two names. Those who have followed my use of the categories of species and variety will readily appreciate that what have hitherto been considered species of Philonix should now be considered varieties of one species. 

  Beutenmuller introduced confusion into our understanding of this group by trying to interpret it from published descriptions without an examination of types. His later study of the types led to an unfortunate synonomy that was, nevertheless, uncritically accepted by several of us for a number of years. He considered his erinacei a synonym of fulvicollis. I agree with Weld that the two represent distinct genera or subgenera. Beutenmuller was correct in considering (1909) gillettei a synonym of niger, but incorrect (1918) in considering this the same as lanaeglobuli. I believe that niger, gilletti, and Fitch’s nigricollis are synonyms of fulvicollis. My reasons for these interpretations, which are in every case based upon my studies of the type material supplemented by series representing a wide range of localities, are detailed in the following pages. 

  As I understand this species, we have the familiar story of the host or geographic isolation of each variety of the insect. The white oak inhabitants include variety canadensis which occurs chiefly in the sub-Canadian area of the northeastern part of the country, the highly variable fulvicollis (of which nigricollis, niger, and gillettei are synonyms) ranging from Massachusetts to Iowa, south to the Ohio River and still further in the mountains, variety major of the Ozark area extending from Indiana to Missouri and Arkansas, and variety rubricosa of the Gulf area from Texas eastward and northward to Tennesssee. Quercus macrocarpa and the closely related Q. bicolor harbor vorisi in the Ozark area from Kansas to Illinois and apparently without material variation all the way into northern Indiana. Quercus lyrata and the chestnut oaks bear variety gigas in the Ozark area. Quercus bicolor in Florida has variety lanaeglobuli. Whether there is a distinct Coastal Plain variety has not been determinable from the material I have seen. There is some irregular extension of the hosts of these varieties in areas in which the normal hosts are rare or lacking. Beutenmuller (1909, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 26 : 252) notes a Q. prinoides gall from New Jersey, and I have material (C. J. Long, Jr., coll.) from the same host and the same state; and this may (or may not) represent another variety. 

  The geographic isolation of varieties in fulvicollis is, unfortunately for our determinations, not as sharp as with other species of Cynips. Indeed, I have never worked with any species of the Cynipidae in which there is more even grada- tion from one extreme (canadensis) to the other (vorisi). Such intergradation does occur commonly among some other organisms, both plant and animal, and it is rather remarkable that it does not occur more often among the Cynipidae. There will, no doubt, be some who would object that such an even series as fulvicollis should not be broken up into varieties; but the extremes of the present series are as different in feature and build and physiologic reactions as a Spaniard is from a Swede. There is more than a political purpose served in applying distinct names to those two races or varieties of Europeans, even tho intermediate areas of Europe may exhibit gradations from one to the other. Similarly, it would confuse the biologic data to apply one name to this whole complex of fulvicollis. The variety canadensis, for instance, is a distinctly small insect with a largely naked mesonotum, a very small gall, a two-year life cycle, and a restriction to white oak in sub-Canadian areas. The variety vorisi is a large and robust insect, always with a very hairy mesonotum, a gall which averages twice the diameter (which means eight times the volume) of nigricollis galls, a one-year life cycle, and a restriction to Q. macrocarpa and Q. bicolor in Ozark areas. In the territory between northern Michigan and Kansas, one may find every gradation and a continuous variation from one to the other. Wherever the two insects happen to come in contact, they certainly interbreed and produce individuals not fit for the cabinet of any systematist who believes that all specimens represent one species or another. Among the more than five thousand insects which we have of this group, it has proved possible to make varietal determinations for every series, altho the paucity of available taxonomic characters in these aborted, short-winged, forms and the amount of hybridization makes it impossible to guarantee our determinations of each individual as we can for most other Cynips. 

  The galls of fulvicollis sometimes contain a high percentage of parasites and inquilines. Most of the parasites emerge in the first spring after the development of the gall, the emergence occurring from February to July. The inquilines emerge for the most part in the later part of that same spring, even until late in June. The inquilines appear to act as para- sites that have attacked the gall at an early stage of development, for no remains of the gall maker are to be found in inquiline-inhabited specimens. 

