# species_source

description:
  [F]irst discovered in Long Beach, California, in July 1984 ...  the peppertree psyllid, Calophya schini ... is native to Peru, which is also the native home of the California pepper tree, Schinus rnolle ...

  Damage is caused by the nymphal stage of the insect. Each nymph makes a deep pit in the leaflet, and several dozen pits may occur on the same leaflet. Pitting and nymphal development occur also on petioles, immature flower buds, slender green twiglets, and occasionally on heavier wood. The pitting and associated discoloration and distortion of leaflets and twiglets disfigure trees. High psyllid populations result in a grayish appearance of infested trees, followed by extensive foliage drop, particularly during the winter and early spring before the new flush of foliage is produced.

  Adult female psyllids deposit translucent white eggs, which darken before hatching, on several types of tender new growth of the pepper tree. Unexpanded leaves ... seem to be the preferred site of egg-laying. On hatching, the nymphs settle on nearby plant growth. Of 170 nymphs found on 192 leaflets examined from 16 leaves, 55 percent were on the lower surface and 45 percent on the upper surface. 


description:
  *Carpinus* (hornbeam)

  Fold along leaf vein.....*Dasineura pudibunda* (Osten Sacken)

  Folds usually occur along lateral veins and become hard and brittle while the larvae are still in the first instar...leave the galls only in late summer. One to several larvae live in each gall. Adults have not been reared. Host: *C. caroliniana*...


description:
  *Corylus* (hazel)...
  ...Deformed catkin, its base greatly enlarged...*"Cecidomyia" squamulicola* Stebbins

  Galls have been found in September but probably first appear in early spring....Host: *C. americana*


description:
  **CONTARINIA**
  ...
  **squamulicola**. USA (Massachusetts, Connecticut). Corylus americana (Betulaceae). 
  *Cecidomyia squamulicola* Stebbins 1910: 16. USA: Massachusetts, vic. Springfield; T; G; NHSM.


description:
  **CONTARINIA**
  ...
  **squamulicola**. USA (Massachusetts, Connecticut). *Corylus americana* (Betulaceae). 
  *Cecidomyia squamulicola* Stebbins 1910: 16. USA: Massachusetts, vic. Springfield; T; G; NHSM.


description:
  *Campsis* (trumpet-creeper)
  1a. Larva in curled leaves...*Contarinia tecomae* (Felt)
  Nothing is known of this species beyond the original record. Host: *C. radicans*, Distr.: New York.


description:
  **CONTARINIA**
  ...
  **tecomae**. USA (New York). *Campsis radicans* (Bignoniaceae). 
  *Bremia tecomae* Felt 1906b: 127. USA: New York, Albany; ST; ♂,♀,P,L; NYSM.


description:
  *Catalpa*
  ...
  Larva in bud...cecidomyiid

  In early summer new shoots become swollen and contain gregarious larvae. Full-grown larvae drop to the ground, after which the shoots turn brown and die. Host: *C. bignonioides*. Distr.: Ohio


description:
  Mr. Houser in Bulletin 194 of this Station says: "During the early summer, the tender growing tips of the catalpa become swollen and in time blacken at the point of injury. During the early part of the season the injury is usually found three or four inches below the tip, and at a lesser distance during late summer when the tree is growing less rapidly. The tip above the injury dies. Following the death of the tip in early summer, the next node below develops one or more branches, and frequently a cluster of leaves, giving the tree a bushy growth. The ultimate result, after continued topping, is a stunted, crooked, forked growth."

  [Gossard seems to have identified this with *Cecidomyia catalpae* [syn: *Contarinia catalpae*], but Gagné (1989) lists this damage separately, assigning it to an undescribed midge.]


description:
  *Catalpa*
  ...
  Discolored, circular leaf spot...*Neolasioptera* sp.

  Spots are about 5 mm in diameter and can be found from May to November...Some larvae drop to the ground to pupate, other pupate in the leaf. Adults were reared in spring from galls collected in November. Host: *C. bignonioides*...


description:
  After the larvae disappear from the leaves, the resemblance of these spots to some of the fungous leaf-spot maladies is so great that for one or two seasons our botanists examined the spots very carefully at intervals with the compound microscope, the only result being to strengthen the suspicion that they were in some way caused by insects...
  .
  [Not totally clear from the description that this damage is actually a gall, but at least some instances probably are if they are indeed induced by a *Neolasioptera* sp. Gossard assigned these to *Contarinia ['Cecidomyia'] catalpae*, but only provisionally.]


description:
  *Amsinckia*
  Spherical, soft swellings on inflorescence, stem, or leaf...*Schizomyia macrofila* (Felt)
  Adults emerge in spring and lay eggs directly into plant tissue. Galls grow to 3-15 mm in diameter. One to six larvae develop swiftly in each gall and drop to the soil when full-grown...Hosts: *A. intermedia*, *A. lycopsoides*, *A. spectabilis*...


description:
  *Cardamine* (watercress)

  Deformed, irregularly conical flowers...*Dasineura* sp.

  This damage has been noted only in Felt (1940). Host: *Cardamine* sp. Distr.: unspecified


description:
  *Lepidium* (peppergrass)

  1a. Swollen seed capsule...*Dasineura lepidii* Felt

  Infested capsules are darker than normal. Adults have been reared in mid-July. Host: *L. virginicum*. Distr.: Maryland.


description:
  *Lepidium* (peppergrass)
  ...
  1b Stem or root swelling...cecidomyiid

  The only reference to this species is in Felt (1940) as *Cecidomyia* sp. Host: *Lepidium* sp. Distr.: unspecified.


description:
  *Nasturtium*

  Swollen flower...*Asphondylia* sp.

  Adults were reared in June. Host: *Nasturtium* sp. Distr.: Arizona.


description:
  *Stanleya*

  Swollen flower...*Dasineura stanleyae* (Cockerell)

  Sepals of infested flowers are thickened and enlarged. The larvae inside are gregarious. Host: *Stanleya "glauca."* Distr.: Colorado.


description:
  *Tillandsia*
  Root nodule...*Neolasioptera* n. sp.
  Nodules resemble those on rootlets of poison ivy (147)...

  [refers only to specimens from sites south of USA and/or intercepted at USA customs, but included here for completeness as some *Tillandsia* species do occur spontaneously in USA]


description:
  *Tillandsia*
  Root nodule...*Neolasioptera* n. sp.
  Nodules resemble those on rootlets of poison ivy (147)... Hosts: *Tillandsia* spp. ...

  [refers only to specimens from sites south of USA and/or intercepted at USA customs, but included here for completeness as some *Tillandsia* species do occur spontaneously in USA]


description:
  *Opuntia* (prickly-pear)
  ...
  1b. Swelling or necrotic area on segment (pad)...2
  ...
  2b. Larva in slight swelling, affected area sometimes yellow...*Neolasioptera* sp. and *"Mayetiola"* spp.

  *Neolasioptera* sp. Many red larvae of this species were found in cells 1 cm in diameter. They spun cocoons when full-grown, pupated in the galls, and adults emerged in March. Hosts: *O. lindheimeri*, *Opuntia* sp.

  [only records are from Aguascalientes, Mexico, but the host ranges into the southern USA]


description:
  *Opuntia* (prickly-pear)
  ...
  1b. Swelling or necrotic area on segment (pad)...2
  ...
  2b. Larva in slight swelling, affected area sometimes yellow...*Neolasioptera* sp. and *"Mayetiola"* spp.

  *Neolasioptera* sp. Many red larvae of this species were found in cells 1 cm in diameter. They spun cocoons when full-grown, pupated in the galls, and adults emerged in March. Hosts: *O. lindheimeri*, *Opuntia* sp.
  ...
  [only records are from Aguascalientes, Mexico, but the host ranges into the southern USA]


description:
  Opuntia (prickly-pear)
  ...
  1b. Swelling or necrotic area on segment (pad)...2
  ...
  2b. Larva in slight swelling, affected area sometimes yellow...Neolasioptera sp. and "Mayetiola" spp.
  ...
  *"Mayetiola"* spp. Three separate species have been briefly mentioned and tentatively identified as belonging to this genus: orange larvae on *O. lindheimeri* in Texas; orange larvae on *O. tomentosa* from Cuernavaca, Mexico; and larvae from *O. tomentosa* near Mexico City. The specimens appear to be lost. Ref.: Mann (1969)


description:
  *Opuntia* (prickly-pear)
  ...
  1b. Swelling or necrotic area on segment (pad)...2
  ...
  2b. Larva in slight swelling, affected area sometimes yellow...*Neolasioptera* sp. and *"Mayetiola"* spp.
  ...
  *"Mayetiola"* spp. Three separate species have been briefly mentioned and tentatively identified as belonging to this genus: orange larvae on *O. lindheimeri* in Texas; orange larvae on *O. tomentosa* from Cuernavaca, Mexico; and larvae from *O. tomentosa* near Mexico City. The specimens appear to be lost. Ref.: Mann (1969)


description:
  *Humulus* (hops)

  Swollen stem...*Lasioptera humulicaulis* Felt

  Larvae are orange and overwinter in the stems. Adults emerge in spring. Host: *H. lupulus*. Distr.: New York.

  [Unclear whether the host record refers to *Humulus lupulus* in the strict sense, one of the native American species often subsumed in a wide-sense *H. lupulus*, a hybrid, and/or a cultivar.]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/331/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips maculosa, new species

  Host -- Quercus dumosa

  Gall (figs. 11 and 44). — Globular, 5-7 mm. in diameter, attached by a short stout stalk to the midrib on the underside of the leaf in the fall. Greenish, mottled with white while growing, turning brown as they mature, a very thin papery epidermal later becoming loosened and peeling off in fragments in old specimens. Inside is a darker stony-hard shell one-half millimeter in thickness, and within this a single larval cell supported by dense radiating fibers.

  Habitat. — The type material was collected in Sequoia National Park, Calif., on September 9, 1922, between the western gate and the Cedar Creek checking station, on the Giant Forest Road. Some of the galls were still green and others turning brown. At that date they contained full-grown larvae, which pupated about October 1. The living flies were cut from the galls on November 10. The galls were also seen at Los Gatos and Lakeport and Ukiah. H. Morrison collected galls on Black Mountain, San Mateo County, in December, 1910, and reared an adult the next summer. Koebele collected galls in the Santa Cruz Mountains and others in Sonoma County. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/332/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips mirabilis Kinsey

  The writer collected galls of this species at Victoria, British Columbia ; on San Juan Island, at Tillicum and Shelton, Wash. ; at Albany, Corvallis, Eugene, Odell, Cottage Grove, Oakland, Canyonville. Wolf Creek, Kirby, Holland, McLeod, and Siskiyou, Oreg. ; at Yreka, Fort Jones, Scott Bar, and Sequoia National Park, Calif. The National Museum has galls from Grants Pass and Goble (E. J. Perkins), Oreg., and O. J. Murie collected galls at Cottage City. The young galls may be found in early July, becoming full-grown in August; they contain pupae in mid-September and the writer cut out living adults from the dry galls on November 10, January 13, and February 14. The forest-insect collection has flies from Ashland, Oreg., which emerged November G and April 1.


description:
  Holcaspis globulus (Fitch)

  Cynips oneratus
  Callaspidia quercus globulus
  Cynips quercus globulus
  Cynips q globulus
  Cynips globulus
  Diplolepis globulus
  Loxaulis globulus
  Holcaspis globulus
  Cynips rugosa
  Holcaspis rugosa

  Gall. On the twigs of white oak (Quercus alba), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus [montana]), scrub chestnut oak (Quercus prinoides). Smooth, globular or the shape of a bullet, growing singly or in clusters of two, three, or more. Yellow, sometimes tinged with red. Internally of a compact, rather hard, corky texture and containing a free, oval, yellowish brown larval cell, resembling an egg. Diameter 8 to 16 mm.

  Habitat: Canada to Texas. 

  The insect described by Harris as Cynips oneratus is a guestfly (Synergus oneratus) and Cynips globulus of Fitch is the true gall maker. The species described by Bassett as Cynips rugosa is inseparable from Holcaspis globulus, at least I am unable to find any perceptible differences between the two species. 

  The types of Harris are in the Boston Society of Natural History and Bassett's types of H. rugosa are in the American Museum of Natural History and the American Entomological Society. Fitch's type of H. globulus is lost.


description:
  Holcaspis omnivora (Ashmead)

  Cynips q omnivora
  Andricus omnivorus
  Holcaspis omnivora

  Gall. (Plate VII, Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7.) Singly or in clusters of two or three on the twigs of different kinds of oaks (Qurcus brevifolia, Quercus catesbaei [erroneous]; Quercus virginiana [erroneous], Quercus minor [stellata], and Quercus chapmani). Globular or irregularly rounded, sometimes confluent. Hard, pale brown or yellowish, sometimes tinged with red. Internally there is a small larval cell, sometimes loose, but more often attached to the hull near the bud axil. Diameter 8 to 20 mm. 

  Habitat. Florida. 

  The gall of this species resembles that of Holcaspis globulus, but the fly is almost entirely rufous while Holcaspis globulus is nearly black. 


description:
  Holcaspis mamma (Walsh)

  Cynips q mamma
  Holcaspis mamma
  Holcaspis duricoria
  Cynips duricaria
  Holcaspis duricaria
  Diplolepis q macrocarpae
  Cynips macrocarpae
  Andricus macrocarpae

  Gall. (Plate VIII, Fig. 1.) In numbers or in clusters among the twigs of swamp white oak (Quercus platanoides [bicolor]) and bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa). Rounded, hard, and woody when old, brown or dark red, with a more or less distinct point at the apex. When fresh it is bright red, sometimes greenish, soft and pithy. Internally there is a free larval cell, similar to that of Holcaspis globulus. Diameter 6 to 18 mm. 

  Habitat. Canada to Texas. 

  I have united Holcaspis duricoria Bassett, with H. mamma Walsh. The description of the gall of the latter tallies exactly with that of the former, while the brief characters of the adult of H. mamma agrees with those of H. duricoria. Walsh compared his H. mamma with H. globulus and his diagnosis agrees essentially with the material of these species before me. A specimen of H. mamma was given to me by the late Dr. Ashmead, and I cannot separate it from duricoria. Bassett also suspected that H. duricoria was probably identical with H. mamma, and his species had long borne the name as a manuscript designation before the description was published. The gall of mamma is sometimes found in countless numbers on a single tree. 

  The types of the adults and galls of duricoria are in the American Museum of Natural History and the American Entomological Society. The types of H. mamma were lost in the great Chicago fire. 


description:
  Holcaspis rubens Gillette

  Gall. (Plate VII, Figs. 8, 9.) Singly or in clusters on the twigs of oak (Quercus undulata). Globular and composed of a dense corky substance, containing a single larval cell that is easily detached from the surrounding portions. Smooth or rough externally and of a light straw color, usually tinted with red. Diameter 10 to 14 mm. 

  Habitat. Colorado. 

  The gall very much resembles that of Holcaspis globulus but the flies are very different. The types are with Prof. C. P. Gillette and in the American Museum of Natural History.


description:
  Holcaspis persimilis Ashmead

  Gall. (Plate VIII, Figs. 15, 16.) On the twigs of black jack oak (Quercus marylandica). Rounded, hard, rugose externally, with raised lines and ridges. Otherwise similar in structure to other Holcaspid galls. Diameter 7 mm. 

  This species is unknown to me. The types of the single adult and gall are in the United States National Museum; the habitat is unknown. According to Ashmead the adult may be known from the congeners by the angulated outer vein of the areolet.


description:
  Holcaspis bassetti Gillette

  Gall. (Plate VIII, Figs. 6, 7.) Singly or in clusters from two to about thirty, closely crowded together on the twigs of swamp white oak (Quercus platanoides [bicolor]) and shingle oak (Quercus imbricaria). Green and soft when fresh and often tinged with pink. Hard, woody and brown, when old and dry. Monothalamous, rounded or irregular at base, broadly attached to the twig, and gradually drawn out into a more or less prominent point at the apex, which is sometimes curved. Larval cell at base of gall and somewhat pointed at the end toward the twig. 

  Habitat.- Ohio; Michigan; Iowa. 

  The types are with Prof. C. P. Gillette. 


description:
  Holcaspis sileri Bassett

  Gall. (Plate VIII, Fig. 12.) Singly at the tip of twig of oak (Quercus undulata). Somewhat bud-shaped, ovate, or elongate. Attached by a broad base to the twig near the bud, pointed at the apex with part of a leaf growing from it or at the sides. Rough and apparently green when fresh, brown and pubescent when dry. Internally the gall is hard with the larval cell closely imbedded, but separated from the gall. Length about 9 mm. Width about 5 to 6 mm. 

  Habitat. Southern Utah. 

  The adult of this species has not been examined by me. It is in the collection of the American Entomological Society and two type galls are in the American Museum of Natural History.


description:
  Holcaspis canescens Bassett

  Gall. In clusters on the branch of a species of dwarf oak (Quercus sp.) Rounded, hard, and woody, with a blunt spur at the apex. Resembling dwarf specimens of Holcaspis duricoria, though the surface is more hoary. Internally, there is a single larval cell, attached to the gall, but can be detached without breaking; around the cell there is a thin layer of rusty brown, and outside this a light gray color prevails. Diameter 10 mm. 

  Habitat. California. 

  The type is in the American Entomological Society.


description:
  Holcaspis arizonica Cockerell

  Gall. Attached to the base of the petiole of leaf of oak (Quercus arizonica). Globular, pale ochreous, not shining. There is a projecting point next to the place of insertion. Inside it is brown, fiberous, moderately dense, with at least two cells. Diameter 9 mm. 

  Habitat. Prescott, Arizona. 

  This species is unknown to me. According to T. D. A. Cockerell it is closely related to Cynips sulcatus Ashmead, but differs by its much darker color and infuscated wings, and seems to go best in Holcaspis. The type, according to Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, is with the American Entomological Society.


description:
  Holcaspis colorado Gillette

  Gall. In clusters on the twigs of a species of oak (Quercus, sp.). Globular and drawn out into a blunt point at the apex. Hard and woody and resembles small dark colored galls of H. rugosa. The substance is more dense than in rugosa and gobulus and the central cell does not separate from the cellular tissue. Length 10 mm. Width 8 mm. 

  Habitat. Colorado (Manitou). 

  This species is unknown to me and the type of the adult and gall are with Prof. C. P. Gillette. It was described from a single living female which was cut from a gall October 31, 1892.


description:
  Holcaspis cinerosa (Bassett)

  Cynips cinerosa
  Andricus cinerosus

  Gall. (Plate VII, Fig. 10.) Singly or in clusters of two or three on the twigs of live oak (Quercus virginiana). Monothalamous. Globular with a distinct pointed nipple at the apex, and covered with a dense mealy grayish powder. Internally it is of a dense corky or cellular structure, containing a partly free central larval cell. Diameter 12 to 22 mm. 

  Habitat. Texas.

  A distinct species, readily known by the dense grayish pubescence on the thorax and sides of the abdomen; clear hyaline wings with the cubitus of the primaries disappearing before reaching the first cross-vein. The gall is perfectly globular with a nipple at the apex and differs from all other known Holcaspis galls by the dense grayish powder covering it. 

  The types are in the American Entomological Society. A fine lot of galls of H. cinerosa, from Austin, Texas, were kindly sent to me by Mr. C. Hartman.


description:
  Holcaspis corallina Bassett

  Holcaspis corallinus Bassett

  Gall. (Plate IX, Figs. 13, 14.) On twigs of a species of dwarf oak (Quercus, sp.) Coral-shaped, rounded with the surface irregularly and thickly studded all over with short, stumpy projections which differ in size. Reddish buff-colored when fresh and blackish when old; covered closely with a velvety pubescence. Internally the gall is yellowish brown and contains a single, attached, larval cell. Diameter 7 to 10 mm. 

  Habitat. California. 

  The types are in the American Entomological Society and type galls in the American Museum of Natural History.


description:
  Holcaspis douglasi Ashmead

  Holcaspis douglasii

  Gall. (Plate VIII, Figs. 10, 11.) On the under side of the leaf of oak (Quercus douglasi) Brown and covered with a lilac gray bloom. Squash shaped, with many ridges surrounding the upper margin, being prolonged into irregular tubercles, usually from seven to ten in number. From the base to the upper margin the gall gradually increases in width. Internally it is hollow and with an egg-shaped partly attached larval chamber. Height 7 to 10 mm. Width at upper margin 6 to 10 mm. 

  Habitat. California (Marin Co.). 

  The gall of this species is very different in shape from that of other Holcaspis. It is somewhat of the shape of a diminutive squash and covered with a delicate lilac gray bloom which is easily rubbed off. The types are in the United States National Museum. 


description:
  Holcaspis truckeensis Ashmead

  Gall. (Plate VIII, Fig. 13.) On the terminal twig of oak (Quercus chrysolepis var. vaccinifolia). Irregular, inflated, hard, woody gall issuing from a slit in a terminal twig. Brown, somewhat smooth with transverse depressions, caused by the coalescence of several galls. Length about 25 mm. Width about 12 mm. 

  Habitat. California. 

  The types are in the United States National Museum.


description:
  Holcaspis eldoradensis sp. nov.

  Gall. (Plate IX, figs. 6, 7.) On the twigs of Quercus kelloggii [erroneous; presumably should be Q lobata]. Hard woody and with the base broadly inserted in a slit on the branch. Rounded with the top very much flattened. Sides pale brown, wrinkled, summit dark brown and rugose. Centrally is a single larval cell. Width 4-7 mm. Height about 4 mm. 

  Habitat: Sonoma County, California. 

  Type: One female and gall. Collection American Museum of Natural History. 


description:
  Holcaspis perniciosa (Bassett)

  Cynips quercus mellaria
  Holcaspis perniciosus
  Holcaspis perniciosa
  Holcaspis monticola

  Gall. (Plate IX, Figs. 8, 9.) In clusters on the twigs of oaks (Quercus undulata and Quercus gambelii). Monothalmous. Rounded with the apex more or less pointed or somewhat flattened, attached by a broad base to the twig which is enlarged into a shallow cup-like receptacle at the base of the gall. When fresh the gall is bright-colored, inclining to crimson or scarlet; when old, dark brown, hard, woody and containing a larval cell firmly imbedded in the rather hard cellular tissue. Smooth or slightly rough and sometimes with deep, irregular cracks. The adult escapes through an opening which it makes at the base of the gall. Diameter 5 to 8 mm. 

  Habitat Colorado; New Mexico; Utah; Arizona. 

  A distinct species, redescribed as Holeaspis monticola by Prof. C. P. Gillette. Riley, in 1880, briefly described the galls under the name Cynips quercus mellaria. This name should not be accepted since it is based merely on the plant deformation. According to McCook the galls exude minute drops of a sweet, watery secretion which is collected by the honey ant (Myrmecocystus hortideorum). This liquid is eagerly collected by the ordinary workers, carried to their nests in their crops and fed to the repletes, and otherwise serving as food when other sources are exhausted. 

  The types of H. perniciosus are in the American Entomological Society, and those of H. monticola are with Prof. C. P. Gillette and the American Museum of Natural History.


description:
  Holcaspis succinipes (Ashmead)

  Cynip q succinipes 
  Andricus succinipes
  Holcaspis succinipes

  Gall. (Plate VII, Fig. 11; Plate VIII, Fig. 14.) In clusters of from five to twenty or more crowded around a terminal twig or branch of live oak (Quercus virginiana). Globular or bud-shaped with a broad flattened or excavate base. Yellowish brown, with a surface like buckskin, becoming blackish brown with age. Internally hard, and tough with a single hard, smooth larval cell. Diameter 3 to 6 mm. 

  Habitat. Florida. 

  The types are in the United States National Museum


description:
  Holcaspis succinipes (Ashmead)

  Cynip q succinipes 
  Andricus succinipes
  Holcaspis succinipes

  Gall. (Plate VII, Fig. 11; Plate VIII, Fig. 14.) In clusters of from five to twenty or more crowded around a terminal twig or branch of live oak (Quercus virginiana). Globular or bud-shaped with a broad flattened or excavate base. Yellowish brown, with a surface like buckskin, becoming blackish brown with age. Internally hard, and tough with a single hard, smooth larval cell. Diameter 3 to 6 mm. 

  Habitat. Florida. 

  The types are in the United States National Museum

  Holcapsis ficigera (Ashmead)

  Cynips q ficigera
  Loxaulis ficigera
  Holcaspis ficigera

  Gall. (Plate VIII, Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5.) In clusters thickly crowded together around a twig of live oak (Quercus virginiana) compressing each other and shaped accordingly. Outwardly they resemble compressed figs and are of a yellowish brown color. When not compressed they are rounded with a flattened base. Hard and woody and covered with a felt-like substance. Internally the gall is hard and surrounds a smooth kernel, which is plainly visible on detaching a gall, a part of the kernel being imbedded, and when detached it leaves an indentation in the twig. 

  Habitat. Georgia; Florida; Kansas. 

  The types are in the United States National Museum.


description:
  Holcaspis spongiosa (Karsch)

  Diplolepis spongiosus
  Cynips spongiosa
  Cynips q ficula
  Loxaulis ficula
  Holcaspis ficula

  Gall. (Plate IX, Figs. 10, 11.) Closely compressed clusters surrounding the twigs of burr oak (Quercus macrocarpa), post oak (Quercus minor [stellata]) and Quercus chapmani. The individual galls in these clusters assume a variety of forms, by reason of their lateral pressure which they exert upon each other. The normal form would undoubtedly be that of a regular cone attached by its apex to the branch. The galls form a rounded or elongated or globular symmetrical mass, somewhat resembling that of pressed figs. Externally they are thin-shelled and are usually covered with a rust-colored velvety substance which mostly disappears from the outward and exposed surface. Internally it is composed of a soft spongy reddish brown substance and contains a hard larval cell not separable from the spongy substance. The masses are usually very closely compact giving them the appearance of being one large gall, with fissures and depressions indicating the individual galls. Length 25 to 50 mm. Diameter 16 to 38 mm. 

  Habitat. Georgia; Florida; Texas. 

  The types of H. ficula are in the American Entomological Society and the American Museum of Natural History, and the types of H. spongiosus are probably in the Berlin Museum. 

  The description and figure of the gall of H. spongiosus agree with that of H. ficula. The adult was briefly described from a broken example and Dr. Karsch stated that the same together with the characteristic gall would serve to recognize the species.


description:
  Holcaspis brevipennata Gillette

  Gall. (Plate IX, Figs. 4. 5.) Attached singly to the under side and always near the margin of the leaves of oak (Quercus undulata). Globular thin shelled; straw color more or less stained with rusty brown. The central cell is held in place by a rather abundant growth of fine radiating fibres, more or less branched toward their outer ends. Diameter 11 to 18 mm. 

  Habitat. Manitou, Colorado. (Gillette.) 

  The gall somewhat resembles that of Dryophanta polita, but is more fragile and thin shelled. The wings of the adult extend slightly beyond the abdomen. The parapsidal grooves are continuous and the anterior part of parallel lines are wanting. 

  The types of the adults and galls are with Prof. C. P. Gillette and in The American Museum of Natural History.


description:
  Holcaspis centricola (Osten Sacken)

  Cynips quercus centricola
  Cynips q centricola
  Cynips centricola
  Loxaulis centricola

  Gall. (Plate IX, Fig. 1.) On the undersides of the leaves of post oak (Quercus minor [stellata]). Globular flattened at base and attached to the leaf by a small nipple. Thin shelled white, sometimes tinged with pink and covered with a white pubescence, this being the character of the under side of the leaf of the post oak. Internally there is a central kernel which is held in position by numerous, white, silky filaments, radiating from the kernel to the shell of the gall. Diameter 15 to 20 mm. 

  Habitat. Washington, D. C.; New Jersey; Indiana. 

  A very distinct species and different from all other known Holcaspis. In the adult the parapsidal grooves extend from the shoulders, where they are widely separated, backward to the scutellum, where they are close together. The line at base of wing is curved anteriorly and the wings are clouded apically and on the anal vein. The gall superficially resembles that of Amphibolips inanis. It is possible that the species may not belong to the genus Holcaspis and I place it in this genus tentatively. The types are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass. 


description:
  Holcaspis maculipennis Gillette

  Gall. (Plate IX, Figs. 2, 3.) Single or in clusters of two or more, on the upper and under sides of the leaves of oak (Quercus wrightii [erroneous], Quercus undulata [erroneous], Quercus garryana), and probably other. allied species. Globular, yellowish, composed of a thin outer shell and a single larval cell held in place by radiating fibres. Yellowish brown when dry and covered with darker brown rounded spots. Diameter 15 to 35 mm.

  Habitat. New Mexico [erroneous]; California; Oregon. The maculation of the wings is unlike that of any other species of Holcaspis, and the species may be readily known by the continuous parapsidal grooves. The gall resembles that of Amphibolips inanis. 

  The types are with Prof. C. P. Gillette. I have bred several specimens of the flies from galls collected at Portland, Oregon, by Dr. E. O. Hovey. 


description:
  Eumayria floridana Ashmead.

  Eumayria multiarticulata (gall only)

  Gall. On the roots of laurel-leaf oak (Quercus laurifolia). Polythalamous. Hard, rounded and composed of many hard larval cells. 

  Habitat: Florida. 

  The types are in the United States National Museum and one male and one female are in the collection of Mrs. A. T. Slosson


description:
  Belenocnema treatae Mayr.

  Dryorhizoxenus floridanus ASHMEAD

  Gall. (Plate LI, Fig. 1.) In clusters around the rootlet of live oak (Quercus virginiana). Polythalamous. Irregular in shape, somewhat wedge-shaped, soft, fleshy and of the consistency of a potato when fresh. Externally rough, irregular and of a yellowish color. Hard, brown and woody when dry. Internally composed of numerous cells one above another, and separated by thick fleshy partitions. Length from 10 to 20 mm. 

  Habitat. Florida. 

  The types are in the United States National Museum.


description:
  Belonocnema colorado Gillette

  Habitat. Dolores, Colorado. Pecos, New Mexico (T. D. A. Cockerell). 

  This species was described from a single specimen taken June 18, 1892, by Prof. C. P. Gillette. It is allied to B. treatae, but differs by the absence of the median groove on the mesothorax and infuscations on the radial veins. The gall is not known. It probably occurs on the roots of oak. The type is with Prof. Gillette. 


description:
  Solenozopheria vaccinii Ashmead.

  Gall. (Plate LI, Figs. 2-8.) On the stems of various kinds of blueberry (Vaccinium pennsylvanicum, V. corymbosum, V. canadense, V. vacillans), and huckleberry (Gaylussacia dumosa, G. frondorsa, G. resinosa). Polythalamous. Green and fleshy when fresh, brown, hard and pithy when old and dry. Irregularly rounded, and usually kidney shaped. Concave at the place of attachment to the stem, turning the same downward. Diameter 12 to 25 mm. 

  Habitat. Canada to Florida and Texas. 

  The gall is usually very abundant, but the true gall-maker seems to be difficult to obtain. I have had hundreds of the galls, but have not as yet succeeded in rearing the gall-fly. The galls are mostly always infested by a species of guest-fly, which cause the larvae of the gall-maker to succumb before reaching maturity. The gall-fly is known only by a single female, in the United States National Museum.


description:
  Oompsodryoxenus maculipennis Ashmead.

  Gall. On twigs of live oak (Quercus sp.)[Quercus turbinella inferred to be most likely, chosen as a placeholder] Polythalamous. Irregularly rounded or elongate, hard woody swellings, very much like that of [Andricus coxii Bassett.](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/734)

  Habitat: Arizona.

  The types are in the United States National Museum.


description:
  Oompsodryoxenus brunneus Ashmead.

  Gall. (Plate LI, Figs. 9-13.) On the branches of oak (Quercus chrysolepis). Polythalamous. Very hard, ovate or elongate woody swellings.

  Habitat. California.

  The types are in the United States National Museum.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16255084#page/455
description:
  As far as known, the species form galls on grasses. The type-series of *[Homaluroides] distichliae* was reared from bract-covered galls on salt-marsh grass, *Distichlis spicata* (L.) Greene.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16255084#page/455
description:
  As far as known, the species form galls on grasses... Both *[Homaluroides] ingratus* and *[H.] gramineus* were described from material reared from gall-like swellings on grasses, the former from *Muhlenbergia mexicana* (L.) Trin., the latter from an unknown grass. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16255084#page/455
description:
  As far as known, the species form galls on grasses... Both *[Homaluroides] ingratus* and *[H.] gramineus* were described from material reared from gall-like swellings on grasses, the former from *Muhlenbergia mexicana* (L.) Trin., the latter from an unknown grass. The former has subsequently been reared from other species of *Muhlenbergia*.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16255084#page/455
description:
  As far as known, the species form galls on grasses... New species near *[Homaluroides] melleus* have been reared from stem swellings on *Aristida* and *Sporobolus*.


description:
  For [this fly](https://bugguide.net/node/view/1556074), reared by Michael W. Palmer from a gall on *Dichanthelium oligosanthes* in Payne County, Oklahoma. Might be conspecific with [this fly](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/5356), also reared from *Dichanthelium*. 


description:
  For [this fly](https://bugguide.net/node/view/1461107), reared by Charley Eiseman from gall on *Dichanthelium* sp. collected by Tracey S. Feldman in Scotland County, North Carolina. 


description:
  For [this fly](https://bugguide.net/node/view/1461107), reared by Charley Eiseman from [gall on *Dichanthelium* sp.](https://bugguide.net/node/view/1388989) collected by Tracey S. Feldman in Scotland County, North Carolina. Might be conspecific with [this fly](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/5354), also reared from *Dichanthelium*. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16255084#page/455
description:
  As far as known, the species form galls on grasses... A species near *[Homaluroides] distichliae* was reared from Bermuda grass, *Cynodon dactylon* (L.) Pers.


description:
  *Euhexomyza salicis* (Malloch)
  new combination
  *Agromyza salicis*. Malloch, 1913: 314. Shewell 1953: 464.
  *Melanagromyza salicis*. Frick 1952: 379, Frick 1959: 365.
  *Hexomyza salicis*. Spencer 1966: 39, 1990: 81; Spencer and Steyskal 1986: 36.
  Distribution: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia), United States of America (Massachusetts).
  Host: *Salix* species.


description:
  *Euhexomyza schineri* (Giraud)
  new combination
  ...
  *Agromyza schineri* Giraud, 1861: 484. Malloch 1913: 327; Spencer 1966: 42 [lectotype designation].
  *Melanagromyza schineri*. Hendel 1920: 128, 1931: 174; Frick 1952: 379; Sasakawa 1961: 349.
  *Hexomyza schineri*. Spencer 1966: 42, 1969: 81, Spencer 1980: 29, 1990: 81; Spencer and Steyskal 1986: 36; Gil-Ortiz et al. 2012: 275 [Spain].


description:
  *Euhexomyza schineri* (Giraud)
  new combination
  ...
  *Agromyza schineri* Giraud, 1861: 484. Malloch 1913: 327; Spencer 1966: 42 [lectotype designation].
  *Melanagromyza schineri*. Hendel 1920: 128, 1931: 174; Frick 1952: 379; Sasakawa 1961: 349.
  *Hexomyza schineri*. Spencer 1966: 42, 1969: 81, Spencer 1980: 29, 1990: 81; Spencer and Steyskal 1986: 36; Gil-Ortiz et al. 2012: 275 [Spain].
  ...
  Host: *Populus* species; records from *Salix* species in Sasakawa (1961) are considered dubious by Spencer and Steyskal (1986).


description:
  *Euhexomyza simplicoides* (Hendel)
  new combination
  ...
  *Melanagromyza simplicoides* Hendel, 1920: 128. Hendel 1931: 178. Spencer 1966: 44 [lectotype designation].
  *Melanagromyza kirgizica* Rohdendorf-Holmanová, 1959: 695. Synonymised in Spencer (1966).
  *Hexomyza simplicoides*. Spencer 1966: 44, 1969: 79 [potential presence in Canada], 1980: 31, 1990: 81; Spencer and Steyskal 1986: 35.
  Distribution: Nearctic: United States of America (California, New York, Ohio). Palaearctic: Europe, Russia (Kirghiz).
  Host: *Salix*; doubtful records from *Populus* (Spencer 1966).


description:
  *Euhexomyza websteri* (Malloch)
  new combination
  ...
  *Agromyza schineri*. Misidentification. Aldrich, in Amundsen 1912: 730.
  *Agromyza websteri* Malloch, 1913: 325. Shewell 1953: 465.
  *Melanagromyza websteri*. Hendel, 1931: 180; Frick 1952: 380; Sasakawa 1961: 353.
  *Hexomyza websteri*. Spencer and Steyskal 1986: 36; Spencer 1990: 115.
  Distribution: Nearctic: United States of America (introduced – Washington); Palaearctic: Japan.
  Host: Fabaceae – *Wistaria* Sprengel species


description:
  *Euhexomyza winnemanae* (Malloch)
  new combination
  *Agromyza winnemanae* Malloch, 1913: 314. Shewell 1953: 465.
  *Melanagromyza winnemanae*. Frick 1952: 380, 1959: 367.
  *Hexomyza albicula* Spencer, 1969: 79. Synonymised in Spencer and Steyskal (1986).
  *Hexomyza winnemanae*. Spencer and Steyskal 1986: 250; Spencer 1990: 81.
  Distribution: NE: Canada (Ontario), United States of America (Maryland).
  Host: *Salix*.


description:
   Larva forming twig-gall on *Salix* sp.
  [note: In re-instating *E. albicula* as a distinct species, *E. winnemanae* loses its only record of having been reared from a *Salix* gall, which Lonsdale (2021) notes. Lonsdale notes the host biology of *E. winnemanae* in the strict sense as "Host. Unknown – likely *Salix* (Salicaceae)."]


description:
  *Populus* spp. The larva forms twig-galls which are somewhat larger and more spherical than those of *[Hexomyia] salicis* [syn: *Euhexomyia salicis*].


description:
  Two species are now known in Canada but it seems probable that a third species, *[Hexomyza] simplicoides* [syn: *Euhexomyza*] (Hd.), forming galls on *Salix* spp., which the author confirmed in the United States will also in due course be discovered in Canada.


description:
  ex gall on *Salix* sp.
  ...
  *Euhexomyza albicula* (Spencer) stat. reinst., comb. nov. was included as a junior synonym of *[Hexomyza] winnemanae* by Spencer and Steyskal (1986b), but following examination of the types of both species, both are recognised here as distinct, and the former is resurrected from synonymy. Aside from having white wings and a similar body size, the two species are strikingly dissimilar.


description:
  Glencarlyn, [Virginia], 21.viii.1929, emg., “8-9.29”, *Rudbeckia* gall, J.C. Bridwell (1♂, USNM),...
  ...
  While the host species is not mentioned on any of the specimen labels, the male collected by Plakidas was reared from *Rudbeckia laciniata* (Plakidas 1982). It is interesting that this *Melanagromyza* atypically induces a gall, as apparent from both Plakidas’ specimen and the reared specimen from Virginia.


description:
  Glencarlyn, [Virginia], 21.viii.1929, emg., “8-9.29”, *Rudbeckia* gall, J.C. Bridwell (1♂, USNM),...
  ...
  While the host species is not mentioned on any of the specimen labels, the male collected by Plakidas was reared from *Rudbeckia laciniata* (Plakidas 1982). It is interesting that this *Melanagromyza* atypically induces a gall, as apparent from both Plakidas’ specimen and the reared specimen from Virginia.
  ...
  [note: In Plakidas' paper (1982), these flies are identified as *Melanagromyza matricarioides*, were reared from larvae found in "plant tissue adjacent to the gall cells" (vs. from the gall cells themselves), and were assumed to not be the gall-maker. *Asphondylia helianthiglobulus* was assumed to be the gall inducer based on gall morphology and host identity. Lonsdale (2021) re-examined one specimen from this 1982 collection and identified it as *M. virginiensis*. I disagree with Lonsdale that this and the Bridwell record are evidence that the agromyzid is itself inducing a gall; it seems likelier to me that it is an inquiline or merely develops from adjacent tissue.]


description:
  Hosts. Malvaceae – *Abutilon theophrasti*, *A. permolle*.
  ...
  ex. stem gall *Abutilon theophrasti*
  ...
  [note: some rearing records listed here say "stem gall", but in Charley Eiseman's handbook of leafminers (2nd Ed., 2021), he shows images of this species reaching the pupa stage without inducing a gall, instead merely raising a tiny welt at the site of its puparium within its stem mine.]


description:
  Host. Malvaceae – *Tilia americana*, *Tilia* sp.
  ...
  [within records listed:] Host *Tilia americana*, feeding gall at base of petiole


description:
  *Palafoxia*
  A series of *Asphondylia* sp. adults in the USNM was reared from an unspecified gall on *Palafoxia* sp. in Florida.


description:
  We are matching [these galls observed by Peter and Kim Connolly](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/139774651) to the brief entry in Gagné (1989) with the rationale that they were (1) observed in Florida on palafoxia, and (2) are broadly consistent in overall form with other *Asphondylia*-induced galls.


description:
  We are matching [these galls observed by Peter and Kim Connolly](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/139774651) to the brief entry in Gagné (1989) with the rationale that they were (1) observed in Florida on palafoxia, (2) are broadly consistent in overall form with other *Asphondylia*-induced galls, and (3) feature spent pupal exuviae consistent with *Asphondylia* pupae. 


description:
  *Cleome*
  Enlarged or deformed seed pod...*Contarinia peritomatis* (Cockerell)

  Orange larvae live gregariously in the pods...Host: *C. serrulata*. Distr.: New Mexico.


description:
  Gall. A more or less claviform, variously enlarged pod of *Cleome serrulata* = *Peritoma serrulatum*. Frequently the pod is deeply constricted subapically. The larvae live in great quantities within or among the seeds.


description:
  *Diervilla* (bush honeysuckle)
  ...
  stem galls...*Neolasioptera caulicola* (Felt)

  Adults were reared in June from stems showing no apparent enlargement. The pale yellow larvae lived just under the bark in individual cells. Host: *D. lonicera*. Distr.: New York.


description:
  *Lonicera* (honeysuckle)

  Three separate species have been taken from swollen buds on various species of *Lonicera* in North America. It is unclear from their descriptions how the galls differ.
  ...
  [2.] *Rhopalomyia lonicera* Felt (241). Enlarged buds are 1–1.5 cm long and flared apically. One larva occurs per gall. The adult emerged from the bud in February. Host: *L. subspicata*. Distr.: California.


description:
  *Lonicera* (honeysuckle)

  Three separate species have been taken from swollen buds on various species of *Lonicera* in North America. It is unclear from their descriptions how the galls differ.
  ...
  [3.] A cecidomyiid. The bud is irregular, 2–2.5 cm long. This is a Felt (1940) record only, for which specimens were not kept. Host: *L. ciliosa*. Distr.: unspecified.


description:
  *Lonicera* (honeysuckle)

  Three separate species have been taken from swollen buds on various species of *Lonicera* in North America. It is unclear from their descriptions how the galls differ.
  ...
  [1.] *Contarinia* sp. The bud is lobulate, 7–13 mm in diameter, and has short, brownish down. Larvae were collected in July. This species was reported as *Cecidomyia* sp. in Felt (1940), but the larvae taken from the galls belong to *Contarinia*. Host: *Lonicera* sp. Distr.: British Columbia.


description:
  *Sambucus* (elder)
  ...
  Swollen bud...*Asphondylia sambuci* Felt

  Galls are reportedly greenish-white, 1.5 cm in diameter, with two thickened, projecting bracts. Host: *S. canadensis*. Distr. Maryland.


description:
  *Sambucus* (elder)
  ...
  Tapered stem swelling...*Neolasioptera pierrei* (Gagné)

  Swellings vary in size depending on the number of larvae within. Larvae overwinter in the stem, and adults emerge in spring. Host: *S. canadensis*. Distr.: Massachusetts and New York.


description:
  *Sambucus* (elder)
  ...
  Enlarged, unopened flower (242)...*Schizomyia umbellicola* (Osten Sacken)
  Galls are many times larger than normal flower buds.... Host: *S. canadensis*. Distr.: eastern United States.


description:
  *Symphoricarpus* (snowberry)
  ...
  Swollen leaf midrib or margin...*Resseliella californica* (Felt)

  Galls first appear in May. Larvae are full-grown in July and drop to the ground to pupate. Adults were reared in August. Host: *S. albus*. Distr.: Oregon and California. Ref.: Larew and Capizzi (1983)


description:
  note: According to Gagné (2016, see [this page](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1892)), the galls previously attributed by Felt (and then Gagné in his handbook) to this midge are actually the work of [*Anthodiplosis eutrochii*](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1892). The Dasineura's relationship to these galls, if any, is unknown.


description:
  *Viburnum*
  ...
  Marginal leaf roll...*Contarinia* sp.