  Cosens (1912:343) gives a description of the histologic structure of a gall of this species. His account is as follows: 

  Outside the nutritive zone is a wide crystal layer, each cell of which is completely filled with a crystal mass. The sclerenchyma of the protective zone is formed in a very unusual manner. The sides of contiguous cells are thickened in such a way that there is an almost spherical deposit at the points where the cells are in contact. 

  Radiating out from the protective layer are long narrow cells which form the minor part of the parenchyma zone. The remainder of this zone consists of irregularly elliptical, thin-walled cells. The epidermis is covered with a dense growth of trichomes with thick laminated and sclerified walls. 

  Cosens failed to note a thin collenchyma layer which is to be found directly beneath the epidermis. 

  Cynips fulvicollis var rubricosa, new variety
  agamic form

  Philonix nigra err. det Weld

  GALL. — As described for the species; quite pubescent; up to 9.0 mm. in diameter; on leaves of Quercus alba and Q. stellata. 

  RANGE. — Oklahoma: Tuskahoma (galls, acc. Weld 1926). Texas: Marshall ( Q . stellata, W. A. Lansford in Kinsey coll.). Alabama: Athens (gall, Kinsey coll.). Tennessee: Charleston (types, Kinsey coll.). Possibly extending thruout a widespread area in the southeastern United States, from eastern Texas to northern Oklahoma, Tennessee, and western Florida. Figure 38.

  This variety and Ashmead’s lanaeglobuli are the most southern forms described for this species. Cynips fulvicollis seems not at all common in the more southeastern portion of the United States; and we have little material of the present variety altho we have engaged in held work over many thousands of miles in what would appear to be the range of this insect. The host of three of our collections is Q. alba, but a Texas insect from Q. stellata seems identical with the holotype of rubricosa. 

  The insects of rubricosa are closest to variety gigas, but rubricosa is much smaller with a much shorter wing and a bright rufous to rufo-piceous patch at the base of the abdomen. 

  Our Texas material of rubricosa emerged on January 7, during the hrst winter after collecting the galls. All of the insects of the type series, from Tennessee, delayed emergence until the second winter, coming out on December 19 and January 4. 

  Cynips fulvicollis var vorisi, new variety
  agamic form

  GALL. — As described for the species, very large, pubescent, up to 17.0 mm. in diameter; on the leaves of Quercus macrocarpa and Q. bicolor. (Rarely on Q. Michauxii ?) . Figure 230. 

  RANGE. — Kansas: Winfield ( Q . macrocarpa, types; R. Voris in Kinsey coll.). 10 miles southeast of Winfield and Cedarvale ( Q . mac- rocarpa R. Voris in Kinsey coll.). Dexter ( Q . Michauxii, R. Voris in Kinsey coll.). Illinois: Olney and West Union (Q. bicolor, Kinsey coll.). Indiana: Steubenville ( Q . bicolor, Kinsey coll.; determination open to question). Largely restricted to the Ozark area from Arkansas to Indiana, but occurring westward into Kansas and northward to northern Indiana ; chiefly confined to Q. macrocarpa and Q. bicolor. Figure 38. 

  This is the Ozark variety of fulvicollis on the burr oak, Q. macrocarpa, and its close relative, the swamp white oak, Q. bicolor; but the species extends well outside the Ozark area both to the west in Kansas and to the northeast into Indiana. Even the Q. bicolor material which I have from northern Indiana seems no different from dark specimens of vorisi, tho the northern specimens do thus average differently in respect to color. Vorisi is very close to gig as, but has less bright rufous on its face and mesonotum. From major , vorisi differs in being a larger and much more robust insect. Altho vorisi, gig as, and major occur in much the same territory, they are on distinct oaks {gig as on Q. lyrata and the chestnut oaks, major on Q. alba), but the host isolation appears to break down in some cases, for perhaps ten per cent of our material of these insects is distinctly intermediate between the several varieties. 

  Very young galls of vorisi were found in southeastern Kansas as early as June 8 (1927). Full-sized galls were obtained by June 15, and galls large enough to breed were found on July 4. This represents earlier development than we know for the northeastern varieties of the species. Most of the adult insects emerge during the first winter, but about ten per cent of our material has emerged in the second winter after collecting. The emergence during the first winter is practically continuous from early December to the end of February, the bulk of it occurring well before the end of December; the emergence in the second winter was confined to December. The recorded emergence dates are December 2, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 26, and 28; January 2, 4, 5, 10, and 25; and February 2, 6, and 20. 