  This is an undescribed species mentioned only as "*Cecidomyia* sp." in Felt (1918a, 1940). The leaf roll is about 1 cm long. The larva, one in each gall according to Felt's unpublished notes,...Host: *V. cassinoides*. Distr.: New York.


description:
  *Viburnum*
  ...
  Circular blister gall (243b)...*Sackenomyia commota* Gagné

  Galls are green to white, occasionally tinged with red. One larva, rarely two, inhabits each blister and is very active when disturbed. When full-grown, the larva makes a slit through the leaf epidermis and drops to the ground to pupate...It is not known whether the same species causes galls on all of the viburnum hosts. Hosts: *V. acerifolium*, *V. cassinoides*, *V. dentatum*, *V. opulus*. Distr.: northeastern United States.


description:
  *Viburnum*
  ...
  Purplish vein swelling (243a)...*Sackenomyia viburnifolia* Felt

  The biology of this species generally resembles that of [*S. commota*](https://gallformers.com/gall/4585), except that the larvae are not as active. Adults were reared in May from the previous year's galls, but galls can be seen through the summer. Host: *V. dentatum*. Distr.: northeastern United States.


description:
  *Viburnum*
  ...
  Enlarged blossom or bud...*Schizomyia viburni* Felt

  This species is known from a female "about to oviposit in flowers," but Felt (1918a, 1940) associates it with an unspecified bud gall. An enlarged flower gall is made by another *Schizomyia* on *Sambucus*, so *S. viburni* may come from enlarged flowers if not buds as well. Host: *Viburnum* sp. Distr.: New York.


description:
  *Viburnum*
  ...
  Swollen stems (244)...*Neolasioptera viburnicola* (Beutenmüller)

  Galls are gnarled, 3–8 cm long, and soft-pithy inside. The orange larvae live in channels and overwinter in the galls. Host: *V. dentatum*. Distr.: New York, Connecticut, and Virginia.


description:
  *Paxistima*
  Folded, red, terminal leaves...cecidomyiid

  The gall maker was reported only as *Cecidomyia* sp. in Felt (1940). Host: *P. myrsintes*. Distr.: unspecified; western United States


description:
  *L. tibialis*. This species has been reared only once from an apparent *N. willistoni* gall on *A. canescens* in California. It is otherwise known only from *Keckiella* (Scrophulariaceae) (q.v.), and may be an inquiline.


description:
  *Atriplex* (saltbush)
  ...
  galls on *Atriplex canescens*
  ...
  simple nonleafy enlargements of stem
  ...
  swelling gradual, tapered or cylindrical, woody...*Lasioptera tibialis* Felt and *Neolasioptera willistoni* (Cockerell)
  ...
  *N. willistoni*. Galls are either terminal, hard, ridged, and situated at tips of fruit-bearing branches, or smooth, softer, and on vegetative stems. Usually only one larva occupies a gall...Hosts: *A. canescens*, *A. polycarpa*.


description:
  *Atriplex* (saltbush)
  ...
  1a. Galls on *Atriplex canescens*...2
  ...
  2a. Simple nonleafy enlargements of stem...3
  ...
  3a. Swelling gradual, tapered or cylindrical, woody...*Lasioptera tibialis* Felt and *Neolasioptera willistoni* (Cockerell)
  ...
  *N. willistoni*. Galls are either terminal, hard, ridged, and situated at tips of fruit-bearing branches, or smooth, softer, and on vegetative stems. Usually only one larva occupies a gall...Hosts: *A. canescens*, *A. polycarpa*.


description:
  **[Neolasioptera] willistoni**. USA (California, Arizona, New Mexico). *Atriplex canescens*; *A. polycarpa* (Chenopodiaceae). 
  *Lasioptera willistoni* Cockerell 1898: 327. USA: New Mexico, Mesilla Park; LT, des. Gagné & Hawkins 1983: 380; L; USNM.


description:
  *Atriplex* (saltbush)
  ...
  1a. Galls on *Atriplex canescens*...2
  2a. Simple nonleafy enlargements of stem...3
  3b. Swelling spherical, soft, and succulent...*Asphondylia atriplicis* (Townsend)

  Galls are green to red, monothalamous or polythalamous, often in tandem, occasionally in a series as long as 10 cm. All stages of this gall maker can be found all year. Host: *A. canescens*...


description:
  *Atriplex* (saltbush)
  ...
  1a. Galls on *Atriplex canescens*...2
  ...
  2b. Bud, fruit, or leaf gall, or detachable outgrowths of stem...4
  ...
  4a. Leaf blister...*Asphondylia atriplicicola (Cockerell)

  Galls are monothalamous, about 3 mm in diameter. All stages of the gall maker can be found all year round. Host: *A. canescens*...


description:
  **[Asphondylia] atriplicicola**. USA (California, Arizona, New Mexico). *Atriplex canescens* (Chenopodiaceae). 
  *Diplosis atriplicicola* Cockerell 1898: 326. USA: New Mexico, Mesilla Park; LT, des. Gagné 1986d: 66; ♂; USNM.


description:
  *Atriplex* (saltbush)
  ...
  1a. Galls on *Atriplex canescens*...2
  ...
  2b. Bud, fruit, or leaf gall, or detachable outgrowths of stem...4
  ...
  4b. Bud, fruit, or stem gall...5
  ...
  5a. Stem gall...*Asphondylia caudicis* Gagné

  Galls are spherical, green, with very short pile, usually monothalamous, and about 6 mm in diameter. Host: *A. canescens*...


description:
  **[Asphondylia] caudicis**. USA (California). *Atriplex canescens* (Chenopodiaceae). 
  *Asphondylia caudicis* Gagné 1986d: 66. USA: California, Indio; HT; P; USNM.


description:
  *Atriplex* (saltbush)
  ...
  1a. Galls on *Atriplex canescens*...2
  ...
  2b. Bud, fruit, or leaf gall, or detachable outgrowths of stem...4
  ...
  4b. Bud, fruit, or stem gall...5
  ...
  5b. Axillary bud or fruit gall...6
  ...
  6a. Densely woolly, spherical gall...*Asphondylia neomexicana* (Cockerell)

  Galls are white, about 1 cm in diameter including the trichome covering, monothalamous, and occur in summer and fall. Host: *A. canescens*...


description:
  Galls are white, about 1 cm in diameter including the trichome covering, monothalamous, and occur in summer and fall. Host: *A. canescens*...


description:
  **[Asphondylia] neomexicana**. USA (California, Arizona, New Mexico). *Atriplex canescens* (Chenopodiaceae). 
  *Cecidomyia neomexicana* Cockerell 1896: 204. USA: New Mexico, Organ; LT, des. Gagné 1986d: 68; ♂; USNM.


description:
  Large, woolly stem gall [on *A. polycarpa*] not covered with small leaf clusters...*Asphondylia floccosa* Gagné
  Masses of galls are 0.5–1.5 cm in diameter on apices of plants in the summer and are 1–10 cm in diameter and farther down on the plant in winter. They are monothalamous or polythalamous, white, sometimes pink basally...


description:
  Tough-textured stem swelling...*Asphondylia nodula* Gagné
  Galls occur in clusters, are about 4 mm in diameter. They are found in late winter and early spring, are restricted in distribution but may be locally abundant. Host: *A. polycarpa*. Distr.: California...


description:
  *Beta* (sugarbeet)

  Larva in buds...*Asphondylia* sp.

  Adults in the USNM collection do not bear further information concerning the damage to the plant by the species. They were collected in early spring...Distr.: Arizona.


description:
  *Chenopodium* (goosefoot)

  Stem swelling...?*Lasioptera* sp.

  This gall is reportedly 1–2 cm long. It is known only from the record in Felt (1940). Host: *C. ambrosioides*. Distr.: unspecified.


description:
  *Eurotia*
  ...
  Tapered stem swelling...?*Neolasioptera* sp.

  The swelling is 15 mm long and 5 mm at its widest diameter. The larvae, the only specimens known, probably belong to *Neolasioptera*. Host: *E. lanata*. Distr.: California.


description:
  *Suaeda*

  Globular, leafy, black bud gall...*Asphondylia dondiae* Felt

  The gall is approximately 5 mm in diameter. The one known specimen of the gall midge was reared in April. Host: *S.* "*multiflora*." Distr.: California


description:
  *Suaeda*

  Globular, leafy, black bud gall...*Asphondylia dondiae* Felt

  The gall is approximately 5 mm in diameter. The one known specimen of the gall midge was reared in April. Host: *S.* "*multiflora*." Distr.: California

  [GF note: *S.* "*multiflora*." presumedly refers to *Dondia multiflora*, now listed as a synonym of *Suaeda nigra* by POWO]


description:
  **[Neolasioptera] convolvuli**. USA (Nebraska, Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts, Maryland). *Convolvulus sepium* (Convolvulaceae). 
  *Lasioptera convolvuli* Felt 1907c: 149. USA: New York, Bath; ST; ♂,♀; NYSM.


description:
  *Ipomoea* (morning-glory)
  ...
  tapered stem swelling...*Neolasioptera* sp.
  Host: *Ipomoea* sp. Distr.: Florida.


description:
  *Ipomoea* (morning-glory)
  ...
  Swollen flower...*Asphondylia* sp.
  The particular site of infestation is unknown. The USNM has specimens labelled as reared from flowers and seeds. Host. *I. triloba* Distr.: Florida


description:
  Circular or oval, usually reddish, blister gall...*Parallelodiplosis subtruncata* (Felt)
  ...
  *P. subtruncata*. This species is in every active blister gall I have seen, so is evidently the gall maker. The galls are about 4 mm in diameter and are usually on the leaf laminas but may also occur on the veins and petiole...Hosts: *C. florida*, *C. racemosa*, *C. stolonifera*...

  [Elsewhere discusses *Lasioptera corni* Felt, which was reported once from the same galls - concludes that it was likely not the gall inducer]


description:
  **[Parallelodiplosis] subtruncata**. USA (Idaho, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts, Maryland). Orig. unk.; *C. florida*, *C. stolonifera*, *C. sericea* (Cornaceae). 
  *Cecidomyia subtruncata* Felt 1907a: 44. USA: New York, Albany; HT; ♂; NYSM.


description:
  **[Craneiobia] tuba**. USA (Iowa, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts). *Cornus amomum*; *C. drummondii* (Cornaceae). 
  *Cecidomyia tuba* Stebbins 1910: 46. USA: Massachusetts, vic. Springfield; T; G; NHSM.


description:
  Smooth, clublike enlargement just below bud in apical branches...*Resseliella clavula* (Beutenmüller)

  Eggs are deposited among terminal leaves in spring...The twigs usually do not elongate beyond the galls and there is often a pair of wilted leaves beyond. The swellings are 2–3 cm long, green to red, and especially conspicuous in the fall after the orange larvae have dropped to the ground for the winter...Host: *C. florida*...


description:
  **[Resseliella] clavula**. Canada (Ontario), USA (Indiana to Massachusetts, S to Virginia). *Cornus florida* (Cornaceae). 
  *Cecidomyia clavula* Beutenmüller 1892: 269. USA: New York, New York, Staten I.; HT; L; AMNH. Ref. Gagné et al. 2019 (compared with *R. maxima*)
  *Mycodiplosis alternata* Felt 1907a: 30. USA: New York, Albany; HT; ♂; NYSM.


description:
  Irregularly tapered, ridged stem swelling...*Neolasioptera cornicola* (Beutenmüller)

  Swellings are woody, one-half to several centimeters long, and contain several yellow larvae that overwinter inside and emerge in spring. One generation occurs per year. Host: *C. stolonifera*...


description:
  **[Neolasioptera] cornicola**. USA (northeastern). *Cornus stolonifera* (Cornaceae). 
  *Lasioptera cornicola* Beutenmüller 1907a: 394. USA: New York, New York, Bronx Pk & Staten I.; ST; ♂,♀,L; AMNH.


description:
  Greatly swollen, soft, discolored buds...*Asphondylia garryae* Felt

  Adults were reared in spring. Hosts: *G. buxifolia*, *G. fremontii*. Distr.: Oregon and California.


description:
  Forms pseudoflowers – hypertrophic galls that mimic plant reproductive structures on the host--on several horticultural and native azaleas. 

  Briefly mentioned at https://msafungi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/MSA-2023-Abstract-Book-1.pdf pg 49/69.  See comment by basidio_benton at https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/156421917.   [to be updated]


description:
  Curled leaf buds and rolled leaves...*Prodiplosis citrulli* (Felt)

  [notes also that *Contarinia setigera* (Lintner) and *Aphidoletes aphidimyza*, two midges reared by Lintner (1897) from melon tips were probably not the gall inducers in that instance.]

  Larvae are white, gregarious, and develop rapidly....

  Hosts: cultivated *Citrullus*, *Cucumis*, and *Cucurbita*...


description:
  Found in late February in Santa Clara County, California.  https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/200491136


description:
  Feron cylindratum (Kinsey, 1937), comb. nov.

   Xystoteras cylindratum Kinsey 1937a: 77, female, gall.
  Liodora cylindratum (Kinsey): Melika & Abrahamson 2002: 160 (synonymized Liodora with Andricus); Pujade-Villar 2003: 234 (mentioned this combination). 
  Andricus cylindratum (Kinsey): Pujade-Villar 2003: 234.

  Gall (Fig. 161). Small, naked, hollow cylinders scattered on the underside of leaves. Each gall is regularly cylindrical, a bit swollen below the tip, a bit restricted basally, up to 5.0 mm in length and 2.5 mm in diameter. The exterior of the gall fairly smooth, entirely naked except for a blue or purplish scurf. The body of gall hollow, open at top, the open cavity penetrating to a third or a half of the gall, separated from the larval cell by a thin partition; larval cell floored with a thicker partition beneath which another cavity is to be found. Young galls straw and light rose pink, sometimes touched more purple red, the whole touched with an ashy-blue scurf; older galls becoming burnt red to purple brown or dark, dirty brown. Each gall separated, often occurring in great numbers and dense masses, usually on under surfaces, rarely on upper surfaces of leaves. 

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, inducing galls on Q. deserticola (= Q. texcocana) (section Quercus, subsection Leucomexicana). Galls mature in autumn; adults emerge from February to mid-March.

  Distribution. Mexico: Mexico City, Puebla (Kinsey 1937).


description:
  For these Florida *A. pseudorosa*-like galls on either *Euthamia caroliniana* or *E. weakleyi*, documented [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/198959026) by Claire Ciafré.


description:
  Ditylenchus dipsaci Kuhn, 1857
  Stem and bulb nematode on numerous herbaceous plants

  GALL
  The nematode feeds on the parenchyma of the aboveground parts of the plant. The stems are shortened and thickened; no gall chambers. Also the leaves have spongy swellings, and show growth disturbances. The inflorescence is stunted and disfigured. In section nematodes can be seen, especially by teasing apart a small piece of the gall in water; they are 1-2 mm in length.

  HOST PLANTS
  strongly polyphagous on herbaceous plants

  Aethusa cynapium; Agrostemma githago; Agrostis stolonifera; Allium cepa, proliferum, schoenoprasum, vineale; Amberboa moschata; Anagallis arvensis; Anemone coronaria, “japonica”; Angelica archangelica; Anthoxanthum odoratum; Anthriscus sylvestris; Anthyllis vulneraria; Apera spica-venti; Apium graveolens; Arabidopsis thaliana; Arabis alpina subsp. caucasica, hirsuta; Arenaria serpyllifolia; Argentina anserina; Armoracia rusticana; Arnoseris minima; Arrhenatherum elatius & subsp. bulbosum; Artemisia campestris; “Aster”; Atriplex hortensis, patula; Aubrieta deltoidea; Avena fatua, sativa; Bellevalia; Bellis; Brassica napus; Callistephus chinensis; Camelina microcarpa, sativa; Campanula carpatica; Cannabis sativa; Capsella bursa-pastoris; Capsicum annuum; Cardamine hirsuta, pratensis; Cardaria draba; Carduus crispus; Carlina vulgaris; Carum carvi, verticillatum; Cerastium arvense, fontanum subsp. vulgare, semidecandrum; Chelone glabra; Chenopodium album, foliosum; Cichorium intybus;Cirsium arvense, oleraceum, tataricum; Colchicum autumnale; Convolvulus arvensis Crepis biennis, capillaris, foetida & subsp. rhoeadifolia, leontodontoides, paludosa, tectorum, vesicaria subsp. taraxacifolia; Cucumis melo, sativus; Cyanus segetum; Dactylis glomerata; Daucus carota; Delphinium; Dianthus barbatus, caryophyllus, chinensis; Digitalis purpurea; Dipsacus fullonum, sativus; Echinochloa crus-galli; Eplobium palustre; Erigeron canadensis; Erodium cicutarium; Erysimum bicolor, cheiri, x marshallii; Fagopyrum esculentum; Falcaria vulgaris; Fallopia convolvulus, dumetorum; Festuca; Fragaria; Fumaria officinalis; Gagea pratensis; Galanthus nivalis; Galeopsis angustifola, ladanum, speciosa, tetrahit; Galinsoga parviflora; Galium; Geranium dissectum, molle; Gladiolus; Gnaphalium uliginosum; Helianthus annuus, tuberosus; Hepatica nobilis; Hieracium prenanthoides; Hirschfeldia incana; Holcus lanatus; Hordeum vulgare; Hyacinthoides hispanica; Hyacinthus; Hydrangea macrophylla; Hyoscyamus aureus, niger; Hypochaeris maculata, radicata Iris; Isatis tinctoria; Juncus bufonius; Kickxia spuria; Knautia arvensis; Koeleria pyramidata; Lactuca serriola; Lamium amplexicaule, purpureum; Lathyrus odoratus; Leontodon hispidus & subsp. hastilis, incanus; Lepidium coronopus; Leucanthemum maximum, vulgare; Linaria arvensis; Linum tenuifolium, usitatissimum; Lipandra polysperma; Lolium perenne, multiflorum; Lupinus angustifolius, luteus; Lycopersicon esculentum; Lycopsis arvensis; Lysimachia punctata, vulgaris; Medicago lupulina, sativa; Melampyrum arvense; Melilotus albus, officinalis; Mentha arvensis, pulegium; Mercurialis; Muscari botryoides; Myosotis micrantha; Myosurus minimus; Narcissus poeticus subsp. radiiflorus; Nicotiana tabacum; Ochlopoa annua; Odontites; Oenothera biennis; Onobrychis viciifolia; Ornithogalum candicans; Ornithopus perpusillus, sativus; Panicum miliaceum; Papaver dubium, rhoeas, setigerum; Pastinaca sativa; Penstemon barbatus, eatonii, fruticosus, gentianoides, hartwegii; Persicaria dubia, lapathifolia, maculosa, minor; Petroselinum crispum; Phacelia tanacetifolia; Phaseolus vulgaris; Phleum pratense; Phlox amoena, paniculata; Picris hieracioides; Pilosella cymosa, officinarum; Pisum sativum; Plantago cornutii, holosteum, lanceolata, major, maritima, media; Poa trivialis; Polygonum aviculare; Primula veris; Ranunculus acris, arvensis, auricomus, bulbosus, repens, sceleratus; Raphanus raphanistrum; Rheum rhabarbarum, rhaponticum; Rhinanthus angustifolius; Rumex acetosa, acetosella, crispus; Saponaria ocymoides, officinalis; Satureja hortensis; Saussurea alpina; Saxifraga umbrosa; Scilla bifolia, sibirica; Scorzonera hispanica; Scorzoneroides autumnalis, pyrenaica; Scrophularia nodosa, umbrosa; Secale cereale; Senecio vulgaris; Silene armeria, bupleuroides, coelirosa, gallica, italica, latifolia, noctiflora, nutans, reichenbachii, viridiflora; Sinapis alba, arvensis; Solanum tuberosum; Solidago canadensis; Sonchus asper, arvensis, bulbosus, oleraceus; Spergula arvensis, morisonii, pentandra; Spinacia oleracea; Stachys arvensis, palustris, setifera; Stellaria media; Tagetes patula; Tanacetum cinerariifolium, vulgare; Taraxacum officinale; Thlaspi; Tragopogon pratensis; Trifolium arvense, campestre, dubium, hybridum, incarnatum, medium, pratense, repens; Triglochin maritima, palustris; Trigonella foenum-graecum; Tripleurospermum inodorum; Triticum aestivum; Tropaeolum majus; Tulipa; Urtica urens; Valeriana officinalis; Valerianella locusta; Veronica agrestis, arvensis, chamaedrys, hederifolia, opaca, peregrina, praecox, serpyllifolia, spicata; Vicia cracca, faba, hirsuta, pannonica, sativa, tetrasperma, villosa; Viola arvensis, tricolor, x wittrockiana; Vitis vinifera; Zea mays.

  NOTES
  When food runs out, the nematodes may migrate to the surface. Depending on the circumstances the nematodes may become dehydrated and become “worm wool”, perfectly apt for wind dispersal.

  SYNONYMS
  Anguillulina dipsaci; Ditylenchus phloxidis Kirjanova, 1951; Tylenchus devastatrix (Kühn) Oerley; Tylenchus hyacinthi Prillieux, 1881; Tylenchus havensteini Kühn, 1881.

  PHOTOS: Click below

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/nematoda/secernentea/tylenchida/tylenchina/anguinoidea/anguinidae/ditylenchus/ditylenchus-dipsaci/


description:
  Puccinia coronata
  Corda, 1837
  barley crown rust
  on Frangula, Rhamnus
  GALL
  spermogonia

  SPERMOGONIA, AECIA
  Rhamnaceae, oligophagous

  Frangula azorica; Frangula alnus; Rhamnus alaternus, alpina, cathartica, crenulata, lycioides subsp. graeca, pumila, saxatilis. [Note: Host list drawn from European plants, but the rust, a commercially destructive one, is widespread in N. America too.]

  [click below for photos] 

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/dikarya/basidiomycota/pucciniomycotina/pucciniomycetes/pucciniales/uredineae/pucciniaceae/puccinia/puccinia-coronata/


description:
  Based on photo evidence at https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/151179305 and research by kip_lary (Hillary Xu) the gall inducer is an undescribed gall mite.


description:
  See [this California observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/191538401) and info on BugGuide page.


description:
  See [International Oak Society article](https://www.internationaloaksociety.org/content/new-species-gall-wasp-described-quercus-grahamii) for photos and a summary, which is based on the paper, Pujade-Villar, J., B.C. Pérez-Torres, A.J. Coombes, A. Aragón-García, M. Rodríguez-Acosta, J.F. López-Olguin, and G. Melika. 2024. Description of the first species of gall wasp (Hym., Cynipidae: Cynipini) on Quercus grahamii (Fagaceae). Zootaxa 5403 (3): 309–376. doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5403.3.6


description:
  Greg Froelich [reports on iNaturalist](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/277122488) that "Ray Gagné has told me in a personal email that, while the photographic evidence doesn't land it squarely in this genus by itself, combined with the host plant, it's got to be Rhopalomyia." "No need for further evidence on the genus," Gagné assured Froelich.


description:
  It is not clear that this gall midge produces a gall. Infection is detected by looking for necrotic lesions very low on the stem--basically just above the soil line. Neither paper cited below mentions any type of hyperplasia, but the severe damage to soybean crops may have led some slight galling to be overlooked.  

  Photo 1 does give an impression of a gradual swelling of the stem. However, the plant in the photo is probably being held upside down to make the midge larvae easier to see. McMechan et al. (2021), the source of both photos here, does not mention stem swelling nor does Gagne (2019). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37074617#page/142/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus mendocinensis, new species

  Host: Quercus densiflora= Lithocarpus densiflora (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd., the tanbark oak. 

  Gall: An abrupt woody swelling about 30 mm. in diameter, thought to be a "root gall," containing many separable cells. 

  Habitat: Mendocino County, Calif. Collected May 29, 1917, by Dr. E. O. Essig. Described from two dead adults cut out of the gall at Stanford University in 1922. The gall can not now be located. If the host record is correct this is the first cynipid gall to be recorded on this host.


description:
  A subtle tapered stem swelling on Physalis cinerascens, containing a lepidopteran larva at some point (although this may not have been the inducer). Observed in Louisiana in April. 


description:
  Planchonia arabidis
  Signoret, 1876
  pittosporum pit scale
  GALL
  scale, attached to the stem in a low depression that is surrounded by a low ridge. Locally the stem is swollen and malformed... also leaves become disfigured ... 

  HOST PLANTS
  polyphagous

  Achillea millefolium, setacea; Aegonychon purpurocaeruleum; ?Alchemilla vulgaris; Alyssum montanum; Anthyllis vulneraria; Arabis collina, rosea; Bupleurum falcatum; Campanula garganica, glomerata, rapunculoides, rapunculus, trachelium; Capsella bursa-pastoris; Cardamine glauca; Centaurea scabiosa; Chenopodiastrum hybridum; Clinopodium acinos; Cota tinctoria; Echium vulgare; Epilobium palustre, roseum; Eupatorium cannabinum; Euphrasia; Falcaria vulgaris; Fragaria vesca; Gentianella ciliata, germanica; Geranium robertianum; Glaux maritima; Gypsophila fastigiata; Hedera helix; Helianthemum nummularium; Heracleum sphondylium; Hieracium; Holosteum umbellatum; Hylotelephium telephium; Hypericum perforatum, pulchrum; Inula ensifolia; Knautia arvensis; Lactuca serriola, viminea; Leontodon hispidus; Leucanthemum vulgare; Ligustrum vulgare; Linaria; Lithospermum officinale; Lotus corniculatus; Malva thuringiaca; Medicago falcata, lupulina; Melilotus dentatus; Nigella arvensis; Onobrychis arenaria; Origanum; Pastinca sativa; Picris hieracioides; Pimpinella saxifragae; Pittosporum tobira; Plantago lanceolata; Polygonum; Potentilla argentea, erecta, grandiflora, hirta, recta; Pulsatilla pratensis; Salvia x sylvestris, verticillata; Sanguisorba minor; Scabiosa ochroleuca; Scorzoneroides autumnalis; Scrophularia; Securigera varia; Seseli annuum, libanotis, osseum; Silene viscaria; Sisymbrium altissimum; Stachys officinalis, recta; Teucrium chamaedrys, scorodonia; Thesium humifusum, linophyllon subsp. montanum; Thymus serpyllum, vulgaris; Veronica chamaedrys, officinalis; Vicia disperma, tenuifolia.

  [click below for photos]

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/hemiptera/sternorrhyncha/coccoidea/asterolecaniidae/planchonia/planchonia-arabidis/


description:
  Forms a tan wax cover or test up to 5.0 mm long; with a wax fringe around the margin and along the dorsal mid line. These fringes, particularly the dorsal ones, are easily rubbed off. Presence of the scale is usually noticeable because of the stunting, distortion, and discoloration of the terminal shoots of the host. Apparently a toxin is
  injected into the plant which produces a "pitforming" response. The scales usually congregate on the growing tips and the overall effect is a severe distortion of tissue that often
  obliterates the "pits" formed by individual scales. 

  Hosts: Prefers Pittosporum tobira and ceanothus, but has a long host list...

  Economic Importance: This scale, probably native to Europe, causes serious distortion and death of the growing tips of ornamental hosts, particularly Pittosporum. Affected plants are severely weakened and unsightly. In central Europe, causes deformations on leaves and stems of English Ivy (Hedera helix) (Kosztarab, pers. comm.). The scale is regulated by quarantine laws in California, and nursery stock is required to be free of the insect. In an unusual instance in the State of Washington, this species caused up to a 50 percent loss in a commercial sugar beet field ... 

  Distribution: Found in most of the counties around San Francisco Bay. Also found in the San Joaquin Valley from Sacramento south to Kern County. Known from several western
  states, the northeastern United States, and most of Europe.


description:
  PARASITE
  Conspicuous stem galls.

  HOST PLANTS
  Asteraceae, monophagous

  Ageratina adenophora.

  Central American species, introduced in Madeira [and Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, China, Nepal and India] for the biological control of [Ageratina adenophora] 

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/brachycera/tephritidae/tephritinae/cecidocharini/procecidochares/procecidochares-utilis/


description:
  on Taraxacum

  GALL
  2-4 mm large, hard, unilocular swellings of the midrib, smooth and often red in colour. Often they are aggregated, into masses of upto 3 cm long and a cm thick. This happens in particular in the pedicel, that locally may develop into a sausage-like gall.

  HOST PLANTS
  Asteraceae, monophagous
  Taraxacum officinale.

  [click link below for photos]

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/hymenoptera/apocrita/cynipoidea/cynipidae/cynipinae/phanacidini/phanacis/phanacis-taraxaci/


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8193961#page/186/mode/1up
description:
  Thecodiplosis zauschneriae, new species

  Gall. --- These are apical rosettes or loose cones of leaves occurring on the dwarfed branches, the larvae living within the center of the small folded leaves. 


description:
  Tribe Aulacideini

  Louis Nastasi, who is working on the taxonomy of N. American herb gall wasps saw the iNaturalist observation by Ocean Fleskes, made in Santa Clara County, California and worte: "Any chance you’d be able to keep your eye out for more of these and potentially collect some? These are probably a genus new to science but are at least a new species."  


description:
  Hypochaeris glabra added as a host based on this non-native plant being documented as a host in Europe and on the following observations: www.inaturalist.org/observations/212057492
  www.inaturalist.org/observations/109973195
  www.inaturalist.org/observations/209110718


description:
  The detailed description of this gall written by Aaron Schusteff is available [here]( https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/211291919).


description:
  Globular, often large galls found on Quercus turbinella buds. The galls are always located at the point where the leaf petioles connect to the stem, which often makes it appear that they are attached to the petioles. The galls are usually covered with small bumps and tiny hairs that are only visible upon close examination. They are usually red or green when developing and turn brown or tan with age. The walls are thick and with a spongy appearance when cross-sectioned, with two large cells located centrally. The galls are very similar to those of Nichollsiella arizonica, but adults are highly distinctive, and this undescribed species has only been confirmed from central New Mexico, where N. arizonica has yet to be documented. Adults emerge in mid-late March. 


description:
  An [iNaturalist observation from Riverside County, Calif. in early May](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/214105623) shows several pupal skins attached to a fresh-looking P. clevelandii gall. This indicates that the midges pupate in the gall and strongly suggests emergence occurs in April and/or early May. 


description:
  Detailed description of this gall written by Krissa Klein can be read [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/139339939) and [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/136011691).


description:
  Folds are reportedly partly covered with red hair. Adults of *Ledomyia coryli* (Felt) [now *Acinacistyla coryli*] were reared from leaf folds at the base of leaves, but this species is probably not a primary plant-feeder. The only available larva associated with this damage is a second instar that cannot be identified...


description:
  Enlarged, aborted bud...*Contarinia* sp. and *Dasineura* sp.

  The Felt collection includes larvae of each of these genera from bud galls. Adults have not been reared. Hosts: *C. americana*, *C. cornuta*...


description:
  Curled leaf midrib...cecidomyiid

  No further details of this damage were reported (Maze 1949). Host: *C. bignonioides*. Distr.: Pennsylvania


description:
  *Symphoricarpus* (snowberry)
  ...
  Swollen twig...cecidomyiid

  Mention of this gall appears only in Felt (1918a, 1940) as a *Cecidomyia* sp. It is probably a *Neolasioptera*. Host: unspecified. Distr.: unspecified.


description:
  *Eurotia*
  ...
  Irregular bud swelling...cecidomyiid

  This damage is known only from the record in Felt (1940). Host: *Eurotia* sp. Distr.: western United States


description:
  Swollen twigs...cecidomyiid

  Swellings are reportedly about 6 cm long. ... Host: *N. sylvatica*. Distr.: Virginia.


description:
  **[Prodiplosis] citrulli**. USA (Arizona). *Citrullus* sp., *Cucumis* sp.; *Cucurbita* spp. (Cucurbitaceae). 
  *Itonida citrulli* Felt 1935e: 79. USA: Arizona, Tucson; LT, des. Gagné 1973c: 879; ♂; USNM.


description:
  From unspecified shoot gall at base of plant ... *Planetella caudata* (Felt)

  Host: The plant host was only tentatively identified as a *Cyperus*. Distr.: Tennessee.


description:
  Enlarged bud...*Asphondylia shepherdiae* Felt

  Infested buds are thin-walled, yellowish-green to red, and 4–5 mm in diameter. Adults were reared in late June. Host: *S. canadensis*. Distr.: Colorado.


description:
  Enlarged bud ... *Asphondylia azaleae* Felt

  Infested buds are about 8 mm long and monothalamous. Adults emerge from the buds in spring when the plant begins to bloom. Hosts: *R. nudiflorum*, *R. roseum*...


description:
  Rolled, distorted, young leaf....*Clinodiplosis rhododendri* (Felt)

  Leaves attacked in the bud stage may be killed, and young leaves may be dwarfed or deformed; all develop an in-rolling of the margin...multivoltine...


description:
  Feron atrimentum (Kinsey, 1922)

  Gall. Asexual galls (Fig. 50) are monolocular, conical, flat-based, detachable, on lower leaf margin. Sides nearly straight, flaring slightly at base. Red and yellow striped when fresh, turning to brown and yellow with age. Basal larval cell oval from lateral view, 1.6 mm in diameter, 0.8 mm high, pubescent. Upper surface of larval cell coriaceous with sparse pubescence; brown, darker towards center. Gall height 3.6–4.6 mm, width 3.0–4.6 mm.

  Biology. Matching of generations was first presented in Dailey & Sprenger (1973b). Alternate sexual and asexual generations are also confirmed herein using DNA data, with four individuals (three asexual females, one sexual female) sequenced for cytb. Cytb sequences were on average 0.35% divergent between individuals (range 0–0.70%; GenBank accessions OK041496, OQ446191–OQ446193).

  Feron atrimentum is associated with Q. douglasii, Q. dumosa, Q. john-tuckeri and Q. lobata (section Quercus, subsection Dumosae). The sexual generation females emerge throughout April and usually oviposit in the lower leaf surface near the margin. Asexual galls develop over the following three months. Pupation occurs during late October to November; asexual females emerge in late winter and oviposit in leaf buds. Sexual generation galls usually reach full size by mid-March (Dailey & Sprenger 1973b).

  Distribution. USA: California.


description:
  Feron atrimentum (Kinsey, 1922)

  Gall. The sexual gall (Fig. 49) is monolocular, spherical, 3–5 mm in diameter, smooth, green when growing, becoming paler later, mature galls when dried are yellow-brown; larval cell is blue-black and sometimes visible though outer layers of the gall. Walls of the gall are thin, the larval chamber is also thin-walled, 1.5 mm in diameter and connected with the outside wall by a tangle of dense fibers. The gall is in the leaf tissue, projecting equally on both sides.

  Biology. Matching of generations was first presented in Dailey & Sprenger (1973b). Alternate sexual and asexual generations are also confirmed herein using DNA data, with four individuals (three asexual females, one sexual female) sequenced for cytb. Cytb sequences were on average 0.35% divergent between individuals (range 0–0.70%; GenBank accessions OK041496, OQ446191–OQ446193).

  Feron atrimentum is associated with Q. douglasii, Q. dumosa, Q. john-tuckeri and Q. lobata (section Quercus, subsection Dumosae). The sexual generation females emerge throughout April and usually oviposit in the lower leaf surface near the margin. Asexual galls develop over the following three months. Pupation occurs during late October to November; asexual females emerge in late winter and oviposit in leaf buds. Sexual generation galls usually reach full size by mid-March (Dailey & Sprenger 1973b).

  Distribution. USA: California.


description:
  Feron bakkeri (Lyon, 1984), comb. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 71). A monolocular, cup-shaped leaf spangle gall, 3–3.5 mm in height. The larval cell occupies the base of the cup whose margins are collapsed at maturity (Lyon 1984).

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces galls on Q. dumosa (section Quercus, subsection Dumosae). The galls appear on the leaves during the early summer until August. At this time the galls are red and contain small larvae. Pupation occurs in late October and early November; adults can be cut out in early December; however, normal emergence takes place in February–March, or even later.

  Distribution. USA: California (Lyon 1984).


description:
  Feron californicum (Beutenmueller, 1911), comb. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 96). The monolocular spangle leaf gall is on the upper surface of the leaves, rounded, flattened disclike, slightly elevated toward the middle, pinkish or purplish, with the apex sometimes yellowish. Sides of the gall are flat and very thin; the larval chamber is in the central elevated part; the diameter of the gall is 3–4 mm, height 1 mm (Beutenmueller 1911).

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces galls on Q. cornelius-mulleri, Q. douglasii and Q. dumosa (section Quercus, subsection Dumosae). The gall matures by November and the adult emerges in
  January.

  Distribution. USA: California.


description:
  Feron crystallinum (Bassett, 1900) comb. nov.

  Gall. Asexual galls (Fig. 135). Bristly-haired gall masses 35 mm long by 25 mm wide on the underside of leaves composed of small, individual, elliptical or spherical, monothalamous galls, 12–14 mm high, 7 mm in diameter. Each gall usually with a slightly curved beak at the apex and a sparse coating of crystalline white, rose pink, red, or brown hairs (Russo 2021).

  Biology. Alternate asexual and sexual generations were matched by Doutt (1960). Alternate sexual and asexual generations are also confirmed herein using DNA data, with four individuals (three asexual females, one sexual female) sequenced for cytb and three individuals (two asexual females, one sexual female) sequenced for cytb. Cytb sequences grouped into two haplotypes that were 0.23% divergent (GenBank accessions KX683596, MZ030743, OQ446195–OQ446196) and ITS2 sequences were identical among the three individuals (GenBank accessions OQ448237–OQ448239). Asexual galls in autumn on leaves, adults emerge in January–February; sexual galls in spring, adults emerge in March. Both generations develop on oaks from section Quercus, subsection Dumosae: Q. douglasii, Q. dumosa and Q. garryana.

  Distribution. USA: California.


description:
  Feron crystallinum (Bassett, 1900) comb. nov.

  Gall. Sexual galls (Fig. 148–149) monolocular, they are mostly on the upper surface of leaves, singly or in small groups, green with straw coloured apex, conical, slightly curved. The gall has numerous long cottony, white hairs projecting laterally, which are longer than the greatest width of the gall. The gall is 2.5 mm in length, with the base 1.0 mm tapering to the tip. The position of the gall is indicated on the opposite (usually lower) side of leaf by a pale coloured elliptical swelling (Doutt 1960). The gall is difficult to distinguish from other similar sexual galls such as F. comatum, F. dumosae and F. kingi.

  Biology. Alternate asexual and sexual generations were matched by Doutt (1960). Alternate sexual and asexual generations are also confirmed herein using DNA data, with four individuals (three asexual females, one sexual female) sequenced for cytb and three individuals (two asexual females, one sexual female) sequenced for cytb. Cytb sequences grouped into two haplotypes that were 0.23% divergent (GenBank accessions KX683596, MZ030743, OQ446195–OQ446196) and ITS2 sequences were identical among the three individuals (GenBank accessions OQ448237–OQ448239). Asexual galls in autumn on leaves, adults emerge in January–February; sexual galls in spring, adults emerge in March. Both generations develop on oaks from section Quercus, subsection Dumosae: Q. douglasii, Q. dumosa and Q. garryana.

  Distribution. USA: California.


description:
  Feron albicomus (Weld, 1952), comb. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 12). The asexual monolocular, round, bristly pubescent galls are mostly on the underside and, sometimes, the dorsal surface of leaves. Galls are covered with short, stellate white hairs. Galls occur singly or in scattered groups along the edges of the leaves or near the midrib. Galls are 4 mm high and wide (Russo 2006, 2021; Weld 1952b, 1957).

  Biology. The asexual generation is only known, which induces galls on Q. garryana (section Quercus, subsection Dumosae), the gall matures by October; adults emerge in April.

  Distribution. USA: north California (Russo 2006, 2021; authors), Oregon (Burks 1979).


description:
  Bristle-Gall Wasp 
  Andricus albicomus

  This cynipid wasp induces monothalamous, round, bristly galls, mostly on the underside, and sometimes on the dorsal surface, of Oregon oak leaves.


description:
  Feron discularis (Weld, 1926), comb. nov.

  Gall (Figs 187–188). Disk-shaped, about 6 mm in diameter by 1 mm thick, single or scattered in small numbers on underside of leaf in autumn. The upper surface is slightly concave, the edge sinuate, the margin reflexed nearly to the leaf surface. The transversely placed larval cell occupies the full height of the gall. Exit hole on top surface (Weld 1926).

  Biology. The asexual generation only is known, inducing galls on Q. garryana (section Quercus, subsection Dumosae). Galls mature in September, adults were cut out in November.

  Distribution. USA: CA (Weld 1926).


description:
  Photos by Joyce Gross are available on her [website](https://joycegross.com/images.php?search=2&taxon=Feron+discularis&ordr=).


description:
  Feron dumosae (Weld, 1957), comb. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 202). Small, 2–3 mm, conical gall on leaf edge, slightly pubescent, fresh galls red-pinkish to pale brown, leaf blade twists slightly at the gall. The gall is difficult to distinguish from other similar sexual galls of F. comatum, F. crystallinum and F. kingi.

  Biology. Rosenthal (1968) and Rosenthal & Koehler (1971) erroneously stated that Liodora dumosae was the sexual generation of Andricus kingi. Dailey & Menke (1980) subsequently corrected this mistake by demonstrating that Rosenthal & Koehler had mis-identified their sexual generation wasps as L. dumosae and instead had reared the then unknown sexual generation of A. kingi. Evans (1972) proposed that L. dumosae was the sexual generation of Andricus pattersonae and transferred the later to Liodora under the new name combination L. pattersonae; this error was reiterated by Dailey & Menke (1980). However, this matching with A. pattersonae is in disagreement with genetic data presented herein (see under F. pattersonae), nor did Evans perform any rigorous biological experiments to match generations. In addition, Evans appears to have mis-identifed his asexual generation galls (Fig 15 of Evans 1972) as they are too small and pale to be those of A. pattersonae and instead look like those of the new species F. rucklei described herein. Thus, until rigorous rearing experiments are conducted or genetic data are obtained, we consisder Feron dumosae to be a valid distinct species known only from its sexual generation.

  Galls occur on multiple oaks from section Quercus, subsection Dumosae: Q. douglasii, Q. dumosa, Q. garryana and Q. lobata. They mature in May and adults emerge soon after.

  Distribution. USA: California.


description:
  Feron gigas (Kinsey, 1922), comb. nov.

  Galls. Asexual spangle galls (Fig. 215) about 4 mm in diameter, usually on the upper side of the leaf, saucer shaped, with a thin crenate margin when young, with a prominent hump in center. The mature gall has a lens-shaped larval cavity inside, on the floor of which is a thin, white, circular disk with radiating prominent lines.

  Biology. Alternation of sexual and asexual generations was determined by Dailey & Sprenger (1973a). Alternate sexual and asexual generations are also confirmed herein using DNA data, with four individuals (three asexual females, one sexual male) sequenced for cytb and three individuals (two asexual females, one sexual male) sequenced for cytb. Cytb sequences were on average 0.82% divergent (range 0–1.66%; GenBank accessions KX683598, OQ446198–OQ446199) and ITS2 sequences were identical among the three individuals except for two additional bases within a polyA region in one sample (GenBank accessions OQ448240–OQ448242).

  This species induces galls on Q. douglasii and Q. dumosa (section Quercus, subsection Dumosae). Young asexual galls are present in August, mature in autumn; asexual adults emerge in February. Sexual galls are mature in April; adults emerge by the end of April.

  Distribution. USA: California.


description:
  Feron gigas (Kinsey, 1922), comb. nov.

  Galls. Sexual galls are small, 1–2 mm in diameter, round, pale yellow, on catkin coming off catkin stem at same place as stamens, sometimes on edge of leaf.

  Biology. Alternation of sexual and asexual generations was determined by Dailey & Sprenger (1973a). Alternate sexual and asexual generations are also confirmed herein using DNA data, with four individuals (three asexual females, one sexual male) sequenced for cytb and three individuals (two asexual females, one sexual male) sequenced for cytb. Cytb sequences were on average 0.82% divergent (range 0–1.66%; GenBank accessions KX683598, OQ446198–OQ446199) and ITS2 sequences were identical among the three individuals except for two additional bases within a polyA region in one sample (GenBank accessions OQ448240–OQ448242).

  This species induces galls on Q. douglasii and Q. dumosa (section Quercus, subsection Dumosae). Young asexual galls are present in August, mature in autumn; asexual adults emerge in February. Sexual galls are mature in April; adults emerge by the end of April.

  Distribution. USA: California.


description:
  Feron kingi (Bassett, 1900), comb. nov.

  Galls. The asexual gall (Fig. 240) is red, monolocular, detachable, cone-shaped on both sides of the leaves, 5 mm high and 3–5 mm broad at the base. The cone rises from a flared, cup-shaped base, which is narrowly attached to the leaf. The apex of the gall is pointed, with a blunt tip. The gall is covered by fine pubescence; the larval chamber is large, occupying the most of the gall base. Occurs singly or in groups, up to dozens (Russo 2006, 2021).

  Biology. Liodora dumosae was erroneously named as the sexual generation of A. kingi (Rosenthal 1968; Rosenthal & Koehler 1971, Burks 1979), but subsequent detailed examination of the type material showed that L. dumosae is a distinct species and Rosenthal’s material represented the previously unknown and undescribed sexual generation of A. kingi (Dailey & Menke 1980; our examinations); herein we formally describe sexual A. kingi for the first time. Alternate sexual and asexual generations are also confirmed herein on the basis of similarity in cytb sequence data. Four individuals (two asexual females, one sexual female, one sexual male) had cytb sequences that were on average 0.23% divergent (range 0–0.47%; GenBank accessions OK041496, OQ446201–OQ446203).

  Asexual galls have been collected from Q. douglasii, Q. dumosa, Q. garryana, and Q. lobata (section Quercus, subsection Dumosae) in late September and October; adults emerge early the following spring (Burks 1979). Mature sexual galls have been collected in late March and the beginning of April from Q. berberidifolia, Q. douglasii, and Q. lobata (section Quercus, subsection Dumosae); adults emerge soon after under laboratory conditions.

  Distribution. USA: California.


description:
  Feron kingi (Bassett, 1900), comb. nov.