  Almost all of our Kansas material of this insect was collected by Dr. Ralph Voris, of the Southwestern Missouri State Teachers College. For several years Dr. Voris has been a companion in my field work, and many thousands of specimens of Cynipidae and many hours of help on field routine are to be credited, to him. He has an appreciation of the importance of individual variation, and to this fact we are indebted for the unusually large series which we have of several of the Cynipidae from Kansas and western Missouri. 

  Cynips fulvicollis var major, new variety
  agamic form

  Philonix nigra err det Weld
  Cynips fulvicollis var B Kinsey

  GALL. — As described for the species, rather large, pubescent, up to 10.0 mm. in diameter; on the leaves of Quercus alba; rarely on Q. Muhlenbergii, Q. Michauxii, and Q. macrocarpa. Figure 227. 

  RANGE. — Indiana: Steubenville, Nashville, Bloomington, Clinton, and Linton ( Q . alba, Kinsey coll.). Spencer (Q. alba and Q. Michauxii, Kinsey coll.). Letts ( Q . Michauxii, E. B. Ruth in Kinsey coll.). Charles- town (H. Spieth in Kinsey coll.). Illinois: Urbana (A. E. Miller in Kinsey coll.). America (types, Kinsey coll.). Bonnie, Bloomfield in Johnson County, West Union, and Norris City (Kinsey coll.). Eddyville (O. Buchanan in Kinsey coll.). Kentucky: Pinehill, Dawson Springs, Wickliffe, and Paducah (Kin- sey coll.). Cleveland (hybrid, Q. Michauxii, Kinsey coll.). Missouri: Rankin ( Q . Muhlenbergii and Q. alba, Kinsey coll.). Arcadia and Poplar Bluff (Q. alba, Kinsey coll.). Arkansas: Winslow (R. W. Shreve in Kinsey coll.). Kansas: Winfield ( Q . macrocarpa, R. Voris in Kinsey coll.). Apparently centering in the Ozarks, extending somewhat beyond this area, from southern Indiana to southern Missouri and (scatteringly) in Kansas. Figure 39. 

  As one travels southward and westward from Indiana and Illinois, he finds variety fulvicollis gradually giving way to a larger and somewhat darker insect which has a more hairy mesonotum. In southern Indiana as far north as Blooming- ton, and in Illinois as far north as Urbana, one may find many insects which are distinctly intermediate between fulvicollis and major and not always (altho sometimes) distinctly one or the other variety. In southern Missouri and Arkansas major occurs in more nearly pure? form. Further west, in the eastern part of Kansas, major seems to hybridize with vorisi, altho vorisi is on Q. macrocarpa and major seems confined to Q. alba except where alba is rare or lacking. We have a few specimens of what would appear to be hybrids of major x gigas on Quercus Michauxii and Q. Muhlenbergii in Missouri and Kansas. 

  I have numerous insects of major which emerged during the first season, but most of the insects I have bred waited until the second winter for emergence. The recorded emergence dates are November 22; December 1, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 28, 24, 26, and 28; January 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 20; February 2, 6, and 20, and even one case of emergence as late as April 25. 

  [Kinsey's descriptions of varieties [gigas](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/976) and [lanaeglobuli](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/930) are listed as distinct species for the time being]

  Cynips fulvicollis var fulvicollis

  Philonix fulvicollis
  Philonix nigricollis
  Cynips fulvicollis
  Teras fulvicollis
  Teras nigricollis
  Cynips nigricollis
  Biorhiza fulvicollis
  Biorhiza nigricollis
  Acraspis niger
  Biorrhiza nigricollis
  Acraspis nigra
  Biorrhiza fulvicollis
  Acraspis gillettei
  Philonix gillettei
  Philonix nigra (in large part)
  Philonix niger (in part)
  Cynips fulvicollis var A and C Kinsey
  NOT Diplolepis niger
  NOT Biorhiza niger
  NOT Andricus fulvicollis forms bicolens and erinacei

  GALL. — Up to 10.0 mm. in diameter; naked to pubescent; on leaves, usually of Quercus alba, occasionally on Q. Michauxii (and Q. macrocarpa) . Figure 228. 

  RANGE. — Ontario: Toronto (Brodie in U.S. Nat. Mus.; also acc. Cosens 1912). New Hampshire: Alton Bay (galls, Mrs. D. Tenney coll.). Massachusetts: Forest Hills and Framingham (galls, Kinsey coll.). Connecticut: probably Waterbury (Bassett coll.). New York: near Albany? (Fitch, types of fulvicollis and nigricollis) . New York City (Beutenmiiller acc. Weld 1926). Riverhead (Crosby acc. Weld 1926). Ithaca (acc. Weld 1926). New Jersey: Ft. Lee (Beutenmiiller in American Mus. Nat. Hist.). Bennett (Kinsey coll.) . D. C.: Rock Creek (F. E. Mather in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Washington (H. S. Barber in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Ohio: Columbus (galls, Kinsey coll.). Michigan: Ionia Co.? (Gillette, types of gillettei and of niger?). Tekonsha, Owosso, Bay City and Traverse City (Kinsey coll.). Three Rivers ( Q . alba and Q. macrocarpa, Kinsey coll.). Martin (gall, Kinsey coll.). Indiana: Porter (acc. Weld 1926). North Webster, Winona Lake, Delphi, Mitchell, and Ontario (galls, Kinsey coll.). Crawfordsville (E. C. Stout and Hugh Lee in Kinsey coll.). Steubenville, Huntington, Bloomington, 10 miles southeast of Bloomington, 7 miles east of Bloom- ington, Linton, Clinton, and Bedford (Kinsey coll.). Ft. Wayne (C. M. Kinsey coll.). Nashville and Spencer (Q. alba and Q. Michauxii, Kinsey coll.) . Letts (Q. Michauxii, E. B. Ruth in Kinsey coll.) . Charlestown (H. Spieth in Kinsey coll.). Illinois: Evanston, Glencoe, Glen Ellyn, and Fountaindale (acc. Weld 1926). Oakwood, Oakley, and Urbana (A. E. Miller in Kinsey coll.). Danville (galls, W. V. Balduf in Kinsey coll.). Eddyville (O. Buchanan in Kinsey coll.) . West Union, Norris City, Olney, Bonnie, Bloomfield in Johnson County, and America (Kinsey coll.). Pana (galls, Kinsey coll.) . Kentucky : Paducah, Wickliffe, Dawson Springs, and Pinehill (Kin- sey coll.) . Cleveland (gall, Kinsey coll.) . Virginia: Bluemont (acc. Weld 1926) . Blue Ridge Mts. near Natural Bridge Station, and Winchester (Kinsey coll.) . Iowa: Corinth (C. Barracks coll. acc. Weld 1926). Ames ? (Gillette coll., types of gillettei? Also material of niger in U.S. Nat. Mus.) . Nebraska: Nebraska City (acc. Weld 1926) . Missouri : Kimmswick (acc. Weld 1926) . St. Louis and Allenton (galls, E. S. Anderson in Kinsey coll.). Rankin (Kinsey coll.) . Kansas : Dexter ( Q . Michauxii, R. Voris in Kinsey coll.) . Leaven- worth (galls in Kinsey coll.) . Apparently thruout the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, westward to Nebraska, southward to Kentucky and Kansas. The variety appears to be a hybrid of major x canadensis, and since there are many forms of intergrades between these and fulvicollis, the extreme locality records are open to question. Figure 41. 

  This is the common variety on the white oaks of the northeastern quarter of the United States and adjacent Canada. It is possible that fulvicollis is replaced on the Atlantic Coastal Plain by a distinct variety. The southern Indiana material that is available shows gradation toward the variety major of the more southern Middle West. True fulvicollis is rare south of the Ohio River, except in the eastern mountains of Kentucky and still further south in the Blue Ridge. 

  The host of fulvicollis is usually Q . alba. Nevertheless I have four insects that appear to be fulvicollis from Q. Michauxii from Letts and more insects from the same host from Nashville in southern Indiana and from Q. macrocarpa in southern Michigan. Gillette recorded both Q. alba and Q. macrocarpa as hosts in “Michigan and Iowa.” Ashmead’s record (1885:304) for this insect on the chestnut oak, Q. montana , is open to re-determination. 