  Galls. The sexual gall (Fig. 239) is small, 2–3 mm, conical gall on the leaf margin and/or catkin, slightly pubescent. Fresh galls are pinkish to pale brown, turn dark purple-black when mature, the leaf blade twists slightly at the gall. The gall is difficult to distinguish from similar sexual galls of F. comatum, F. crystallinum and F. dumosae.

  Biology. Liodora dumosae was erroneously named as the sexual generation of A. kingi (Rosenthal 1968; Rosenthal & Koehler 1971, Burks 1979), but subsequent detailed examination of the type material showed that L. dumosae is a distinct species and Rosenthal’s material represented the previously unknown and undescribed sexual generation of A. kingi (Dailey & Menke 1980; our examinations); herein we formally describe sexual A. kingi for the first time. Alternate sexual and asexual generations are also confirmed herein on the basis of similarity in cytb sequence data. Four individuals (two asexual females, one sexual female, one sexual male) had cytb sequences that were on average 0.23% divergent (range 0–0.47%; GenBank accessions OK041496, OQ446201–OQ446203).

  Asexual galls have been collected from Q. douglasii, Q. dumosa, Q. garryana, and Q. lobata (section Quercus, subsection Dumosae) in late September and October; adults emerge early the following spring (Burks 1979). Mature sexual galls have been collected in late March and the beginning of April from Q. berberidifolia, Q. douglasii, and Q. lobata (section Quercus, subsection Dumosae); adults emerge soon after under laboratory conditions.

  Distribution. USA: California.


description:
  Feron parmula (Bassett, 1900), comb. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 268). Minute, flat, sessile, saucer shaped, red spangle gall, on the underside of the leaves, 2.0 mm in diameter, with a slight elevation in the center, where the small larval cell is located (Russo 2006, 2021).

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces galls on Q. douglasii, Q. dumosa, Q. garryana, Q. lobata (section Quercus, subsection Dumosae), and Q. engelmannii (section Quercus, subsection Leucomexicana) (Burks 1979). Galls mature in April, adults emerge after soon (Russo 2006, 2021).

  Distribution. USA: California (Burks 1979).


description:
  Feron pattersonae (Fullaway, 1911), comb. nov.

  Gall. Asexual gall (Figs 281–282) Relatively large, thin, flat spangle gall on underside of leaves, detachable, monolocular. about 9 mm in diameter, with irregular way margin. Green when young, becoming yellow or tan when mature. 

  Biology. Andricus pattersonae and Liodora dumosae were erroneously paired by Evans (1972; restated by Dailey & Menke 1980). Evans (1972) appears to have mis-identified the asexual gall he found as A. pattersonae; his Figure 15 shows a gall much more similar to the new species F. rucklei described herein. Molecular data also refute Evans’ pairing, instead establishing the correct matching of A. pattersonae with A. pedicellatus, with the associated synonymisation herein. Four individuals (two asexual females [=A. pattersonae], two sexual females [=A. pedicellatus]) were sequenced for cytb and ITS2. Cytb sequences were on average 1.14% divergent (range 0.23– 1.90%; GenBank accessions OQ446204–OQ446206) and ITS2 sequences were on average 0.25% divergent (range 0–0.42%, including identical alleles in one asexual and one sexual individual; GenBank accessions OQ448243–OQ448246).

  Asexual galls have been recorded from leaves on section Quercus, subsection Dumosae oaks: Q. douglasii, Q. dumosa, Q. garryana, and Q. lobata (Burks 1979), the gall matures by late autumn, adults emerge in late winter. Sexual galls occur on leaves of Q. douglasii (Burks 1979) and mature in April; adults emerge soon after.

  Distribution. USA: California (Burks 1979).


description:
  Feron pattersonae (Fullaway, 1911), comb. nov.

  Gall. Sexual gall (Fig. 283) is a small, elongate capsule, 5–7 mm long, 1.0–1.5 mm wide, attached by a slender pedicel to the edge of the leaf, unilocular. The gall is sharp-tipped, broadest near the tip, continuing into a slender, thread-like stem, 5–12 mm long, evidently a continuation of a leaf vein. The gall is thin-walled, entirely hollow.

  Biology. Andricus pattersonae and Liodora dumosae were erroneously paired by Evans (1972; restated by Dailey & Menke 1980). Evans (1972) appears to have mis-identified the asexual gall he found as A. pattersonae; his Figure 15 shows a gall much more similar to the new species F. rucklei described herein. Molecular data also refute Evans’ pairing, instead establishing the correct matching of A. pattersonae with A. pedicellatus, with the associated synonymisation herein. Four individuals (two asexual females [=A. pattersonae], two sexual females [=A. pedicellatus]) were sequenced for cytb and ITS2. Cytb sequences were on average 1.14% divergent (range 0.23– 1.90%; GenBank accessions OQ446204–OQ446206) and ITS2 sequences were on average 0.25% divergent (range 0–0.42%, including identical alleles in one asexual and one sexual individual; GenBank accessions OQ448243–OQ448246).

  Asexual galls have been recorded from leaves on section Quercus, subsection Dumosae oaks: Q. douglasii, Q. dumosa, Q. garryana, and Q. lobata (Burks 1979), the gall matures by late autumn, adults emerge in late winter. Sexual galls occur on leaves of Q. douglasii (Burks 1979) and mature in April; adults emerge soon after.

  Distribution. USA: California (Burks 1979).


description:
  Feron rucklei Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov.

  Gall. (Figs 322–323). Small spangle leaf gall, 5 mm across, somewhat star-shaped, flat against the leaf surface but with a central bump. Pale yellow with a darker centre when growing, becoming tan when mature. Typically multiple galls scattered across a single leaf. The same gall is depicted and described as an unknown species in Russo (2006, 2021; informally called the disk gall wasp) and Weld (1957, Fig. 174).

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces spangle leaf galls on Q. garryana (section Quercus, subsection Dumosae). Galls mature in November; adults emerge soon after under laboratory conditions. This gall appears to be depicted in Evans (1972) in his Figure 15; those galls were also collected from Q. garryana in the same area (southern Vancouver Island). Evans experimentally matched these asexual galls with the sexual generation of Liodora dumosae, but mistakenly called them A. pattersonae (which has been matched to a different sexual form, A. pedicellatus, using DNA evidence elsewhere in this study). Hence we hypothesise that F. rucklei may be the alternate asexual form of F. dumosae, but further DNA evidence is required to test this suggestion.

  Distribution. Canada, British Columbia, Ruckle Provincial Park. It is the first record of this genus for Canada.


description:
  Feron scutellum (Weld, 1930), comb. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 328). A cup-shaped leaf spangle gall, up to 4.5 mm in diameter and 3.5 mm high, purple-brown with a whitish bloom, attached to under side of leaf. The edge of the cup is thin, not in-rolled. The larval cell is 2 mm long by 0.7 mm in diameter and lies transversely at the very base of the cup. The exit hole is into the bottom of cup.

  Biology. The asexual generation is only known, which induces galls on Q. gambelii (section Quercus, subsection Dumosae) and Q. turbinella (section Quercus, subsection Leucomexicana). Galls mature in late autumn, and adults were cut out from galls in December-January (Weld 1930).

  Distribution. USA: AZ (Weld 1930).


description:
  Feron serranoae Pujade-Villar & Cuesta-Porta, sp. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 341). Brownish rounded unilocular galls on the underside of leaves, with an apical hole. Up to 6-8 mm in diameter.

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces galls on an unidentified white oak Quercus sp. (section Quercus, subsection Leucomexicana). The gall was found mature in January and the adults emerged soon after.

  Distribution. Only known from Sierra de Guadalupe, Mexico State (Mexico).


description:
  Feron splendens (Weld, 1919), comb. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 353). Single or scattered on the underside of leaf. Cylindrical with ends and middle slightly swollen, 2.0 mm in diameter and 3–5 mm high, with a crystalline appearance, covered with short stout blunt spines from which run faint decurrent ridges. Sessile, often lop-sided, spines more numerous on basal third. The gall is rosy red with a straw yellow band around the middle and some yellow at either end. The basal third is solid, with a thinwalled larval cell in the middle of the gall while the distal third or more is tubular with a slightly flared open end. The exit hole is in the hollow portion (Weld 1919).

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces leaf galls on Q. grisea, Q. turbinella, and Q. x undata (section Quercus, subsection Leucomexicana). Galls mature in late autumn; the larvae transform to adults in autumn but remain in the gall all winter and emerge the following spring in April–May.

  Distribution. USA: AZ, NM (Burks 1979); Mexico: Chihuahua, Durango.


description:
  Feron stellare (Weld, 1926), comb. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 366). A hemispherical gall, 3–4 mm in diameter and 2 mm high, covered with short, blunt crystalline protuberances with a circle of 12–15 longer, broad projections at the base, attached singly or scattered in small numbers on the underside of the leaf. The galls are yellowish-white, often tinged with red. The larval cell lies transversely in the very base of the gall and above it is a cavity above which the crystalline wall of the upper part of the gall is very thick (Weld 1926).

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces leaf galls on Q. douglasii and Q. garryana (section Quercus, subsection Dumosae) in autumn, the adults emerge the next spring in March (Weld 1926).

  Distribution. USA: California (Burks 1979).


description:
  Feron stellulum (Burnett, 1974) comb. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 371). Leaf gall. Monolocular and can be found on both sides of the leaves. Disk shaped (1.6-2.3 mm in diameter) with some points around the perimeter but erected on a long and slender pedicel, usually slightly broadening towards apex. The gall is almost twice as high as the diameter of the disk (2.3–5.6 mm in height). The surface is shiny and glabrous of a reddish colour, the pedicel is crimson, and the disk is rufous. Galls are found attached either to a secondary vein of the leaf blade or occasionally to the midrib, mature galls are typically associated with a brown necrosis around the point of attachment which extends laterally to the leaf-blade margin. Emergence holes made by the gall wasp are usually found in the lateral part of the gall disc (Burnett 1974).

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, inducing galls on Q. dumosa (section Quercus, subsection Dumosae); adults start to emerge from February.

  Distribution. USA: CA.


description:
  Feron sulfureum (Weld, 1926) comb. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 383). A hollow cone, sessile at base and open at apex, densely covered with long sulphur-yellow spines, on under surface of leaf, single or scattered, sometimes as many as nine on a leaf but usually only one to three. The cone is up to 7 mm high by 4 mm in diameter at base, with a crystalline surface, white or rosy when growing, the spines up to 4 mm long and often rosy at the tip. The larval cell lies transversely just below the middle of gall and below it is a small obconical cavity reaching to point of attachment. The lower part of the large distal cavity above larval cell is constricted by a narrow circular shelf.

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces galls on multiple oaks fromsection Quercus, subsection Leucomexicana: Q. arizonica, Q. grisea and Q. oblongifolia. Galls mature in the autumn dropping only with the leaf; adults emerge in late March-April.

  Distribution. USA, Arizona only.


description:
  Feron syndicorum Pujade-Villar & Cuesta-Porta, sp. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 394). Yellow crystalline leaf gall mass (aggregation of galls, 5-20 galls) on underside of leaf, to 20 mm long projecting from leaf by up to 15 mm. Larval chambers easily detachable from leaf and crystalline pubescence extremely brittle.

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces galls on Q. potosina (section Quercus, subsection Leucomexicana). The gall matures in late autumn and the adults emerge soon after.

  Distribution. Mexico, La Cumbre (Monte Escobedo, State of Zacatecas).


description:
  Feron tibiale Kinsey, 1937 comb. rev.

  Gall (Fig. 440). Individual galls swollen, cylindrical, flaring at the broadened tip, covered with more or less crystalline processes, with a few broad filaments (chiefly at the base of each gall), with almost all of the fibers fine, hair-like. Galls clustered, forming a more or less solid and tangled mass up to 27 mm in diameter and 13 mm high. Purple rose and light brown when young, becoming light straw brown to russet, rosy brown, or dark brown with age (Kinsey 1937).

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces galls on section Quercus, subsection Leucomexicana oaks: Q. arizonica, Q. chihuahuensis, Q. deserticola (= Q. texcocana) according to Kinsey (1937); adults emerge mainly during January-February (Kinsey 1937). Quercus glabrescens, Q. glaucoides, Q. obtusata, and Q. rugosa are new host records for this study.

  Two species described by Kinsey (1937), F. tostum and F. uterinum, are morphologically consistent with the series of specimens that Kinsey called F. tibiale. They simply represent geographical variants of that species and hence we synonymise the names in this study.

  The conspecific status of the two morphological variants within this species (one with a smooth mesopleuron, the other having a mesopleuron with a transverse reticulated-carinated band) was confirmed using DNA sequence data. One individual from each of the two morphotypes was sequenced for cytb and ITS2; both individuals had identical sequences for both genes (GenBank accessions OQ446186, OQ446241, OQ448247–OQ448248).

  Distribution. Mexico: Mexico City, Chihuahua, Durango, Querétaro (Kinsey 1937); also from the State of Mexico in this study.


description:
  Feron tubifaciens (Weld, 1926) comb. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 475). Convex mass of tubular galls standing side by side in a compact cluster on the underside of the leaf. The mass measures up to 25 mm long by 15 mm wide. The individual galls are easily detached, white or creamcoloured, up to 9 mm long, tapering gradually from the base to a diameter of about 3 mm at the distal open end, the distal portion covered with tapering spines which are often rosy at the tip. The single larval cell lies midway along the length of the gall and measures about 2 mm long by 1.2 mm in diameter (Weld 1926).

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, inducing galls on Q. garryana (section Quercus, subsection Dumosae) (Weld 1926, Burks 1979). Galls mature in October-November.

  Distribution. USA: California.


description:
  Feron verutum Kinsey, 1937 comb. rev.

  Gall (Fig. 488). Individual galls long and slender, uniformly cylindric or flaring at the top, more or less covered with distinctly crystalline processes all of which are broad and blunt, filamentous, not fine nor hairlike. The whole cluster forming a spiny mass in which the individual galls are still prominent, the clusters up to 30 mm in diameter and 12 mm high. Bright purple rose and straw colour when fresh, darkening with age (Kinsey 1937).

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces galls on section Quercus, subsection Leucomexicana oaks: Q. magnoliifolia, and Q. rugosa (Kinsey 1937). Fresh mature galls in January, adults emerge in April (Kinsey 1937). The type material is labelled as collected from Q. macrophylla, but Kinsey did not define the authorship of the host species. Two possible hosts coexist within the distribution of F. verutum: Q. magnoliifolia (= macrophylla Née), or Q. resinosa (= macrophylla sensu Trel.).

  Distribution. Mexico: San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato (Kinsey 1937); also from Ciudad de Mexico state in this study.


description:
  Feron vitreum Kinsey, 1937 comb. rev.

  Gall (Fig. 501). Individual galls long and slender, uniformly cylindrical or flaring at the top, fairly well covered with distinctly crystalline processes all of which are broad and blunt, filamentous, none of which are fine or hairlike. Galls clustered, forming a spiny mass in which the individual galls are quite prominent, the clusters up to 55 mm in diameter and 17 mm high. Bright purple rose and straw colour when fresh, darkening with age (Kinsey 1937).

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces galls in October-January, on section Quercus, subsection Leucomexicana oaks: Q. deserticola Trel. (= Q. texcocana Trel.), and Q. rugosa (= Q. rhodophlebia), adults emerge in April.

  Kinsey (1937) described another species, F. validum, which we consider is morphologically consistent with Kinsey’s series of specimens of F. vitreum and simply represents a geographical variant of that species; hence we synonymise the name in this study.

  Distribution. Mexico: Luis Potosi, Guanajuato (Kinsey 1937).


description:
  Feron apiarium (Weld, 1944), comb. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 36). Solitary, sessile, on underside of leaf close to edge, shaped like an old-fashioned straw beehive, white or pinkish, up to 4.6 mm broad by 4.0 mm high. Inside is a large cavity with a transverse larval cell at the very base. During the winter on the ground the outer fleshy layer shrivels and the gall becomes more cylindrical (Weld 1944).

  Biology. Only females are known. Leaf galls on Q. alba (section Quercus, subsection Albae). Mature galls in October; adults emerge next year, in February–March.

  Distribution. USA: Washington DC, VA (Burks 1979).


description:
  Feron clarkei (Bassett, 1890), comb. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 109). Galls in terminal and axillary buds, many-celled, smooth, bare, often hidden by bud scales.

  Biology. Only the sexual generation is known, inducing bud galls on Q. alba (section Quercus, subsection Albae) and Q. stellata (section Quercus, subsection Stellatae). Adults emerge in early spring until May (Ashmead 1896).

  Distribution. USA: MA, MO (Burks 1979).


description:
  Feron comatum (Weld, 1952), comb. nov.

  Gall (Figs 122–123). Conical, 3.0 by 1.4 mm, tan when mature, thin walled, covered with crinkly white matted hairs. Produced singly at edge of leaf. The gall is difficult to distinguish from the sexual galls of F. crystallinum, F. dumosae and F. kingi, although this species has an eastern distribution rather than Pacific slope (but see also diagnosis to species above).

  Biology. Only the sexual generation is known, inducing galls on Q. alba (section Quercus, subsection Albae). Galls mature in early spring; adults emerge in late April–May.

  Distribution. USA: VA (Weld 1952b).


description:
  Stem-Gall Midge
  Neolasioptera diplaci
  Pl. 480

  This midge induces integral, elliptical, monothalamous stem galls on bush monkey flower (Mimulus aurantiacus).


description:
  Violet-Roll-Gall Midge
  Prodiplosis violicola
  Plate 583

  This midge induces a fleshy, swollen monothalamous roll gall along the margins of leaves of violets (Viola spp).


description:
  LEAF-FOLD-GALL MIDGE Dasineura sp.       Pl. 452

  Affected leaves are completely distorted and folded inwardly, revealing ... swollen veins ... polythalamous, with several light orange larvae hidden among the ... folds ...


description:
  Elderberry rust ... causes growth distortions and swellings (i.e., galls) on leaves and stems [of Sambucus]. Galls are often very large, bright yellow and powdery ... In extreme cases, galls can resemble banana slugs that have attached themselves to branches. Infected flowers become thick, swollen and green-tinged rather than white. Affected plant parts are covered with a network of small (approximately 1/16 inch in diameter) ring-like spots ... 

  The fungus overwinters in sedge debris [Carex is the alternate host], and spores ... blow to elderberry plants in the spring,


description:
  ... induces round, monothalamous, leafy rosette bud galls on several species of Ceanothus.  When fresh, these compact bud galls are green to rose red, with linear, toothed, pointed, leafy bracts, which are arranged hemispherically .... 


description:
  Physoderma pulposum
  Wallroth, 1833
  on Aegopodium, Amaranthaceae
  GALL
  irregular pustules on the leaves, 1-2 mm large, initially hyaline, then greenish and finally brown; on all parts of the plant; also the plant shows characteristic tumors.

  HOST PLANTS
  Amaranthaceae, (Apiaceae), polyphagous
  Aegopodium podagraria; Atriplex calotheca, littoralis, patula, prostrata; Chenopodiastrum murale; Chenopodium chenopodioides, glaucum, rubrum, urbicum; Dysphania botrys.
  On Aegopodium relatively rare (Klenke & Scholler).

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/blastocladiomyceta/blastocladiomycota/blastocladiomycotina/physodermatomycetes/physodermatales/physodermataceae/physoderma/physoderma-pulposum/


externallink: https://wiki.bugwood.org/HPIPM:Chrysomyxa_arctostaphyli
description:
  Spruce Broom Rust (Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli)

  Compiled by Ned Tisserat, Colorado State University:

  Host
  Several species of spruce (Picea species): primarily affects Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and Colorado spruce (Picea pungens) in the [High Plains] region. Requires alternate host in the genus Arctostaphylos including kinnikinnick (bearberry) and manzanita.

  Symptoms
  This rust causes conspicuous, perennial witches’ brooms, which bear annual, yellow-green needles. Spermagonia appear in summer as small reddish eruptions that release a putrid odor detectable from several meters. Broom needles appear yellow-orange in mid-summer when spore (aecial) pustules are formed. These brooms may be mistaken for those caused by dwarf mistletoes; however, in spruce, only spruce broom rust causes a marked loss of chlorophyll and annual casting of all broom needles. On the lower surface of the leaves of the alternate host, telia appear as localized reddish-brown spots.

  Impact of Disease
  Damage caused as a result of this broom rust includes reduced growth, stem deformation, dead tops (spiketops), and tree mortality. Breakage may occur at the point of stem infections, which act as infection courts for decay fungi.

  Life Cycle of the Pathogen
  The fungus lives systemically and perennially in both hosts and may overwinter in either host. In spruce, buds and emerging twigs are infected in the spring by spores produced on the alternate host, and the fungus invades the young shoots and induces the formation of witches' brooms. The rust produces five types of spores of which two, spermatia and aeciospores, are produced on current year’s needles of true fir; the others are produced on the alternate host.


description:
  A psyllid that has migrated from Europe, [Trioza/Heterotrioza chenopodii](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/hemiptera/sternorrhyncha/psylloidea/triozidae/heterotrioza/heterotrioza-chenopodii/) can cause very similar damage to Amaranthaceae, including Chenopodium and Atriplex. 


description:
  GALL
  Irregular rolling of the leaf margins ... the leaf is rolled inwards, but not swollen

  HOSTPLANTS
  Amaranthaceae, oligophagous

  Atriplex calotheca, hortensis, littoralis, oblongifolia, patula, prostrata, sagittata, tatarica; Beta vulgaris; Chenopodiastrum murale; Chenopodium album, bonus-henricus, rubrum; Dysphania ambrosioides; Lipandra polysperma.

  PHENOLOGY
  Mostly bivoltine; hibernation as imago, on the host plant. 

  [click below for photos]

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/hemiptera/sternorrhyncha/psylloidea/triozidae/heterotrioza/heterotrioza-chenopodii/


description:
  [Hayhurstia atriplicis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4771) causes very similar effects on the same plants. Unrolling the leaf to find larva would seem necessary for a solid ID.


description:
  Maleberry is host to the leaf tar spot fungus Rhytisma decolorans that is likely the tar spot species occurring frequently on Maleberry leaves at Long Lake ... [R. decolorans] is also known on three related heath shrubs in the United States (Piedmont Staggerbush – Lyonia mariana, Swamp Dog-Laurel – Leucothoe axillaris and Fetterbush – Leucothoe racemosa, none of which occurs in Canada). 


description:
  APPEARANCE OF THE DISEASE
  The appearance of tiny yellow spots on holly leaves during late May constitutes the first symptom of the disease. At this stage the spots cannot readily be distinguished from those produced by certain sucking insects ... During early summer the yellow spots slowly increase in area. By the middle of July the central portion of each spot becomes reddish brown and the discolored area gradually enlarges until only a narrow border of yellow tissue remains. By fall the discoloration has deepened to shining black, and flat cushion-shaped stromata have developed beneath the epidermis. Frequently pairs of stromata develop in a single lesion, one near the upper surface and the other near the lower surface, and sometimes elongated boat-shaped ones form independently on the ventral surface of the  midrib. By November the stromata on the upper leaf surface have attained diameters of 1-4 mm., while those on the lower surface are somewhat smaller. Differentiation of the stromata proceeds slowly throughout the winter months, and by April the orange-red apothecial discs are matured and are exposed by the rupture of the outer layers. After dehiscence the surrounding leaf tissues die as a result of desiccation, forming a buff colored necrotic area which bears the exhausted stroma. These necrotic areas may finally drop out, leaving perforations. Infected leaves usually remain on the tree for the normal period of two years, the unaffected portions continuing to function, but occasionally severely infected leaves may become entirely yellow and moribund by the end of the first year or parts or all of the leaf may have died before that time. The fungus does not continue development after the infected tissue of such leaves becomes necrotic ... 

  The stromata contain large druses of calcium oxalate which were formed within hypertrophic epidermal and mesophyll cells. A few such crystal-bearing cells are always found scattered throughout healthy leaves, but as a result of infection an inordinate number of these cells is produced. During fall the stromata become differentiated into three layers: (1) An outer layer in which the hyphae are thick-walled and very compactly arranged; this tissue and the adjacent epidermal walls become impregnated with a dark purplish pigment which is responsible for the deep black color of stromata when observed macroscopically, and the cuticle over these areas takes on a yellowish
  hue. (2) A median layer composed of a loose plectenchyma of hyaline hyphae. (3) A basal layer made up of partially disintegrated mesophyll cells filled with thick, dark-colored hyphae.


description:
  By at least some definitions, this is a true gall. As Luttrell states in the second paragraph below, the fungus causes the host leaf to produce "an inordinate number" of cells containing calcium oxalate crystals. So, hypertrophy--excess cell production by the host plant--is occurring, but on a level that is not itself visible. The result is a visible tar spot.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28243715#page/467/mode/1up
description:
  ... The shiny, slightly raised groups of perithecia are visible on both leaf surfaces but mainly on the upper surface ... Although the ascocarps are conspicuous on leaves in the growing season, they do not mature until the following spring. This species occurs across Canada on [Betula nana, B. papyrifera] and other species of Betula ... 


description:
  According to [Fungi of Great Britain and Ireland](https://fungi.myspecies.info/all-fungi/atopospora-betulina): "Stromata developing in upper surface of living leaves, 0.5–2.0 mm diam and 120–220 µm tall, irregularly shaped but typically ± circular, shallowly domed or ± flat-topped, subcuticular, shining black, scattered or gregarious, composed of ± vertically arranged thick-walled polygonal cells, dark brown in the central part and with 2-3 more strongly pigmented layers of cells at the surface." 


description:
  Host species list based on [the USDA Fungal Databases](https://fungi.ars.usda.gov/) entry for R. ilicincola, accessed 26 May 2024. 


description:
  Perhaps the same as the unidentified cecidomyiid mentioned in Gagne's (1989) handbook from vein folds, from which a now-lost cecidomyiid specimen was made by Wells (1914).


description:
  P. pyramidalis is one of two psyllids causing conical galls on Ohia and one of more than a dozen Pariaconus psyllids that cause a variety of galls on the plant. For a description of these galls, see [Percy DM (2017) Making the most of your host: the Metrosideros-feeding psyllids (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) of the Hawaiian Islands. ZooKeys 649: 1–163. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.649.10213](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313237678_Making_the_most_of_your_host_the_Metrosideros-feeding_psyllids_Hemiptera_Psylloidea_of_the_Hawaiian_Islands). For images of the galls, see pages 144-150. For P. pyramidalis gall images, see Figure 52-S to -W on page 150. 

   


description:
  Geranium texanum, a closely related native American Geranium that is difficult to tell apart from G. carolinianum when not in flower, is very likely to be another host for S. geranii. From the literature on European species of Synchytrium, it appears that these fungal species can use multiple plant species as hosts, even plants in different genera. 


description:
  In Europe, there are two, possibly conspecific, species of Synchytrium that use Plantago as host: [S. aureum](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/chytridiomyceta/chytridiomycota/chytridiomycotina/synchytriomycetes/synchytridiales/synchytriaceae/synchytrium/synchytrium-aureum/), with golden yellow pustules, and [S. plantagineum](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/chytridiomyceta/chytridiomycota/chytridiomycotina/synchytriomycetes/synchytridiales/synchytriaceae/synchytrium/synchytrium-plantagineum/), with golden-red pustules that turn black. 

  This has red pustules and grows on Plantago erecta, a plant native to Oregon, California, and Baja California.


description:
  In a personal communication to Greg Froelich on June 2, 2024 (documented [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/197097097)), Dr. Raymond Gagné wrote: "The Bloomeria gall ... is a Lasioptera from the same kind of gall that can be found on Brodiaea and Triteleia. You’re correct that the male is a Lasioptera." Gagné based the ID on an adult midge reared by Froelich. 


description:
  Oops! It looks like the folks on BugGuide thought this was probably an inquiline in a Schizomyia umbellicola gall, and the larva possibly a beetle that tunnels in stems and petioles of this plant. bugguide.net/node/view/1668992/bgpage 

  [Found in Santa Clara County, California. It is possible this is not a gall, but, if undissected, it could easily be mistaken for a developing Schizomyia umbellicola gall, which is also found in this part of California.] 


description:
  Biology
  Antistrophus laurenae induces inconspicuous, externally imperceptible galls in stems of Silphium integrifolium (Fig. 5H).

  Distribution
  Material examined in this study reveals that this species occurs in Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin (USA; see Suppl. material 1: table 1). A verified iNaturalist record (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/136446787) also suggests that this species occurs in Mississippi. Known and potential distribution are summarized in Fig. 9.


description:
  Biology
  Antistrophus meganae induces inconspicuous, externally imperceptible galls in stems of Silphium terebinthinaceum (Fig. 6H) (Tooker et al. 2004; Nastasi and Deans 2021).

  Distribution
  Tooker et al. (2004) reported this species only from several prairie sites in Illinois (USA). Nastasi and Deans (2021) did not report additional localities; however, the specimens we examined revealed novel records from Wisconsin (Suppl. material 1: table 1). We also sequenced DNA barcodes for individuals from Ohio (Suppl. material 1: table 6), and a series of specimens identified using the key represents a new state record from Michigan (see Discussion; Suppl. material 1: table 1). Known and potential distribution are summarized in Fig. 9.


description:
  Biology
  Antistrophus minor induces inconspicuous, externally imperceptible galls in stems of Silphium laciniatum (Fig. 7H) (Tooker et al. 2004; Nastasi and Deans 2021). Weld (1926) reported A. minor from Silphium terebinthinaceum, but Weld’s specimens from this host plant truly represent Antistrophus meganae.

  Distribution
  Antistrophus minor was described from adults reared alongside A. rufus in Illinois. We examined specimens providing new state records from Iowa and Wisconsin. Known and potential distribution are summarized in Fig. 9. It appears that A. minor is likely sympatric with A. rufus throughout the distribution of S. laciniatum, although further rearing of Silphium species will be needed to better understand the role of geography in the distribution of Antistrophus, especially regarding these two species.

  [see also entries on gallformers page for Antistrophus rufus]


description:
  Biology
  Antistrophus rufus induces inconspicuous, externally imperceptible galls in stems of Silphium laciniatum (Fig. 8H) (Tooker et al. 2004; Nastasi and Deans 2021). Records associating A. rufus with other host plants most likely represent distinct species including the other species addressed in the present work.

  Distribution
  Antistrophus rufus was described from material collected in Illinois (USA) and has since been reported from Kansas (Tooker et al. 2004; Nastasi and Deans 2021). Additional material that we examined revealed additional records from Iowa and Wisconsin, and reiterated occurrence of this species in Kansas (Suppl. material 1: table 1). Known and potential distribution are summarized in Fig. 9.

  Remarks
  Kieffer (1902) synonymized Antistrophus with Aylax (=Aulax) Hartig, 1840. Some authors (e.g., Beutenmüller 1910) follow Kieffer’s synonymy, but others appear to have rejected or otherwise omitted this change from many works treating the group (e.g., Weld 1951; Nieves-Aldrey 1994). This generic synonymy and the resulting species synonyms were accidentally omitted from Nastasi and Deans’ (2021) catalogue, and we are unable to locate a nomenclatural act reinstating Antistrophus as a valid genus. The genus Aylax has now long been regarded to include only two species of gall wasps inducing galls on Papaver (Papaveraceae) (Nieves-Aldrey 1994; Ronquist et al. 2015). Additionally, the two genera are now placed in different tribes: Aylax is now placed in the tribe Aylacini, while Antistrophus is placed in the Aulacideini. We regard here Antistrophus as a valid genus independent of Aylax, although Antistrophus represents a heterogeneous assemblage as currently defined based on preliminary data from an ongoing revisionary study (Nastasi et al., unpublished data).


description:
  Biology
  A. jeanae induces inconspicuous, externally imperceptible galls in stems of Silphium perfoliatum (Fig. 4H) (Tooker et al. 2004; Nastasi and Deans 2021).

  Distribution
  Tooker et al. (2004) reported this species only from several prairie sites in Illinois (USA). Nastasi and Deans (2021) did not report additional localities. However, specimens we examined revealed records from three additional state records: Indiana, Iowa, and Wisconsin. A verifiable iNaturalist observation (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/114414672) also records this species from Ohio; we have since examined adult gall wasps reared from the plant material from the same site, which confirmed their suspected identity (in litt.). Lastly, a specimen identified during this study (USNMENT 01822302; see complete specimen data in Suppl. material 1: table 1) confirms the occurrence of this species in Missouri (Columbia, Boone County) (see discussion). Known and potential distribution are summarized in Fig. 9.


description:
  Deformed heads, the leaflets almost curled, about 1/2 inch long, the mass 6 by 4 inches, mite, summer. PI. 16 (7). .Eriophyes rhoinus

  [description on pg 280; Plate 16(7) on pg 133] 


description:
  GALL
  the leaves, especially near the tip of the shoots, are reddish discoloured, swollen, and disfigured shell-like, the internodes are strongly shortened.

  HOST PLANTS
  Onagraceae, monophagous

  Fuchsia arborescens, denticulata, gehringeri, macrophylla, microphylla, magellanica, procumbens, thymifolia.

  On, for instance F. aborrescens, microphylla, thymifoliathe mite may have viable population without causing serious malformations.
  NOTES
  Originally a South African species, in North America and Europe since about 1980 a serious pest in floriculture, especially in glasshouses.

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/acari/actinotrichida/prostigmata/eleutherengona/eriophyoidea/eriophyidae/phyllocoptinae/anthocoptini/aculops/aculops-fuchsiae/


description:
  This is a strictly coastal species that is evidently specific in larval feeding to Ericameria ericoides ... The larvae of ... G. ericameriae cause gall-like deformities of terminal foliage tips. These are small, ca. l cm, onion dome-shaped. hollow 'galls' that appear to consist of leaflets sealed together like the staves of a barrel, rather than typical growth of gall tissue (Fig. 100 [on pg. 45]). The larva skeletonizes within this shelter, and drops to the ground for pupation, leaving thin, partially eaten leaflets, which wither and dry by midsummer. Adults emerge in July and August


description:
  Similar galls have been observed on Ericameria fasciculata as an unconfirmed host in Monterey County, [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/221745121) and [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/118745975).


description:
  Rhinusa antirrhini

  GALL
  larvae in the galled and swollen fruits, pupation in the gall. The larvae have a dark-coloured head capsule, which distinguishes them from those of Rh. neta, that have a similar biology (Rheinheimer & Hassler)..

  HOST PLANTS
  Plantaginaceae, oligophagpus

  Antirrhinum majus; Linaria genistifolia & subsp. dalmatica, repens, saxatilis, vulgaris; Microrrhinum litorale, minus; Misopates orontium.

  NOTES
  In North America the species is employed in the biological control of Linaria vulgaris. 

  [Click below for photos.]

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/coleoptera/polyphaga/cucujiformia/curculionoidea/curculionidae/curculioninae/mecinini/rhinusa/rhinusa-antirrhini/


description:
  An ovate swelling on the stem of Danthonia californica. Occurs as a large, single swelling unlike the clusters of small rounded pustules associated with [Cynipanguina galls](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/952) on this host. The inducer is a midge. Observed in California in June and July. 


description:
  A simple, elongate pouch gall along the veins of Amelanchier alnifolia, bulging on the underside of the leaf and with a linear slit opening toward the upper side. Covered in white hairs. Observed in Manitoba in June.


description:
  Swelling occurs under the branch/bud scales of last season's shoots. Galls are cryptic and are not obvious unless the scales are removed from the end of the branch, or the branch is pulled away from the scales. Midges over-winter as larvae and emerge as adults at the end of spring. Found in AK but expected elsewhere.  


description:
  Cryptic succulent bud galls not apparently growing beyond bud scales. Male and female wasps emerge shortly before budbreak and wasps oviposit in male flower buds. Male and female wasps emerging from these galls have been genetically matched to females emerging from [these mottled filament galls.](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4934) 


description:
  In [their 2014 article in The Canadian Entomologist](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-entomologist/article/abs/prerelease-detection-of-a-biocontrol-agent-combining-independent-and-public-dna-sequences-to-identify-the-first-north-american-record-of-aulacidea-pilosellae-hymenoptera-cynipidae/C5496C21FC736D6F193D36A9E177064B), Moffat and Smith describe how, just before A. pilosellae was about to be introduced, a previously unidentified specimen collected from Ontario proved to have matching DNA. The discovery occurred when COI DNA sequences of A. pilosellae were compared with publicly available DNA sequence records.


description:
  Abrupt stem swellings on Brickellia californica. The galls are usually large, and often have stems or leaves protruding from them. The gall walls are thick and hard, with a single small cell located centrally. Adults were reared in April in New Mexico and determined to be an undescribed Procecidochares species. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16263034#page/627/mode/1up
description:
  Procecidochares sp. nr. minuta (Snow)

  Eggs are laid in May on C. n. bigelovii [Ericameria nauseosa var. bigelovii] in what appears to be the apical buds of the current year’s new growth. Larvae feed inside galls which become recognizable only when the flowerheads begin to form (generally July-August). Procecidochares sp. galls consist of enlarged, unopened flowerheads (Fig. 1E-F). Pupation takes place within the galls. The first puparia were found on 19 and 23 August, 1981, at the two study sites and the percentage of the gall samples containing puparia reached 95% by 16 and 19 September. The first adult emergences followed within a few days in both the field and laboratory .... I dissected 236 galls and never found more than one tephritid larva or evidence of more than one larval chamber. 


description:
  Gall: Four different gall types induced by this species were found (Figs. 10–16). Three are very similar, differing only by the plant organ on which they occur. The fourth probably represents an early developmental stage of the typical gall induced on a leaf; perhaps with development stopped due to parasitism.

  4. Galls in swollen leaf midribs (authors' field code spCA18) (Figs. 15–16) — swollen leaf midrib or petiole, green or yellowish-green; usually causes midrib of leaf to bend. Collected in June, September, October, January and April. No adult gall-inducers were reared from this gall type; only unidentified cynipid inquilines (Synergini) and parasitoids from the superfamily Chalcidoidea were reared. However, remains of larval gall inducers were dissected from this gall type.

  Distribution: Currently known only from California, USA.


description:
  See more information regarding the galltype #4 (authors' field code spCA18) at [https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4931]( https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4931).


description:
  R. Gagné confirmed to genus in [a personal email to Greg Froelich](
  https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/224446663), who had send him [reared adults, exuvia, and a gall](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/221183923), appending the following in from his key for Diplacus:

  2b Swollen, aborted flower buds ……………………… Asphondylia sp.
  Galls are 2.5-3 cm long and polythalamous with numerous individual larval chambers spread throughout the arrested floral parts. The Asphondylia from this gall is distinct from A. diplaci. Host: D. aurantiacus. Distr.: California.


description:
  All late summer Solidago galls were situated approximately midway or higher on the plant stalk on apical meristems. Both the late spring and late summer Solidago galls were composed of swollen tissue surrounded by leaves in a typical rosette growth form.
  A single gall collected on Erigeron canadensis in August contained only one larva which eclosed in late August or early September. The Erigeron gall was a swollen stem approximately two inches above the ground.


description:
  Procecidochares minuta is a complex that probably includes six or more species. For example, "Comparative Biology of Gall-Formers in the Genus Procecidochares (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Rabbitbrush in Idaho" points to three different species in this complex that use different plants and have different gall morphologies, but with adult flies all looking quite similar. According to Foote et al's Handbook of the Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of America North of Mexico (1994), the host plants for this complex include "Ambrosia, Aster, Chrysothamnus, Corethrogyne, Solidago and Viguiera." 

  Separately, Gutierrezia californica also appears to be a host, according to [Joyce Gross's photo caption](https://joycegross.com/images.php?img=2222_3254). 


description:
  Two North American species are known, viz. Peridermium ornamentale (Arthur 1901), described based on an aecial host collection on Abies lasiocarpa from Washington, and Pe. holwayi (Sydow and Sydow 1903), introduced for aecial host spore stages (0 and I) found on Pseudotsuga menziesii in Canada, British Columbia. Arthur (1934) reduced both species names to synonymy with Pucciniastrum goeppertianum, but Faull (1939) disagreed and emphasized that collections of C. goeppertiana s. lat. are morphologically differentiated into two taxa, viz. C. goeppertiana s. str. in eastern North America and a taxon in western North America for which the name Pe. ornamentale is available. The existence of a different taxon of Calyptospora, possibly a species of its own, in western North America was already assumed by Weir (1926). In the western taxon, Pe. ornamentale, the aecia and spermogonia (type 3, according to Cummins and Hiratsuka 2003) are formed on current year needles in late summer or early autumn, whereas in P. goeppertianum from eastern North America aecia are formed in early summer, but spermogonia are lacking or sometimes developed only in degenerated form (Hiratsuka et al. 1967). Pe. holwayi has usually been reduced to synonymy with Pe. ornamentale, but the genuine identity of this species, based on an aecial host spore stage on Pseudotsuga menziesii, remains unclear and needs further detailed examinations, including phylogenetic analyses. Aecia of P. holwayi occur on Pseudotsuga, and are formed on previous year needles in early summer, in contrast to P. ornamentale growing on Abies and forming aecia on current year needles in late summer or early autumn. Vogler and Bruns (1998) generated sequence data retrieved from Calyptospora goeppertiana s. lat. (= Peridermium ornamentale) on Abies grandis (native to the Pacific Northwest and Northern California), belonging to the western taxon in North America. These sequences ... cluster in sister position to the European sequences of C. columnaris. Thus, these preliminary data support Weir’s (1926) and Faull’s (1939) careful examinations and conclusions that there is a different Calyptospora species in western North America for which the name Pe. ornamentale is available. However, this can only be the very first step towards a revision of the C. goeppertiana complex in North America. The taxonomic and phylogenetic position of Calyptospora goeppertiana in eastern North America, although morphologically indistinguishable from European collections of this species, is still unproven, i.e. it remains open whether the eastern North American taxon is actually conspecific with C. goeppertiana s. str. or if a third species may exist. 

  The nomenclature of the two species involved in this complex can be summarized as follows:
  Calyptospora columnaris ... Holotype: Germany, Lusatia [herb. Schweinitz], s. n., on Abies alba [Pinus picea] ... 
  Calyptospora ornamentalis(Arthur) M. Scholler & U. Braun, comb. nov. ... Holotype: USA, Washington, Mount Paddo, on Abies lasiocarpa, 


description:
  Two North American species are known, viz. Peridermium ornamentale (Arthur 1901), described based on an aecial host collection on Abies lasiocarpa from Washington, and Pe. holwayi (Sydow and Sydow 1903), introduced for aecial host spore stages (0 and I) found on Pseudotsuga menziesii in Canada, British Columbia. Arthur (1934) reduced both species names to synonymy with Pucciniastrum goeppertianum, but Faull (1939) disagreed and emphasized that collections of C. goeppertiana s. lat. are morphologically differentiated into two taxa, viz. C. goeppertiana s. str. in eastern North America and a taxon in western North America for which the name Pe. ornamentale is available. The existence of a different taxon of Calyptospora, possibly a species of its own, in western North America was already assumed by Weir (1926). In the western taxon, Pe. ornamentale, the aecia and spermogonia (type 3, according to Cummins and Hiratsuka 2003) are formed on current year needles in late summer or early autumn, whereas in P. goeppertianum from eastern North America aecia are formed in early summer, but spermogonia are lacking or sometimes developed only in degenerated form (Hiratsuka et al. 1967). Pe. holwayi has usually been reduced to synonymy with Pe. ornamentale, but the genuine identity of this species, based on an aecial host spore stage on Pseudotsuga menziesii, remains unclear and needs further detailed examinations, including phylogenetic analyses. Aecia of P. holwayi occur on Pseudotsuga, and are formed on previous year needles in early summer, in contrast to P. ornamentale growing on Abies and forming aecia on current year needles in late summer or early autumn. Vogler and Bruns (1998) generated sequence data retrieved from Calyptospora goeppertiana s. lat. (= Peridermium ornamentale) on Abies grandis (native to the Pacific Northwest and Northern California), belonging to the western taxon in North America. These sequences ... cluster in sister position to the European sequences of C. columnaris. Thus, these preliminary data support Weir’s (1926) and Faull’s (1939) careful examinations and conclusions that there is a different Calyptospora species in western North America for which the name Pe. ornamentale is available. However, this can only be the very first step towards a revision of the C. goeppertiana complex in North America. The taxonomic and phylogenetic position of Calyptospora goeppertiana in eastern North America, although morphologically indistinguishable from European collections of this species, is still unproven, i.e. it remains open whether the eastern North American taxon is actually conspecific with C. goeppertiana s. str. or if a third species may exist.

  The nomenclature of the two species involved in this complex can be summarized as follows:
  Calyptospora columnaris ... Holotype: Germany, Lusatia [herb. Schweinitz], s. n., on Abies alba [Pinus picea] ...
  Calyptospora ornamentalis(Arthur) M. Scholler & U. Braun, comb. nov. ... Holotype: USA, Washington, Mount Paddo, on Abies lasiocarpa,


description:
  it is probable that [many species of Vaccinium from western North America] serve as hosts for this rust. The list is as follows--Vaccinium caespitosum ... V. membranaceum ... V. microphyllum ... V. oreophilum [Vaccinium myrtillus var. oreophilum] ... V. ovalifolium ... V. ovatum ... V. parvifolium ... V. scoparium 


description:
  ... induces monothalamous, midrib fold galls and occasionally leaf-margin roll galls on mountain meadowsweet (Spiraea splendens) and steeplebush (S. douglasii) ... These long, swollen galls are usually pink to rose red ... those on the ventral midrib protrude ... Larvae exit through a longitudinal slit and pupate in leaf litter the following spring ...

  [photo Plate 477]


description:
  The split between Calyptospora columnaris in Eastern North America and C. ornamentalis in Western N. America is based primarily on observations and sequencing of the fungus on Abies lasiocarpa. We do not know of any studies based on N. American infections on Vaccinium. 

  The host lists here and on Gallformers' C. ornamentalis page are based on very tentative host lists in Faull (1939). On iNaturalist, the taxon split was handled geographically. 


description:
  The diploid phase of [Calyptospora columnaris] occurs on the following [N. American] species of Vaccinium -- 1. Vaccinium canadense Kalm. 2. V. corymbosum L. 3. V. myrtillus L. 4. V. pennsylvanicum Lam. 5. V. vacillans Kalm. 6. V. vitis-idaea L. 


description:
  Woolly-Leaf-Gall Midge   Blaesodiplosis sp. A ... 
  induces triangular monothalamous galls on the upper surface of leaves of [Amelanchier utahensis and A. alnifolia] ... red-tipped galls [may] appear as a single, hairy white mass ... There is a slight protrusion on the [leaf underside].

  [photo at Plate 552]


description:
  Larval cells green, not lined with a white fungus...Contarinia partheniicola (Cockerell)

  Galls are 5–8 mm long, 4–5 mm wide and are found on axillary buds, along stems, on young leaves, on flowers, and along the rachis of the inflorescence. Adults have been reared in spring and fall. Hosts: A. chamissonis, A. confertiflora, A. dumosa, A. eriocentra, A. psilostachya, and Parthenium...


description:
  Contarinia partheniicola

  Contarinia partheniicola forms whitish, woolly, cupulate galls 5-8 mm long and 4-5 mm wide. Previously reported only from Parthenium, incanum, the type host, it is now known to occur on Ambrosia spp....R. D. Goeden writes (pers. comm.) that the galls on Ambrosia are formed singly or in small groups on various parts of the shoots, e.g., on axillary buds along the stems, on the young leaves, on the staminate florets, and along the rachis of the inflorescence.


description:
  An integral parenchyma gall around the midrib of leaves of Quercus x undulata, pink-red and hairy on the upper side and pale green below. This gall closely resembles [Neuroterus oblongifoliae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2620) but occurs in the fall and so far only female Neuroterus wasps have been reared from it. 


description:
  opened gall with young (because colourless) larvae ... a single galled flower ... 

  [click below for photos and list of references]

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/lasiopteridi/dasineurini/dasineura/dasineura-epilobii/


description:
  The rust fungus Chrysomyxa woroninii causes perennial witches' brooms on several species of Ledum in northern and subalpine regions of Europe, North America and Asia. Spruce bud rust has been assumed to be the aecial state of C. woroninii because of the close proximity of infected Ledum plants and systemically infected buds on Picea. Spruce bud rust results in stunted shoot formation when buds and female cones are infected. The disease also has life cycle stages on Labrador tea. 


description:
  Anguina pacificae feeds on the stem of Poa annua [annual bluegrass], causing stem galls ... [In North America it is] found ... only in golf courses in a narrow band along California’s northern Pacific coast.  ... The second-stage juvenile ... crawls up the stem ... in a film of water[,] ... enters the leaf sheath, and crawls downward within the sheath to the stem base or crown. Generally multiple nematodes enter a single crown. They [cause] a gall ... to form around them as they feed ... [After maturing within the gall and mating there, a female] begins laying eggs, usually 1000 or more, within the gall ... Around 80 days after infection the gall begins to rot and the [juveniles] leave the gall to search for a new host. As the gall rots, the aboveground portion of the plant dies, causing chlorotic and later necrotic patches on the turf surface. 

  [click below for photos]

externallink:
  https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/Creatures/NEMATODE/Anguina_pacificae_Pacific_shoot_gall_nematode.htm#:~:text=Anguina%20pacificae%20feeds%20on%20the,northern%20coastal%20California%20and%20Ireland.


description:
  LEAFY-ROSETTE-GALL MIDGE    
  Lonicerae sp.       Pl. 460
  ... monothalamous, leafy rosette terminal bud galls on L. subspicata and possibly other species. The tips of galled shoots have from one to four galls clustered together, looking like one large gall ... [composed of] large, broad bud scales ... 


description:
  A table on pg. 51 of Russo's Plant Galls of the Western United States (2021) lists "Ypsolopha sp." as a moth that induces a stem gall on Ephedra. No further information found so far. If anyone raises a moth from an Ephedra stem gall, compare to Y. angelicella, which is known to use Ephedra as a host, and to other Ypsolopha. 


description:
  Galls were collected in Hood River County, Oregon on Sept. 3, 2023 from Doellingeria ledophylla by [Jeff Ward, who states](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/181701483): "Adult midges emerged on 2023/09/04 and were preserved in 95% ethanol. These were sent to Dr. Raymond Gagné who identified them as an undescribed species in genus Rhopalomyia. The specimens are now in the USNM collection." 

  A key difference between this and [Unknown d-breweri-leafy-rosette-gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/5535), which occurs in California on a host plant in the same genus, is that this had many tiny larval chambers instead of a single comparatively large chamber.


description:
  This is for galls on Rhododendron macrophyllum that were previously identified as "Exobasidium vaccinii" or "Exobasidium vaccinii-uliginosi."


description:
  "Exobasidium Vaccinii-uliginosi" [name now applies only to galls on Vaccinium uliginosum, so the cause of these galls is one or more undescribed species of Exobasidium] 

  causes a distinct witches’ broom with white (pinkish) leaves on Rhododendron californicum  [since renamed R. macrophyllum]. ... This disease does considerable damage to the Rhododendron in the Cascade mountains. It is so characteristic in appearance that it cannot be mistaken 


description:
  Forming purplish-gray, bladder-like galls on leaves of Ledum glandulosum [Rhododendron columbianum] Nutt., 12 miles northeast of Pierce, Clearwater National Forest, Idaho. 


description:
  Found in El Dorado County, Calif. in July.  A key difference between this and [Rhopalomyia d-ledophylla-terminal-leafy-rosette](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/5532), which occurs in Oregon on a host plant in the same genus, is that this had a single comparatively large larval chamber, instead of many tiny chambers. 


description:
  Type host: Berberis californica Jepsan [Berberis aquifolium var. dictyota], barberry
  Relation to host: Working from the upper leaf surface the mites cause irregular longitudinal sinuate folds, anywhere from the edge to the midrib. The mites develop in the fold. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54606#page/46/mode/1up
description:
  Fig. 1 ... d, galls on twig of Tilia americana [click below to see drawing, which takes the place of a description of the gall in words]


description:
  Trisetacus indelis ... is closely related to the two other presumed monophagous North American Trisetacus species, T. batonrougei and T. quadrisetus, associated with Juniperus scopulorum and J. virginiana, respectively. 


description:
  Along with living in buds, several cryptic species of the complex Trisetacus juniperinus s.l., are also capable of infesting male cones and causing swollen galls on junipers ... 


description:
  A new oligophagous species, T. indelis n. sp., was discovered severely damaging seeds of North American junipers ... Mites penetrate immature female cones, feed on seed endopsperm, and cause seed deformation; infested seeds may protrude from the cones up to 1–2 mm  ... This species inhabits seeds of three partially sympatric species of Juniperus (J. californica, J. occidentalis, and J. osteosperma) growing in mountainous areas of the western USA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16213423#page/771/mode/1up
description:
  Eggs are inserted into apical and axillary buds. From one to six larvae feed gregariously within an open cavity within the expanded pith parenchyma of galls ... The galls are elongate-obclavoidal, sometimes bear axillary branches and flower heads, and are covered by a wooly investiture ... adults emerge ... through a common channel by pushing aside a thin, pre-formed, apical, "gall cap" ...  
  larvae feed ... on proliferating pith parenchyma (callose tissue), shallowly pitting the walls, and continually expanding ... the cavities [which] remained free of frass and solid waste, except for [discarded skeletons of early instars]
  Galls were ... covered with a whitish tomentum [and were 6-41 mm long by 1.7-7.8 mm in widest width] ... 

  Foote et al. (1993) reported Anaphalis sp. and Gnaphalium stramineum Kunth as hosts, besides G. luteo-album ... Accordingly, T. signata is oligophagous on certain species of Anaphalis and Gnaphalium ...

  [click below for photos]


description:
  Aceria dracunculi (Keifer, 1939)

  Eriophyes dracunculi Keifer, 1939

  Host: Artemisia dracunculus

  Relationship: The mites produce severely stunted and thickened shoots, resulting in a ball-like structure of aborted leaves and flowers.

  Range: CA


description:
  Eriophyes prunandersoni Keifer 1939

  Eriophyes breechi Keifer, 1939 (?)
  Phytoptus prunandersoni (Keifer, 1939)

  Host: Prunus andersoni

  Relationship: Erineum mite, causing general leaf curling

  Range: CA

  Notes: Keifer 1975 (p. 426) states that E breechi may be the alternate form (deut.?) of this mite.


description:
  The midge A. atriplicis oviposits on four-winged saltbush and induces a fleshy, rounded stem-gall near the apical meristems of the plant. Each A. atriplicis larva is contained within its own chamber within the gall. From 1 to 70 larvae per gall have been reported in southern California (Hawkins et al. 1986). Gall shape varies considerably, ranging from small spherical galls to large, slightly irregular, ellipsoid galls. The inner surface of the larval chamber is lined with an obligate fungus upon which A. atriplicis larvae feed (Highland 1964, Shorthouse and Rohfritsch 1992) ... To emerge from the gall, the prepupa bores a channel from its chamber and breaks through to the gall surface. With the pupa extruding from the gall, ecdysis occurs and the adult fly emerges from the pupal case. The populations we sampled [A. atriplicis on four-winged saltbush at three sites in Maricopa County, Arizona] were bivoltine with generations coinciding with the two rainy seasons in the Sonoran desert (R.J.M. and T.P.C., unpublished data). They diapause in the egg stage after oviposition until rains stimulate plant growth, which apparently causes them to break diapause.


externallink: https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=hcs_fac
description:
  [H]ost records indicate that A. thoracica is nearly monophagous on [three] species of Baccharis [B. pilularis, B. sarothroides, and B. emoryi ... The gall of A. thoracica is clavoidal (Fig. 6E) or ellipsoidal (Fig. 6C), depending respectively on whether or not the apical bud is killed by larval feeding ... Often, the expanded base of an axillary branch arises like a webbed thumb on one side of a gall, giving it an asymmetrical, "mitten-like" shape (Fig. 6 C and F). The galls are smooth and yellow-green when young but are streaked with red, darken further to brown, and become roughened and corky with age. [Galls collected ranged from 5 to 17mm long and 2 to 7mm wide.] 

  Adults emerge in January through March from galls on B. sarothroides, live, and probably oviposit through most of April in southern California. 

  [see pg. 75 for gall photos]


description:
  The natural host of this species is apparently Prunus emarginata, on which it causes a proliferation of the parenchyma cells in the leaf bud that produces a swollen and reddish appearance ... Growth of infested buds is greatly retarded. This is a bud-inhabiting species and colonies have been found in buds of sweet cherry (Primus avium ...


description:
  According to [a Washington State University webpage](https://treefruit.wsu.edu/crop-protection/opm/eriophyes-inaequalis/), E. inaequalis is believed to be the sole vector of the cherry mottle leaf pathogen. They recommend that orchards check cherry trees (Prunus avium) for swollen buds, remove any infected plants, and remove any bitter cherry (P. emerginata) trees near the orchard. 


description:
  Andricus sp. A
  Woolly-stem-gall wasp
  [Page 170]

  Hosts: Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia

  Bright crimson or pure white, long hairs conceal the individual galls that make up the polythalamous cluster.

  [Russo distinguishes this gall from [Andricus furnessulus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2435), [tenuicornis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2444), and [tecturnarum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2445) but gives no indication of how it differs from those species]


externallink: https://www.troplep.org/OCR%202001%20Holaritc%20Vol.%208%20Sup.%201%20Powell%20&%20Povolny.pdf
description:
  In California, Gnorimoshema sublerraneum is univoltine ... The larvae cause large, nearly spherical to watermelon-shaped galls (17-27mm long, 12-16 mm diameter, Fig. 102) on stems of Asler chilensis [Symphyotrichum chilense] ... Galls are full sized by March or April, but those taken from the plant prior to late April contain immature larvae ... prepupal larvae remain in the galls until pupation in late summer. Typically, galls occurred 12-1 S cm or more above ground level ... When the stems dry in fall, the galls become woody and persist, sometimes for two or more seasons. 

  [see pg. 45 for photo]


description:
  [Charley Eiseman points out](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66078731) that the photo used to illustrate this webpage shows the frass-plugged exit hole characteristic of Gnorimoschema galls.


description:
  Chetverikov et al. indicate that Juniperus scopulorum is the only host for T. batonrougei. This contradicts a statement in Keifer that Smith described T. batonrougei from red cedar in Ontario. 


description:
  Lipara similis and L. rufitarsis were found throughout Rhode Island infesting both native and exotic P. australis, but their presence and abundance varied among sites. Within stands ... L. rufitarsis infests the shorter, thinner exterior stems [and] reduces stem length by 37% ... Both Lipara species prevent infested stems from flowering. In adjacent stands of native and exotic P. australis, L. rufitarsis infests significantly more native stems than exotic stems ...


description:
  GALL
  The larve begins its existence between the youngest leaves, but soon bores itself down through the growing point and hence feeds upon the inside of the very tip of the stem. The topmost 2-4 internodes are completely shortened, their leaf sheaths are contracted. The solitary, yellowish, larva lies in a chamber just below the growing point; the wall of the larval chamber is not thickened, green, and is not sclerified after the summer. Pupation internal, after hibernation. The maximal thickness of the gall is less than twice the thickness of the stem just below.

  HOSTPLANTS
  Paaceae, monophagous: Phragmites australis.

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/brachycera/chloropidae/oscinellinae/lipara/lipara-rufitarsis/


description:
  Lipara similis, also widespread in the Northeast US and adjacent areas in Canada, does not cause even the subtle swelling that L. rufitarsis does. [Ellis' website](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/brachycera/chloropidae/oscinellinae/lipara/lipara-similis/} says L. similis is "[i]n fact not a gall: infested shoots can only be distinguished from normal ones by a sprig of dead leaves at the top. L. pullitarsis is also frequently found in the NE US; it causes a subtle swelling on a different part of the stem. 

  A fourth Lipara species, L. lucens, forms a significantly thicker gall. L. lucens was found in Quebec in 2015, but it is uncertain whether there are naturalized populations of L. lucens in N. America.


description:
  Charley Eiseman warns that the identification of fern galls even as "Chirosia sp." is complicated by the existence of several tortricid and gelechiid moths that make at least superficially similar galls. He recommends taking a look inside the galls when trying to ID the inducer. 


description:
  GALL
  The topmost 2-4 internodes are completely shortened, their leaf sheaths are thickened. The solitary, white, larva lies between the leaf sheaths above the vegetation point. (This is contrary to L. lucens and rufitarsis, where the larva has bored itself down through the growing point to live in the very tip of the stem). The maximal thickness of the gall is less than twice the thickness of the stem just below.

  HOSTPLANTS
  Poaceae, monophagous: Phragmites australis

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/brachycera/chloropidae/oscinellinae/lipara/lipara-pullitarsis/


description:
  [Lipara rufitarsis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/5546) causes a similarly subtle stem swelling on a different part of the stem. 


description:
  Solidago rugosa added as a host per C. Eiseman's 2024 article, ["Procecidochares atra Loew (Tephritidae) and Rhopalomyia capitata Felt (Cecidomyiidae) (Diptera) Reared from Single-Chambered Rosette Galls on Rough-Stemmed Goldenrod (Asteraceae: Solidago rugosa Mill.)"](https://bioone.org/journals/proceedings-of-the-entomological-society-of-washington/volume-125/issue-2/0013-8797.125.2.273/Procecidochares-atra-Loew-Tephritidae-and-Rhopalomyia-capitata-Felt-Cecidomyiidae-Diptera/10.4289/0013-8797.125.2.273.short)


description:
  The moths are nocturnal and fly in November and December, rarely into January. Presence of the larvae causes formation of persistent stem galls on Baccharis sarothroides (Asteraceae) that are similar in form to those of Gnorimoschema baccharisella Busck on B. pilularis. Mature galls of G. powelli are more or less uniformly spindle-shaped, ranging in size from 8 x 13 mm to 12 x 17 mm in outside diameter and height ... Frass was tightly packed at the upper end of the chamber, retained by frail silken mesh. At maturity larvae left the galls via an emergence hole about 1 mm in diameter, usually excavated at or below the middle of the gall, and dropped to the ground for pupation ... 


description:
  Confirmation needed that identical galls found in N. America are induced by same species. As of August 2024, the one recorded N. American find was [a report on iNaturalist from the California-Oregon border](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/232997032) showing a gall that matched gall photos taken from Europe on Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens, an American subspecies of the European host plant. 

  It may be more appropriate to refer North American records to an undescribed *Dasineura* sp., as was done by Eiseman (2025) for an adult reared from [perhaps the same gall in Michigan](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/5827).


description:
  GALL 
  The solitary larva is orange-yellow. Hibernation in the ground. Roskam (2009a) writes of two annual generations, Skuhravá ao (2006a) of a single one, no doubt connected with differences in longitude.

  HOST PLANTS
  Dennstaedtiaceae, monophagous: Pteridum aquilinum.

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/lasiopteridi/dasineurini/dasineura/dasineura-pteridis/


description:
  Confirmed as genus Asteromyia by Dr. Gagne as reported at https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/234248816.


description:
  Reticulodermis lithogalla García-Martiñón & Pujade-Villar sp. nov.

  **Gall**  
  Irregularly globular, flat at the base, with a coriaceous surface, with scattered tufts of short pubescence across the gall surface; surface wrinkled, green to grayish-brown when mature. Small in size (2–4 mm wide and 4–5 mm long), on the underside of the leaves between the secondary veins, in variable numbers. Emergence holes usually located laterally.

  **Host**  
  Known only from *Q. crassipes* Humb. & Bonpl. (section *Lobatae*).

  **Distribution**  
  Known from Mexico State only.

  **Biology**  
  Only the asexual generation is known. The galls were collected in early February; adults emerged shortly after. The galls remain on the tree for several months after adults emerged. Several parasitoids were obtained from the following Chalcidoidea families: Torymidae (3♂ & 5♀), Eupelmidae (1♂), Eulophidae (14♂ & 19♀), and Ormyridae (2♀), and also cynipid inquilines from the tribe Synergini (6♀).


description:
  Abrupt petiole swellings on Crataegus douglasii. The galls are smooth, thick, fleshy and integral to leaf petioles. A cross-sectioned gall revealed multiple larvae inside. Observed in Oregon in May.


description:
  A small leaf blister causing a distinct raised cup, green or red in color, on the upper side of leaves of Physocarpus opulifolius, with white material on the underside (unclear if this is erineum or powdery mildew or something else). Observed in July-August. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88726#page/88/mode/1up
description:
  Gall. -- Green, globular or somewhat elongate swellings on the stalk of marsh St. John's wort *(Triadenum [Hypericum] virginicum)*. Length, 6-10 mm.; width, 5-5.50 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88726#page/88/mode/1up
description:
  Gall. -- Elongate swellings of the stalk of the pubescent angelica (Angelica villosa [now venenosa]). Each gall contains numerous larvae, which are in a large chamber filled with pith of the plant. Sometimes as many as four swellings are on a single stalk. Length, 25 to 55 mm.; width, 8 to 14 mm. The larvae hibernate in the gall. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88726#page/89/mode/1up
description:
  Gall. -- An elongate, fusiform swelling of the stalk of false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica). Inside is an elongate, narrow chamber, inhabited by a single larva. Length, 12 mm.; width, 6 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88726#page/89/mode/1up
description:
  Gall. -- Rounded or globular, green swellings on the stalks of bugleweed (Lycopus virginicus). Inside is an elongated chamber containing a single larva. Length, 10 mm.; width, 4 mm.


description:
  Neolasioptera ... lycopi. USA (New York, Massachusetts, Maryland). Lycopus uniflorus; L. virginicus (Lamiaceae).
   Lasioptera lycopi Felt 1907c: 152. USA: New York, vic. Albany; HT; ♀; NYSM. 


description:
  For brief discussion on challenge of differentiating D. mellifica from D. eldoradensis, see https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/239699916


description:
  GALL
  Weak swellings, up to 8 mm thick, of the stem, preferably high in the plant. The gall contains some gall chambers with a diameter of 3 mm, that are more or less coalescing. Univoltine, hibernation and pupation in the gall.

  HOST PLANTS 
  Asteraceae, narrowly monophagous: Sonchus asper

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/hymenoptera/apocrita/cynipoidea/cynipidae/cynipinae/aulacideini/aulacidea/aulacidea-follioti/


description:
  Immature gall ID discussed at https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/240656583

   Quercus berberidifolia added because (1) it used to be considered a subspecies of Q. dumosa; and (2) this gall has been found on Q.  berberidifolia.


description:
  Rosa gymnocarpa added as a host due to several observations of what appears to be D. ashmeadi on R. gymnocarpa in California. 


description:
  Excellent series of photos at https://agsci.oregonstate.edu/nurspest/insects/hemerocallis-gall-midge


description:
  GALL 
  The flower buds are swollen and distorted and remain closed. Inside many shiny, dirty orange-yellow larvae, that can jump. Univoltine; pupation and hibernation in the ground.

  HOST PLANTS
  Hemerocallis fulva, lilioasphodelus.

  [click below for photos]

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/nematocera/cecidomyiidae/cecidomyiinae/cecidomyiidi/cecidomyiini/contarinia/contarinia-quinquenotata/


description:
  HOSTS

  The only host Keifer identifies [click arrows at right for more info] is "Spiraea densiflora," currently known as Spiraea splendens. However, Table 9 (pg. 34) in Russo's Plant Galls of the Western United States (2021) lists the host for the flower gall "Phytoptus paraspiraeae" as "Meadowsweet (Spiraeae spp.)." Therefore, "Spiraea spp" and S. douglasii are tentatively added as hosts, although further research is needed to verify whether the extremely similar flower galls on S. douglasii are caused by the same species of mites as the S. splendens/densiflora galls.

  A further complication is that, although Keifer mentioned that the "closely related" Phytoptus [now Eriophyes] spiraeae causes "similar galls in Spiraea flowers" in Europe, Ellis's well-researched "Plant Parasites of Europe" website describes "Eriophyes spiraeae" as causing "red spots on the leaves and shallow pleats at the upper side between the veins" of "Spiraea" in Europe, specifically "Spiraea x bumalda, crenata, densiflora." 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8184682#page/215/mode/1up
description:
  Hormomyia caudata new species

  ... reared ... from what were evidently modified buds or shoots of a sedge, probably Cyperus ... The galls were found at the very base of the plant and [in mid- to late April] contained both larvae and pupae ... 

  GALL. Somewhat cylindrical, fleshy-walled, monothalamous, length 4 to 5 mm., diameter approximately half the length. The walls become thin upon maturity and rupture at the upper end, thus affording an opening for the escape of the pupa. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53373630#page/208/mode/1up
description:
  [N]ewly hatched larvae move directly into the terminal growth where they penetrate the buds and inflorescences to cause the swellings or galls ... Before pupation begins, the larva cuts an exit hole partially through the side of the gall to leave only a thin film of bark which covers the entrance ... The galls may vary greatly in abundance, ranging from only an occasional gall to 20 or more per lineal foot of branch and twigs in heavy infestation ... [T]he gall is somewhat spindle-shaped and averaged about 13 mm in length by 6 mm diameter. This is about three times the diameter of the twig ... 

  Examination of Ceanothus collections at [several Southern California arboreta and botanic gardens] showed varying degrees of non-susceptibility to the stem galls. [Table 2 shows] Heavy occurrence [on] Ceanothus griseus [and] C.g. horizontalis  ... Moderate occurrence [on] C. cyaneus, C. thyrsiflorus [and two cultivars] and Light occurrence [on] C. arboreus, C. oliganthus, C. diversifolius, C. lemmonii, C. integerrimus, C. leucodermis, C. lobbianus [and several cultivars].

  [click below to see several grayscale photos] 


description:
  VERVAIN-STEM-GALL-MIDGE   Neolasioptera sp.   Pl. 582

  The integral stem galls of this midge occur just below the flowers ... [Measuring] 30 mm. long by 10 mm. wide [, t]hey are distinguished by the prominent raised vertical ridges [which] connect[ ] to new shoots ... 


externallink: https://aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_aphids_p/#Prociphilus
description:
  Prociphilus (Meliarhizophagus) fraxinifolii (Riley)  Living all-year-round on American Fraxinus spp.  Yellow-green to pale green fundatrices and their progeny (both apterae and alatae) live in curled and clumped leaves at tips of twigs throughout the growing season. Alatae (BL 1.4-2.8 mm, with yellow-green abdomen) are produced in April-October.  Ant-attended colonies also occur all-year-round on Fraxinus roots.  Alate sexuparae occur in October-November (Smith 1974a).  Common and widely distributed in USA; also in Canada (British Columbia, Manitoba) and Mexico ...


description:
  Similar galls seem to occur on a wide range of white oaks in California. Quercus berberidifolia was added to this page’s list of hosts based on many sightings on iNaturalist but Q. john-tuckeri and other white oak hybrids have also been reported as possibilities. 


description:
  For info on ash rust, see https://yardandgarden.extension.iastate.edu/encyclopedia/ash-rust and https://wiki.bugwood.org/Puccinia_sparganioides.


description:
  [<b>Aciurina luminaria </b>galls] can be distinguished from [galls of] A. bigeloviae and A. maculata by the pointed, teardrop shape, and from all remaining galls in the genus by the thick layer of dense tomentum covering the surface ... 

  Gall relatively large at maturity (7.24 mm mean latitudinal diameter), has a mostly rounded oblong to tapered teardrop shape and is covered uniformly in dense off-white cottony tomentum ... 

  <b>Biology. </b>Aciurina luminaria is univoltine and has a life cycle and phenology similar to A. bigeloviae and A. trixa (Baine et al. 2023a; 2023b). Eggs are laid singly into the leaf bud of a distal plant stem. The gall forms at the oviposition site and the developing larva feeds on the tissue surrounding the central chamber of the gall. By fall, the gall reaches full size, and the larva reaches its final instar and chews to the outer layer of the gall to create a circular trap door. The larva ceases feeding and overwinters inside the gall, then pupates in the spring. Adults eclose in summer and push their way through the door to emerge from the gall and find a mate. The period of emergence from galls reared by these authors is May 29th – June 28th. The latest date of emergence in examined material from Utah is July 18th (gall collected 3 July 1966). 

  <b>Associated arthropods </b>... We also observed and reared a small number of Rhopalomyia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) hypergalls on the surface of galls collected in northwestern New Mexico. The hypergall system has been previously documented on both A. bigeloviae (Baine et al. 2023b) and A. trixa (Russo 2021), but whether the midge species is the same is unknown. 

  <b>Host plant. </b>The known host plant is strictly Ericameria nauseosa subsp. ammophila L.C. Anderson, which was described from the San Luis Valley in Colorado (Anderson 2006). This plant is restricted to sandsheet and sand dune habitat and is known from southern Colorado (Anderson 2006) and here we add to its range northern New Mexico ... [T]he host plants of gall observations in Arizona are unidentified. 

  <b>Geographical range. </b>Beyond the localities of the examined material above, we have confirmed the presence of this species in some locations reported by Dodson and George (1986): Great Sand Dunes National Monument, CO, and near the cities Grants and Gallup, NM. We are aware of a specimen collected from Kanab, UT (A. Norrbom, pers. comm. Aug 2024). We are also able to definitively identify from photos the distinctive tomentum and shape of this gall on iNaturalist. Thus, the following localities are added to our own observations to the range of A. luminaria from public user observations: Petrified Forest National Park, AZ (obs. no. 2848593 & 112933554); Porcupine Spring, AZ (170773584); Brown’s Canyon, CO (151317053); Nageezi, NM (141568708); Aztec, NM (151553769); White Sands National Park, NM (199614395); and Kodachrome Basin State Park, UT (57095918).

  <b>Etymology. </b>The species epithet is a noun derived from the Spanish word for “light” which is specifically used in the southwest United States for small decorative lanterns traditionally displayed during the winter leading up to Christmas. We chose this epithet because the shape of this species’ gall is similar to that of a small flame on a candle, like those inside luminarias. Furthermore, this species’ galls are easiest to find ... after the host leaves have dropped, so they are also associated with ... wintertime in the Southwest. The tradition of luminarias is common and adored in New Mexico, the type locality of this species.


description:
  Ravenelia pringlei Cumm., sp. nov. ... 

  <b>Holotype. </b>– On Acacia greggii ... 

  This species occurs from Texas to California and in adjacent northern Mexico. It is generally similar to R. thornberiana Long on Acacia constricta Benth. in that both aecial stages produce witches’ brooms ... 


description:
  Catclaw acacia (Senegalia greggii or Acacia greggii) is regularly infected by Ravenelia pringlei: an autoecious rust. It is noticeable where it causes a distorted growth pattern commonly called a "witches broom" covered in brown, dusty, spores. Some people have mistaken this rust for mistletoe ...


description:
  Slightly enlarged round buds of Quercus douglasii, containing multiple cells hidden under bud scales. Internal cells are surrounded by thick woody walls and packed tightly with each other to form one integral cluster, usually noticeable by several exit holes through external bud scales.


externallink: https://apps.extension.umn.edu/garden/diagnose/plant/evergreen/juniper/branchesgrowths.html
description:
  <b>Gymnosporangium nidus-avis</b>

  - Rounded clumps of foliage can be seen throughout the tree canopy
  - These clumps are witches brooms, or clusters of many small branches
  - Swollen elongate areas with rough cracked bark can be seen on infected branches without witches brooms
  - Orange jelly forms on needles and from cracks in infected bark during wet spring weather
  - Common on Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern red cedar and prostrate juniper 

  [click link below for photos]


description:
  This rust produces three types of lesions—trunk, branch, and broom ... The open type of broom with normal needles found about Washington [D.C.] was quite different in aspect and much larger than the dense brooms with juvenile needles found on Juniperus virginiana L. var. crebra Fernald & Griscom from Massachusetts. In the material examined from Washington [D.C.] and vicinity no telia or lesions were found on young twigs or among the needles, but they were confined to the limbs and branches with heartwood. The living bark down to the sapwood under and adjacent to the telia was stained a golden-yellow during the maturation and gelatinization period ...  due to small yellowish globules in the rust hyphae ...


externallink: https://apps.extension.umn.edu/garden/diagnose/plant/evergreen/juniper/branchesgrowths.html
description:
  Cedar-apple rust
  Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginiana
  - Brown 1/4 to 1 inch round woody galls on twigs
  - Bright orange, long tentacle like fungal structures emerge from galls in wet spring weather
  - Needles and twigs beyond galls may die on branches with many galls or on Rocky Mountain juniper

  [click below for photos]


description:
  released as classical biological control agent[ ] to control the invasive weed, yellow starthistle ... Currently the fly is widely distributed throughout the range of yellow starthistle in California ... 

  Adult female flies oviposit in closed flower buds of starthistle and developing larvae stimulate the formation of lignified, unilocular galls, which are partially submersed in the receptacle ...

  [study concludes that] Gall densities did not reach levels needed to exert significant control of seed production


description:
  Supported, at least in part, by rearing records posted on [iNaturalist](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/181701795) and [BugGuide](https://bugguide.net/node/view/1270744),  Trupanea californica is identified as inducing tapered stem swelling galls on Anaphalis and Gnaphalium.  See brief discussion at https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/177998606. Ongoing taxonomic revision of the Tephritidae may clarify this. 


description:
  According to a [2020 North Carolina State Extension factsheet by James Baker](https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/pittosporum-psyllid#:~:text=The%20pittosporum%20psyllid%20attacks%20mock,and%20sometimes%20cause%20pale%20spots.), Cacopsylla tobirae nymphs "feed in new growth causing it to become puckered and distorted. The damaged leaves may form a shelter [for] the nymphs ... Signs of damage include swollen twigs and shoot dieback, pitted leaves, and fluffy, white strands secreted by nymphs as they feed."

  FYI: Check leaves [both sides] and stems carefully for embedded scale insects the shape and color of orzo pasta. If embedded scales are present the distortions should be attributed to [Planchonia arabidis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/5426), not to the tobira psyllid. Tobira psyllids are very small and pale green, making them a challenge to find. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/252442#page/295/mode/1up
description:
  Trupanea conjuncta is monophagous on the desert shrub, Trixus californica (Asteraceae), in southern California... [T]his species is a facultative gall former. If flower heads are absent or rare [because of] a lack of local rainfall, gravid females may oviposit in apical buds and the larvae develop to maturity gregariously in the galls so induced ... No galls were formed on Trixis which flowered in February through April, 1984, in response to rainfall ... Thus, gall formation was a localized, facultative activity ... 

  The galls of T. conjuncta are initiated when a female oviposits in a terminal bud ... Upon hatching, the larvae feed on the surrounding tissues and extend the gall cavity into the pith of the branch tip. If this feeding killed the apical meristem, the branch ceased to elongate and a subspheroidal gall resulted. If the apical meristems remained intact, the gall assumed a spindle shape as the branch continued apical growth ... galls measured ... 6 to 16 [mm long] and ... 3.6 to 5.5 [mm wide] ... The larvae fed on the parenchymatous pith tissue, expanding the gall cavity in length and width until, eventually, two to five shortened internodes were incorporated ... The cavities were ellipsoidal or subspheroidal, smooth-walled, and free of frass ... 

  [See photos b and e on pg. 286]


description:
  An unknown stem swelling on Artemisia californica (California Sagebrush). The gall resembles the [Mordellid stem swelling](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1592) recently discovered on Artemisia vulgaris in the northeastern US, but differs in its tendency not to be found at nodes, its spongy texture as if extruding between straps of epidermal tissue, and its more irregular size and shape. Cross sections reveal thick walls and an indeterminate insect larva present within. Observed primarily in Los Angeles; one observation in San Jose may be distinct. 


description:
  Asterodiaspis variolosa (Ratzeburg, 1870) -- golden pit scale
  on Quercus

  GALL 
  Scales on the branches. Around each individual scale a low ride develops; heavily infested branches become knobby and malformed; also bark cracks may develop. Mainly found at the tip of the branches.

  HOST PLANTS Fagaceae, monophagous

  GALL
  only a microscopical examination allows separation from A. minor and A. quercicola; all three species may occur on the same tree.

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/hemiptera/sternorrhyncha/coccoidea/asterolecaniidae/asterodiaspis/asterodiaspis-variolosa/


description:
  Scales in this genus, which cannot be identified to species without microscopy (that is why the "species" listed here is Asterodiapsis "spp"), cause pit galls on the stems of a wide variety of oaks. They may also occur on other Fagaceae. The galls take the form of a raised rim around the sunken scale that can be higher than the surrounding bark.  These scales can be found on oak leaves but do not (normally ?) gall the leaves. 

  NOTE: Very few North American scales cause plant galls. This scale is a rare exception. 


description:
  <b>Gymnosporangium sabinae </b>(Dickson) Winter, 1884
  <b>on Pyrus</>

  <b>GALL</b>
  in spring epiphyllous pustular spermogonia. Later large orange coloured hypophyllous gallings develop, with up to 2 cm high aecia, opening by a number of lateral slits.

  <b>SPERMOGONIA, AECIA </b> on 
  Rosaceae, monophagous

  Pyrus betulifolia, calleryana, communis & subsp. pyraster, elaeagrifolia, nivalis, orientalis, pashia, pyrifolia, regelii, salicifolia, spinosa, syriaca.

  NOTES
  On pear very common, striking, and damaging.

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/dikarya/basidiomycota/pucciniomycotina/pucciniomycetes/pucciniales/uredineae/pucciniaceae/gymnosporangium/gymnosporangium-sabinae/


externallink: https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev2_043490.pdf
description:
  Arceuthobium pusillum is most damaging in black spruce [Picea mariana] stands ... Although white spruce (Picea glauca) and red spruce (Picea rubens) are also highly susceptible to this parasite, eastern dwarf mistletoe is not as common on these trees ... Other hosts include eastern larch (Larix laricina), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), red pine (Pinus resinosa), balsam fir (Abies balsamea), and blue spruce (Picea pungens), but these hosts are only infected when growing near other infected species of spruce ... 

  [After two or more years of latency, the first indication that a host is infected] is a swelling at the point of infection. Buds proliferate at this point, giving rise to a witches' broom, a compact mass of branches and twigs ... If the tree is vigorous, the infected tissue may have longer internodes than uninfected tissue. Initial growth of the witches' broom may be quite vigorous. Aerial shoots typically appear 4 years after infection, and these produce flowers and fruits [a year later].

  Witches' brooms ... live as long as the host remains alive and may reach 3-10 feet (1-3 m) in diameter. Branches in these brooms may have several mistletoe plants on them. Uninfected tissues decline first, until nearly all the foliage is contained in the witches' brooms. and the tree is near death. The upper crown often dies first, so severely infected trees usually have dead tops. After a tree dies and loses its needles, basal cups on branches allow observers to distinguish mistletoe brooms from those associated with spruce broom rust (Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli). 

  [click below for photos]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31780#page/154/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis vacciniifoliae, new species

  Gall
  A thin-shelled, globular gall with a central kernel held in place by radiating filaments. It closely resembles the gall produced by Andricus inanis (Osten-Sacken), but it is generally smaller in size and darker in color. The gall measures from 0.5 to just over 1 inch in diameter and is found on Quercus vacciniifolia in California.

  Four specimens were reared on October 16 and December 4, 1884, from galls collected by Prof. J. H. Comstock at Truckee, California, on Quercus vacciniifolia.


description:
  The dispute as to whether R. nutkanus is or R. parviflorus is the correct name for this species remains unresolved.


description:
  For info see [North Carolina State University extension article by James Baker](https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/rednecked-cane-borer).


description:
  <b>Distinguishing [Contarinia s-greggii-tube-gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2319) from Tanaostigmodes howardii</b>

  It appears that what Russo refers to as the "small thorn or bristle" of the T. howardii gall rises slim and untapered from a basically spherical surface divided into "plates." By contrast, the "bristle" of the Contarinia gall gradually tapers from a fleshy base that is itself tapered. To complicate matters further, the two galls may occur right next to each other.


description:
  **Olliffiella cristicola** Cockerell, 1896a:299  

  **Material studied:**  
  - On *Quercus emoryi*:  
    - AZ, Portal, Southwest Research Station, Jun. 24, 1976, coll. M.K., 4(31♂), VPI  

  **Additional material studied:**  
  - On *Quercus emoryi*:  
    - AZ, Bisbee, Jul. 11, 1918, coll. L. H. Weld, 1(7), NMNH  
    - AZ, Dragoon Pass, Jul. 6, 1940, coll. G.F.F., 1(16), NMNH  
    - AZ, Pine, Oct. 1939, coll. N.W.C., 1(2), NMNH  
    - AZ, near Portal, Southwest Research Station, Mar. 22, 1977, coll. R. Morse, 1(1), VPI  
    - AZ, Wolf Creek, Sep. 26, 1945, coll. L. H. Weld, 1(8), NMNH  

  - On *Quercus undulata var. pungens*:  
    - NM, Pinos Altos, 1896, 1(5), PANS  

  This leaf gall-former is found in Arizona and New Mexico on *Quercus emoryi* and *Q. undulata var. pungens*.  


description:
  **Olliffiella secunda** Ferris, 1955:21  

  **Material studied:**  
  - **Paralectotypes** on *Quercus* sp.:  
    - MEXICO, State of Guerrero, 30 mi. E. of Acapulco, La Providencia, Mar. 15, 1926, coll. G.F.F., 4(7), NMNH  

  **Remarks:**  
  The original description contained no information on the first or second instar. Ferris (1955) noted that *O. secunda* forms galls on oaks in Mexico, similar to *O. cristicola*.  


description:
  A cryptic cell adjacent to the cotyledons of maturing acorns of a Mexican white-group oak (Quercus ?obtusata). Cut out of acorns in December in Michoacan. Similar to [Callirhytis lapillula](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/926) or [electrea](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/987) in US white oaks. 


description:
  This gall has not been observed recently in the US but a [similar gall was observed](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/255049075) on Quercus ?obtusata in Michoacan, Mexico in December. 


description:
  Small tufted cells scattered across the lower side of leaves, similar to agamic galls of [Neuroterus quercusverrucarum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/768). [Observed on Quercus ?obtusata](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/255053628) in Michoacan, Mexico in December. 


description:
  A cluster of irregularly shaped, thick-walled red galls covered in a tuft of white hair, observed on Quercus ?obtusata in Michoacan, Mexico in December. Distinct from Druon tuft galls on Mexican white oaks only after removing hairs. Likely belongs to the Andricus dimorphus clade; cf petiole-specific clusters like [Andricus weldi](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/587).


description:
  A circular disc gall similar to [Feron parmula](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1516), observed on Quercus ?obtusata in Michoacan, Mexico in December. 


description:
  A small globular gall emerging from year-old stems of Quercus ?obtusata. Galls observed in December in Michoacan, Mexico were either fresh, green inside, and densely covered in red-white hairs, or dried and empty. 


description:
  A green-white spangle gall scattered on the lower side of leaves of Quercus ?obtusata, with a short pubescence and a pink-purple bloom around its apex. Inducer genus inferred from gall traits (Feron also possible?). Observed in December in Michoacan, Mexico.


description:
  A small, hairless white spangle on the lower side of a leaf of Quercus ?obtusata. Observed in Michoacan, Mexico in December. 


description:
  A single moderately sized hemispherical gall densely covered in short hairs. Resembles the New-World Cynips group now reclassed as Antron, including [Antron plumbeum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2438) and [Cynips arida](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2607). Observed in Michoacan, Mexico in December.


description:
  Conical galls with a fringe of short lobes around the base attached to the petioles of Quercus ?obtusata. The gall is light-green and densely covered with short white hairs that don't obscure the surface. Observed in Michoacan, Mexico in December. Galls are softer than Disholcaspis galls when fresh but harden as they dry. COI barcoding links the inducer of this gall to the genus Nichollsiella, which are known from spherical-globular agamic galls also on the petiole of white oaks over the winter. 


description:
  Cylindrical spangles with slightly flared bases, covered in moderately long white hairs not obscuring the white-pink surface. With a prominent circular hilum or depression at the apex. Observed on Quercus ?obtusata in Michoacan, Mexico in December. 


description:
  Ollifiella cristicola, n. sp. 

  I detected some galls produced by a coccid, on the leaves of Quercus wrightii at Pinos Altos, New Mexico, on July 8th. The galls were quite abundant and are situated on the midrib on the under side of the leaf, at or near the base; their shape is something like that of a hazel-nut, but flatter on one side, with the midrib continued to form a ridge, terminating in a more or less pointed apical crest. Frequently two galls will be combined in one, in which case there are two pointed crests. On the upper side of the leaf is observed a narrow slit, opening into the cavity of the gall. The cavity of the gall is low-conical and is filled by the dark-colored female coccid.


description:
  ---

  **Olliffiella cristicola Cockerell**  

  **Type Material Studied:**  
  - **Lectotype:** From *Quercus "wrightii"*, New Mexico, Pinos Altos, Aug. 3, 1896. Specimen 1(1), USNM 102.  
  - The illustration and measurements were based on the following lot:  
    - *Quercus emoryi*, Arizona, Cochise Co., Portal, Southwest Research Station, Jun. 21, 1968, collected by R. F. Wilkey, specimens 1(1) RFW and 1(1) USNM.  

  **Additional Material Studied:**  
  - *Quercus emoryi*:  
    - Arizona, Pine, Oct. 1939, collected by Mrs. N. W. Capron, specimens 2(2), USNM.  
    - Arizona, near Prescott, Jun. 28, 1935, through L. H. Weld, specimens 1(3), USNM.  
    - Arizona, Dragoon Pass, Jul. 6, 1949, collected by GFF, specimen 1(1), UCO.  
    - Arizona, Sycamore Flat, Nov. 21, 1918, collected by G. Hofer, specimens 1(3), USNM.  
    - Arizona, Wolf Creek, Sep. 26, 1945, collected by L. H. Weld, specimens 1(2), USNM.  

  - *Quercus sp.*:  
    - Arizona, east of Vail, Jun. 1918, collected by GFF, specimen 1(1), UCO.  

  **Gall Description:**  
  The galls, located on the undersurface of the leaf, are 10–12 mm long, 6–8 mm wide at the base, compressed laterally to 5–9 mm, and taper into a sharp point. The gall opening is an elongate slit parallel to the midrib on the upper surface of the leaf. Two to four galls may be on a single leaf; occasionally, two galls are fused. Dry galls are hard and woody. The female fills the lower or pointed end of the cavity of the gall and lies with its dorsum toward the opening. The overall shape of the female is conical, conforming to the shape of the cavity, with a heavily sclerotized, flat, circular dorsum and a membranous or slightly sclerotized venter.  

  It remains questionable how the first instars escape from under the female and through the opening of the gall. Nymphs that were found inside the gall, on the leaves, or near bud regions were used for this study. No information is available on the overwintering stage, on the instar starting the gall, or on the males. *O. cristicola* habitat in Arizona is given in Color Figure 4.  