  The galls of fulvicollis begin developing in mid-summer (July 4 at Bloomington, Indiana, in 1929), but galls at Winona Lake in northern Indiana on August 12 (1927), and further south at Spencer, Indiana, on September 11 (in 1926) were still small, succulent, and almost solid, without differentiation of the fibers which later support the larval cell. Galls from central Illinois (Urbana) were full size but succulent and with very small larvae on August 18 (1927). The gall makers begin to emerge at the beginning of either the first or the second winter, but mostly in the second season. Fitch found his type material running- about on the snow. He thought the insects had come from root galls, but in this he was, of course, mistaken. Other breeding records range from early November to the latter half of February. Brodie secured adults at Toronto on November 10, 18, 20, and 24 (1886 to 1899, acc. U.S. Nat. Mus. coll.) and December 5 (in 1908 and 1907). From material collected in October at Glencoe, Illinois, Weld secured two adults before November 23 and five before December 11 (in 1916). Weld also gives November 1 to 19 (in 1917), December 2 (in 1919), and February 19 as dates on which adults were secured. F. E. Mather secured active adults at Washington on December 25 (in 1908). My own breeding records, scattered over several years, are for November 16 and 22; December 1, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 26, 28, and 30; January 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8; and February 2. Very little of this emergence occurs during the first year, practically all of it occurring during the second winter after the development of the gall. 

  Some colonies of galls are very heavily parasitized; other colonies yield a remarkably high percentage of gall makers. Parasites commonly emerge from the galls from late August until November of the first season, and again in abundance during the following April, May, and June. 

  The eggs of the agamic form of fulvicollis are apparently layed in the unopened buds of the white oaks, for Bassett’s pallipes , which produces a seed-like gall that develops in these buds in the next spring, is apparently the alternating, bisexual generation of fulvicollis. Fitch first drew attention to a perceptible ant or bee odor which is given out by the agamic gall maker of this species. Cosens (1912) shows a section of a larva of this variety that indicates there is an external opening to the digestive tract posteriorly. His account of the histologic structure of this gall is quoted under the specific description of fulvicollis in the present publication. 

  Altho fulvicollis is one of the oldest names among American Cynipidae, Fitch’s meager description went uninterpreted for nearly sixty years. Beutenmuller then found the types at the U. S. National Museum, but unfortunately considered them the “same as” his erinacei. I uncritically followed this synonomy in my paper (1920) on the life histories of American Cynipidae. A few years ago Weld studied these types and concluded that fulvicollis is a Philonix while erinacei is an Acraspis. My recent studies in the U. S, National Museum lead me to agree with Weld’s interpretation. At the same time, direct comparison of the holotype and paratypes of fulvicollis and nigricollis , of paratypes of gillettei, and of the holotype of Gillette’s niger leads me to conclude that all these names are synonyms. Each holotype is different from any of the others, but every variation covered by the types, and many additional variations are included in every extensive series we have represented in our collections. 

  What we appear to have here is a highly variable complex that grades into variety canadensis to the north and variety major to the south. In the intermediate territory, which is much of the northeastern quarter of the United States, one finds canadensis and true major and every conceivable intergrade between the two. The intermediate types are everywhere the most abundant. As one goes north, true canadensis or hybrid individuals appearing to have a great deal of canadensis blood are predominant. Toward the south, major similarly asserts itself. 

  One examining several thousand insects of this remarkable complex cannot doubt its hybrid origin from canadensis x major. The chief question to be raised is whether we are warranted in calling such a heterogeneous population a species. It is much like Cynips pezomachoides erinacei which also seems hybrid in origin, and the same geologic history that explains (p. 398) the origin of erinacei should fit fulvicollis . The two occur in the same area. In both cases the northern variety probably met its opportunity to hybridize with the southern variety upon the advance of the Pleistocene glaciers, and the retreat of the glaciers offered an extensive territory for the isolation and development of the hybrid. Fulvicollis is not as thoroly fused as erinacei. Nevertheless, the wide- spread distribution of the complex may warrant its recognition as a distinct taxonomic unit, whatever we may choose to call it. 