  ---


description:
  **Olliffiella secunda Ferris**  

  **Synonymy:**  
  - *Olliffiella secunda* Ferris, 1955a:23, 27.  

  **Post-reproductive Female:**  
  - Unknown.  

  **Type Host and Locality:**  
  - *Quercus* sp., Mexico, Guerrero, La Providencia (ca. 30 miles E of Acapulco).  

  **Other Literature Citations:**  
  - Sternlicht, 1974: 195–197.  

  **Remarks:**  
  This species has apparently been collected only once and forms a leaf gall similar to that formed by *Olliffiella cristicola* Cockerell. Ferris described the species based on third instar females, mistakenly assuming they were adults. In 1978, the second author attempted to re-collect topotype material to clarify the taxonomic status of this species but was unsuccessful.  

  **Etymology:**  
  The species name, *secunda*, reflects its position as the second described species in the genus *Olliffiella*.  

  **Genus Overview:**  
  Two species are included in the genus *Olliffiella*:  
  - *O. cristicola* (distributed in the southwestern United States),  
  - *O. secunda* (known from Mexico).  

  **Host Associations:**  
  - Hosts of *O. cristicola*: *Quercus emoryi* (occasionally *Q. hypoleucoides*).  
  - Host of *O. secunda*: Unknown oak species.  

  **Biological Observations:**  
  Observations on the biology of *O. cristicola* are provided by Cockerell (1896a), Ferris (1919), and Kosztarab (1982). Ferris (1955a) noted that the galls of *O. secunda* resemble those of *O. cristicola*. However, the description of *O. secunda* was erroneously based on third instar nymphs.  

  Unfortunately, certain developmental stages are lacking for both species, and further studies are required to confirm the validity of *O. secunda*. The second author attempted to re-collect topotype material for *O. secunda* in 1978 without success.  


description:
  An irregular, tapered stem swelling at the base of new growth, containing multiple larvae without clear chambers. Observed in December in Michoacan, Mexico. 


description:
  Integral leaf spots with a slight protuberance on the underside, resembling the structure of [Neuroterus howertoni](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2453). 


description:
  A small green globular oak apple similar to agamic galls like [Amphibolips cookii](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1143) on North American oaks, but smaller in size, like [this undescribed gall.](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4157) Fresh but easily removed from the plant in December in Queretaro, Mexico. 


description:
  See also Prof. Longo's text and the photos in the [Monaco Nature Encyclopedia](https://www.monaconatureencyclopedia.com/lauritrioza-alacris/?lang=en).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305399#page/494/mode/1up
description:
  **CALLIRHYTIS CARMELENSIS**, new species

  **Host:** *Quercus agrifolia* Nee and *Quercus wislizeni* A. de Candolle.

  **Gall:** The gall is ellipsoidal, often laterally compressed, measuring 5 by 7 mm. It forms by the side of small acorns (approximately 4 mm in diameter), pushing out between the acorn and its cup, aborting the acorn. When growing in April, the galls are fleshy, greenish, smooth, and secrete honeydew at the apex. They drop in May, and as they harden and shrink, a raised transverse band develops near the basal end, which becomes truncate or excavated. The larval cell inside is large and transversely placed.

  **Habitat:** The type locality is Monterey, California, where galls were collected on *Q. agrifolia* on August 14, 1916. Flies emerged on March 27, April 10, and April 18, 1918. Galls collected at Los Gatos on May 13, 1918, produced one fly on April 10, 1919, and another on April 11, 1920. Three living flies were cut out on November 7, 1920. Galls collected at Carpinteria on April 29, 1918, yielded flies on March 27 and April 18, 1919. A *Q. wislizeni* gall collected at Santa Margarita contained a living fly cut out on December 1, indicating transformation occurs in fall, though emergence is not until spring.

  Other localities where these galls have been observed on *Q. agrifolia* include:
  - San Gabriel Canyon (San Gabriel Mountains)
  - Cahuenga Pass (Santa Monica Mountains)
  - Fillmore, Carpinteria, Santa Barbara, Paso Robles, Paraiso Springs, Palo Alto
  - Hills back of Berkeley and St. Helena

  They have been found on *Q. wislizeni* at Los Gatos, Mount Tamalpais, St. Helena, and Bagby. All localities are in California.

  ---


externallink: https://wiki.bugwood.org/HPIPM:Sphaerotheca_phytophila
description:
  A complex involving a powdery mildew Podosphaera phytoptophila and an eryiophyid mite Eriophyes [Aceria] celtis

  <b>Hosts</b>
  Hackberry witches’ broom occurs throughout the range of hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) in the Great Plains .... 

  <b>Diagnosis and Damage</b>
  The most obvious symptom of this complex is the occurrence of multiple brooms consisting of numerous short twigs that arise close together, often at a conspicuous swelling or knot on a branch. These are not seen at branch tips, as the brooms do not occur on branches less than one year old. Buds of shoots within a broom are usually larger than normal and have more open bud scales. Witches'-brooms on hackberry are more unsightly than harmful to the tree. Brooms can cause branches to break more readily and therefore expose wood to decay fungi. Extensive brooming can reduce the vigor and stunt growth of the tree; however, trees are seldom seriously injured. Severity of attack can vary greatly among trees in close proximity to one another, but reasons for this variation are unknown.

  <b>Biology and Disease Cycle</b>
  The cause of witches'-broom of hackberry is not completely understood, but it is attributed to two agents acting in concert, a powdery mildew and an eriophyid mite. During spring and early summer, the powdery mildew fungus can sometimes be found growing on succulent stems, petioles, buds and sometimes the lower surfaces of leaves. Infection and spread may be caused by spores or mycelium within buds. Mites in all stages of development can be found throughout the year and are most numerous in late summer. They occur and overwinter beneath bud scales. 


description:
  An abrupt green swelling on stems of Passiflora pallida, often accompanied by dark purple bracts, observed in Florida in December. 


description:
  <b>Mamianiella coryli </b>(Batsch) von Höhnel, 1918

  <b>on Corylus</b>

  <b>PARASITE</b>
  Inconspicuous leaf spots with caespituli with large groups of shining black, ≤ 1 mm stromata that protrude at either sides. In each sroma 1 (-2) perithecium, that connects to the open by a long neck. Asci 7-9 x 38-50 µm, spores 3 x 8-9 µm.

  <b>HOST PLANTS</b>
  Betulaceae, monophagous

  Corylus.


description:
  Abstract: "The gall midge Dasineura epilobii (Löw), a flower gall maker on fireweed, Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. (Onagraceae), and other closely related plants, is shown to be a Holarctic species on the basis of anatomical and molecular evidence. The cecidomyiid is redescribed and appears to differ from other congeners by the dearth of microtrichia on the dorsum of the gonostylus and their absence from the apicoventral surface of the gonocoxal lobe."


description:
  "The gall midge Dasineura epilobii (Löw), a flower gall maker on fireweed, Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. (Onagraceae), and other closely related plants, is shown to be a Holarctic species on the basis of anatomical and molecular evidence." Oviposition occurs at the tip of unopened buds. Galls appear as swollen, unopened flower buds. D. epilobii exhibit multiple generations in a season with the last overwintering in the soil. 


description:
  ### *Zapatella petiolata* Pujade-Villar & Caicedo n. sp.
  ---

  ### Distribution  
  Colombia (department of Cundinamarca).

  ---

  ### Gall Description  
  The galls are multilocular and inseparable from the plant tissue. They are located on the petioles of leaves (*Figs. 5–7*).  
  - Sizes range from small swellings (3–6 mm in length) to prominent enlargements (up to 25 mm in length and 12 mm in diameter), depending on the number of larval chambers (few to over 50 per gall).  
  - Larger galls are observed on oak morphotypes with denser tomentum.  
  - The surface is rough, and affected leaves discolor and necrotize (*Fig. 5*), due to the collapse of lateral vascular bundles in older galls after insect emergence.  
  - The resulting structure acts as a small aborted branch, often developing a new branch from the deformed petiole’s meristematic apex (*Fig. 7b*). This phenomenon is recognized as reiteration (Mora-Osejo, 1987; Perreta & Vegetti, 2005).  

  The new branches may produce leaves that can be attacked by subsequent generations of *Zapatella*. The larval chambers, measuring 2 × 1 mm, are located just beneath the thickened surface in a non-patterned arrangement (*Figs. 6d, 7a*).

  ---

  ### Host  
  Collected exclusively on *Quercus humboldtii* (section *Lobatae*).

  ---

  ### Biology  
  - Galls develop on petioles of young leaves, characterized by anthocyanin-rich meristems. As the gall matures, the meristem becomes chlorophyllous, and the leaves become leathery.  
  - Larval development lasts 14–18 months, depending on rainfall and ambient humidity. Prolonged droughts extend larval development.  
  - Adults emerge just before the rainy season, on sunny days.  
  - Emergence timing varied over three years: April 2015, July 2016, and January and April 2017.  
  - Emergence is synchronized, with larvae developing almost simultaneously.  

  In confined conditions, multiple specimens were exposed to seedlings with young reddish leaves (rich in anthocyanins), but no oviposition or gall formation was observed. This suggests the species does not reproduce via indefinite parthenogenesis. The sexual generation remains unknown but is hypothesized to develop in the acorns of *Q. humboldtii*, as a gradation in acorn development has also been observed (unpublished data).

  ---


  **Holotype**:  
  The holotype female is deposited in IAvH with the following labels:  
  1. "Parque La Florida (Cota, Cundinamarca, COL), 4°43′47″N 74°09′00″W, 2613 m a.s.l., *Q. humboldtii*, (25.iv.2015) 25.iv–10.v.2015, leg. JP-V" (white label).  
  2. "*Zapatella petiolata* ♀ Pujade-Villar & Caicedo 2017, desig. JP-V 2015" (red label).

  **Paratypes (91 females)**:  
  - Same data as the holotype:  
    - 12 ♀ (6 ♀ in IAvH, 6 ♀ in UB).  
    - Same data, collected on (6.vii.2016) 7–15.vii.2016: 15 ♀ (10 ♀ in IAvH, 5 ♀ in UB).  
    - Same data, collected on (15.i.2017) 15–31.i.2017: 61 ♀ (30 ♀ in IAvH, 17 ♀ in UB, 7 ♀ in USHM, 7 ♀ in AMNH).

  **Additional Paratypes**:  
  - Same data as the holotype:  
    - 6 ♀ (3 ♀ in UB for SEM).  
    - Collected on (6.vii.2016) 7–15.vii.2016: 11 ♀.  
    - Collected on (15.i.2017) 15–31.i.2017: 1626 ♀ (871 ♀ in IAvH, 155 ♀ in UB, 600 ♀ used for experimentation).  
    - Collected on (23.iv.2017): 66 ♀ (56 ♀ in IAvH, 10 ♀ in UB).  
    - Collected in May 2017: 118 ♀ (105 ♀ in IAvH, 13 ♀ in UB).  

  **Other Locations**:  
  - Los Robles, Albán (Cundinamarca, COL), 4°50′53.12″N 74°26′27.32″W, 2267 m a.s.l., *Q. humboldtii*, collected on (6.i.2011) 11.i.2011, only galls (leg. P. Rodríguez).  
  - Between the municipalities of La Calera and Guasca (Cundinamarca), collected on (9.ii.2017), only galls (leg. A. González).  


description:
  Small globular stem swellings with multiple emergence holes on stems of Ficus microcarpa. Observed in Hawai'i. 


description:
  Subtle cells barely protruding along the midrib and petiole of Quercus engelmannii, turning brown after emergence. 


description:
  A gall closely resembling [Schizomyia racemicola](https://gallformers.org/gall/1582) found on Gutierrezia sarothrae. 


description:
  A similar gall, at the base of new shoots but not preventing growth of the stem, densely covered in protruding leaf scars, was observed on Quercus havardii. 


description:
  Donut/indented blister shape appears on both sides of leaf. Resembles some Polystepha galls. 

  Seen in Salt Lake County, Utah in later October. 


description:
  For excellent photos, see [Influentialpoints webpage](https://influentialpoints.com/Gallery/Melaphis_rhois_and_asafitchi_staghorn_sumac_aphid.htm).


description:
  The mites are vagrants at the undersides of the leaves; the plants are stunted.

  <b>Host Plants</b>
  Asteraceae, monophagous

  Ambrosia artemisiifolia.

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/acari/actinotrichida/prostigmata/eleutherengona/eriophyoidea/eriophyidae/eriophyinae/acerini/aceria/aceria-ambrosiae/


description:
  A subtle leaf blister on midrib or lateral veins of Quercus virginiana and Quercus fusiformis, observed on overwinter leaves in December and January. Apparently distinct from the superficially-identical spring [q-virginiana-midrib-cell](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4309). 


description:
  <b>Hosts</b>
  Metrosideros spp added based on statement that "the eugenia psyllid . . . which in its native range feeds on Syzygium host species, has expanded its host range to include another introduced myrtaceous genus, Metrosideros, in California" on page 5 of Percy et al., An annotated checklist of the psyllids of California (Hemiptera: Psylloidea), Zootaxa 3193: 1–27 (2012), https://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2012/f/zt03193p027.pdf. The article refers to "Trioza eugeniae," based on the then-accepted misidentification of T. adventicia, and does not address whether the psyllid causes galls on Metrosideros. 


description:
  The ‘Eugenia psyllid’ or ‘Lilly pilly psyllid’, widely recognized in Australia and in the USA as Trioza eugeniae Froggatt (Hemiptera: Triozidae), is not T. eugeniae, but rather T. adventicia Tuthill. 


description:
  # *Amphibolips castroviejoi* Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey sp. nov.

  (Figs. 1, 2, 7C, 7F & 8A–C)

  ## Type Material

  **Holotype:** ♀ (Fig. 7A) (in *Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales*, Madrid, Spain (MNCN)),  
  card-mounted. Cat. nº 2022.  

  **Locality:** PANAMA, Chiriquí, Carretera de Volcancito, Boquete (8º 43' 23.07" N, 82º 27' 19.07" W),  
  1404 m; ex gall on twigs of *Quercus salicifolia* Née (*Fagaceae*).  

  **Collection Date:** Gall collected 28.i.2008, insect emerged ii.08, *E. Medianero* leg.  

  **Paratypes:**  
  - 1 ♂, same data as holotype.  
  - 1 ♀, 1 ♂, same data as holotype, but collected 12.i.2008, insect emerged i.08.  

  One paratype in *MNCN*, two paratypes in *Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá (MEUP)*.  
  Additionally, 1 ♀ paratype of the type series was dissected for SEM observation (*in MNCN*).

  ## Etymology

  Named after Dr. Santiago Castroviejo, dear colleague and friend, a recently deceased eminent botanist  
  who worked for many years on the *Flora of Coiba National Park* (Panama).

  ## Gall (Fig. 8A–C)

  Irregularly spherical or globose, slightly elongated at its base, monothalamic, with a smooth and mottled surface.  
  Light green when fresh (Fig. 8A) and light cream when mature (Fig. 8B); the outer shell is thin but firm.  
  Internally, it has a soft, uniformly spongy consistency, filling the entire gall (Fig. 8C). The larval cell is rounded  
  and embedded in the soft internal substance.  

  **Size:** Diameter 58 to 45 mm (on average 54 × 43 mm).  

  **Host Plant:** *Quercus salicifolia* Née.  

  The gall most closely resembles that of *Amphibolips murata* Weld, 1957, known from Florida (USA).

  ## Distribution

  *A. castroviejoi* was found between **1000–2681 m a.s.l.** in Chiriquí, Panama.

  ## Biology

  Only the sexual generation is known, inducing galls on *Quercus salicifolia* and likely on other  
  *Quercus* species (*section Lobatae*).  

  The galls are found between **December and May**, during the dry season in Panama.  
  The insects studied emerged in **January and February**.


description:
  # *Amphibolips aliciae* Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey sp. nov.

  (Figs. 3, 4, 7D–E & 8D–F)

  ## Type Material

  **Holotype:** ♀ (Fig. 7D) (in *Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales*, Madrid, Spain (MNCN)),  
  card-mounted. Cat. nº 2023.  

  **Locality:** PANAMA, Chiriquí, Carretera de Volcancito, Boquete (8º 46' 23.7" N, 82º 27' 19.7" W),  
  1404 m; ex gall on twigs of *Quercus salicifolia* Née (*Fagaceae*).  

  **Collection Date:** Gall collected 25.i.2009, insect emerged 25.i.09, *E. Medianero* leg.  

  **Paratypes:**  
  - 2 ♂, same data as holotype.  
  - 1 ♂, ex gall collected 12.i.2008, insect emerged ii.08, *E. Medianero* leg.  

  One paratype in *MNCN*, one paratype in *Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá (MEUP)*.

  ## Etymology

  Named after our good friend, the botanist Alicia Ibañez, in memory of unforgettable field  
  sampling experiences in Panama.

  ## Gall (Figs. 8D–F)

  Elongate, ovate, or spindle-shaped, with a very short nipple at the apex (Fig. 8D).  
  Greenish when fresh; coffee brown and very glossy when dry (Fig. 8F).  

  - Outer shell is very thin.  
  - Internally, a single central larval cell is suspended by very thin hair-like filaments (Fig. 8E).  
  - When dry, the gall is very brittle and can be easily crushed with fingers (Fig. 8E).  
  - **Average size:** 2.5 mm long.  

  Externally, the gall resembles *A. castroviejoi*, but the inner structure is distinct:  
  - *A. castroviejoi*'s gall is soft and juicy.  
  - *A. aliciae*'s gall consists of radiating filaments supporting the central larval chamber.

  ## Distribution

  *A. aliciae* was found between **1000–2681 m a.s.l.** in Chiriquí, Panama.  
  Galls are rare.

  ## Biology

  Only the **sexual generation** of *A. aliciae* is known, inducing galls on twigs of  
  *Quercus salicifolia* Née and likely other *Quercus* species (*section Lobatae*).  

  - Galls are found between **December–April**, during the dry season in Panama.  
  - Adults emerged in **January and February**.


description:
  # *Amphibolips salicifoliae* Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey sp. nov.

  (Figs. 5, 6, 7F, 7G & 8G–H)

  ## Type Material

  **Holotype:** ♀ (Fig. 7F) (in *Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales*, Madrid, Spain (MNCN)),  
  card-mounted. Cat. nº 2024.  

  **Locality:** PANAMA, Chiriquí, Volcán Barú (8º 47' 50.8" N, 82º 29' 35.9" W),  
  1800–2070 m; ex gall on leaf of *Quercus salicifolia* Née (*Fagaceae*).  

  **Collection Date:** Gall collected 27.i.2009, insect emerged ii.09, *E. Medianero* leg.  

  **Paratypes:**  
  - 2 ♀, 2 ♂, same data as holotype.  

  Two paratypes in *MNCN*, two paratypes in *Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá (MEUP)*.  

  Additionally, 1 ♀ of the type series was dissected for SEM observation (*in MNCN*).

  ## Gall (Fig. 8G–H)

  - Regularly spherical, smooth.  
  - Greenish when fresh, dark brown and very glossy when dry.  
  - Outer shell is thin.  
  - Internally, the larval cell is central and supported by thin hair-like radiating filaments (Fig. 8H).  
  - When dry, the gall is very brittle and may be easily crushed with the fingers.  
  - **Average diameter:** 30 mm.  

  ## Distribution

  *A. salicifoliae* was found between **1870–2680 m a.s.l.** at a single site on Volcán Barú, Panama.  
  Compared to *A. castroviejoi*, this species is rare.

  ## Biology

  Only the **sexual generation** of *A. salicifoliae* is known, inducing galls on the underside of  
  *Quercus salicifolia* leaves.  

  - Galls are found between **January–April**, during the dry season.  
  - Insects emerge in the **same season**.  
  - This species displays **remarkable sexual dimorphism in coloration**.


description:
  Galls form a swollen base on Pinus edulis needles. Needles seem to grow to typical size. Dissected galls in NM revealed monothalamous cells with orange larvae belonging to Cecidomyiidae. 


description:
  An irregular purple swelling and deformation on leaves of Salvia dorrii pilosa. Observed in February in California. [Dissection of this gall](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/261069835) revealed cecidomyiid larvae inside. 


description:
  [Dichotomous table for gallers on Sisymbrium ...
  by Hans Roskam](https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/spermatopsida/angiosperma/eudicots/superrosids/rosids/malvids/brassicales/brassicaceae/sisymbrieae/sisymbrium/gallers-on-sisymbrium/)

  Localised to expanded, one- or all-sided, ± curved swellings on stems of vegetative or flowering shoot. Inserted leaves stunted, bent over their length, pale green, thickened and brittle, inserted flowers ± atrophied in all their parts. Down loose, conidiophores branched. Sisymbrium spp.: Hyaloperonospora sisymbrii-loeselii 

  [[Plant Parasites of Europe's main entry for the gall](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/chromista/oomycota/oomycetes/peronosporales/peronosporaceae/hyaloperonospora/hyaloperonospora-sisymbrii-loeselii/) adds the following information]
  <b>Gall</b>
  Underside of the leaves with a greyish white fungal down of erect conidiophores that apically several times are branching, each branch ending upon an ovoid conidium.

  <b>Host Plants</b>
  Brassicaceae, monophagous
  Sisymbrium altissimum, irio, loeselii, luteum, officinale, volgense.


description:
  Urophora cardui ...induces a large spherical or irregular multichambered gall in the stems of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. The fly requires moist sites ... 

  [In] June ... [e]ggs are laid into an apical leaf bud ... The larvae tunnel down the stem until they reach the zone of vascular differentiation where they induce the gall. The tunnel, which expands as the gall grows, fills with callus ... Larvae ... overwinter in the gall, remaining dormant as long as the gall is intact, but pupating when exposed to air. In nature this occurs in the spring ... Final gall size is a function of the number of larvae in it ... The gall ... is soft and fleshy while growing, but hard when mature ... [G]all parenchyma beyond the nutritive layer becomes lignified ... 

  [B&W photo on pg. 15]


description:
  An irregular ring of slightly raised red tissue on leaves of Arctostaphylos manzanita. Observed in February in California.


description:
  Urophora affinis is a tephritid fly that forms a unilocular receptacle gall (Fig. 16) in [plants belonging to a] Centaurea subgenus [that] contains the weeds C. diffusa and C. [stoebe], diffuse and spotted knapweed. The fly is native to Europe ... Freshly hatched larvae chew down a floret, consume the ovule, and then feed on the inner layer of the ovary wall. After about 12 days, they penetrate the base of the ovary to feed on the receptacle. Cells of the ovary wall and receptacle proliferate to enclose the larva in a thick layer of parenchyma. Vascular bundles extend from the receptacle into this layer ... [After] about 25 days ... a sclerenchyma layer forms around the gall except for the apex ... 
  The corolla is suppressed or absent in galled capitula and the stomata in the bracts are not enlarged ... The florets tunnelled by larvae of U. affinis are destroyed and adjacent ones abort ... 


description:
  **Andricus mendocinensis** was formally described by Weld (1957b), with the description based on two dead adults cut from a gall in 1922; that gall had been collected five years previously, in May 1917, at an unspecified location in Mendocino County, California. The description of the gall was superficial, and a second publication by Weld indicated some uncertainty about its exact location on the host plant (“thought to be a root gall” in Weld’s description [Weld 1957b]; “stem swelling at the crown” in Weld 1957a). At the time of formal description, the type gall had been lost. Other than the original collecting event, no further records of this species have been mentioned in the primary literature or on citizen science websites (e.g. BugGuide [https://bugguide.net], iNaturalist [https://www.inaturalist.org], or Gallformers [https://www.gallformers.org]). Furthermore, to the authors’ best knowledge, no specimens beyond the types have been deposited in the collections of any scientific institutions, with the holotype being in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. (catalog number USNMENT00802192) and paratypes at the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California (catalog numbers CASENT8590680, CASENT8590681).

  The authors have searched extensively, and until recently unsuccessfully, for the gall of *A. mendocinensis* on multiple field trips over the past 18 years to numerous locations within the native range of *N. densiflorus* in northern California. However, in July 2023, we re-discovered galls of this species within a stand of *N. densiflorus* trees at Lord-Ellis Summit, Northern Coast Ranges, along State Route 299, Humboldt County, California (40.9306°N, 123.8599°W; altitude 690m). Eight galls were discovered by digging in the soil around the base of the trees. Herein we provide a detailed description of the gall, including its location on the host plant, plus brief information about its taxonomic affinities and life history. At the time of publication, these galls were still under rearing conditions awaiting the emergence of adult wasps; all gall rearings, dissected larvae used for DNA sequencing, and emerged parasitoids are currently housed at the Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, U.K., with a future plan to deposit reference specimens (galls, inducers, and parasitoids) at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

  Galls of *A. mendocinensis* are approximately spherical integral swellings of the subterranean portions of suckering shoots that originate from the root stock of *N. densiflorus* plants (Fig. 1A, 1B). Galls were only found on suckering shoots with a diameter of 1–2 cm growing from smaller trees that were typically 10–15 cm in diameter at the base; despite extensive searching, they were not found on larger trees. Most galls had been induced on sections of shoots that had grown 10–20 cm away from the tree trunk (Fig. 1C), although several had been induced very close to the point at which the galled sucker diverged from the main root stock (Fig. 1D). Once fully developed, the galls appear to kill the shoot above the gall. All the galled suckers found in this study had died back to within a few centimeters beyond the gall itself (arrowed in Fig. 1C & 1G), and as a result, there was no obvious sign of the presence of a gall from above the surface of the soil and overlaying leaf litter. Most of the galls observed were 10–15 cm below the surface of the soil (Fig. 1C, 1D).

  Mature galls range in diameter from 2 cm to about 10 cm. They are multilocular, with the larval cells (Fig. 1F, 1G) distributed across the outer surface of a hard core of solid woody tissue (Fig. 1E). Larval cells are embedded in the gall surface in sockets rather like teeth in gums (Fig. 1H; arrow in Fig. 1E), although each cell can be detached relatively easily from its socket; these cells and empty sockets correspond to the surface detail included on part of Weld’s illustration of the gall (Fig. 2, reproduced from fig. 182 in Weld 1957a). Each larval cell has a blunt conical shape (Fig. 1I); the pointed end is embedded in the main body of the gall while the flatter end emerges from the gall body, forming a rounded bulge on the surface. Larval cells are approximately 3 mm in diameter and 4 mm long. Cells have a surface structure of longitudinal lines, primarily on the innermost half, similar to the surface sculpturing apparent on galls of the related *A. notholithocarpi* (see fig. 10–14 in Nicholls et al. 2018a).

  Mature galls of *A. mendocinensis* were found in July. Inhabitants of some larval cells had already emerged; other larval cells from the same gall were dissected and found to contain full-sized larvae. This implies that some larvae may diapause for an extended period, with adult emergence occurring over several years, a life history trait often found for Cynipini species that induce large subterranean galls (Weld 1921). No adults of *A. mendocinensis* had emerged as of the February following gall collection, although three adult parasitoids emerged in late summer of the year of gall collection. These parasitoids (2 males, 1 female) were of a species of *Torymus* Dalman, 1820, possibly *T. denticulatus* (Breland, 1939), which is known to attack cynipid galls in California (Grissell 1979).


description:
  Ciboria carunculoides, in common with many other members of the genus Ciboria, is a gynicolous species. In some instances only a few of the individual drupelets composing the syncarp may be involved and in others essentially all drupelets are stromatized. The common name, "popcorn disease," is unusually appropriate for this sclerotia disease for the reason that each mature stroma (sclerotium) bears a striking resemblance in size and shape to a grain of popcorn (FIG. 1 ) .Infection occurs at a time when mulberries come into flower. This conclusion was reached as the result of direct microscopic examination by Siegler and Jenkins ( 1923), and is supported indirectly by the fact that in nature the apothecia reach maturity and ascospores are forcibly discharged at this time. The disease is not evident, however, until three or four weeks after anthesis. It may be noted then, that some of the drupelets are larger than the remainder, and that sticky, grayish, columnar extrusions are prominently present at the tips of these affected drupelets (FIG. 3).Soon thereafter the sepals. of healthy fruits are becoming fleshy whereas diseased ones remain firm and corneous. These differences become more marked as the time approaches for normal fruits to ripen. Mature stromatized drupelets are always considerably larger than healthy ones and are always grayish-; i.e., they never assume the color of mature normal drupelets. The forcible expulsion of ascospores and their dissemination by convection currents. is an efficient means of scattering the inoculum( ascospores), as shown by the distribution of diseased fruits throughout the trees. During each of the three seasons covered by these studies all the mulberries borne on the row of trees under observation were severely attacked. These trees are approximately 30 feet tall. Fruits borne on the lowermost branches were neither more nor less abundantly parasitized than those borne on the topmost branches. The abscission of diseased fruits occurs in late June and early July; i.e., at the same time that the healthy ripe fruits are being shed from disease-free trees growing a few blocks away.


description:
   For the past four or five years, popcorn disease has been observed on a volunteer mulberry tree at Bowling Green, Kentucky. During 1984 and 1985, the diseased tree was studied carefully. The fruits were a light pink color, suggesting an identification of the tree as M. alba Each of the three branches arising from the base of the tree measured approximately 30 cm in diameter at breast height, 10 m in height, and collectively, 8 m in crown diameter. In 1985, mature leaves (N=25) averaged 6.4 cm in width and 8.6 cm in length. Leaf lobation (N= 175) percentages varied as follows: 39.4% had no lobes, 43.4% had one lobe. 12.0% had two lobes, and 5.1% had more than two lobes per leaf. More than 30 other mulberry trees in the general study area, including three with white fruits, were observed during 1984 and 1985. None exhibited popcorn disease. The three white mulberry trees were located approximately 50, 200, and 300 m from the diseased tree. Some of the red mulberry trees were within 3 to 20 m of the diseased tree. The apparent restriction of the popcorn disease to white mulberry supports previous literature reports (Siegler and Jenkins 1923, Hepting 1971). Distribution of diseased fruits was not uniform within the tree. On the lower branches (2-3 m above the ground), approximately one-half of the fruits were diseased; however, the proportion of diseased fruit decreased with in creased branch height. Orton (1903) reported that as many as 50 percent of the fruits were infected. Whetzel and Wolf (1945) found that the proportion of diseased fruits was not influenced by branch height. Diseased fruits and drupelets were larger than normal fruits and drupe lets (Figures 1 and 2, Table 1). Fruit weight and size-both length and width were statistically greater (P<0.01) for diseased than for normal fruits. The weight differences were even greater when oven-dry (700C) weights were considered. In 1985, dry matter percentages were 58.9 and 12.5 for diseased and normal fruits, respectively. Thus, replacement of the normal fruit material with fungal growth added significantly to fruit weight and dry matter percentage.


description:
  Stegophylla essigi is a woolly aphid,  known only from the West Coast, that creates leaf fold galls on various native California oaks. The leaf margins--at least those on coast live oak in the photo in Swiecki & Bernhardt (2006)--are folded upward and become reddish. However, there are other aphids that make leaf roll/fold galls on California oaks. Further, Cecidomyiidae larvae in have reportedly been found in Quercus agrifolia leaf folds. 


description:
  Fundatrices feed as larvae near the edges on the upper sides of young leaves, which edges turn upward and fold over the insect. These folded marginal pseudogalls develop thickened, stiff walls, and usually turn red. In Berkeley, fundatrices were mature on April 1, and began producing young a few days later. In late autumn, I found colonies only on the undersides of leaves, more or less exposed, and only on evergreen oaks, with very few oviparae ... Swain (1919) recorded colonies from both the upper and undersides of leaves in summer, this has also been recorded for other Stegophylla species.


description:
  Biology.—Forms a small, single-chambered, terminal rosette gall on *Solidago latissimifolia* Mill. (Asteraceae) (Fig. 2).

  Notes.—This gall has not been reported previously, but based on its form it can be confidently attributed to an Asphondylia (N. Dorchin in litt.).


description:
  This is an undescribed gall seen twice in Imperial County, California. Very tentative assignment to Taphrina is based on the convex/concave form of the blister and the fact that Prunus species are susceptible to a variety of host-species-specific species of Taphrina. 


description:
  Usually the entire leaf is affected and strongly arched upward, giving it a rude, boat-shaped appearance. There are also separate archings between the larger lateral veins which thus throw the surface into a series of strong folds. The upper surface of the leaf is bright red until it begins to die, when it turns brown then black and then falls away.


description:
  Leaves of butternut are often seen with large patches of 
  erineum, similar in general appearance to that caused by 
  Eriophyes erineus (Nalepa) on leaves of English walnut 
  {Juglans regia L.). The erineum growths are conspicuous on 
  the underside of the leaf blade, consisting of coalesced 
  patches of dense felted hairs lying alongside the midrib, usu- 
  ally filling the area between the lateral veins. On the upper 
  side, the leaf blade with erineum patches appears swollen and 
  puckered. The growth ranges from light brown to reddish 
  brown.

  [photo pg. 113]


description:
  The infestation caused by this mite is most noticeable as 
  shiny, convex swellings on the upper surface of the leaf blade 
  and on the underside as patches of shallow, large, solitary 
  concavities lined with felty, yellowish hairs, among which the 
  mites are to be found. These patches have well-defined edges 
  and lie to the side of the midrib between the lateral veins; the 
  erineum growths miss the small secondary veins and appear as 
  thickened partitions. The erineum is particularly characteristic 
  in that each structure is covered with short, minute, unicellu- 
  lar hairs. Although erineum patches are fewer 
  on the leaves, they are easily recognized because of their size 
  and color.

  [photo pg. 115]


description:
   Colonization of 
  a leaf by Eriophyes caliberberis results in considerable contor- 
  tion; the leaf margin is curled upward, folded, and twisted 
  across the upper surface toward the midrib. The leaf fold may 
  involve the entire length of the leaf margin, with one or two 
  windings forming a tube. The folded leaf eventually becomes 
  crumpled and brown. The mite colonies are found in the tight 
  leaf folds.

  [photo pg. 143]


description:
  The mites are abundant in the folded terminal shoots, where their feeding apparently inhibits the expansion of the leaves. This results in the twisting of the folded terminal shoot and subsequent infolding, bending, and twisting of the leaf blade. Infested Bermuda grass may easily be recognized by the contorted terminal leaf blades ... This mite is not to be confused with Eriophyes cynodoniensis (Sayed), which also infests Bermuda grass but causes a rosettetype injury. 

  [photos pg. 147]


description:
  Leaf roll caused by Eriophyes granati (Canestrini & Massalongo) (pl. 68) 

  This is an interesting tubular leaf roll, which consists of a downward tight rolling and curling of the whole length of the leaf margin into a tube. Eventually the infested margin rolls toward the midrib but does not cover it. The mites are wrapped in the thickened turned-over leaf edge, where they live and reproduce inside the roll. In some plants, infestations are so heavy that nearly every young leaf is rolled, distorted, and twisted.

  [photos pg. 151]


description:
  Depressions on coffeeberry leaves, similar to those made on Syzygium leaves by [Trioza adventicia](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2494), but probably shallower and less clearly defined, are probably induced by Trioza beameri. See [discussion here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/217715471), but note that the ID on the page was set as tentative (using an iNaturalist technique for blocking an ID from being treated as a confirmed ID that can be reported). 

  These galls, <italics>if found on Frangula californica and occupied by nymphs that match those in the photo above,</italics> may be identified to genus as Trioza. If they are are found in summer, any adult psyllids that can be found on the bush -- or beaten from it, equipment permitting -- should be photographed with a note mentioning the galled leaf. 


description:
  A conical gall similar in structure to Feron kingi or atrimentum, on Quercus john-tuckeri. Confirmed to be a member of genus Feron by cytb analysis (James Nicholls, unpublished). 


description:
  Baccharis sarothroides is added as a host based on numerous observations. An attempt to rear an adult midge to confirm the addition of B. sarothroides as a host was frustrated by heavy parasitism. 


description:
  Blister blight, caused by the fungus Exobasidium sp., has been sporadically reported [in British Columbia] ... 

  This disease manifests its symptoms on current-season leaves and developing berries. Leaf symptoms become obvious in late spring and early summer, in the form of large (one to several cm in diameter) convex blisters which are at first all one color, but later turn pale pinkish on the concave underside, finally browning. When several blisters occur on the same leaf, the leaf becomes twisted and distorted. Developing berries also turn prematurely reddish and swell to several times their natural size. The ... surface of the berries and the undersides of the leaf blisters [are] covered with a thin layer of fungal tissue bearing a palisade of basidia. The basidia in turn produce basidiospores that are forcibly ejected and airborne during moist weather conditions. 

  [monochrome photos page 4]


description:
  <b>HOSTS</b>
  Juncus tweedyi added based on [this iNaturalist observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/67425460) in which several adult psyllids subsequently identified as Livia bifasciata were found on a galled J. tweedyi plant in Québec in early September. The linked page also includes advice on rearing psyllids. 


description:
  After adult midge reared, Ray Gagne confirmed, as [noted by Greg Froelich](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/265658184) that the midge was genus Asphondylia. 


description:
  ---

  ## *Atrusca aequalis* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 1–14**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (bulboides) aequalis* Kinsey, 1936: 151 — female, gall  
  *Atrusca aequalis* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 313

  ---

  ### **Types Examined**  
  **HOLOTYPE**:  
  - Female, *Cynips aequalis (bulboides)*  
  - “Inde 20E Dgo 6300’, Mex. Gall 11.1.31, 70 fms. 2.8.32”  
  - “*Q. chihuahuens*, Kinsey coll.”  
  - Red label: “Cynips aequalis, Holo- Paratype”  
  - Deposited in AMNH, NYC  
  - Examined by GM  

  **PARATYPES**:  
  - Five females  
  - “Inde 20E, Dgo 6300’, Mex., galls 11.1.31. 70 females 2.8.32”  
  - “*Quercus chihuahuensis*, Kinsey coll.”  
  - Red label: “Cynips equalis. Paratype”  
  - Deposited in general collection, AMNH, NYC  
  - Examined by GM  

  ---

  ### **Gall** (Fig. 14)  
  The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. The spherical gall is indistinguishable from *A. pomifera* and *A. aspera*.  

  - **Color**: Mature galls are light straw yellow, somites touched with rose or brown, always conspicuously mottled with purplish brown  
  - **Size**: Up to 15 mm, typically around 10 mm in diameter  

  ---

  ### **Biology**  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Quercus chihuahuensis* and *Q. undata*.  
  - Galls mature in late autumn  
  - Adults emerge in January–February of the following year  

  ---

  ### **Distribution**  
  Mexico: Chihuahua

  ---


description:
  ---

  ## *Atrusca aggregata* (Weld, 1926)  
  **Figs 15–32**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Diplolepis aggregata* Weld, 1926: 15 — female, gall  
  *Atrusca aggregata*: Weld 1951: 637

  ---

  ### **Types Examined**  
  **HOLOTYPE**:  
  - Female  
  - “Sta Catalina Mts., Arizon”  
  - “13643 Hopk US”, “Chrisman M. Colo”  
  - Red label: “Type No 27185 U.S.N.M.”  
  - “*Diplolepis aggregata* Weld”  
  - Deposited in USNM  
  - Examined by GM  

  ---

  ### **Material Examined**  
  - 10 females: “USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mnts. summit, ex *Q. arizonica*, AZ13, gall type 38, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.26”  
  - 56 females: “USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mnts. nr Portal, ex *Q. arizonica*, AZ14, gall type 38, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.25”  
  - 11 females: “USA, Arizona, Molino Basin campground, Santa Catalina Mnts., ex *Q. oblongifolia*, AZ15, gall type 38, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.28”

  ---

  ### **Gall** (Fig. 28)  
  Globular oak apples, up to 35 mm in diameter, usually occurring in clusters of 2–4 (up to 12) on a twig from previous season's growth.  

  - **Pedicel**: Abrupt and slender  
  - **Color (fresh)**: Creamy white with a reddish blush on one side, spotted with numerous small red dots  
  - **Color (aged)**: Yellowish, often with a bluish bloom  
  - **Structure**: Central larval cell supported by a dense mass of fine silky radiating fibers  
  - **Wall thickness**: ~0.7 mm  

  ---

  ### **Biology**  
  The asexual generation is known to induce stem galls on:  
  - *Quercus arizonica*  
  - *Q. oblongifolia*  
  - *Q. toumeyi*  

  Mature galls collected by the end of October.

  ---

  ### **Distribution**  
  USA: Arizona

  ---


description:
  ---

  ## *Atrusca aspera* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 33–46**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (bella) aspera* Kinsey, 1936: 172, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca aspera* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 313

  ---

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips aspera (bella)* “Parral 20S Chi, Mex. Gall 10.21.31, very many fms. 2.10.32”, “Q. undata, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips aspera, Holo- Paratype,” deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Ten PARATYPE females “Parral 20S, Chi, Mex. Galls 10.29.31, 66 females 2.10.32”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ---

  ### Gall (Fig. 46)  
  Similar to all galls of the Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls rosy or light yellowish tan, conspicuously mottled with purplish brown, up to 17 mm, in average 13 mm in diameter.

  ---

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. arizonica* (= *Q. sacame*), *Q. chihuahuensis*, *Q. undata*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults start to emerge from December till January–February next year.

  ---

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Chihuahua, Durango

  ---


description:
  ---

  ## *Atrusca bella* (Bassett, 1881)  
  **Figs 47–74**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips bella* Bassett, 1881: 93, female, gall.  
  *Dryophanta bella*: Mayr 1881: 36.  
  *Andricus bella*: Ashmead 1887: 127.  
  *Holcaspis macullipennis* Gillette, 1894: 236, female, gall. Synonym in Weld 1926: 18.  
  *Disholcaspis bella* (Bassett): Dalla Torre & Kieffer 1910: 356.  
  *Disholcaspis macullipennis*: Dalla Torre & Kieffer 1910: 375.  
  *Cynips macullipennis*: Felt 1918: 100.  
  *Diplolepis bella*: Weld 1926: 18.  
  *Cynips (Atrusca) bella* Bassett: Kinsey 1930: 285, female, gall.  
  *Cynips bella* variety *bella* Bassett: Kinsey 1930: 289.  
  *Cynips bella* variety *vanescens* Kinsey 1930: 292, female, gall, **syn. nov.**
  *Cynips (Atrusca) (bella) vanescens* Kinsey 1936: 326.  
  *Atrusca bella* (Bassett): Weld 1951: 637.  
  *Atrusca vanescens* (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.

  ---

  ### Types examined  
  The type of *Cynips bella* is deposited in the Entomology Type Collection at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: “Type number: 10442. *Cynips bella* Bassett, 1811, female, Arizona”. The type was not examined by the authors.

  ---

  ### Material examined  
  17 females “USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mnts. western side, ex *Q. arizonica*, AZ8, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.25”; 2 females “USA, Arizona, Molino Basin campground, Santa Catalina Mnts., ex *Q. oblongifolia*, AZ2, AZ3, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.28”; 3 females “USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mnts. summit, ex *Q. arizonica*, AZ5, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.26”; 1 female “USA, Arizona, Sonoita, ex *Q. arizonica*, AZ7, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.26”; 11 females “USA, Arizona, 5 km N of Payson, ex *Q. turbinella*, AZ11, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.29”; 26 females “USA, Arizona, 25 miles S of Flagstaff on I17, ex *Q. turbinella*, AZ9, AZ10, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.31”; 2 females “USA, Arizona, Sedona, ex *Q. turbinella*, AZ1, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.29”. Two non-paratype females “Prescott, Ariz, female 11.27.35, gall 11.15.35”, “*Q. gambelii* E.R Leach coll.”, “*Cynips vanescens* Kinsey det. 35”.

  ---

  ### Gall (Figs 60, 74)  
  Large spherical galls on the underside of leaves, with a suspended inner cell, to 3.0 cm in diameter, yellow with red speckles when young, uniformly red-brown when mature.

  ---

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known. Leaf galls on *Q. arizonica*, *Q. grisea*, *Q. oblongifolia*, *Q. rugosa* (= *Q. reticulata*), *Q. toumeyi*, *Q. turbinella*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from January next year.

  ---

  ### Distribution  
  USA: CO, AZ, NM

  ---


description:
  ---

  ## *Atrusca brevipennata* (Gillette, 1893)  
  **Figs 75–88**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Holcaspis brevipennata* Gillette, 1893: 31.  
  *Disholcaspis brevipennata* (Gillette): Dalla Torre & Kieffer 1910: 373.  
  *Andricus pellucidus* Kinsey, 1920: 309. Synonym in Weld 1922: 7.  
  *Diplolepis brevipennata* (Gillette): Weld 1922: 7.  
  *Cynips dugesi* variety *brevipennata* (Gillette): Kinsey 1930: 282, female, gall.  
  *Cynips (dugesi) brevipennata* (Gillette): Kinsey 1936: 97, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca brevipennata* (Gillette): Weld 1951: 637.

  ---

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female with red label “Type”, pink label “Colo. 1876”, Gillette handwriting label “*Holcaspis brevipennata* Gill.”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Also, one COTYPE female of *Andricus pellucidus* (insect damaged): “Colo. Springs, 9.28.73. Colo, W. L. Carpenter coll.”, “*Cynips brevipennata* Kinsey det.”, red “*Andricus pellucidus*, Cotype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ---

  ### Material examined  
  One female “USA, New Mexico, Chama, ex *Q. gambelli*, leg. J.R. Zimmerman, 1987.09.20; adult emerge 1987.10.01.” Two females “Las Vegas 10–11.21. N.M., galls 12.31.21, adults Nov. Dec.”, “*Quercus fendleri*, Weld. coll.”, “*Cynips brevipennata* Kinsey det. 27”; 2 females “Hopk. USA, 15635”, “Reared Nov.15.21”, “*Quercus gambelii*”, “Wetmore, Colo”, “L.H. Weld collector”, “*Atrusca brevipennata* det. J.R. Zimmerman”.