  The individuals which are the types of nigricollis , niger, and gillettei are only larger or smaller, lighter or darker, more hairy or less hairy representatives of this fulvicollis complex, and not nearly as diverse forms as a larger series of true fulvicollis will show. 

  Cresson’s list of the Bassett types in the Philadelphia Academy states that gillettei came from Fort Collins, Colorado. This probably represents an attempt to interpret Bassett’s original record which read : “from the ground beneath a large white oak on his [C. P. Gillette’s] lawn.” Professor Gillette has recently written me that he is not now positive of the locality from which he obtained the type material of gillettei , but he believes the galls “were taken either at my old home in Ionia County, Michigan, where there was a white oak tree of considerable size in our dooryard, or on the campus of the Iowa Agricultural College. . . . I do not recall any white oak near the house in which we lived on the Ames campus.” If the present species is ever found as far west as Colorado, it should be represented by a variety distinct from any now known from the more eastern areas. 

  Cynips fulvicollis var canadensis, new variety
  agamic form

  GALL. — As described for the species; often smooth, shining, and naked, with very little pubescence; the typical galls averaging about 6.0 mm. in diameter; on leaves of Quercus alba. Rarely on Q. Michauxii, Q. Muhlenbergii and Q. macrocarpa in the more southern extension of the range. 

  RANGE. — Michigan: Traverse City (types, Kinsey coll.). Bay City, West Branch (galls, Kinsey coll.). Owosso (Kinsey coll.). Pent- water (gall, F. Payne in Kinsey coll.). Interlochen (galls, R. Voris in Kinsey coll.). Indiana: Fort Wayne, Huntington, Nashville, and Clinton (Kinsey coll.). Morocco ( Q . macrocarpa, Kinsey coll.). Spencer ( Q . Michauxii, Kinsey coll.). Illinois: Olney, Bonnie, Norris City, Bloomfield in Johnson County, and America (Kinsey coll.) . West Union (Q. alba and Q. bicolor, Kin- sey coll.). Kentucky: Paducah and Dawson Springs (Kinsey coll.). Kansas: Winfield (Q. Miihlenbergii, Q. macrocarpa, Voris in Kinsey coll.). Cedarvale (Q. Muhlenbergii, Voris in Kinsey coll.). Probably thruout the sub-Canadian area of the northeastern quarter of the United States, still surviving in fairly pure form and as hybrids with varieties fulvicollis or major as far south as southern Illinois and the Kentucky mountains. Beyond the area covered by our collections, it is to be expected in northern New York, New England, and southeastern Canada. Figure 42. 

  This is the most northern variety of the species, best repre- sented at present from the northern end of the southern penin- sula of Michigan, but to be expected everywhere where white oak occurs along the Canadian-United States boundary. There seems every reason to believe that this insect was pushed southward with the advance of the Pleistocene glaciation, and that variety fulvicollis ( q.v.) is a hybrid of canadensis x major. If this interpretation is correct, it explains why fairly typical canadensis still occurs in small numbers as far south as southern Illinois, southern Indiana, and the hill country of Kentucky. We even have material from southeastern Kansas, but this determination may be open to question. The influence of canadensis in the fulvicollis complex increases considerably in northern Indiana and southern Michigan, but no considera- ble percentage of pure individuals of canadensis is to be found until one reaches more northern Michigan. The insect that Fitch described (1859) as nigricollis would appear to be an individual of fulvicollis carrying considerable third winter after the galls started growth. Only stray indi- viduals emerged the first year after collecting our more northern material, and it is not certain that these did not come from old galls gathered with the new crop. On the other hand, all of our Kansas insects emerged the first year after collecting. If our determinations are correct, these data raise an interesting question as to the factors affecting emergence. Direct temperature affecting the developing larvae cannot be responsible for the date of emergence of the insects, for Michigan material kept in the mild climate of southern Indiana for thirteen months emerged in the middle of November, and Kansas material placed in the same breeding box outside our laboratory windows emerged from late December to late January — in both cases near the dates they would have emerged in the normal environments. Our emergence dates for this insect are November 16; December 1, 4, 8, 10, 16, 18, 20, 22, 28, and 30 ; and January 4, 5, 8, and 25. The emergence of the material from northern Indiana and Michigan ranged from November 16 to December 20; that of the more southern collections began on December 4, but was concentrated chiefly between December 12 and January 25.