  ---

  ### Gall (Fig. 88)  
  Similar to all galls of the Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls light rosy tan, unspotted, often shining, up to 19 mm, in average 14 mm in diameter.

  ---

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. gambelii*, *Q. sinuata* (= *Q. undulata*), *Q. turbinella*. Mature galls in late autumn; adults start to emerge from December till January–February next year.

  ---

  ### Distribution  
  USA: Colorado, New Mexico.

  ---


description:
  ---

  ## *Atrusca bulbacea* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 89–102**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (bulboides) bulbacea* Kinsey, 1936: 152, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca bulbacea* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 313

  ---

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips bulbacea (bulboides)* “Rio Verde 14w S.L.P. 6000’ Gall 12.4.31, 4 fms. 1.8.32”, red “Cynips bulbacea, Holo- Paratype”. *Cynips (bulboides) bulbacea*: 4 PARATYPE females “Rio Verde 14w, SLP 6000’, Mex., gall 12.4.31, 4 fmales 2.15.32.”, “*Q. polymorpha* Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips bulbacea. Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ---

  ### Gall (Fig. 102)  
  A bulboid gall as described for other species of the complex. Mature galls rosy or yellow brown, noticeably blue with a puberulence, occasionally unspotted but almost always well marked, in some cases conspicuously marked with slightly raised spots and ridges of purple, up to 25 mm, in average 18 mm in diameter.

  ---

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. arizonica* (= *Q. sacame* Trel.), *Q. laeta*, *Q. magnoliifolia* (= *Q. macrophyla*), *Q. polymorpha*.

  ---

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas

  ---


description:
  ## *Atrusca bulboides* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 103–116**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (bulboides) bulboides* Kinsey, 1936: 149, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca bulboides* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 313.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips bulboides (bulboides)* “Inde 20E Dgo 6300’, Mex. Gall 11.1.31, 192 fms. 3.6.32”, “Q. chihuahuens, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips bulboides, Holo- Paratype”. HOLOTYPE in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Seven PARATYPE females “Inde 20E, Dgo 6300’, Mex., gall 11.1.31, females 3.6.32”, “Q. chihuahuensis Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips bulboides. Paratype”; two PARATYPE females “Pedernales 2E, Chi 7500’, Mex., galls 10.23.31, females 2.5.32.”, “Q. chihuahuensisi Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips bulboides Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 116)  
  The gall is bulboid as described for the *bulboides* complex. Mature galls dark rosy brown, usually unspotted, younger galls more often spotted, and only very few galls are conspicuously spotted with purple, up to 23 mm, in average 15 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. arizonica* (= *Q. sacame*), *Q. chihuahuensis*, *Q. depressipes*, *Q. oblongifolia*, *Q. rugosa* (= *Q. durangensis*, = *Q. reticulata*), *Q. striatula*, *Q. undata*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Chihuahua, Durango, Zacatecas


description:
  ## *Atrusca bulbulus* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 117–122**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (bulboides) bulbulus* Kinsey, 1936: 153, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca bulbulus* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 313.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (bulboides) bulbulus* “Pedernales 2E Chi 7500’, Mex. Gall 10.23.31, 4 fms. 2.5.32”, “Q. chihuahuens, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips bulbulus, Holo- Paratype”. HOLOTYPEs are deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 117)  
  A bulboid gall as described for other species of the complex. Mature galls rosy or yellow brown, not noticeably puberulent except on younger galls, usually unspotted but sometimes well marked with purple, up to 23 mm, in average 17 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. chihuahuensis*.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Chihuahua


description:
  ## *Atrusca bulla* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 123–136**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (bulboides) bulla* Kinsey, 1936: 154, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca bulla* (Kinsey): Weld, 1952: 314

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (bulboides) bulla* “Queretaro 28N Qro 7300’, Mex. Gall 1.17.32, 1 fm. 1932”, “Q. chihuahuens, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips bulla, Holo- Paratype”. *Cynips (bulboides) bulla*: one PARATYPE female “San Felipe 20SN, Gto 8000’, Mex. galls 12.7.30. 2 females 2.10.32.”, “Q. macrophylla Kinsey coll.”, “Cynips bulla Kinsey det. 34”; 1 female “Leon 20NE, Gto 9000’, Mex. galls 12.8.31, female, spring ‘32”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 136)  
  A bulboid gall as described for other species of the complex. Mature galls peculiarly dark rosy or dark yellow brown, not noticeably puberulent except on younger galls, unspotted or only obscurely spotted, up to 25 mm, in average 18 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. chihuahuensis*, *Q. magnoliifolia* (= *Q. macrophyla*), *Q. rugosa* (= *Q. reticulata*) and *Q. undata*.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro


description:
  ## *Atrusca capronae* (Weld, 1930)  
  **Figs 137–154**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Diplolepis capronae* Weld 1930: 29, female, gall.  
  *Cynips (dugesi) capronae* (Weld): Kinsey 1936: 99, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca capronae* (Weld): Weld 1951: 637.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female “Camp Creek, Arizona”, “W.W. Capron coll.”, red label “Type No. 42884 U.S.N.M.”, “*Diplolepis capronae* Weld”, deposited in USNM, examined by GM.

  ### Material examined  
  Three females “USA, Arizona, Sedona, ex *Q. turbinella*, leg. J.A. Nicholls, 2007.10.29”; one female “USA, Arizona, Carefree, ex *Q. turbinella*, leg. J.R. Zimmerman, 1992.08.03; adult emerge 1992.08.13.”; two females “USA, Arizona, Bagdad, ex *Q. turbinella*, leg. J.R. Zimmerman, 1993.08.26; adult emerge 1993.09.05.”

  ### Gall (Fig. 150)  
  Globular gall, 8.0 to 18.0 mm in diameter, attached to the midrib or a strong vein in underside of leaf; straw yellow with vertical purple streaks. The outer wall 0.5 mm thick and crinkly radiating fibers support a central larval cell.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. turbinella*. Galls mature in autumn; adults emerge in late autumn–winter the same year.

  ### Distribution  
  USA: Arizona


description:
  ## *Atrusca catena* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 155–168**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (dugesi) catena* Kinsey 1936: 102, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca catena* (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 637.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips catena (dugesi)* “Alpine, Tex. 10E. Gall 10.13.35, 15 fms. 12.14.35”, “Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips catena, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, examined by GM. Three PARATYPE females “Alpine, Tex. 10E, gall 10.13.35, 6 females 12.6.35”, “Q. grisea Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips catena Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 168)  
  Similar to all galls of the “*Cynips dugesi*” and “*Cynips bella*” complexes. Mature galls are spherical, yellow-tan to rosy-tan, flushed rose when younger, touched with darker purple rose in age, with fine purplish marks, more or less dull, up to 17 mm in diameter, average 14 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known. Leaf galls on *Q. grisea*. Galls mature in October; adults emerge in December – January next year.

  ### Distribution  
  USA: Texas.


description:
  ## *Atrusca cava* (Weld, 1926)  
  **Figs 169–172**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Diplolepis cava* Weld, 1926: 22, female, gall.  
  *Cynips (Atrusca) (dugesi) cava* (Weld): Kinsey 1930: 293, female, gall.  
  *Cynips (dugesi) cava* (Weld): Kinsey 1936: 103, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca cava* (Weld): Weld 1951: 637.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Diplolepis cava* “Austin, Tex., Dec. 4, 1917”, “*Quercus breviloba*”, “*Diplolepis cava* Weld” red label “Type No. 27189 U.S.N.M.”, deposited in USNM, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 172)  
  A bulboid gall, 14–20 mm in diameter, usually single on underside of leaf. Reddish-brown, not spotted, with thin walls, central cell supported by numerous silky fibers (gall pics from Weld, 1959).

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. sinuata* (= *Q. breviloba*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge next year in spring.

  ### Distribution  
  USA: Texas.


description:
  ## *Atrusca clivorum* (Kinsey, 1930)  
  **Figs 173–185**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips centricola* variety *clivorum* Kinsey 1930: 300, female, gall.  
  *Cynips (Atrusca) (centricola) clivorum* Kinsey 1936: 181.  
  *Atrusca clivorum* (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips clivorum* var. *centricola* “Coolville, Ohio. Gall 10.24.28, 8 fms. 12.9.28”, red “Cynips clivorum, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Three PARATYPE females “Coolville, Ohio, galls 10.14.28, 5 females 11.13.28”, “Q. stellata Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips clivorum. Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 185)  
  The gall indistinguishable from other galls of the complex. The gall is always unspotted.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. stellata*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in November–December.

  ### Distribution  
  USA: Ohio


description:
  ## *Atrusca conexa* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 186–199**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (dugesi) conexa* Kinsey, 1936: 105, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca conexa* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) conexa* “Taxco 8NE Gro 8000’, Mex. Gall 1.7.32, 61 fms. 4.2.32”, “Q. nudinervis, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips conexa, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Five PARATYPE females “Taxco 8E, Gro 8000’, Mex., galls 1.7.32, 61 females to 4.2.32”, “Q. nudinervis Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips conexa Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 199)  
  Similar to galls of *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls in part light yellow, in part rosy or rosy brown, conspicuously marked with numerous small purplish spots, sometimes with traces of a bluish puberulence, up to 18 mm, in average 13 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. magnoliifolia* (= *Q. nudinervis*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in April.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Guerrero


description:
  ## *Atrusca congesta* (Kinsey, 1930)  
  **Figs 200–206**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips bella* variety *congesta* Kinsey 1930: 292, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca congesta* (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips bella* var. *congesta* “Alpine, Tex. 12.14.19, gall 12.14.19”, “Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips congesta, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Three PARATYPE females, deposited in the general collection of AMNH, NYC, were designated by Kinsey (1930) and examined by GM.

  ### Material examined  
  One female “Marfa 22S, Tex., gall 10.13.39”, “Q. grisea Kinsey coll.”, “Cynips congesta det. Kinsey ‘36” examined by GM and was compared to the holotype.

  ### Gall (Fig. 206)  
  Similar to galls of *bella* and *dugesi* complexes; impossible to distinguish from other galls of the two complexes. Globular gall with unspotted surface.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. grisea*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults start to emerge from December.

  ### Distribution  
  USA: Texas.


description:
  ## *Atrusca cubitalis* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 207–220**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (dugesi) cubitalis* Kinsey 1936: 107, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca cubitalis* (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips cubitalis (dugesi)* “Durango Colo. 12N Gall 8.27.29, 1 fm. 11.4.29”, “Q. gambelii, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips cubitalis, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Three PARATYPE females “Durango Colo 12N galls 8.27.29, females 11.9.29”, “Q. gambelii Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips cubitalis Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 220)  
  The gall is similar to all galls of the *dugesi* and *bella* Kinsey’s complexes. Mature galls light rosy tan, unspotted, shining, up to 22 mm, with average 16 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. gambelii*. Galls mature in autumn, first adults emerge in October–November.

  ### Distribution  
  USA: Colorado.


description:
  ## *Atrusca cucurbita* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 221–234**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (aggregata) cucurbita* Kinsey, 1936: 164, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca cucurbita* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (aggregata) cucurbita* “Atequiza 5E Jal. 6500’, Mex. Gall 12.23.31, fm. Spr’32”, “Q. haematophleb, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips cucurbita, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Two PARATYPE females “Atequiza 5E, Jal. 6500’, Mex., galls 12.23.31, 2 females early 1932”, “Q. haematophlebia Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips cucurbita Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 234)  
  Large, up to 30 mm, in average 22 mm in diameter, globular tapering gradually into a long, sharply-pointed pedicel at the base, light rose or yellow, older galls light rosy tan or brown, usually in dense clusters, galls inserted in cracks in the bark of young twigs.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. magnoliifolia* (= *Q. haematophlebia*), *Q. rugosa* (= *Q. rhodophlebia*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in early spring next year.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Jalisco.


description:
  ## *Atrusca deceptrix* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 235–248**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (dugesi) deceptrix* Kinsey, 1936: 108, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca deceptrix* (Kinsey): Weld, 1952: 314.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) deceptrix* “Canatlan 7N Dgo 7400’, Mex. Gall 11.9.31, 117 fms. 2.5.32”, “Q. undata, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips deceptrix, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Eight PARATYPE females “Canatlan 7N, Dgo 7400’ Mex., galls 11.09.31, 117 females to 2.5.32”, “Q. undata Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips deceptrix. Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 248)  
  Similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls rosy or brownish tan, unspotted; dull, minutely roughened, up to 22 mm, with average 17 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. chihuahuensis*, *Q. undata*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from February next year.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Chihuahua, Durango.


description:
  ## *Atrusca dugesi* (Mayr, 1886)  
  **Figs 249–261**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Dryophanta dugesi* Mayr, 1886: 370.  
  *Cynips (Atrusca) dugesi* (Mayr): Kinsey 1930: 278, female, gall.  
  *Cynips dugesi* variety *dugesi* (Mayr): Kinsey 1930: 281, female, gall.  
  *Cynips dugesi dugesi* (Mayr): Kinsey 1936: 109, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca dugesi* (Mayr): Pujade-Villar, 2009: 818.

  ### Types examined  
  According to Melika & Bechtold (2001) Mayr’s type of *Dryophanta dugesi* was not found in the Mayr collection at the Natural History Museum in Vienna where the collection is deposited.

  ### Material examined  
  Two females “San Felipe, Gto 8000’, 20Sw, Mex., gall 12.7.31, 7 females 2.15.32”, “Q. jaralensis Kinsey coll.”, “Cynips dugesi Kinsey det. ‘33”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 261)  
  The gall is similar to galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls rosy tan, unspotted, weakly shining, up to 21 mm, in average 17 mm in diameter. The gall pic from [https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3392](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3392) by Juan Carlos López Domínguez on *Q. microphylla*.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. jaralensis* [syn. of Quercus potosina], *Q. microphylla*. Galls mature in autumn; adults emerge in February–March next year.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Guanajuato.


description:
  ## *Atrusca dumosae* Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2011  
  **Figs 262–275**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Atrusca dumosae* Melika & Pujade-Villar: Pujade-Villar et al. 2011: 24, female, gall.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female “Mexico, Agua Amarilla, San Pedro Mártir, Baja California Norte, (31.X.2008) XI.2008; ex *Quercus dumosa*, N 32°08'28" and E 115°56'08", 1729 m a.s.l.”, deposited in USNM. Ten PARATYPE females with the same label as the HOLOTYPE (Pujade-Villar et al. 2011).

  ### Gall (Fig. 275)  
  Galls are bulboid, nearly spherical, slightly tapering at the base, monolocular, located usually on the underside of leaves, attached by a single fine point to the main vein. Young galls are greenish to yellowish; mature galls brownish tan or dark reddish brown, unspotted or heavily mottled with brownish purple. The surface of the gall smooth, only microscopically roughened, shiny, thin-walled, with radiating fine filaments, supporting the central larval chamber. Galls are 18–25 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. dumosa*. Galls mature in late October and beginning of November; adults emerge right after galls were collected.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Baja California


description:
  ## *Atrusca emergens* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 276–289**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (dugesi) emergens* Kinsey, 1936: 113, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca emergens* (Kinsey): Weld, 1952: 314

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) emergens* “Sta Isabel 6E Chi 6000’, Mex. Gall 10.24.31, 7 fms. 2.9.32”, “Q. undata, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips emergens, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Five PARATYPE females “Sta. Isabel, 6E, Chi 6000’ Mex., galls 10.24.31, 113 females 1.30.32”, “Q. undata Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips emergens. Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 289)  
  The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes; indistinguishable from *A. bella* galls. Mature galls rosy or brownish tan, unspotted, up to 22 mm, in average 18 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. arizonica* (= *Q. sacame*), *Q. chihuahuensis*, *Q. gambelii*, *Q. undata*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Chihuahua.


description:
  ## *Atrusca finitima* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 290–303**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (aggregata) finitima* Kinsey, 1936: 165, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca finitima* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (aggregata) finitima* “Pacheco 13 NE Chi 7400’, Mex. Gall 10.14.31, 3 fms. 2.4.32”, “Q. sacame, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips finitima, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Two PARATYPE females “Pacheco 20E, Chi 7400’, Mex., galls 10.14.31, 3 females 2.4.32.”, “Q. sacame Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips finitima Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 303)  
  The gall up to 25 mm, in average 19 mm in diameter, with a slender, sharply-pointed pedicel at the base; light yellow tan to dark russet brown, usually spotted or irregularly striped with dull purple, often with a whitish or bluish puberulence; singly or more often in large clusters; galls inserted in cracks in the bark of young twigs.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. arizonica* (= *Q. sacame*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from February next year.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Chihuahua.


description:
  ## *Atrusca longa* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 304–317**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (dugesi) longa* Kinsey, 1936: 115, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca longa* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) longa* “Pachuca 7S Hgo 8700’, Mex. Gall 1.15.32, 3 fms. 3.18.32”, “Q. rhodophlebia, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips longa, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Three PARATYPE females “Pachuca 7N, Hgo 7800’, Mex., galls 1.15.32, 35 females 3.6.32”, “Q. rhodophlebia Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips longa Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 317)  
  The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls very light olive tan, less often rosy, unspotted, slightly tuberculate, not pubescent, up to 18 mm, in average 15 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. rugosa* (= *Q. rhodophlebia*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in March next year.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Hidalgo.


description:
  ## *Atrusca lucaris* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 318–330**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (dugesi) lucaris* Kinsey, 1936: 116, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca lucaris* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) lucaris* “Huehuetenango Guate 4S 7500’, Mex. Gall 12.2.35, 12 fms. 1.8.36”, “Q. pilicaulis, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips lucaris, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Two PARATYPE females “Huehuetenango, Guate 14S, 7500’ Mex., galls 12.23.35.”, “Q. pilicaulis Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips lucaris. Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall  
  The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes, globular. Mature galls light yellow to rosy tan, flushed rose when younger, unspotted, darkening with age, up to 28 mm, in average 14 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. peduncularis* (= *Q. pilicaulis*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.

  ### Distribution  
  Guatemala.


description:
  ## *Atrusca luminata* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 331–343**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (dugesi) luminata* Kinsey, 1936: 118, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca luminata* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) luminata* “Quezaltenango 5N Guate 8800’, Mex. Gall 12.21.35, 4 fms. 1.14.36”, “Q. decipiens, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips luminata, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Two PARATYPE females “Quezaltenango, Guat 5N, 8800’, Mex., galls 12.21.35”, “Q. decipiens Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips luminata Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall  
  The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls light rosy tan to bright rose, becoming light to dirty brown with age, sometimes unspotted, sometimes obscurely spotted or mottled with purplish; up to 32 mm, in average 22 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. rugosa* (= *Q. decipiens*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.

  ### Distribution  
  Guatemala.


description:
  ## *Atrusca occidua* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 344–351**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (dugesi) occidua* Kinsey, 1936: 119, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca occidua* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) occidua* “La Mesa Zac 7000’, Mex. Gall 11.21.31, 5 fms. 11.30.31”, “Q. depressipes, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips occidua, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. 119 PARATYPES were designated by Kinsey, deposited in the general collection of AMNH, 10 of them were examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 351)  
  The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls yellowish or bright rosy tan, younger galls richer rose, unspotted, smooth, shining to dull matte, thin-walled, up to 24 mm, in average 21 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. depressipes*, *Q. potosina*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Zacatecas.


description:
  ## *Atrusca oriens* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 352–367**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (dugesi) oriens* Kinsey, 1936: 120, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca oriens* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.  
  *Cynips (dugesi) oriunda* Kinsey, 1936: 122, female, gall; **syn. nov.** herein  
  *Atrusca oriunda* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) oriens* “Cerritos 25w S.L.P. 6000’, Mex. Gall 12.2.31, 64 fms. 2.1.32”, “Q. potosina, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips oriens, Holo- Paratype”. HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) oriunda* “C. Victoria 21w Tams. 4500’, Mex. Gall 11.17.35, 1 fm. 12.7.36”, “Q. polymorpha, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips oriunda, Holo- Paratype”. Both HOLOTYPEs are deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. For *Cynips (dugesi) oriens*: eleven PARATYPE females “Cerritos 25w, S.L.P. 6000’, Mex., galls 12.2.31, 47 females 2.24.32”, “Q. potosina Kinsey coll.” red label “Cynips oriens Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Figs 365, 367)  
  The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature globular galls rosy tan or brighter rose, unspotted, up to 21 mm, in average 14 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. cordifolia*, *Q. depressipes*, *Q. intricata*, *Q. jaralensis*, *Q. polymorpha*, *Q. potosina*, *Q. pringlei*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults start to emerge from November–December till January–February next year.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas.


description:
  ## *Atrusca pictor* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 368–423**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (dugesi) pictor* Kinsey, 1936: 123, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca pictor* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.  
  *Cynips (dugesi) pulex* Kinsey, 1936: 125, female, gall. **Synonym in** Pujade-Villar et al. (2016).  
  *Atrusca pulex* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.  
  *Cynips (dugesi) pusa* Kinsey, 1936: 129, female, gall. **Synonym in** Pujade-Villar et al. (2016).  
  *Atrusca pusa* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.  
  *Cynips (dugesi) pumilio* Kinsey, 1936: 126, female, male. **Synonym in** Pujade-Villar et al. (2016).  
  *Atrusca pumilio* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) pictor* “Miquihuana 25Nw Tams. 8500’, Mex. Gall 11.12.35, 8 fms. 11.26.35”, “Q. cordifolia, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips pictor, Holo- Paratype”.  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) pulex* “Rio Verde 14w S.L.P. 6500’, Mex. Gall 12.9.31, 5 fms. 3.2.32”, “Q. macrophylla, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips pulex, Holo- Paratype”.  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) pumilio* “Pachuca 7N Hgo 8700’, Mex. Gall 1.15.32, 7 fms. 3.17.32”, “Q. repanda, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips pumilio, Holo- Paratype”.  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) pusa* “Jacala 24 Sw Hgo 6800’, Mex. Gall 12.1.35, 17 fms. 12.14.19”, “Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips pusa, Holo- Paratype”.  
  All HOLOTYPEs are deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Material examined  
  For *Cynips (dugesi) pictor*: seven PARATYPE females “Miquihuana, Tams 25Nw, Mex. 8500’, galls 11.12.35”, “Q. cordifolia Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips pictor Paratype”.  
  For *Cynips (dugesi) pulex*: one PARATYPE female “Rio Verde 14w, S.L.P. 6500’, Mex., galls 12.4.31, 5 females to 3.2.32”, “Q. macrophilla Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips pulex Paratype”.  
  For *Cynips (dugesi) pusa*: four PARATYPE females “Jalisco 24Sw, Hgo 6800’, Mex., galls 12.1.35., 13 females 12.14.35”, “Q. repanda var. Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips pusa. Paratype”.

  ### Gall (Figs 381, 395, 409, 423)  
  The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes, globular. Mature galls rich reddish or brownish tan, lightly but in most cases distinctly spotted, not shining, up to 17 mm, in average 12 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. magnoliifolia* (= *Q. macrophylla*), *Q. potosina*, *Q. pringlei*, *Q. repanda*, *Q. tardifolia*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults start to emerge from November–December till January–February next year.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas.


description:
  ## *Atrusca pomifera* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 424–437**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (dugesi) pomifera* Kinsey, 1936: 176  
  *Atrusca pomifera* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (bella) pomifera* “Sta Isabel 16E Chi 6000’, Mex. Gall 10.24.31, 150 fms. 2.1.32”, “Q. undata, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips pomifera, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Eight PARATYPE females “Sta. Isabel, 6E, Chi 6000’, Mex., galls 10.24.31, 150 females to 2.10.32.”, “Q. undata Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips pomifera Paratype.”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 437)  
  The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes, globular. Mature galls rosy or more often light-yellow tan, always conspicuously mottled with purplish brown, up to 22 mm, in average 14 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. chihuahuensis*, *Q. undata*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Chihuahua.


description:
  ## *Atrusca pupoides* (Kinsey, 1930)  
  **Figs 438–446**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips dugesi* variety *pupoides* Kinsey 1930: 284, female, gall.  
  *Cynips (dugesi) pupoides* (Kinsey): Kinsey 1936: 128, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca pupoides* (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips pupoides* var. *dugesi* “Alpine, Tex. 12.14.19, gall 12.14.19”, “Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips pupoides, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall  
  The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes, globular. Mature galls rosy tan, obscurely freckled or unspotted, more or less shining; up to 23 mm, averaging 17 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. grisea*. Galls mature in autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.

  ### Distribution  
  USA: Texas.


description:
  ## *Atrusca quercuscentricola* (Osten Sacken, 1861)  
  **Figs 447–460**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips quercus centricola* Osten Sacken, 1861: 53, 58, female, gall.  
  *Cynips centricola* Osten Sacken, 1865: 339.  
  *Loxaulis* \[sic!\] *centricola*: Ashmead 1885: 296.  
  *Holcaspis centricola* Ashmead 1885: 304.  
  *Dryophanta centricola*: Mayr 1902: 290.  
  *Diplolepis quercus-centricola*: Dalla Torre & Kieffer 1910: 369.  
  *Disholcaspis centricola*: Kinsey 1920: 398.  
  *Cynips (Atrusca) centricola* Osten Sacken: Kinsey 1930: 295, female, gall.  
  *Cynips centricola* variety *centricola* Osten Sacken: Kinsey 1930: 297, female, gall.  
  *Diplolepis quercus-rubrae* Karsch, 1880: 293, female, gall. **Synonym in** Weld 1951: 638.  
  *Cynips centricola* variety *rubrae* (Karsch): Kinsey 1930: 301, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca centricola* (Osten Sacken): Weld 1951: 638.

  ### Type examined  
  We did not find where the type is deposited, probably lost.

  ### Material examined  
  Two non-paratype females “Hopk. US, 10774E”, “reared nov. 27-18”, “Quercus minor”, “SA Rohwer coll.”, “Ironton Mo”.

  ### Gall (Fig. 460)  
  Large, up to 26.0 mm, in average 20 mm in diameter, strictly spherical, thin-shelled monolocular spotted leaf gall, with sparse, radiating fibres, slightly flattened at the attachment point, ivory to apricot or more pinkish; some galls covered with purplish spots, shining and smooth; young galls with microscopic, stellate pubescence. Internally hollow, except for the thick-walled larval cell which is up to 4.0 mm in length. The gall is attached by a minute point to a vein, usually on the underside of a leaf. The gall is from [https://www.gallformers.org/gall/583](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/583) by Lora Shadwick.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce globular leaf galls on *Q. stellata*. Mature galls in early autumn; adults start to emerge from October–November.

  ### Distribution  
  USA: from New Jersey to North Carolina, also Missouri, Arkansas, Texas.


description:
  ## *Atrusca sierrae* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 461–474**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (aggregata) sierrae* Kinsey, 1936: 166, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca sierrae* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (aggregata) sierrae* “Patos 15N Dgo 8000’, Mex. Gall 11.11.31, 6 fms. 2.22.32”, “Q. sacame, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips sierrae, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Three PARATYPE females “Patos, 15w, Dgo 8000’, Mex., galls 1.11.31, 8 females 11.18.31.”, “Q. sacame Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips sierrae Paratype”; one female “Otinapa, 15w, Dgo 8000’, Mex., galls 11.11.31, 36 females 2.10.32.”, “Q. sacame Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips sierrae Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 474)  
  The gall is up to 32 mm, in average 28 mm in diameter, with a slender, sharply-pointed pedicel at base, pinkish rose to brownish tan and darker brown, obscurely mottled with purple, sometimes with bluish puberulence, singly or more often in large clusters; galls inserted in cracks in the bark of young twigs.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. arizonica* (= *Q. sacame*), *Q. chihuahuensis*. Mature galls in November; adults emerge from November, mainly in January–February and till April.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Durango.


description:
  ## *Atrusca simulatrix* (Kinsey, 1930)  
  **Figs 475–488**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips dugesi* variety *simulatrix* Kinsey 1930: 280, female, gall.  
  *Cynips (dugesi) simulatrix* Kinsey 1936: 131, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca simulatrix* (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips simulatrix* var. *dugesi* “Hillsboro N.M. Gall 12.26.19”, “Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips simulatrix, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Ten PARATYPES deposited in the general collection in AMNH were also examined by GM.

  ### Material examined  
  Four females “USA, Arizona, Molino Basin campground, Santa Catalina Mnts., ex *Q. oblongifolia*, AZ2, AZ3, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls, 2007.10.28”;  
  20 females “USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mnts. western side, ex *Q. arizonica*, AZ8, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls, 2007.10.25”;  
  1 female “USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mnts. summit, ex *Q. arizonica*, AZ5, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.26”;  
  20 females “USA, Arizona, Sonoita, ex *Q. arizonica*, AZ7, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.27”;  
  5 females “USA, Arizona, 5 km N of Payson, ex *Q. turbinella*, AZ11, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.29”;  
  14 females “USA, Arizona, 25 miles S of Flagstaff on I17, ex *Q. turbinella*, AZ9, AZ10, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.31”;  
  1 female “USA, Arizona, Sedona, ex *Q. turbinella*, AZ1, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.29”.

  ### Gall (Fig. 488)  
  The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes; impossible to distinguish from other galls of the complex. Mature galls globular, rosy or brownish tan, unspotted, dull or shining, up to 27 mm, averaging 20 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. arizonica*, *Q. gambelii*, *Q. grisea*, *Q. oblongifolia*, *Q. sinuata* (= *Q. undulata*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.

  ### Distribution  
  USA: Arizona, New Mexico.


description:
  ## *Atrusca spadix* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 489–502**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (dugesi) spadix* Kinsey, 1936: 132, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca spadix* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) spadix* “Taxco 8NE Gro 8000’, Mex. Gall 1.7.32, 62 fms. 3.10.32”, “Q. macrophylla, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips spadix, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.  
  Three PARATYPE females “Taxco, 8NE, Gro 8000’, Mex., gall 1.7.32, 62 female 3.10.32”, red label “Cynips spadix Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 502)  
  The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls yellow to light rosy tan, unspotted, usually shining, sometimes puberulent or even powdered, up to 32 mm, in average 22 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. magnoliifolia* (= *Q. macrophylla*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–March next year.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Guerrero.


description:
  ## *Atrusca spiculi* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 503–515**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (dugesi) spiculi* Kinsey, 1936: 134, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca spiculi* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) spiculi* “Mex (City) 25E D. F. 7000’, Mex. Gall 1.2.32, 30 fms. 3.10.32”, red “Cynips spiculi, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.  
  Five PARATYPE females “Mex. (City) 25E, D.F. 7000’, Mex., galls 1.2.31, 50 females to 3.10.32.”, “Q. texcocana Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips spiculi Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 515)  
  The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls rosy brown or darker, prominently bluish with a puberulence, sometimes faintly, less often conspicuously spotted, mottled, or irregularly striped with purplish marks, smooth, shining, up to 25 mm, in average 20 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. deserticola* (= *Q. texcocana*), *Q. rugosa* (= *Q. conglomerata*, = *Q. decipiens*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults start to emerge from December till January–March next year.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Mexico City, Puebla.


description:
  ## *Atrusca spinalis* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 516–529**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (dugesi) spinalis* Kinsey, 1936: 136, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca spinalis* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) spinalis* “Cuernavaca 8N Mor. 8700’, Mex. Gall 1.7.32, 24 fms. 1.25.32”, “Q. texcocana, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips spinalis, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.  
  Two PARATYPE females “Cuernavaca, 8N, Mor 8700’, Mex., galls 1.7.32, 24 females 1.25.32”, “Q. texcocana Kinsey coll.” red label “Cynips spinalis Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 529)  
  The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls very light olive tan, less often rosy, unspotted, smooth, shining, often bluish puberulent, up to 16 mm, in average 13 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. deserticola* (= *Q. texcocana*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from January next year.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Morelos.


description:
  ## *Atrusca spinescens* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 530–543**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (dugesi) spinescens* Kinsey, 1936: 137, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca spinescens* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) spinescens* “Jilotepec 7Nw Mex. 9500’, Mex. Gall 1.16.32, 6 fms. 3.6.32”, “Q. purpusi, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips spinescens, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.  
  One PARATYPE female “Jilotepec, 7Nw, Mex 9500’, Mex., galls 1.16.32, 6 females 3.6.32”, “Q. purpusi Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips spinescens Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 543)  
  The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls in part light yellowish tan and in part rich rosy or purplish brown, usually well marked with purple spots or streaks, with traces of bluish bloom, up to 19 mm, in average 14 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. rugosa* (= *Q. purpusi*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from March next year.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Jilotepec.


description:
  ## *Atrusca spinifera* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 544–557**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (dugesi) spinifera* Kinsey, 1936: 138, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca spinifera* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) spinifera* “Morelia 14E Mich 7000’, Mex. Gall 12.27.31, 234 fms. 3.22.32”, “Q. conglomerata, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips spinifera, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.  
  Seven PARATYPE females “Morelia, 14E, Mich 7000’, Mex., galls 12.27.31, 234 females 3.22.32.”, “Q. conglomerata Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips spinifera Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 557)  
  The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls light straw tan to yellowish brown, less often brownish or purple olive, rarely rosy, unmarked, with a conspicuous bluish puberulence, up to 17 mm, in average 13 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. rugosa* (= *Q. conglomerata*). Mature galls in late autumn, December; adults emerge in January–March next year.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Michoacán.


description:
  ## *Atrusca strians* (Kinsey, 1930)  
  **Figs 558–571**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips centricola* variety *strians* Kinsey, 1930: 304, female, gall.  
  *Cynips (Atrusca) (centricola) strians* Kinsey, 1936: 181.  
  *Atrusca strians* (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips strians* var. *centricola* “Bonnie, Ill. Gall 10.15.27”, “Q. alba, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips strians, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.  
  Seven PARATYPE females “Morelia, 14E, Mich 7000’, Mex., galls 12.27.31, 234 females 3.22.32.”, “Q. conglomerata Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips spinifera Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 571)  
  The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls globular, always well spotted, brownish purple.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. stellata*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from December.

  ### Distribution  
  USA: Illinois.


description:
  Cynips (centricola) strians Kinsey 
  agamic form 

  Cynips centricola strians Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:304, figs. 48, 256-257, 286 (omitting Eddyville record). 
  Cynips quercus-centricola strians Houard, 1934, Marcellia 28:47. 
  Cynips quercus-centricola Houard, 1935, Marcellia 28:122. 

  To the data given in Kinsey 1930, add: 

  RANGE.-Missouri: Springfield, 7 SE (R. Voris in Kinsey coll.). Norwood, 5 E. Sullivan, 1NE. Winona. Arkansas: Imboden, 5 SW (gall, B. C. Marshall in Kinsey coll.). Busch, 4 E. Sheridan, 4N. Prairie Grove, 4 E. Conway, 4 E. Hazen, 5 E. Jasper, 4 S. Oklahoma: Muldrow, 2W. Eldon, 4 E (gall only). Louisiana: Wyatt (gall only). 

  LIFE HISTORY..—Pupae: October 10. Adults: November 26. December 6, 10, 12, 13, 20, 22, 24. January 5, 30. February 2. Most of the emergence in mid-December.

  The new records show the extensive range of this species through the Ozarks of Missouri, Arkansas, and Easternmost Oklahoma. The occurrence as far south as Sheridan, Arkansas (and possibly in Northern Louisiana) suggests that strians may be the same as Karsch's rubrae which came, presumably, from Texas; but it will be well to avoid mistaken synonymy by maintaining the two as distinct for the time being. If material from Eastern Texas, and a study of the type of rubrae (at the Berlin Museum) shows it to be the same as strians, it will be easy enough then to combine the nomenclature and data. 

  The spotted galls of strians are practically the same as those of centricola, differing perhaps in averaging smaller in diameter. Previously we considered that the well-developed median groove (found in most of the types) would always separate strians from centricola, but the more extended material which we now have from the Ozarks shows so much individual variation in this character that we must depend on the nearly uniform black color and the less triangulate tip of the second abscissa of the radius of strians as the best characters for distinguishing the insects. 


description:
  Cynips (centricola) clivorum Kinsey
  agamic form

  Cynips centricola clivorum Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:300, figs. 48, 258-259, 269, 285. 

  To the data given in the above monograph, add: 

  RANGE.-Ohio: West Union, 6 N. Chillicothe (gall). Gallipolis, 6 N. Indiana: Boonville, 10 E (gall only). Illinois: Eddyville (O. Buchanan in Kinsey coll.). Kentucky: Sullivan, 1W (galls). Tennessee: Dickson, 7W. Jackson 3 S (gall only). Memphis, 12 E (gall only, Breland in Kinsey coll.). Virginia: Golansville

  LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: November 2, 13, 20, 26. December 2, 3, 9, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24. January 2. Most of the emergence late in November and early in December. 

  The new locality records put this Southern Appalachian species, clivorum, at additional points in the Ohio River Valley and in the western third of Tennessee. In the latter state, the distribution extends west to the Mississippi River, which is further west than anticipated. The black insect and unspotted galls make determinations of clivorum practically certain, for all of the other species of the complex have spotted galls (except for rare, unspotted, immature galls in centricola).


description:
  ## *Atrusca subnigra* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 572–585**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (dugesi) subnigra* Kinsey, 1936: 140, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca subnigra* (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips subnigra* (dugesi) “Las Cruces 16E N.M. Gall 10.6.31 107 fms. 1.26.32”, “Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips subnigra, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.  
  Two PARATYPE females “Las Cruces 16E, N.M.”, “Q. grisea Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips subnigra Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 585)  
  The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes; indistinguishable from other galls of the *bella* complex. Mature galls rosy or brownish tan, unspotted or obscurely mottled, usually shining, up to 25 mm, in average 20 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. grisea*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.

  ### Distribution  
  USA: New Mexico.


description:
  ## *Atrusca tigrina* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 586–599**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (aggregata) tigrina* Kinsey, 1936: 167, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca tigrina* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 316.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (aggregata) tigrina* “Taxco 8NE Gro 8000’, Mex. Gall 1.7.32, 6 fms. 4.1.32”, “Q. nudinervis, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips tigrina, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.  
  Three PARATYPE females “Taxco, 8NE, Gro 8000’, Mex., gall 1.7.32., 6 females 4.1.32”, “Q. nudinervis Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips tigrina Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Fig. 599)  
  The gall is up to 28 mm, in average 20 mm in diameter, globular, with a truncate pedicel, light yellow to pinkish or rosy tan, conspicuously spotted and irregularly striped with rich purple, usually dusted with a bluish puberulence; singly, rarely 2–3 in one cluster, attached to the main vein of the leaf.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. magnoliifolia* (= *Q. nudinervis*). Galls mature in late autumn – beginning of winter; adults emerge in March–April next year.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Guerrero.


description:
  ## *Atrusca vasta* (Kinsey, 1936)  
  **Figs 600–627**

  **Synonymy**  
  *Cynips (dugesi) vasta* Kinsey, 1936: 141, female, gall.  
  *Atrusca vasta* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 316.  
  *Cynips (dugesi) vulgata* Kinsey, 1936: 143, female, gall, **syn. nov.** herein.  
  *Atrusca vulgata* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 316.

  ### Types examined  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) vasta* “Tula 22N Tams. 6100’, Mex. Gall 1.20.32, 72 fms. 2.16.32.”, “Q. intricata + Q. pringlei, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips vasta, Holo- Paratype”.  
  HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) vulgata* “S. Luis Potosi 15w S.L.P. 8000’, Mex. Gall 11.30.31, 24 fms. 2.20.32.”, “Q. potosina, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips vulgata, Holo- Paratype”. Both types are deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  For *Cynips (dugesi) vasta*: three PARATYPE females “Tula 22N, Tams 6100’, Mex., galls 1.20.32., 72 females 2.16.32.”, “Q. intricata + Q. pringlei Kinsey coll.” red label “Cynips vasta Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.  
  For *Cynips (dugesi) vulgata*: two PARATYPE females “St. Luis Potosi 15w, S.L.P. 8000’, Mex., galls 11.30.31., 24 females 2.20.32.”, “Q. potosina Kinsey coll.” red label “Cynips vulgata Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

  ### Gall (Figs 613, 627)  
  The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls globular, deep rosy brown tan, unspotted, up to 21 mm, in average 14 mm in diameter.

  ### Biology  
  The asexual generation is only known to induce galls on leaves of *Q. arizonica* (= *Q. sacame*), *Q. chihuahuensis*, *Q. intricata*, *Q. jaralensis*, *Q. potosina*, *Q. pringlei*, *Q. rugosa* (= *Q. reticulata*), *Q. undata*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from February next year.

  ### Distribution  
  Mexico: Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, Queretaro, Tamaulipas.


description:
  ## *Xanthoteras* Ashmead, 1897, re-established genus

  Beutenmueller (1911) originally described *Dryophanta clavula*. Subsequently, Kinsey (1930: 215) reassigned this taxon as a variety of *Cynips (Antron) teres* (Weld). However, due to the preoccupation of the name *clavula*, he proposed the replacement name *Cynips teres* var. *clavuloides*. Later, Burks (1979) recognized this species within *Xanthoteras* Ashmead, 1897, a placement later formalized by Dailey and Menke (1980), who transferred it to *Xanthoteras* and designated a lectotype. Finally, Melika and Abrahamson (2002) transferred this species to *Atrusca*.

  Based on a critical re-examination of the diagnostic character states, we re-establish the genus *Xanthoteras* gen. rev. and transfer back the species *X. clavuloides* (Kinsey, 1930), comb. rev., while recognizing that the limits of this genus are still uncertain and require revision. Recent phylogenetic studies have shown that the genus *Atrusca* and *X. clavuloides* comb. rev. are closely related, along with *Cynips* (= *Besbicus*), *Philonix*, and some *Sphaeroteras* (Nicholls et al. 2017; Melika et al. 2021a, 2021b; Nieves-Aldrey et al. 2021; Cuesta-Porta et al. 2023). However, the morphology of *X. clavuloides* comb. rev. does not align with *Atrusca*, given the presence of the malar sulcus. Preliminary molecular analyses (James Nicholls, unpublished data) suggest that *X. clavuloides* comb. rev. forms a distinct lineage independent from *Atrusca* and *Sphaeroteras*. Thus, a detailed revision of all species from *Sphaeroteras* and *Xanthoteras* is necessary to establish the true limits of the two genera.


description:
  Atrusca sagata (Kinsey, 1938) herein transferred to Sphaeroteras genus, S. sagata (Kinsey), **comb. nov.**


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/304/mode/1up
description:
  ## *Cynips centricola* variety *clivorum*, new variety  
  **Agamic form**  
  **Figures**: 48, 258–259, 269, 285  

  ### FEMALE  
  Head, entire antenna, and thorax usually entirely black; median groove poorly indicated or absent. The tip of the second abscissa of the radius is enlarged but not triangulate. The marks in the cubital cell are usually much fused (Figs. 269, 285).

  ### GALL  
  Always unspotted; occurs on leaves of *Quercus stellata* (Figs. 258–259).

  ### RANGE  
  - **Ohio**: Coolville (types, Kinsey coll.), Chillicothe (Kinsey coll.)  
  - **West Virginia**: Parkersburg (Kinsey coll.)  
  - **Tennessee**: Tazewell, Clinch River near Maynardsville, and Charleston (galls, Kinsey coll.); Tellicoe River near Madisonville, and 9 miles northeast of Chattanooga (includes some hybrids with *centricola*, Kinsey coll.)  
  - **North Carolina**: Hendersonville (includes some hybrids with *centricola*, Kinsey coll.)  
  - **South Carolina**: Travellers Rest (Kinsey coll.)  
  - **Georgia**: 6 miles north of Trion, and Rome (Kinsey coll.); Acworth (gall, Kinsey coll.)  
  - **Alabama**: Athens (gall, Kinsey coll.)  

  Probably confined to a limited area on the western side of the Southern Appalachians (Fig. 48).

  ### TYPES  
  20 females and many galls in the Kinsey collection from Coolville, Ohio; galls collected October 24, 1928; insects emerged November 13 and December 1, 9, 16, and 20, 1928; *Quercus stellata*; Kinsey collector.

  ### NOTES  
  Throughout the more southern portion of the Appalachians, from the foothills in southern Ohio southward into Georgia and Alabama, this is the variety of *centricola* to be expected wherever *Quercus stellata* occurs. This region is poorly known biologically, and much of its cynipid fauna remains undescribed.

  At lower elevations both east and west of the Great Smokies, *clivorum* appears to hybridize with variety *centricola*, and such hybridization may be expected wherever the two overlap. *Clivorum* is distinguished by the insect characters described above and by its consistently unspotted gall. While the gall of variety *centricola* may also be unspotted when immature, it is typically well covered with bright purplish spots.

  Insects of this variety were bred on November 2 and 13, December 1, 9, 15, 16, 18, and 20, and January 2 (all in 1928). Despite the early onset of winter in much of its range, emergence timing is nearly identical to that of *centricola* and *strians*, both of which occur in warmer regions.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53516882#page/308/mode/1up
description:
  ## *Cynips centricola* variety *strians*, new variety  
  **Agamic form**  
  **Figures**: 48, 256–257, 286  

  **Synonymy**  
  *Diplolepis centricola* err. det. Weld (in large part), 1926, *Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.* 68(10): 23.

  ### FEMALE  
  Largely black but often with a rufous tinge on the thorax and even more rufous on the head. Median groove almost always well evident for half the length of the mesonotum, deeply cut posteriorly. The tip of the second abscissa of the radius is slightly triangulate but not broadly so as in variety *centricola*. The marks in the cubital cell are not abundant nor large (Fig. 286).

  ### GALL  
  Almost always well spotted with brownish purple; occurs on leaves of *Quercus stellata* (Figs. 256–257).

  ### RANGE  
  - **Illinois**: Bonnie (types, Kinsey coll.), Christopher, Norris City, Bloomfield (Johnson County), Eddyville (hybrid with *centricola*; O. Buchanan in Kinsey coll.)  
  - **Missouri**: Annapolis (E. S. Anderson in Kinsey coll.), Arcadia (gall, Kinsey coll.), Ironton and Poplar Bluff (acc. Weld 1926)  
  - **Arkansas**: Hoxie (gall, acc. Weld 1926)

  Probably restricted to the Ozark areas in Arkansas and Missouri, and to the eastward extensions of that area in Illinois and possibly western Kentucky and southern Indiana (Fig. 48).

  ### TYPES  
  11 females and many galls. Holotype and paratype females and galls in the Kinsey collection. Paratype females and galls also in the American Museum and the U.S. National Museum. Labelled Bonnie, Illinois; gall collected October 15, 1927; *Q. stellata*; Kinsey collector.

  ### NOTES  
  This is the Ozark variety of the species, known from the true Ozarks of Arkansas and Missouri, but, like many other Ozark Cynipidae, it is also common in the hill country of Illinois and expected in western Kentucky and southwestern Indiana, which are geologically related to the Ozarks. The region is bisected by the Mississippi and lower Ohio Valleys, where the Coastal Plain variety *centricola* also occurs. Since both *centricola* and *strians* have similarly spotted galls, material from this region must be determined based on insect characters.  

  *Strians* is the only variety of the species which shows a well-developed median groove. Weld found pupae in galls likely of this variety on October 10. Kinsey bred adults on December 10 and 20 (1927).


description:
  Photo taken by Garth Harwood [in California](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/271895008), CC-BY license.


description:
  <b>SYNCHYTRIUM ERIEUM</b>

  on Plantago lanceolata 

  <b>GALL</b>
  leaves with tiny warts, less than half a mm, yellow or orange, usually a large number together. They consist of a single infected cell, surrounded by 2-3 layers of un-infected, but swollen and discoloured cells.

  <b>HOST PLANTS</b>
  Plantaginaceae, narrowly monophagous

  Plantago lanceolata.

  (Accessed 4/23/2025. Click below for photos.)

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/chytridiomyceta/chytridiomycota/chytridiomycotina/synchytriomycetes/synchytridiales/synchytriaceae/synchytrium/synchytrium-erieum/


description:
  This is a leafmine, not a gall. However, the outline of the leaf is sometime altered (as shown in the photo above), which can cause it to be mistaken for a leaf fold or a true gall. This distortion occurs because the fly mines the leaf when the leaf is still expanding.


description:
  <b>GALL</b>
  Leaf fold. As Chris Mallory, who has studied N. American psyllids for many years, [explained](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/114563740), the nymphs conceal themselves in malformed leaves which fold in half as a result of their feeding. The leaf folds occur on Rhamnus crocea and R. ilicifolia and are known from California, Nevada, and Colorado.

  <b>SIMILAR GALLS</b>
  A [very similar leaf fold gall](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/118531728) on what appeared to be Rhamnus crocea contained midge larvae. 


description:
  This tight leaf roll seen in California in early May may or may not be a true gall. The fact that it is a roll, rather than a fold, distinguishes it from [Stegophylla essigi](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1942) and any other fold galls, pseudogalls, and mechanical folds. 


description:
  The inducer of this gall -- at least when found on Quercus lobata -- is tentatively identified as a Disholcaspis wasp.


description:
  Although Kanturski, M. & Wieczorek, K. (2015). A new species of the nearctic gall-forming genus Tamalia Baker (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Tamaliinae). Zootaxa, 3926 (2), 268–278. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3926.2.7 describe Tamalia milleri as associated with Arctostaphylos columbiana, further research is needed to determine whether it is indeed a gallformer and whether it is the only gallformer on A. columbiana. At present, galls on A. columbiana should be attributed to Tamalia sp. 


description:
  3a    Enlarged bud (368)   ...................................  Asphondylia sp.

  Adults were reared in June and July. Hosts: C. cuneatus, C. jepsonii, C. sanguineus, C. thyrsiflorus. Distr.: Idaho, Oregon, and California. 

  [Figure 368 on pg. 253]


description:
  This mite does not cause galls (or even pseudogalls). Basically, high concentrations of A. ailanthii on leaf surfaces can kill off the leaf, causing curl, discoloration, and death. None of the symptoms caused by the mite are distinctive enough to allow an observer to infer the presence of the mite from the symptoms. 


description:
  Tapered stem swellings on Doellingeria breweri. The galls resemble descriptions of [Gnorimoschema gallaediplopappi](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/5044). Observed in the Sierra Nevada, California in June-July. 


description:
  Fleshy, hairless, globular (often flattened) galls protruding from axillary bud scales, with sticky secretion attracting ants. They are glossy white and mottled at top with a hint of green and/or red when fresh, and appear to darken into purple/brown when aged. A monothalamous cell containing a larva per gall was found upon [dissection by Greg Froelich](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/285364948). Observed on Quercs berberidifolia, john-tuckeri and other white oak hybrids in Ventura County, CA in May-September. 


description:
  This species was originally described as Cecidomyia lappa. It was later transferred to Clinodiplosis because adults emerging from the galls belonged to this genus, but those Clinodiplosis adults were inquilines. The gall inducer, whose correct genus remains to be determined, is for now provisionally referred to as Cecidomyia lappa. 


description:
  Small, egg-shaped, thin-walled, pointed capsules embedded among densely clustered broom-like bud scales on the trunk or at the base of branches on Quercus lobata. They appear to be green (but hidden under bud scales) when fresh, then dry brown after the emergence. [Observed with fresh exit holes in early May in San Jose, CA](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/279038743), suggesting that this is likely the spring sexual generation of a known or unknown species.


description:
  A [gall found in Santa Barbara County, California](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/293304604) in June fits with what little information is available about these galls. It contained a pupa. 


description:
  Causing leaf curl and leaf blister and any other symptoms associated with T. japonica on Alnus species other than A. rubra and A. japonica.


description:
  Tightly rolled leaflet .... Dasineura maritima Felt ... 

  Host: L. maritimus [currently treated as a subspecies of L. japonicus]. Distr.: Massachusetts


description:
  Leaf-rolling is common to many types of insects. Establishing that rolled leaf found in autumn contains midge larvae is essential for identifying gall inducer.


description:
  Ceanothus ... 

  Pedicellate flower gall ... Asphondylia sp. ... 
  Host: C. velutinus. Distr.: Montana.

  [drawing 371 on pg. 253]


description:
  [Plant Parasites of Europe](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/acari/actinotrichida/prostigmata/eleutherengona/eriophyoidea/eriophyidae/eriophyinae/eriophyini/eriophyes/eriophyes-pyri/) treats this as a synonym of Eriophyes pyri. Last 8 photos show blister galls on Sorbus. 


description:
  <b>GALL</b>
  Diffuse, spindle-shaped swellings of the midrib, sometimes also the pedicel. The gall is somewhat vitreous, shiny, yellowish green at first, later often purplish. Fungus spores are formed in and around the vascular tissue.

  <b>HOST PLANTS</b>
  Asteraceae, monophagous
  Taraxacum officinale.

externallink:
  https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/dikarya/ascomycota/taphrinomycotina/taphrinomycetes/taphrinomycetidae/taphrinales/protomyces/protomyces-pachydermus/


description:
  [NatureSpot](https://www.naturespot.org/node/128503#:~:text=Protomyces%20pachydermus%20causes%20galls%20of,shiny%20and%20eventually%20become%20purplish.&text=Reasonably%20widespread%20but%20with%20fewer%20records.&text=Status%20in%20Leicestershire%20and%20Rutland%20not%20known.) provides the following very helpful unattributed description [retrieved 13 July 2025]: "Protomyces pachydermus causes galls of Dandelions (Taraxacum).  The leaf midrib or pedicel (flower-stem) has long spindle-shaped swellings, which are shiny and eventually become purplish."


description:
  The white 'urchin' gall is found on needles of Bald Cypress and Pond Cypress, often in clusters. The galls have two 'pads' at the bottom on either side of the needle. The pads are topped with many spikes, with the outer spikes tending to be longer than the central ones. The pads may be pale yellow-green or pink. The spikes may be white or pale pink. Spikes are longer than those seen on 'starburst' gall.


description:
  See https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/304150920 for a dissected gall containing a larva that appears to be a Lepidoptera.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54696#page/47/mode/1up
description:
  Tephritis stigmatica overwinters in southern California at least partly as immature larvae in F2* galls formed mostly in low auxillary branches on S. douglasii [an older synonym for Senecio flaccidus var. douglasii] ... In contrast, F1 galls usually were isolated on upper parts of aerial stems ... 

  All but one of [50 F2 galls collected] were spindle-shaped. These galls either were sessile or born on pedicels of various lengths, up to 5 mm long. [They] tapered apically ... Branch and stem galls are formed from expanded pith tissue, the branches and stems swelling to about three times normal diameter ... F2 galls collected at Pearblossom ... averaged 2.4 ... cm in length and 6.5 ... mm in greatest diameter. These galls incorporated as many as six nodes ... The fully grown larva extends its feeding tunnel distally and outward to, but not through, the epidermis leaving a round, thin, 2-mm dia., translucent window to the outside ...


  [* Article repeatedly refers to F(subscript)1 galls and F(subscript)2 galls.
  Click below for monochrome photos of galls. Scroll up slowly to read article.]


description:
  A wrinkle or fold-like Eriophyid gall that runs down the leaf midrib of Celastrus scandens. Observed in Ohio in August.


description:
  Raised ridge projecting from the lower face of the leaf midrib on Quercus palustris, resembling a much less globose form of Callirhytis quercusnigrae. Emergence holes appear adjacent to the main gall tissue on either side of the ridge. Empty gall observed in Ohio in August.


description:
  This small, inconspicuous gall on Atriplex hymenelytra (Torr.) S.Watson (Amaranthaceae) caused a slight deformity in the leaf blade, but the gall was mainly noticeable due to the protruding pupal exuviae (Fig. 5).


description:
  Vernonia gigantea added as a host based on this [unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/308572599).


description:
  Gall is attached to leaf at center point of the spindle. Color of the center of the spindle turns from green to yellow to tan while ends of the spindle remain green. Frequently the ends of the spindle curve in one direction creating a shape similar to cattle horns. Can be confused with T. taxodii. Note that T. taxodii causes a swelling/deformation of the leaf while the spindle gall is attached to an otherwise normally shaped leaf.


description:
  Eupatorium serotinum added as a host based on this [unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/309410773).


description:
  A dense, disorganized, mildly-hairy leaf curl at the tip of leaves of Nabalus hastatus. Observed with eriophyids present in September in Alaska. 


description:
  Acillea alpina added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/311816289).


description:
  Hairy green bead galls on the lower (abaxial) side of leaves of Ceanothus cordulatus, observed in July in California. 


description:
  A large red-pink swelling on the lower (abaxial) midrib of a leaf of Ceanothus leucodermis. Observed in California in August. 


description:
  Betula nigra added as a host based on this [unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/313439986).


description:
  Galls reminiscent of *D. folliculi* galls, especially those on *Solidago gigantea*, but occurring on *S. gillmanii*, a sand dune specialist. These galls may represent a host-range extension of *D. folliculi*, or merely accidental/occasional use of *S. gillmanii* as a host. 


description:
  For *Asphondylia monacha*-like galls occurring on *Solidago gillmanii*, a sand dune specialist. These galls may represent a host-range extension of *A. monacha*, or merely accidental/occasional use of *S. gillmanii* as a host.


description:
  This is an entry for this [discovery](https://bugguide.net/node/view/2036318/bgimage) by John van der Linden. The larva, which was occupying a space within the midrib of a *Solidago rigida* leaf, was identified to genus by Ray Gagné.


description:
  For *Neolasioptetra*-like small stem swellings. Made by cecidomyiids? Moths? Sometimes identified as *Gnorimoschema* sp. galls on iNaturalist, but ends are more gently tapered than the bulbous, pyriform galls made by moths in that group, the overall size looks smaller, and the high position on the stem would be unusual. If indeed induced by *Gnorimoschema*sp., see https://www.gallformers.org/gall/5766.


description:
  For *Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis*-like galls on *Solidago rugosa*. These may represent a host range extension, occasional/accidental use as a host, or a distinct taxon. At least some of Miller's (2000) reports of *S. ulmifolia* serving as an occasional/accidental host for both *G. gallaesolidaginis* and *G. jocelynae* may represent misidentifications of this similar-looking host species.


description:
  For *Asphondylia monacha*-like galls on *Solidago leavenworthii*, which is only distantly related to confirmed hosts of *A. monacha*. 


description:
  Similar in overall appearance to galls commonly ascribed to *Procecidochares atra* on more northern goldenrods, but apparently south (?) of the known range of *P. atra* adults at this location. 


description:
  For *Asphondylia solidaginis*-like leaf-snap galls on *Solidago mexicana* – could extend to other *Solidago* sect. Maritimae if observed.


description:
  For the small, single rosettes on peduncles proximal to the main flowering branches. Gagné (1989) ascribed similar galls on triple-veined goldenrod hosts to *Rhopalomyia* sp. This is for similar galls in *Solidago* sect. Maritimae.


description:
  Plants with swollen, distorted inflorescences were seen in August and September in Alameda, Monterey, and Shasta Counties in California. A [pupa found in one of the galls](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/312681132) was tentatively identified as a grass fly pupa, in subfamily Chloropinae. 


description:
  Much like *Procecidochares atra* galls on goldenrods, but much smaller and more cryptic. The swollen bud is usually axial, and often obscured from above by the tiny overtopping leaf blades of the constituent modified leaves. The larva has several black, elliptical [splotches](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98173410) along one side. Occurs more often among the flowering branches. Host range includes [this](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/146473810) *Symphyotrichum* species in Quebec, from galls discovered by Christian Grenier, which I am unable to identify.


description:
  For galls stunting *Pityopsis graminifolia* shoots. Elongated bud rosette galls comprised of many narrow modified leaves, held erect and fastigate. 


description:
  For stem galls on eastern North American *Doellingeria* resembling those made by several *Neolasioptera* species on other hosts.


description:
  leaf clusters at the apical bud of *Solidago macrophylla* shoots, with some leaf blade deformation, as observed by Christian Grenier [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/94211197)


description:
  For a cluster of leaf blister galls documented [here](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/94210882) by Christian Grenier on *Solidago macrophylla*. In this observation these are accompanied by a swollen stem and a swollen terminal bud.


description:
  For *Gnorimoschema* sp. galls on *Solidago hispida* e.g. [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/187167726) by Jonny Tostenson. Could these be the same galls described by Miller in his 2000 monograph occurring on other hairy-stemmed Astereae hosts?


description:
  [G]alls developed at nodes on the main stem and also on side shoots of A. vulgaris. Fully formed galls ranged ... from about 3 to 19 mm in diameter. Mugwort plants were often found to have multiple galls ... The smaller galls [which typically were higher on the stem and] developed later in the season ... were sometimes associated with inflorescences ... 


description:
  Lantana camera L   ..................  Yellow sage  ..................   Deformed flowers, mass of small leaflike outgrowths.  ..................   Eriophyes lantanae (Cook).

  [A footnote at the end of the listing reads "From Jeppson[, L. T., Keifer, H. H., and Baker, E. W. 1975. MITES INJURIOUS TO ECONOMIC PLANTS, xü + 614 pp., 63 pis. Univ. Calif. Press]. These species are not discussed or illustrated in the text."]


description:
  Similar galls have been observed on *Solidago arguta*, a close relative of *S. patula*. We have a separate page [here](https://www.gallformers.org/admin/gall?id=5793), but they may well be conspecific.


description:
  For *A. pumila* / *A. monacha*-like galls on *S. arguta*. The host for *A. pumila* is *S. patula*, a close relative of *S. arguta*, so perhaps these are conspecific with *A. pumila*. 


description:
  For the blister found by iNaturalist user @laurasea on *Solidago fistulosa* here:
  https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/182717830


description:
  Similar galls have been reported on the closely-related *Solidago latissimifolia* in Massachusetts; these may be conspecific, but they have their own gallformers page [here](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/5661).


description:
  Very similar to bud rosette galls made by *[Asphondylia rosulata](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2892)* on the closely-related *Solidago rugosa*. 


description:
  For singly-occurring *Asphondylia solidaginis*-like bud galls on *Solidago odora*. Not for the aggregated *A. monacha*-like bud galls reported on this host in Dorchin et al. 2015. which can be found [here](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4951). 

  [Similar galls](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4950) have been found on the closely-related *S. chapmanii*.


description:
  Including iNaturalist observations on the very closely-related *S. mexicana*, which is not always considered distinct from *S. sempervirens*. 


description:
  Aciurina thoracica is known only from California (Foote & Blanc 1963). Aciurina mexicana occurs in southern Arizona, southern California, and northern Mexico where it, too, forms "stem galls" on B. sarothroides (Steyskal 1984). 


description:
  Galls visually resembling those of *Asteromyia carbonifera* on other goldenrod species (*Solidago* sp.) have been posted to iNaturalist. Without a definitive insect ID, it is possible that these represent other *Asteromyia* species – perhaps *A. modesta* – in most cases they are probably the work of *A. carbonifera*. These additional host records include: *[S. auriculata](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/251072993), [S. capulinensis](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/142241180), [S. chapmanii](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/37876602), [S. flexicaulis](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/106855350), [S. houghtonii](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/243785519), [S. leavenworthii](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/117240403), [S. patula](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/95713308), [S. salicina](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/143218848), [S. puberula](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/95751761), [S. riddellii](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/57865509), [S. speciosa](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/236279797), and [S. uliginosa](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/237735833)*.


description:
  reared ex: *Gutierrezia sarothrae*
  Based on comparison with genitalia (Fig. 3) figured in Powell (1975) and the abundance of a congeneric host plant in the collection area, we identified the moths as *E. rudei*. We also generated COI "barcode" sequences for four specimens... identification engine on BOLD returned a 97.1–97.6 % similarity score.... These scores are not supportive of a species match generally speaking...Nonetheless, morphological and ecological data support the diagnosis of *E. rudei*... Despite the morphological and ecological similarity, the relatively large difference in COI sequences raises the possibility that the Utah specimens could in fact be a distinct species, which should be investigated.


description:
  T. coweni, as currently defined, encompasses several distinct haplotype clusters. Specimens collected near the type locality of T. coweni in Colorado exhibit a haplotype ... in common with specimens from a broad area of North America encompassing the boreal forest and Rocky Mountains (from Alaska to Ontario) but not including any samples from west of the Rocky Mountains. We suspect that the name T. coweni (currently including T. pallida and T. tahoensis) represents a complex of several species with different host and habitat associations.  [pg. 6]


description:
  For the tapered stem swellings on secondary stems of *Erigeron canadensis* – [documented](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/240344843) by Neal Kelso in Pennsylvania.


description:
  For [these](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/240348646) conical, ribbed galls found by Neal Kelso among the spent flowers of an unidentified Pennsylvania goldenrod. The host may be *Solidago gigantea*, in which case these may represent a new location for *Rhopalomyia clarkei/inquisitor*\* galls on that host, rather than a novel gall. 

  \*See the gallformers page for *[R. inquisitor](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3177)* for discussion of the uncertainty in applying this name to particular galls.


description:
  For a discussion of distinguishing Heteroecus sanctaeclarae galls from H. malus galls when a good side photo is not available, see https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/258800236. 


description:
  See [this discussion](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/258800236) about distinguishing Heteroecus sanctaeclarae galls from H. malus galls when a good side photo is not available. 


description:
  This species was previously recorded from *Antennaria plantaginifolia* (L.) Hook. (Asteraceae) in Wisconsin and Maine; the host on which I found it in New York was one of the smaller-leaved pussytoes species, possibly *A. neglecta* Greene.


description:
  29 VIII 2021, em. 30–31 VIII 2021, ex *Helianthus decapetalus*...—*Helianthus decapetalus* L. (Asteraceae) is not one of the 12 *Helianthus* spp. that Gagné (1989) reports as hosts of this species.


description:
  [Records for larvae, adults identified as *Asphondylia* cf. *monacha*, with a photo of a bud gall on *S. patula* from Massachusetts.]


description:
  Adults strongly resembling *Asphondylia websteri* have been reared from aborted buds on *Fouquieria splendens* – see https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2209


description:
  The pupal exuviae of this species protrude from unopened flower buds of ocotillo... The preserved material strongly resembles *Asphondylia websteri*, but larvae would need to be examined to confirm this identification (R. J. Gagné in litt., 7 December 2012)...


description:
  The pupal exuviae of this species protrude from an aborted flower bud of *Sphaeralcea angustifolia* (Cav.) G.Don (Malvaceae) (Fig. 6), as with *Asphondylia* cf. *websteri* (above) on ocotillo, but they appear to represent a distinct, undescribed species (R. J. Gagné in litt., 7 December 2012).


description:
  This specimen [one adult] emerged from an inconspicuous spot gall in a leaf of *Erigeron speciosus* (Lindl.) DC. (Asteraceae) that was collected to rear a leafminer (Fig. 7).


description:
  [reared one female ID'd to genus from one of these galls on *A. canadensis/intermedia*; the larva only exiting the gall to pupate *after* overwintering, and emerging as an adult a few weeks later]


description:
  These pale orange-tinted larvae [in the genus *Contarinia*] are the first known specimens of the species that develops in galls on *Hamamelis virginiana* L. (Hamamelidaceae) consisting of narrow leaf vein swellings of variable length (Fig. 13). Examination of the larvae revealed that this species is distinct from the *Contarinia* sp. that causes leaf spots on the same host; neither species has yet been reared (Gagné in litt., 1 August 2012).


description:
  These orange larvae [ID'd to genus *Dasineura*] emerged from imbricate bud galls on *Doellingeria umbellata* (Mill.) Nees (Asteraceae)...These appear to be the first records of any cecidomyiids from this host plant.


description:
  Tiny brown pip galls on the anthers of Quercus phellos catkins. On trees where they occur, they are often numerous both on single catkins and across the whole tree. This gall has been observed in March in [Texas](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/266281958) and in April in the [District of Columbia](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/271448409). 

  [Reared Cynipids](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/266465099) from Texas most closely resemble genus Zapatella in morphology, but do not fully meet the current criteria for the genus.


description:
  Branchlet swellings 2 to 3 cm long and 1 to 2 cm in diameter were discovered on baldcypress in Fort Pierce, Florida by one of us (KLH). The exterior of the swellings was similar in texture to the rest of the branchlets, grayish-brown and scaly, except that a part of the surface was concave and led into a pool of resin in which gregarious cecidomyiid larvae were suspended.


description:
  This species evidently has more than one generation per season; R.J. Gagné (in litt., 9 August 2013) reared adults in July from specimens collected two weeks earlier in Maine, whereas the larvae I collected in August [from *Spiraea tomentosa*] overwintered before emerging as adults.

  [Also includes a rearing record from *Spiraea alba*]


description:
  Orange larvae were found inside whitened perigynia of *Carex pensylvanica*... destroying the achenes. ...specimens were identified to *Dasineura* in the broad sense, but belong to an undescribed genus (R. J. Gagné in litt., 9 November 2021).


description:
  MICHIGAN... ex *Pteridium aquilinum*...1 adult...
  This specimen emerged from a downward-folded pinnule margin of a bracken fern... leaving its pupal exuviae protruding from one end of the fold...R. J. Gagné (in litt., 31 December 2018) noted that he had seen larvae of presumably the same species from similar galls in Oregon. Two European species, *Dasineura pteridicola* (Kieffer) and [*D. pteridis*](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/5549) (Müller), form similar galls on the same host (Ellis 2024).


description:
  MASSACHUSETTS...ex *Spiraea alba*...1 gall with larva
  ...two galls on *Spiraea alba*...each of which was a greatly enlarged lateral bud... I found a dead larva partly protruding from the base of the larger gall, which R. J. Gagné identified as the gall inducer. Ten live larvae of the inquiline *Clinodiplosis spiraeina* were also found wandering in the vial...

  [recorded as *"Hormomyia" clarkei* – in the Gagné & Jaschhof 2025 checklist this species is unplaced as to genus.]


description:
  These specimens emerged from stems of *Ephedra* sp. (Ephedraceae). The first came from a conspicuous, polythalamous gall, from which three adults had already emerged before I collected it, leaving their pupal exuviae protruding...

  [This may be a mistake. The gall and insect were apparently ID'd according to Gagne (1989), but appear to match the entry there for the similarly-named *L. ephedricola* Cockerell.]


description:
  *Meunierella* spp.
  ...
  MASSACHUSETTS...ex *Uvularia sessilifolia*...(2♀)
  ...reared from leaf spots on *Smilax rotundifolia* L. (Smilacaceae) and *Uvularia sessilifolia* L. (Colchicaceae) in which the solitary larva was clearly visible through the lower epidermis...R. J. Gagné initially identified the specimens from *Smilax* as belonging to an undescribed species (which he has also reared), but upon further study he was unable to find any morphological differences between specimens from this host and *M. aquilonia* Gagné... He is, however, reluctant to accept that they are conspecific until molecular data are available (Gagné 1989 and in litt., 18 August 2024).


description:
  *Meunierella* spp.
  ...
  CONNECTICUT...ex *Smilax*...(1 adult)
  ...
  MASSACHUSETTS...ex *Smilax rotundifolia*...(4 adults, 1 cocoon with pupal exuviae)
  ...reared from leaf spots on *Smilax rotundifolia* L. (Smilacaceae) and *Uvularia sessilifolia* L. (Colchicaceae) in which the solitary larva was clearly visible through the lower epidermis...R. J. Gagné initially identified the specimens from *Smilax* as belonging to an undescribed species (which he has also reared), but upon further study he was unable to find any morphological differences between specimens from this host and *M. aquilonia* Gagné... He is, however, reluctant to accept that they are conspecific until molecular data are available (Gagné 1989 and in litt., 18 August 2024).


description:
  OHIO...
  ex *Verbesina alternifolia*...(1♀)
  ...This adult emerged from a stem swelling on *Verbesina alternifolia*... through which a *Melanagromyza* sp. (Agromyzidae) had tunneled...


description:
  MASSACHUSETTS...
  ex *Rubus* (dewberry) (1♀, pupal exuviae and gall).
  ...
  The host of this specimen appears to have been *Rubus flagellaris* Willd. (Rosaceae), which is possibly the plant referred to by the prior record of *R. "villosus"* for *N. nodulosa* (Gagné 1989).


description:
  IOWA
  ...
  ex *Cirsium discolor*... (2 adults)
  ...
  These specimens emerged from a leaf of *Cirsium discolor* (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng. (Asteraceae) that was collected because it had a mine of *Phytomyza spinaciae* (Agromyzidae). ...Larvae will be exceedingly difficult to locate, because the pupal exuviae were found protruding from the lower surface of an externally normal leaf midrib.


description:
  IDAHO
  ...
  ex *Cornus sericea*...(5 adults, 2 pupal skins)
  ...
  These specimens are the basis of the records of *Parallelodiplosis subtruncata* from Idaho and *Cornus sericea* L. (Cornaceae) listed by Gagné and Jaschhof (2021); the known distribution of this species is otherwise from Minnesota to the east coast. At the time of collection in early autumn, some of the leaves had turned red or yellow, but the galls remained as large green spots (each centered on a major vein), making them quite conspicuous...


description:
  *Putoniella* sp.?
  ...
  MASSACHUSETTS
  ...
  ex *Vaccinium angustifolium*...(2 larvae)
  ...
  This species, not reported by Gagné (1989), causes a downward marginal fold in leaves of *Vaccinium angustifolium* Aiton (Ericaceae), in which the orange larva feeds (see Fig. 8 in Buhl and Eiseman (2017))... the slide-mounted larvae appear closest to *Putoniella* and are provisionally filed under this genus at the USNM (R. J. Gagné in litt., 19 June 2017). 
  ...
  I have found similar galls on *V. corymbosum* L. in Massachusetts and [Connecticut](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/144184432)..., and a similar gall on *Gaylussacia baccata* (Wangenh.) K. Koch (Ericaceae) was illustrated by Eiseman and Blyth (2022, Fig. 25).


description:
  MASSACHUSETTS
  ...
  ex *Symphyotrichum cordifolium*...(7♀, 5 pupal skins).
  ...emerged from a multi-celled rosette gall on *Symphyotrichum cordifolium* (L.) G.L.Nesom (Asteraceae), composed of numerous small, narrow leaves (Fig. 25).


description:
  *Rhopalomyia* sp. 2
  ...
  CONNECTICUT
  ...
  ex *Symphyotrichum lanceolatum* ... (6 adults)
  ...
  These specimens emerged from a spongy, terminal gall on *Symphyotrichum lanceolatum* (Willd.) G.L.Nesom (Asteraceae) that cannot be reconciled with anything in Gagné's (1989) *Aster* key.


description:
  *Rhopalomyia* sp. 3
  ...
  OHIO
  ...ex *Symphyotrichum prenanthoides* ... (1♂).
  ...The specimen emerged from a collection of *Symphyotrichum prenanthoides* (Muhl. ex Willd.) G.L. Nesom (Asteraceae). The object of the collection was a small, conical gall at the edge of a leaf... The gall certainly belongs to a *Rhopalomyia* species, since similar galls are known from *Solidago* spp., but this is the first record of such a gall on an aster (Gagné 1989 and in litt., 27 September 2014).


description:
  MASSACHUSETTS
  ...
  ex. *Vitis* (25+ adults)
  ...
  These specimens were reared from succulent swellings in the tendrils and leaves of a cultivated grape (Vitaceae: *Vitis* sp.)
  ...
  [confirms that this species is likely multivoltine based on rapid adult emergence in June and July from larvae collected only weeks earlier]


description:
  Undetermined Lasiopteridi: Alycaulini sp.
  (Fig. 28)
  ...
  CALIFORNIA
  ...
  ex *Xylorhiza orcuttii* ... (2♂)
  ...
  This species develops in polythalamous, blackish leaf spot galls on *Xylorhiza orcuttii* Greene (Asteraceae), with four larvae per gall in the examples I observed (Fig. 28). Females are needed to place this species to genus. No cecidomyiid has been reported from *Xylorhiza* previously.


description:
  This could also represent a host-range extension of a known *Asteromyia* species. This page is provided provisionally for observations of *Asteromyia*-like galls on *Xylorhiza* sp.


description:
  *Asteromyia* species were identified using characters of mature larval and pupa (particularly the shape of the sternal spatula) using Gagné (1968) and with reference to gall morphology and host-plant affiliation (Gagné, 1968, 1994). All galls were categorized as to whether a thick mat of fungal hyphae or hyphal stroma was present or absent.
  ...
  [from Appendix A – "Samples used mtDNA analyses with host-plants, collection site, and Genbank accession number", hosts sampled included: *Erigeron canadensis*, *Erigeron annus*, *Solidago altissima*, *Solidago flexicaulis*, *Solidago gigantea*, *Solidago ohioensis*, *Symphyotrichum cordifolium*, *Symphyotrichum lateriflorum*, *Symphyotrichum* sp.]


description:
  *Asteromyia* species were identified using characters of mature larval and pupa (particularly the shape of the sternal spatula) using Gagné (1968) and with reference to gall morphology and host-plant affiliation (Gagné, 1968, 1994). All galls were categorized as to whether a thick mat of fungal hyphae or hyphal stroma was present or absent.
  ...
  [from Appendix A – "Samples used mtDNA analyses with host-plants, collection site, and Genbank accession number", hosts sampled included: *Eurybia divaricata*, *E. macrophylla*]


description:
  *Asteromyia* species were identified using characters of mature larval and pupa (particularly the shape of the sternal spatula) using Gagné (1968) and with reference to gall morphology and host-plant affiliation (Gagné, 1968, 1994). All galls were categorized as to whether a thick mat of fungal hyphae or hyphal stroma was present or absent.
  ...
  [from Appendix A – "Samples used mtDNA analyses with host-plants, collection site, and Genbank accession number", hosts sampled included: *Eurybia radula*, *Symphyotrichum puniceum*, *S. cordifolium*, *S. laeve*, *S. lanceolatum*, *S. lateriflorum*, *S. pilosum*, *S. prenanthoides*, *S. urophyllum*]
  ...
  GF note: The record from *Eurybia radula* is from Greene Co., OH, which is not near the native range for this host plant. Because this plant is relatively rare, and not frequently cultivated, I suspect that this may be a misidentification.


description:
  *Asteromyia* species were identified using characters of mature larval and pupa (particularly the shape of the sternal spatula) using Gagné (1968) and with reference to gall morphology and host-plant affiliation (Gagné, 1968, 1994). All galls were categorized as to whether a thick mat of fungal hyphae or hyphal stroma was present or absent.
  ...
  [from Appendix A – "Samples used mtDNA analyses with host-plants, collection site, and Genbank accession number", hosts sampled included: *Gutierrezia sarothrae*, *G. californica* (but for a sample identified as "near *A. gutierreziae*), *Gutierrezia* sp.]


description:
  Please note that a deformed gall is not sufficient evidence of the presence of Synergus larvae inside a Heteroecus pacificus gall.


description:
  [table entry indicating that adult(s) were reared from gall(s) on *Mikania scandens* during this study, and identified to species]


externallink: www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45687#page/497/mode/1up
description:
  Aecia ... in small and crowded groups 1-3 mm. across, on a hemispherical, hypertrophied substratum, cupulate, small, 0.1-0.2 mm. in diameter.

  Host ... Jussiaea californica [Ludwigia peploides ssp. peploides per [Jepson](https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=51359)]. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42501#page/245/mode/1up
description:
  Allodus [Aecidium] ludwigiae ... 

  Aecia ... often raised, rarely annular, on reddish spots, small, circular.

  [Hosts listed: Ludwigia alternifolia, L. glandulosa, L. polycarpa, L. sphaerocarpa, L. virgata, and L. palustris.]


description:
  Arthur later added a range restriction in his 1934 "Manual of the Rusts of North America and Canada," indicating that the rust only occurred on Ludwigia peploides in southern California. He wrote: 

  "Aecidium betheli: with pycnia unknown; aecia hypophyllous, in small groups on hypertrophied substratum, cupulate, aeciospores globoid, 13-18 by 16-18 μ, wall colorless, 1 μ or less thick, very finely verrucose; occurs on ONAGRACEAE: Jussiaea californica in southern California." 

  Andrew Cannon, who pointed this out in a comment to https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63582194, suggested that the telial host might not be present outside of CA. A rust can't spread in the absence of its telial host, because it can't complete its lifecycle, he explained.


description:
  In northeastern Georgia ... [t]he earliest indication of shoot attack occurs during the second week of April. The young, developing shoots show a slight swelling approx. 2 - 4 cm from the tip. Unhatched eggs are found in the center of this swollen shoot ... 

  Developing larvae caused spindle-shaped galls to form as the pine shoots elongated ... 

  [photo of gall pg. 279]


description:
  For irregularly-shaped stem swellings (usually at the end of a shoot? involving a bud?) on *Verbesina* species. Some gall images online assigned to *Neolasioptera verbesinae* may represent the work of this species instead. The brown pupal exuviae, with protruding antennal horns, and the overall form of an adult Amber King [reared from this gall](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/91012085) suggest a species in *Asphondylia* (expert confirmation needed!). 


description:
  Swollen berry...
  *Lasioptera fructuaria*. One to several reddish larvae are found in a berry, which grows deformed...*V. lamarckii*, *V. myrtilloides*...


description:
  Swollen berry...
  *Dasineura* sp. Infested fruit enlarge sooner than normal ones and become bright red instead of blue...*V. stamineum* Distr.: Georgia.


description:
  Swollen bud gall with curled leaves ... *Dasineura cyanococci* Felt, *Dasineura oxycoccana* (Johnson), and *Prodiplosis vaccinii* (Felt)
  ...
  First the terminal buds and, later in the season, the lateral buds become swollen and their outer leaves cupped...
  ...
  It is not known whether the two dasineuras are the same species: one is on cranberry, the other on blueberry...
  *D. cyanococci*. This species was reared from an apical bud gall in September...Hosts: *V. ashei*, *V. "canadense,"* and possibly commercial blueberries.


description:
  **[Dasineura] oxycoccana**...
  In view of molecular and behavioral evidence, this species is restricted here to the *Dasineura* infesting *V. macrocarpon* (cranberry) (Kim et al. 2022, Mathur et al. 2012). Records of *Dasineura oxycoccana* infesting other *Vaccinium* spp. (blueberries) in Canada, USA, Europe (widespread), Japan (Honshu) and Korea are evidently a separate, possibly cryptic species, possibly more than one, for which the very similar *D. cyanococci* Felt provides an available name.  


description:
  Swollen bud gall with curled leaves ... *Dasineura cyanococci* Felt, *Dasineura oxycoccana* (Johnson), and *Prodiplosis vaccinii* (Felt)
  ...
  First the terminal buds and, later in the season, the lateral buds become swollen and their outer leaves cupped...
  ...
  It is not known whether the two dasineuras are the same species: one is on cranberry, the other on blueberry...
  ...
  *D. oxycoccana*. The yellow to red larvae either pupate in the buds or drop to the ground. There may be several generations per year, from early May to September. The later brood is the most injurious because injured tips rarely recover in time to set fruit buds for the following season. Host: *Vaccinium* sp. (cranberry)


description:
  **[Dasineura] oxycoccana**...
  In view of molecular and behavioral evidence, this species is restricted here to the *Dasineura* infesting *V. macrocarpon* (cranberry) (Kim et al. 2022, Mathur et al. 2012). Records of *Dasineura oxycoccana* infesting other *Vaccinium* spp. (blueberries) in Canada, USA, Europe (widespread), Japan (Honshu) and Korea are evidently a separate, possibly cryptic species, possibly more than one, for which the very similar *D. cyanococci* Felt provides an available name.  


description:
  Swollen bud gall with curled leaves ... *Dasineura cyanococci* Felt, *Dasineura oxycoccana* (Johnson), and *Prodiplosis vaccinii* (Felt)
  ...
  First the terminal buds and, later in the season, the lateral buds become swollen and their outer leaves cupped.
  ...
  Larvae of the *Prodiplosis* and a *Dasineura* were collected together from the same buds on "wild lowbush blueberries" in Pennsylvania.
  ...
  *P. vaccinii*. Several generations of this species may occur per year. Eggs are laid in unfolding leaf buds...Hosts: *Vaccinium* sp. (commercial blueberries). 


description:
  THIS IS A LEAF MINE, NOT A GALL. It is added here because many gall enthusiasts see leaf folds and hope they are galls even though only a small percentage of leaf folds count as galls by even the broad definition used on Gallformers. 

  This mine is described by Braun as "occup[ying] a comparatively small area in which the leaf substance is almost entirely eaten out, and the lower epidermis is closely wrinkled at maturity." Braun, A.F., 1916. Notes on Lithocolletis with descriptions of new species (Lep.). Entomological news and proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 27(2): 82.


description:
  Leaf spot ... *Contarinia* sp.

  Larvae live in a sticky substance in a slight depression on the underside of the leaf.... The spots are oval, about 4 mm wide, 10 mm long, and reddish or a lighter green when viewed from above...*Vaccinium* spp., both red- and blue-berried. Distr.: Washington.


description:
  *Acalypha* (three-seeded mercury)
  Flower buds with swollen, imbricated leaves... *Resseliella* spp.
  The original record (Felt, 1940) was based on a larva that appears to belong to this genus, although the pair of enlarged, terminal papillae have an unusual shape for *Resseliella*. Host: *A. rhomboidea*, *A. virginica*.


description:
  *Euphorbia* (spurge)
  Swollen bud....*Dasineura* sp. near *capitigena* (Bremi)

  This species was purposely introduced into Montana in 1958 to help control leafy spurge...


description:
  ***[Prodiplosis] longifila***. USA (Virginia, Florida), Jamaica, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. *Gossypium* sp. (Malvaceae); *Solanum esculentum* & *S. tuberosum* (Solanaceae), *Citrus aurantifolia* and the hybrid *C. latifolia* (Rutaceae), *Medicago sativa* & *Phaseolus* sp. (Fabaceae), *Chenopodium ambrosioides* (Amaranthaceae), *Mangifera indica* (Anacardiaceae) & *Ricinus communis* (Euphorbiaceae).


description:
  ***[Prodiplosis] myricae***. USA (New Jersey, North Carolina). *Myrica cerifera* (Myricaceae); *Euphorbia curtisii* (Euphorbiaceae).


description:
  *Acacia* (acacia)
  Swollen bases of joined pairs of leaflets....*Contarinia* sp.
  Each gall contains one larva. Adults were reared in March. Host: *A. greggii*. Distr.: California.


description:
  *Amorpha*
  ...
  Elongate-conical gall on leaflet, rachis, or flower stalk...*Rhopalomyia* sp.

  Galls are reddish and about 4 mm long. They have been attributed to either *Rhopalomyia* or *Diarthronomyia* (the second now a subgenus of the first), but the gall makers were apparently not preserved. *Rhopalomyia* spp. are associated principally with Asteraceae. Host: *A. canescens*...


description:
  *Amphicarpa* (hog-peanut)

  Stem swelling....*Neolasioptera* sp.
  Originally referred to *Lasioptera* (Felt 1940) based on the gall alone, this species more likely belongs to *Neolasioptera*...Host: *A. bracteata*


description:
  *Astragalus*
  Petiole swelling....*Dasineura* sp.
  Swellings are irregular, warty, 5–10 mm long, and 5–8 mm in diameter. Referred to *Cecidomyia* by Felt (1940), larval specimens in the Felt collection belong to *Dasineura* in the broad sense. The adult has not been reared. Host: *Astragalus* sp. Distr. New Mexico


description:
  It's quite possible that this is the same as:
  https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2189
  Gagné (1989) lists it as a "petiole swelling", but Felt (1940) originally described an "irregular, warty stem deformation".


description:
  *Baptisia*
  Slightly swollen stem ... *Neolasioptera* sp.
  The gall maker is unknown and only tentatively referred to *Neolasioptera*. Host: *Baptisia* sp.


description:
  *Cassia*
  Swollen twig...*Neolasioptera cassiae* (Felt)
  Swellings are irregular, elongate, about 5 cm long and 5–6 mm in diameter. Adults emerge in spring. Host: *C. nictitans*. Distr.: Arizona
  [note: host assumed to be *C. leptadenia*, formerly a variety of *C. nictitans*, based on location]


description:
  *Crotalaria* (rattlebox)
  ...
  Larva in tapered stem swelling...*Neolasioptera crotalariae* (Stebbins)
  Host: *C. sagittalis* 


description:
  Larva in pod...*Asphondylia* sp.
  Adults were reared from pods, but the damage was not further specified. Host: *C. pumila*. Distr.: Florida


description:
  Open, swollen, discolored bud...*Contarinia texana* (Felt)
  Females deposit eggs in flower buds. Several larvae in each bud cause swelling and discoloration. Buds abort after the full-grown larvae leave to pupate in the ground... Host: *C. tetragonoloba*, also *Parkinsonia*.


description:
  Swollen stem....*Neolasioptera desmodii* (Felt)
  Swellings may be irregular and are as long as 2.5 mm...


description:
  Hard, elongate-oval, hollow bud gall...*Dasineura meibomiae* (Beutenmüller)
  Galls are monothalamous, 8–22 mm long, 4–8 mm wide, and found in late summer in clusters of three or more. Hosts: *D. laevigatum*, *D. pauciflorum*, *D. rigidum*.


description:
  *Cecidomyia? meibomiae* sp. nov.

  Gall. Dull green, subfusiform or elongate-oval, more or less tapering to a long point at the apex, which sometimes show parts of deformed leaves. Inside it is hollow, inhabited by a single larva in a rather large oval chamber at the bast of the gall. Beyond this chamber it is lined with whitish fiber to the tip of the gall. It measures from 8 to 22 mm in length and from 4 to 8 in width. Found during the latter part of August and in September in clusters of three or more at the terminal part of the stem of several species of tick-trefoil (*Meibomia [Desmodium] rigida, laevigata, pauciflora*, etc).


description:
  Swollen, aborted bud...*Clinodiplosis meibomiifoliae* (Beutenmüller)
  Several larvae in a bud arrest the growth of leaves and can kill the buds. Full-grown larvae drop to the soil to pupate...Host: *D. canadense*


description:
  Folded, apical leaflet... *Clinodiplosis* sp.
  This damage was reported as possibly caused by the European *Dasineura genistamtorquens* (Kieffer) ..., but the available specimens from that damage in the Felt collection comprise a larva and a female of *Clinodiplosis*...Host: *G. tinctoria*


description:
  Swollen stem... *Neolasioptera brevis* Gagné
  ...Sprouting may occur from the base of the swellings, changing the growth form of the tree. Host: *G. triacanthos*


description:
  Leaflet folded in half, swollen... *Dasineura gleditchiae* (Osten Sacken)
  ...
  The outer edges of the leaflets wrap around the gregarious larvae to produce the podlike galls. There may be five to seven generations per year. All but the last pupates in the gall... widespread in North America, probably spread to the west coast with nursery stock; introduced also into Europe.


description:
  Flat, ovoid blister... *Meunieriella aquilonia* Gagné
  ...
  The spot is inconspicuous, showing only a little chlorosis until the larva escapes, when it turns brown...Host: *G. triacanthos*...


description:
  Swollen stem...
  Only the gall is known. The gall maker is tentatively identified as one of the neolasiopteras...
  Host: *L. violacea*


description:
  Rolled leaflet... *?Dasineura* sp.
  ...*Youngomyia* sp., has been reared from this gall (Felt 1940), but the damage was probably caused by a dasineura... Host: *L. "decumbens"* Distr.: Tennessee


description:
  Swollen, hairy bud gall... *Dasineura lupini* Felt
  Swellings are up to 2 cm in diameter and made of imbricated bud scales surrounding a central cell containing one to several larvae... Host: *L. arboreus*...


description:
  Swollen stem... *Neolasioptera lupini* (Felt)
  Swellings are variable in size, 1–3 cm in length and contain one to several larval cells... Hosts: *L. arboreus*, *L. densiflorus*, *L. varicolor*...


description:
  Smooth, dehiscent flower bud gall... *Asphondylia prosopidis* Cockerell
  ...
  The galls consist of the aborted and enlarged ovary of the flower, are smooth and pink to green, monothalamous, thin-walled, conical, and 10 mm long by about 3 mm in diameter...Host *[Prosopis] glandulosa*...


description:
  Rough, persistent flower bud gall... *Asphondylia* sp.

  This is a brown, scaly, spindle-shaped gall, 6 mm long by 2 mm wide, and formed from the enlarged ovary and style of the flower atop a thickened peduncle...Host: *[Prosopis] glandulosa*


description:
  Atrophied or deformed pod....*Asphondylia* sp.
  Adults were reared in September from pods in various stages of development. Host: *R. texana*...


description:
  Tightly folded, swollen leaflet... *Dasineura pseudacaciae* (Fitch)
  Larvae are gregarious and pupate in the podlike swellings. The species is multivoltine. Host: *R. pseudoacaciae*


description:
  Rolled margin of leaflet ... *Obolodiplosis robiniae* (Haldemann)
  Larvae are gregarious, multivoltine, and pupate in the rolled margins. Host: *R. pseudoacacia*.


description:
  *Castanopsis* (chinkapin)
  Vein swelling or rolled leaf ... cecidomyiid
  Nothing further is known of this species beyond the original record (Felt 1940), Host. *Castanopsis* sp. Distr.: western United States


description:
  Seen at two locations in Solano County, California in September, October, and November. 

  Gall consists of a dimple at the leaf tip on the adaxial surface and an extension of the midrib on the back. Karlyn Lewis commented that "Once I knew to look for that dent on the top, they have been fairly easy to find!"


description:
  Unpublished COI analysis from the Forbes lab suggests Feron apiarium is the agamic generation of [Feron comatum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/869). 


description:
  Unpublished COI analysis from the Forbes lab suggests Feron comatum on Quercus alba is the agamic generation of [Feron apiarium](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/569). 


description:
  Larva from unspecified oak blossom gall ... *Lasioptera querciflorae* Felt
  This species has been recorded also from various cynipid galls... Hosts: *Quercus* spp....


description:
  Subglobular, nonresinous stem swelling ... *Lasioptera ephedrae* Cockerell
  The monothalamous swellings are dimpled, the same color as the normal stem, and about 1015 mm long and 5 mm in diameter at midlength...the pupa exits in spring through a depression on one side where the wall is thinner. Hosts: *E. antisyphilitica*, *E. nevadaensis*, *E. trifurca*. 


description:
  Irregular, resinous stem swelling ... *Lasioptera ephedricola* Cockerell and *Neolasioptera* sp.

  *L. ephedricola*. Swellings are rugose, usually darker than the normal stem. 1-3 cm long, and usually polythalamous. Occasionally a gall with only one larva inside will not show a conspicuous swelling. Larvae live in fungus-lined tunnels, the fungus turning black when mature.... Hosts: *E. californica*, *E. nevadensis*, *E. trifurca*.
  ...
  *Neolasioptera* sp. A few specimens of an unidentified species were reared with *L. ephedricola* from galls on *Ephedra* sp. in Arizona. 


description:
  Irregular, resinous stem swelling ... *Lasioptera ephedricola* Cockerell and *Neolasioptera* sp.
  ...
  *Neolasioptera* sp. A few specimens of an unidentified species were reared with *L. ephedricola* from galls on *Ephedra* sp. in Arizona.


description:
  Circular leaf blister ... *Contarinia* sp.
  Each spot contains a white larva that leaves when full-grown through a slit in the leaf surface... Host: *H. virginiana*...


description:
  Leaf Gall. Gall maker, unknown.
  A monothalamous, "groove" vein gall opening on the upper side of the leaf. Affecting principal veins. Variable in length, 1-3 cm. long. Surface minutely roughened, green, turning black when old. Not common...


description:
  Irregular root swelling ... *Neolasioptera* sp.

  Swellings may contain several larvae. Adults have not been reared. Host: *H. volubilis*...


description:
  Swollen bud... *Zeuxidiplosis giardi* (Kieffer)

  Buds are ovoid, slightly pointed at the tip; the terminal leaves are incurved, swollen, and usually red. Larvae may be gregarious, and pupation occurs in the bud...The gall midge has apparently crossed over to a native American *Hypericum*. Hosts: The alien *H. perforatum* and the native *H. concinnum*...


description:
  swelling on surface of husk ... *Contarinia nucicola* (Osten Sacken)
  ...
  Hosts: *C. glabra*, *C. tomentosa*


description:
  Yellowish leaf spot on underside of leaflet ... *"Cecidomyia" glutinosa* Osten Sacken

  Spots are covered with a sticky substance. One larva lives on each spot and drops to the soil when full-grown. The spot then dries and turns brown. The yellowish-orange larvae are notable for their conspicuous, long, flattened dorsal lobes...Hosts: *C. illinoensis*, *Carya* spp....


description:
  Gall elongate-tubular, green to brown, set in socket on leaflet and readily detachable... *Caryomyia tubicola* (Osten Sacken)


description:
  Gall conical, widest at base, tapered to pointed apex, smooth...
  Gall smoothly rounded, tapering to pointed apex, light brown...
  *Caryomyia caryaecola* (Osten Sacken)


description:
  Gall conical, widest at base, tapered to pointed apex, smooth...
  Gall angular at base, usually ridged, often red or purple, sometimes green...
  *Caryomyia sanguinolenta* (Osten Sacken)


description:
  Gall globular, if apex pointed, gall greatly constricted at base, with or without hairs...
  Gall smooth...
  Gall sessile, irregularly spherical, usually polythalamous...
  *Caryomyia cynipsea* (Osten Sacken)


description:
  Gall globular, if apex pointed, gall greatly constricted at base, with or without hairs...
  Gall smooth...
  Gall stalked, spherical, monothalamous...
  Gall spherical, yellowish, nippled, thin-walled, with single cavity...
  *Caryomyia arcuaria* (Felt), *C. caryae* (Osten Sacken), and *C. similis* Felt
  These three species are listed together here because the differences reported in the thickness of the gall wall and whether there is an internal projection in the larval cavity are difficult to determine from the galls' exteriors... 


description:
  Gall globular, if apex pointed, gall greatly constricted at base, with or without hairs...
  Gall smooth...
  Gall stalked, spherical, monothalamous...
  Gall irregularly spherical, green or brownish, with empty cavity above larval chamber...
  *Caryomyia inanis* Felt


description:
  Gall globular, if apex pointed, gall greatly constricted at base, with or without hairs...
  Gall covered with sparse to dense hairs...
  Sparse hairs on gall not obscuring the gall surface...
  Gall yellowish-green or brown, spherical, thick-walled, with short hairs...
  *Caryomyia antennata* Felt


description:
  onion-shaped gall, thin-walled, bulbous at base, pointed apically, the hair long, reddish... *Caryomyia holotricha* (Osten Sacken)


description:
  Irregularly spherical, thick-walled, occasionally nippled, the hairy short-downy, tan to brown... *Caryomyia persicoides* (Osten Sacken)


description:
  Folded, swollen leaflets ... *Contarinia* sp. and *Dasineura* sp.

  Leaflets were evidently attacked when growing rapidly in early spring. Larvae in the Felt collection that were taken from *J. cinerea* in New York belong to *Contarinia*...


description:
  Folded, swollen leaflets ... *Contarinia* sp. and *Dasineura* sp.

  Leaflets were evidently attacked when growing rapidly in early spring. ...and larvae in the USNM that were taken from *J. nigra* in Virginia belong to *Dasineura*.


description:
  Swollen stems ... *Procystiphora* spp.
  *P. coloradensis* Felt. Adults were reared in July. Host: "possibly *Carex*"; *Carex* might well be the host, but because other *Procystiphora* spp. come from *Juncus*, it is likely that *P. coloradensis* does also...


description:
  Swollen stems ... *Procystiphora* spp.
  ...
  *P. junci* Felt. Adults were reared in October. Host: *J. dudleyi*. Distr.: Illinois.


description:
  Onion-shaped gall... *Dasineura collinsoniae* (Beutenmüller)
  Galls are green, tapered, and 1–2 cm long. The one to several white larvae in the central tunnel of each gall overwinter in the gall and pupate the following spring.


description:
  ...The host is an alien sp., so, assuming the original plant identification was correct, *N. galeopsidis* shifted to it from a native host.


description:
  Folded, swollen leaf base ... *Dasineura glechomae* (Kieffer)
  One or more white larvae live in an inpocketing at the base of a leaf. Host: *G. hederacea*. Distr.: Maryland; immigrant from Europe.


description:
  Swollen flower bud... cecidomyiid
  The calyx is swollen and nutlets do not develop. Host: *H. pulegioides*. Distr.: Indiana. Ref.: Wells (1921b)


description:
  Swollen stem ... *Neolasioptera* spp.
  *Neolasioptera lycopi* (Felt). Swellings are monothalamous, subglobular, hard, and about 1 cm long. The pale orange larva lives along the central axis and overwinters in the gall. Hosts: *L. "communis"*, *L. uniflorus*. Distr.: New York and Maryland.
  *Neolasioptera mitchellae* (Felt). Swellings are polythalamous and spongier and more elongate than those of *L. lycopi*. Larvae overwinter in the gall. Host: *L. virginicus*. Distr.: Maryland.


description:
  *Neolasioptera menthae* Felt 1909
  ...from polythalamous stem gall on field mint, Mentha arvensis L. ... No adult rearings to date. 


description:
  *Neolasioptera menthae* Felt (1909b: 288) was described from a male and two females reared from a "mint" in the vicinity of Chicago...
  ...one cannot be certain that *N. menthae* came from *Mentha*. Plakidas's drawing of the larval spatula of a specimen from *Mentha* fits spatulae of *N. lycopi* and *N. salviae*...*N menthae* is unidentifiable and considered here a **nomen dubium**.

  [We'll use this page on gallformers as a placeholder for the *Neolasioptera*-like gall Plakidas reported from *Mentha arvensis* since the name *N. menthae* cannot be applied with certainty.]


description:
  **[Ametrodiplosis] piperitae.** USA (New York). Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae).
  *Cecidomyia piperitae* Felt 1907d: 22. USA: New York, Nassau; HT; ♀; NYSM. Gagné & Jaschhof 2021 (n. comb.).


description:
  I recently uncovered another American species of this genus that had been placed in *Giardomyia* Felt. That species, *Ametrodiplosis piperitae* (Felt), **new combination**, is known from a single yellowish female reared from green, hoary, pyriform, slightly enlarged buds of *Mentha piperita* L. in New York (Felt 1921). 


description:
  Crumpled, folded, young leaf ... *Dasineura aromaticae* Felt

  Larvae are gregarious within the leaf folds. Infested leaves are usually very hairy. the larvae form cocoons and pupate among the distorted leaflets... Hosts: *M. arvensis*, *M. spicata*...


description:
  Ovate outgrowth of root stalk ... cecidomyiid

  The gall was reportedly about 2 cm in diameter. Specimens of the gall maker and gall are not available, but the latter has been illustrated elsewhere (Felt 1940). Host: *Monarda* sp. Distr.: Ontario.


description:
  Tubular outgrowth of leaf ... *Rhopalomyia* spp.
  Sages in western North America evidently support many kinds of galls formed by *Rhopalomyia* spp., and several kinds are represented in the USNM. Galls are monothalamous even though they may form close aggregates... Two species of gall midges have been described from *Salvia*.

  *R. audibertiae* Felt. Galls are conical, narrowing from base, and the same color as the leaf... Host: *S. apiana*. Distr.: Baja California and Mexico.

  *R. salviae* Felt. Galls are cylindrical and reddish... Host: *S. "californica"* [*S. apiana*] Distr.: California


description:
  Tubular outgrowth of leaf ... *Rhopalomyia* spp.
  Sages in western North America evidently support many kinds of galls formed by *Rhopalomyia* spp., and several kinds are represented in the USNM. Galls are monothalamous even though they may form close aggregates... Two species of gall midges have been described from *Salvia*.

  *R. audibertiae* Felt. Galls are conical, narrowing from base, and the same color as the leaf... Host: *S. apiana*. Distr.: Baja California and Mexico.

  *R. salviae* Felt. Galls are cylindrical and reddish... Host: *S. "californica"* [*S. apiana*] Distr.: California.


description:
  Oval stem swelling ... cecidomyiid
  Galls are reportedly about 1 cm long (Felt 1940). They are probably an elongate stem swelling and caused by a *Neolasioptera*. Host: *Scutellaria* sp. Distr.: unspecified.


description:
  Curled and deformed leaf ... cecidomyiid

  This damage was reported without further details (Maze 1949). Host: *T. canadense*. Distr.: Pennsylvania.


description:
  Rolled leaf or leaf margin ...*Contarinia* sp. and *Dasineura* sp.

  Larvae of both genera have been found in the rolled leaves. Galls are noticeable as soon as the leaves are fully expanded. Larvae drop to the ground when full-grown. Infested leaves turn black and drop off shortly afterward. Host: *L. benzoin*.


description:
  Irregular stem swelling ... *Neolasioptera linderae* (Beutenmüller)

  Galls contain several orange larvae, each in a long chamber. Adults emerge in spring from galls of the previous year. Host: *L. benzoin*. Distr.: New York and Virginia.


description:
  Aborted seed pod ... cecidomyiid

  This damage was reported without further details (Maze 1949). Host: *A. canadense*...


description:
  Swollen stem ... *Lasioptera* sp.

  Adults emerged in spring from galls collected the previous fall. Host: *Brodiaea* sp. Distr.: California.


description:
  Swollen root ... *Dasineura torontoensis* Felt

  Swellings are gradual, tapering at each end, monothalamous, and about 8 mm long. Adults were reared in May, probably from galls held over the winter. Host: *M. canadense*. Distr.: Ontario.


description:
  Deformed berry ... *Asphondylia smilacinae* Felt

  Adults emerged from berries in late September to early October. Host: *S. racemosa*. Distr.: Maryland and Virginia.


description:
  Rolled margins are commonly seen in early spring. Each contains one to several larvae. Hosts: *Smilax* spp. Distr.: Massachusetts and Maryland.


description:
  **[Dasineura] smilacifolia**. USA (Massachusetts, Maryland). *Smilax* sp. (Smilacaceae). *Dasyneura smilacifolia* Felt 1911m: 480. USA: Massachusetts, Magnolia; ST; ♂,♀; NYSM.


description:
  Elongate swollen stem ... *Neolasioptera* sp.

  The gall maker is only tentatively referred to *Neolasioptera*. Host: *L. puberula*....


description:
  Enlarged flower bud ... *Asphondylia buddleia* Felt

  Aborted flower buds are about twice normal size. The corolla fails to open, and one larva occurs in each affected flower... Host: *B. racemosa*...


description:
  thickened, overlapping bud leaves ... cecidomyiid

  Infestations involve the 2-3 uppermost bud leaves on both terminal and lateral buds. Swollen buds are 3-5 mm long. Each contains a single larva. Host: *D. verticillatus*...


description:
  Swollen midrib or vein on underside of leaf ... *Resseliella tulipiferae* (Osten Sacken)

  Swellings may contain one to several larvae... Probably several generations occur per year. Full-grown larvae cut an exit hole and drop to the ground to pupate. Host: *L. tulipifera*...


description:
  Green, yellow, or black leaf spot, sometimes with discoloration beyond gall circumference ... *Resseliella liriodendri* (Osten Sacken)

  Galls are monothalamous. Full-grown larvae leave through a slit along the edge of the spot and drop to the soil. The spots turn black after the larvae leave. Several generations occur per year... Host: *L. tulipifera*...


description:
  leaf spot, 4.5 mm diameter ... *Contarinia* sp.

  Only larvae are known of this undescribed species. Leaf spots are similar to those formed on *Liriodendron tulipifera* by *Resseliella liriodendri* and show the same exit slit... Host: *M. virginiana*...


description:
  Elongate, aborted flower ... *Asphondylia abutilon* Felt

  Infested flowers are about 7 mm long. They remain closed, and the internal parts do not develop. Galls are monothalamous.... Host: *A. incanum*...


description:
  Larvae are gregarious and deform the young expanding leaves. Specimens of the gall maker are not available, but it is possible they belong to one of the species listed in entry 1b [some swollen flower bud gall-inducers]. Host: *G. thurberi*...


description:
  Swollen flower bud ... *Contarinia gossypii* Felt and *Prodiplosis longifila* Gagne

  *C. gossypii*. This species, known otherwise from the West Indies, was reported as very common in Florida (Rainwater 1934), but specimens from that record are not available. Flowers reportedly remain closed and rot follows....it is possible that the Florida damage was caused by *P. longifila*. Host: *Gossypium* sp...


description:
  [on *Gossypium* spp.]

  Swollen flower bud ... *Contarinia gossypii* Felt and *Prodiplosis longifila* Gagne
  ...
  *P. longifila*. This species was reared from wild cotton buds in 1967 and may possibly be the same species reported earlier from Florida as *C. gossypii*. It is multivoltine and has extensive geographical and host ranges. Hosts: *Gossypium*spp.; also *Citrus* (q.v.) in South America, various Solanaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae, and Euphorbiaceae...


description:
  Larva in bud ... *Contarinia* sp.

  Adults were reared from buds in spring, but the damage was not specified further. Hosts: *S. coccinea*, *S. emoryi*...


description:
  Enlarged seed capsules ... *Ficiomyia* spp.
  *F. perarticulata* Felt. This species was reared from fruit. No further details about the damage were reported. Host: *F. aurea*. Distr.: Florida.


description:
  Enlarged seed capsules ... *Ficiomyia* spp.
  ...
  *F. perarticulata* Felt. This species was reared from fruit. No further details about the damage were reported. Host: *F. aurea*. Distr.: Florida.


description:
  **[Horidiplosis] ficifolii**. China (Fijian), Taiwan; immigr: widespread Europe, USA (Florida, California). *Ficus benjamina*; *F. microcarpa* (Moraceae)


description:
  **[Ficiomyia] perarticulata**. USA (Florida), Guadeloupe. *Ficus citrifolia* (Moraceae).
  *Ficiomyia perarticulata* Felt 1922b: 5. USA: Florida, Miami; LT, des. Roskam & Nadel 1990: 785; ♂; USNM. 
  *Ficiomyia birdi* Felt 1934b: 132. USA: Florida, Dade Co., Royal Palm St. Pk; LT, des. Roskam & Nadel 1990: 785; ♂; USNM.


description:
  ...*Ficiomyia birdi* Felt into synonymy because qualitative, quantitative and principal component analyses revealed no differences between Felt's type series of *F. perarticulata* and *F. birdi*. Felt's host plant record for *F. perarticulata* is probably wrong. After extensive sampling we conclude that the host-plant association of *Ficiomyia*, at least in Florida, is restricted to *Ficus citrifolia*. 


description:
  Swollen bud and rolled leaf ... *Prodiplosis myricae* (Beutenmüller)
  Larvae are gregarious and drop to the ground when full-grown... Host: *M. cerifera*...


description:
  Swollen vein, causing severe leaf distortion ... *Janetiella asplenifolia* (Felt)
  Midveins are folded, fleshy, reddish, and cause extreme folding of the leaf. Larvae are gregarious. Host: *[Myrica] asplenifolia [=Comptonia peregrina]*...


description:
  [R]eared in August 1907 from an irregular, subglobular gall on Virgins bower, Clematis virginiana ... 

  This is an irregular, subglobular, axillary mass 1 cm in diameter and composed of deformed and enlarged rudimentary leaves or young buds; it is green and slightly hoary. 


description:
  Gagné states in his Plant-Feeding Gall Midges of North America (1989) that this may be an inquiline of Contarinia clematidis or vice versa. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35015542#page/176/mode/1up
description:
  Gall.  This is an irregularly aborted, flower bud some 3 mm in diameter and containing pale yellowish larvae. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35015542#page/191/mode/1up
description:
  ... reared from sprigs of mint taken at Barre, Mass. ... 

  Gall. An ovoid, green, hairy, axillary or terminal gall about 4 mm in length. The adults undergo their final transformations in whitish, oval cocoons about 3 mm long, irregularly placed among the distorted leaflets.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35015542#page/194/mode/1up
description:
  The gall is a subconic, deformed bud 6 to 12 mm in diameter. It is a variable greenish or pinkish [sic] and frequently with a distinct whitish bloom. The hollow interior contains several larvae ... 


description:
  swollen flower bud ... Prodiplosis falcata Gagné ... 

  reared in spring from buds ... may have an extensive host range ... 


description:
  Deformed fruit ... *Dasineura eugeniae* Felt

  ...from deformed fruit, 5–7 mm in diameter, bearing separate oval cells. Host: *E. foetida*...


description:
  **[Dasineura] eugeniae**. USA (Florida), Puerto Rico. *Eugenia buxifolia* (Myrtaceae). 
  *Dasyneura eugeniae* Felt 1912f: 106. USA: Florida, Key West; ST; ♂,♀; USNM.


description:
  Swollen stem ... *Neolasioptera allioniae* (Felt)

  Swellings are polythalamous, tapered, 1.5 to 2 cm long, and usually near a node... Hosts: *A. nyctaginae* and *Allionia* sp. ...


description:
  Stem swelling ... *Neolasioptera* sp.

  Host: *M. linearis*. Distr.: Arizona

  [Perhaps this is redundant with his entry for *Neolasioptera allioniae*? Later G&J checklist entries list *M. linearis* as a host for that species, albeit from Colorado or Texas, not Arizona]


description:
  **[Neolasioptera] allioniae**. USA (Colorado, Texas). *Mirabilis* sp.; *M. linearis*, *M. nyctaginea* (Nyctaginaceae). 
  *Lasioptera allioniae* Felt 1911m: 482. USA: Colorado, Boulder; ST; ♂,♀; NYSM.


description:
  Hard, woody, convex leaf gall ... *Bruggmannia pisonifolia* (Felt)
  Larvae pupate in the galls. Hosts: *P. "nigricans"*, **P. "subcordata*", Distr.: Florida and St. Vincent, West Indies


description:
  *Bruggmannia pisonifolia* (Felt) was listed only from St. Vincent in the G&J 2025 checklist, so it's not clear to which species the Florida galls figured in Gagne (1989) on *Pisonia "subcordata"* belong. The host plant species in the St. Vincent record, *Pisonia nigricans*, is now in *Neea*, and according to POWO, occurs only in Jamaica. The Florida host, *Pisonia "subcordata"*, may refer to *P. rotundata*. 


description:
  ...*Bruggmannia mexicana* (Felt), known from a single male specimen, was possibly reared from *Pisonia aculeata* (the type is labeled "*Smilax*") in Tamaulipas, Mexico. The damage was characterized as a "subconic stem gall" (Felt 1911b).


description:
  **[Pisoniamyia] mexicana**. Mexico (Tamaulipas). *Pisonia aculeata* (Nyctaginaceae). 
  *Brugmanniella mexicana* Felt 1911l: 465. Mexico: Tamaulipas, Tampico; T; G; lost. Ref.: Felt 1911n: 547 (descr. ♂, deposited USNM).


description:
  Complex, cylindrical, hairy leaf gall ... cecidomyiid
  Galls are 2-3 mm high, 1 mm in diameter, monothalamous, and appear in clusters. ...belongs in the supertribe Oligotrophidi. Host: *F. segregata*. Distr.: Florida


description:
  *D. tumidosae*. Larvae are gregarious, white, and drop to the ground when full-grown, around the first week of June in Maryland. Leaflet swellings are barely noticeable from the top of the leaflet but are large and pendant below. Galls are sometimes reddish ... Hosts: *Fraxinus* spp. ...


description:
  CALOPHYA SCHINI GALLS OCCUR ONLY ON SCHINUS MOLLE; BUT OTHER PEPPERTREE SPECIES (Schinus spp.) IN SOUTH AMERICA HOST OTHER GALL-INDUCING CALOPHYA 

  According to Burckhardt et al. ["Calophya latiforceps, a New Species of Jumping Plant Lice (Hemiptera: Calophyidae) Associated with Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae) in Brazil," Florida Entomologist, 94(3):489-499 (2011)](https://bioone.org/journals/florida-entomologist/volume-94/issue-3/024.094.0313/Calophya-latiforceps-a-New-Species-of-Jumping-Plant-Lice-Hemiptera/10.1653/024.094.0313.full), "[T]here are 14 described Calophya species [on Schinus] which all induce galls ... [S]everal ... are monophagous, i.e. restricted to a single host plant species (e.g. C. rubra (Blanchard) on Schinus polygamus (Cav.) Cabrera, C. schini Tuthill on S. molle L. or C. therebinthifolii on S. therebinthifolius, whereas others are oligophagous ..."


description:
  Swollen seed ... *Contarinia* sp.

  Larvae are gregarious in the slightly swollen exocarp. Adults were reared the spring following the collection of larvae in mid-July. The damage is similar to that of the European *Contarinia marchali* Kieffer on a European *Fraxinus*. Host: *F. pennsylvanica*...


description:
  Folded leaflets showing only a slight swelling along midrib ... *Dasineura apicata* Felt and *D. fraxinifolia* (Felt)

  These are distinct species of *Dasineura*, but larvae have not been definitely associated with one or the other name. Gregarious larvae develop on very young leaflets and drop to the ground when full-grown... Host: *Fraxinus* spp. ...


description:
  Rolled leaves of young bud ... *Contarinia zauschneriae* (Felt)

  Larvae reportedly live in the center of the young folded or curled leaves. ... Hosts: *E. canum*. Distr.: California.


description:
  **[Dasineura] epilobii**. Widespread Europe, Russia (western Siberia), USA (Alaska, Washington) Canada (British Columbia, Quebec). *Epilobium angustifolium*; *E. latifolium*, *E. hirsutum* (Onagraceae).


description:
  variably swollen and distorted pod ... *Asphondylia* sp.

  This is an undescribed species. ... Host: *Ludwigia* sp. Distr.: Florida.


description:
  Root nodules ... *Neolasioptera* sp. and *Clinodiplosis cattleyae* (Molliard)

  *Neolasioptera* larvae are usually found in orchid root swellings, so are evidently the gall makers. *Clinodiplosis cattleyae* may be specific to orchid because it has been reared from the nodules several times, but it could be an inquiline. Hosts: *Cattleya* spp. and other orchids. Distr.: tropical America; often intercepted at U.S. ports of entry.


description:
  enlarged, unopened bud ... *Schizomyia rivinae* Felt

  Infested buds are reportedly globular, downy, and mostly green, with whitish or rose tips... Host: *R. humilis*. Distr.: Florida.


description:
  **[Strobilotia] carpophaga**. Canada (British Columbia, Ontario), USA (Alaska, New York). *Picea glauca* (Pinaceae). 
  *Phytophaga carpophaga* Tripp 1955: 261. Canada: Ontario, Dunrobin; HT; ♂; CNCI.


description:
  This new genus includes for now only *Strobilotia carpophaga* (Tripp 1955), **new combination**, whose larva lives in seeds of *Picea glauca* (Moench) Voss. (Pinaceae). 


description:
  Additional specimens were reared only recently by Dr. N. R. Brown (in litt.) from cages containing cones of white spruce, *Picea glauca* (Moench) Voss, in Fredericton, New Brunswick. The larva and its precise site of feeding in white spruce cones are unknown...
  [included on gallformers.org because other species in this genus form subtle galls at their feeding sites]


description:
  ...adults emerged from shoots of white spruce in May. A few days following emergence, eggs appeared at the base of needles and under bud scales of new shoots. Upon hatching, larvae bored directly into the shoots and formed individual chambers, some very close together. Swellings were noticeable in about 10 days. Infested shoots swelled to about twice their normal diameter and some became curled or twisted..


description:
  Swollen twig ... *"Mayetiola" piceae* (Felt)

  Eggs are laid at the base of new needles. The larvae are always in individual chambers...Severe infestations cause twigs to bend and twist. Many needles drop off, and the twigs are sometimes killed. Felt (1940) indicated that *Mayetiola tsugae* Felt caused this damage, but that species is known from a specimen caught in flight and is not the same as *"M." piceae* [see Gagné & Graney (2014) for the rationale for applying "*tsugae*" anyway to the *"M." piceae* gall-former.] Hosts: *P. glauca*, *P. rubens*...


description:
  Larva immersed in resin between cone scales, the cone becoming deformed and sealed closed ... *Cecidomyia bisetosa* Gagné

  ...Larvae enter and develop in new cones, where their feeding causes resin to flow. Affected cone scales grow much larger than normal size. Cones are deformed and sometimes killed... All other species of *Cecidomyia* live in resin on branches, twigs, and needles of pines and a few other conifers. Host: *P. elliottii*...


description:
  Larva embedded in slightly swollen needle bases ... *Thecodiplosis piniresinosae* Kearby

  ...One to 11 larvae develop in individual pockets at the base of a fascicle, between or around the needles... Host: *P. resinosa*...


description:
  On Virginia pine, *Pinus virginiana* ... *Thecodiplosis brachynteroides* (Osten Sacken)
  Infested needles are much shortened and usually coalesced basally. The gall is purplish, and the two needles growing out of it usually diverge... This species may possibly be the same as *T. pinirigidae* on pitch pine because the two species cannot be separated on anatomical characters...


description:
  On pitch pine, *Pinus rigida* ... *Thecodiplosis pinirigidae* (Packard)
  One or two larvae live in individual pockets between two of the three needles, which causes an uneven alignment at the base of the needles. The much shortened needles are sometimes straight, sometimes recurved. The larvae drop to the ground in the fall... 


description:
  Needle fascicle swollen and misshapen, needles not developed beyond swelling ... *Contarinia cockerelli* (Felt) and *Janetiella* sp.

  *C. cockerelli*. This species is known from a single female, reportedly reared from galls such as those illustrated in figure 353. Such galls normally contain a species of *Janetiella*...Host: *P. edulis*...


description:
  Abrupt stem swellings on Chelone glabra. This gall has been observed in September in [Ohio](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/317623558).


description:
  [recorded in a table as having been reared from *Chromolaena odorata* shoot tip stem galls in Florida]


description:
  Needle fascicle swollen and misshapen, needles not developing beyond swelling (353) ... *Contarinia cockerelli* (Felt) and *Janetiella* sp.

  *C. cockerelli*. This species is known from a single female, reportedly reared from galls such as [these, which] normally contain a species of *Janetiella*...
  *Janetiella* sp. The biology of this species is probably similar to that of *J. coloradensis*...Swellings harbor two larvae or pupae, each in a separate depression. Host: *P. edulis*. Distr.: Colorado.


description:
  Two kinds of fascicle galls, each caused by a new species of *Janetiella*, are known from this host. The first causes a second needle to grow, while the other merely shortens the single needle... Host: *P. monophylla*. Distr.: Arizona.


description:
  Each larva in separate chamber, no more than one at base of each needle...
  ...Larva encased in removable capsule... *Janetiella coloradensis* Felt
  ...
  Ten or more larvae may enter the fascicle bundle, but usually one two, occasionally one or three, survive at the base of each needle bundle. Affected needles grow only to about one-third normal length, the base of the needle is enlarged, almost spherical, and the sheath enlarges to encase the gall and does not dehisce. A detachable capsule made up of needle tissue simulating two dwarfed needles surrounds each larva... 
  The species has been reported from *P. virginiana*... but the gall on that pine is formed by *Thecodiplosis brachynteroides*. Host: *P. edulis*...


description:
  *Janetiella coloradensis* Felt (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) causes severe needle shortening on pinyon, *Pinus edulis* Engelm. Infested needles are about one-third normal length, with swollen bases and enlarged fascicle sheaths. 
  ...
  A purse-like chamber of needle tissue, separate from the enlarged needle base, developed around each midge larva. These chambers could be easily removed from the galled needles. A single chamber always contained a single larva (fig. 3). Shortly after the larvae entered the needle base the needles ceased to elongate...


description:
  Larva encased in simple depression at base of needles (354) ... *Janetiella* sp. near *coloradensis*
  The biology of this species is similar to that of the related *J. coloradensis* above, except that the larvae are not encased in detachable capsules. The needle base is not as strongly swollen as for *C. coloradensis*. Host: *P. edulis*. Distr.: Colorado. Ref.: Brewer (1971).


description:
  The pinyon stunt needle midge, *Janetiella* sp. near *coloradensis* Felt, injures pinyon, *Pinus edulis* Eng., by attacking the developing needles, causing them to be severely stunted. The shortened needles drop early the following spring, resulting in serious defoliation under heavy infestations. ... The insect causes little damage in native stands of pinyon but is a serious problem in Colorado urban landscape plantings.


description:
  ...The needles expand into a spindleform enlargement around a chamber housing 5-40 larvae...Host: *P. edulis*...


description:
  On ponderosa pine, *Pinus ponderosa* ... *Contarinia coloradensis* Felt
  ...Larvae settle at the bases of the needles, where they form chambers. The fascicle remains short and becomes greatly swollen at the base...


description:
  On Monterey pine, *Pinus radiata* ... *Thecodiplosis piniradiatae* (Snow and Mills)

  Larvae crawl among the needles and cause them to become shortened and swollen at their bases. This species reportedly pupates on the plant in cocoons, but cocoons attributed to this species may be formed by a *Cecidomyia* mistaken for this species... Host: *P. radiata*; also reportedly *P. coulteri*, *P. sabiniana*, *P. sylvestris*, *P. tuberculata*. Distr.: California...


description:
  ...[of last-instar larvae]: spatula short, triangular; lateral pairs of dorsal abdominal tubercules deeply bifid

  ...from pitch mass on branch...
  ...found on several species of pine in the Southeastern United States: *P. clausa* (Fla.), *P. echinata* (N.C.), *P. elliottii* (Fla.), and *P. virginiana* (Md.). The specimens from *P. elliottii* were collected near needle bases of new foliage on expanding terminals in the area of feeding injury of *Rhyacionia subtropica* Miller (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae): those from *P. virginiana* were found in a small pit near the base of a needle fascicle.


description:
  Larvae may be single to gregarious. They pupate in a white cocoon some distance away from the resin mass in which they feed...
  Larva in inconspicuous pits at base of needle fascicles, usually on hard, or two- and three-needle pines...
  *C. brevispatula* Gagne...
  *C. piniinopis* Osten Sacken


description:
  Larvae may be single to gregarious. They pupate in a white cocoon some distance away from the resin mass in which they feed...
  Larva in inconspicuous pits at base of needle fascicles, usually on hard, or two- and three-needle pines...
  *C. brevispatula* Gagne...
  *C. piniinopis* Osten Sacken
  ...
  This species has been found on white pine as well as on many hard pines. It and *C. resinicola* have the greatest host distribution of the genus. Hosts: *P. banksiana*, *P. contorta*, *P. elliottii*, *P. ponderosa*, *P. rigida*, *P. strobus*, *P. taeda*, *P. virginiana*...probably wherever pines grow.


description:
  [last-instar larvae:] spatula long, lateral pairs of dorsal abdominal tubercles weakly bifid

  *C. piniinopis* and *C. resinicola* are the two most widely distributed species of *Cecidomyia*. Both occur on many species of hard pine (*Diploxylon*) in eastern North America and in the West. I have seen specimens of *C. piniinopis* from *P. banksiana* (Mich., Ontario, Wis.), *P. contorta* (Brit. Col., Yukon Ter.), *P. elliotlii* (Fla.). *P. ponderosa* (Ariz., Brit. Col., Calif., Idaho, Oreg., Wash.), *P. rigida* (Maine, Md., N.Y., N.C.), *P. strobus* (Md.), *P. virginiana* (D.C., Md., Va.), and *P.* sp. (Ark.). Larvae of *C. piniinopis* usually occur singly in small pitch droplets and sometimes in inconspicuous pockets at the base of needles.


description:
  Larvae may be single to gregarious. They pupate in a white cocoon some distance away from the resin mass in which they feed...
  Larva in running resin; on white pine, *Pinus strobus*...*Cecidomyia candidipes* Foote.
  Several larvae are usually found in the same pitch mass. Host: *P. strobus*...


description:
  [last-instar larvae:] 
  Middle pair of dorsal abdominal setae not set on tubercles; spatula almost entirely black; from *P. strobus* ... *C. candidipes*
  Middle pair of dorsal abdominal setae set on tubercles; spatula brown; from hard pines ... [the other two species with dorsal tubercles - *C. piniinopis* and *C. brevispatula*]

  ...in pitch mass on *P. strobus*...

  *C. candidipes* is known only from white pine (*P. strobus*). I have seen specimens from Connecticut, Illinois, Maryland, New York, Ontario, Pennsylvania, and Quebec...
  If larvae of *C. candidipes* do leave the pitch masses to pupate, their behavior would fit that of the other two Nearctic species with larval tubercles, *C. piniinopis* and *C. brevispatula*.


description:
  Larva without tubercles on dorsum of abdomen...
  Larvae are usually gregarious on red pines and pupate in the mass of resin in which they live... Identification of these depends on microscopic characters of larvae, pupae, and males...
  *C. fortunactus* Gagne. Full-grown larvae of this species may be separated from the other species by the presence of a long, black, two-lobed spatula. Hosts: *P. elliottii*, *P. virginiana*...
  *C. reburrata*...
  *C. resinicola*...
  *C. resinicoloides*...
  *C. tortilis*...


description:
  Larva without tubercles on dorsum of abdomen...
  Larvae are usually gregarious on red pines and pupate in the mass of resin in which they live... Identification of these depends on microscopic characters of larvae, pupae, and males...
  *C. fortunactus*...
  *C. reburrata* Gagne. Hosts: *P. taeda*, *P. caribaea*. Distr.: Maryland and Florida, also Cuba.
  *C. resinicola*...
  *C. resinicoloides*...
  *C. tortilis*...


description:
  Larva without tubercles on dorsum of abdomen...
  Larvae are usually gregarious on red pines and pupate in the mass of resin in which they live... Identification of these depends on microscopic characters of larvae, pupae, and males...
  *C. fortunactus*...
  *C. reburrata*...
  *C. resinicola* (Osten Sacken). This species is the most widespread and probably the commonest North American species of this genus. It is known to injure the cambial layer and kill shoots. Hosts: known from almost all species of hard pine in North America... probably wherever pines grow.
  *C. resinicoloides*...
  *C. tortilis*...


description:
  [last-instar larvae:]
  ...abdomen without dorsal tubercles...
  ...spatula absent...
  ...Hind spiracles longer mesally than laterally ... *C. resinicola*

  ...I have seen specimens of *C. resinicola* from *P. banksiana* (Mass., Mich., N.W.T., Ontario), *P. contorta* (Brit. Col., Oreg.), *P. echinata* (La.), *P. elliottii* (Fla.), *P. glabra* (Fla.), *P. palustris* (Ala.), *P. ponderosa* (Calif., Colo., Idaho, N. Mex.), *P. radiata* (Calif.), *P. rigida* (Md., Mass .. N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Ontario, Pa.), *P. serotina* (N.C.), *P. taeda* (Ga., Md., Miss., Va.), and *P. virginiana* (Md., Va.). 

  *C. resinicola* may occur singly in small droplets of pitch (fig. 5) or gregariously in larger pitch masses (fig. 3) as well as pitch-filled nodules. 

  ...Interestingly, he found them responsible for "birdseye pine," a desirable condition in wood used for finishing purposes. This is due to the healing over and consequent distortion of the annual rings around the old feeding pits of *Cecidomyia* sp.


description:
  Larva without tubercles on dorsum of abdomen...
  Larvae are usually gregarious on red pines and pupate in the mass of resin in which they live... Identification of these depends on microscopic characters of larvae, pupae, and males...
  *C. fortunactus*...
  *C. reburrata*...
  *C. resinicola*...
  *C. resinicoloides* Williams. Hosts: *P. banksiana*, *P. contorta*, *P. elliottii*, *P. ponderosa*, *P. radiata*, *P. virginiana*...
  *C. tortilis*...


description:
  [last-instar larvae:]
  ...abdomen without dorsal tubercles...
  ...spatula present...
  ...spatula shorter, weakly bifid cephalad; caudal prongs of spiracles long...

  *C. resinicoloides* is widely distributed across North America but not collected as frequently as *C. resinicola* or *C. piniinopis*, two other widespread species. I have seen specimens from *P. banksiana* (Ontario), *P. contorta* (Alberta), *P. elliottii* (Fla.) associated with *Cronartium* canker, *P. ponderosa* (Ariz.), *P. radiata* (Calif.), and *P. virginiana* (Md., Va.). 

  This species pupates in silken tubes in the pitch masses. 


description:
  [last-instar larvae:]
  ...abdomen without dorsal tubercles...
  ...spatula present...
  ...spatula long, strongly bifid cephalad; caudal prongs of hind spiracles short...

  ...larva in resin drop on twig...

  *C. fortunactus* is known only from Maryland on *P. virginiana* and from Florida on *P. elliottii*. One of the Maryland paratypes was found in a droplet of pitch that also contained two dead, last-instar larvae of *C. piniinopis*. The five known specimens of this species 
  were all found singly. 


description:
  [last-instar larvae:]
  ...abdomen without dorsal tubercles...
  ...spatula absent...
  ...Hind spiracles of equal length mesally and laterally *C. reburrata* and *C. tortilis*

  ...
  Gregarious larvae of *C. tortilis* were found in pitch-filled woody swellings on twigs of *P. virginiana* in Maryland and *P. clausa* in Florida. They pupated in silken tubes within the pitch mass. 


description:
  Larva without tubercles on dorsum of abdomen...
  Larvae are usually gregarious on red pines and pupate in the mass of resin in which they live... Identification of these depends on microscopic characters of larvae, pupae, and males...
  *C. fortunactus*...
  *C. reburrata*...
  *C. resinicola*...
  *C. resinicoloides*...
  *C. tortilis* Gagne. Hosts: *P. clausa*, *P. virginiana*...


description:
  The new species described here is the first found to feed on cones; all others have been reported only from pitch masses on twigs and branches where they promote breakage and secondary infection. On cones the damage is more serious because scales become enlarged and deformed thus preventing release of the seeds when cones mature.

  The new species is known so far only from a seed orchard of slash pine, *Pinus elliottii* Englemann, in Nassau Co., Florida, but is a potentially serious threat to seed production in slash pine seed orchards in the southern United States.


description:
  **gillettei**. USA (Colorado). *Pinus ponderosa* var. *scopulorum* (Pinaceae). 
  *Dicrodiplosis gillettei* Felt 1911l: 465. USA: Colorado, Fort Collins; T; G; USNM. An adult female *Clinodiplosis* sp. subsequently referred to this species (Felt 1918c: 158) is not the gallmaker, whose identity remains unknown. New status.


description:
  A large, budlike deformity on *Pinus scopulorum* was received... A species of *Dicrodiplosis*, *D. gillettei*, was reared from this gall and also another midge, probably a species of *Contarinia*, which latter is described above and is presumably the maker of the gall.
  [the *Contarinia* in question is *C. coloradensis*, which makes a different gall]


description:
  Starting in July 2022, a number of iNaturalist observations made near San Diego showed Rhus integrifolia with a broom-like proliferation of pink buds. Because of the host plant, the timing, and the location, these observations were initially identified as caused by Leptosillia pistaciae (Pistachio Canker). However, the symptoms described and photographed in the [2018 article by Vitale et al.](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6160797/) describing pistachio canker (under the name Liberomyces pistaciae) were not a match. 

  As of when this page was created at the end of 2025, the cause of the brooms remained unknown.


description:
  This is for galls on Rhododendron canescens that were previously identified as "Exobasidium vaccinii" or "Exobasidium rhododendri." 


description:
  These spring galls that resemble Feron pattersonae’s sexgen but exclusively occur on Quercus garryana north of the California/Oregon border are highly likely a yet-undescribed sexgen of another Feron species (hypothetically Feron rucklei, given the fact that it shares the same host/range and has similar appearance to F. pattersonae’s agamic galls). 


description:
  These spring galls that resemble Feron pattersonae’s sexgen but occur on white oaks (Section Quercus) including various hybrids exclusively in Southern California are highly likely a yet-undescribed sexgen of another Feron species (hypothetically Feron californicum, given the fact that it shares the same host/range and has similar appearance to F. pattersonae’s agamic galls). 


description:
  Gall forms a true hemisphere on the upper leaf and a less noticeable swelling on the leaf underside. 

  Tentatively assigned to Rhopalomyia based on presence of a midge larva in a [dissected gall](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9686276) and statement in Gagne 1989 that there are "many kinds" of galls caused by Rhopalomyia species on sages in the West. 


