# species_source

description:
  Asiphum pseudobrysum

  Pseudogalls on Populus deltoides formed on or beside the midrib on ventral leaf surface

  Pseudogalls of this aphid were found in large numbers on leaves of cottonwood. These malformations were all formed on the mid-rib by the stem mother which feeds on the underside of the leaf blade (Figs. 7, 8). The cavity produced is much too small to accommodate the aphid progeny which crawl from the cavity and feed on the secondary veins. The lower surface of the leaf becomes coated in a white powdery wax produced by the apterae. The stem mother remains within the cavity. As feeding proceeds the two halves of the leaf blade move towards each other ventrally so that the surfaces are almost parallel. An average of 625 alates were produced from 15 pseudogalls. 


description:
  Pemphigus populicaulis

  Galls on Populus deltoides formed at junction of leaf blade and petiole by twisting and swelling with pore-like openings

  This is the most common of the aphids forming excrescences on cottonwood in Quebec. The stem mother feeds at the petiole leaf-blade junction on the underside of the leaf. As a result of this feeding activity the petiole bends, sandwiching the stem mother between petiole and leaf blade. Once completely enclosed the stem mother reproduces, an average of 410 alates being produced from 20 galls examined. As the gall matures the upper surface becomes convex and changes in colour from green to red (Fig. 9). A series of small pores develop along the seam on the underside of the gall (Fig. 10) and migrants squeeze through them. Harper (1959) found this gall throughout Alberta on Populus sargentii Dode. Glendenning (1 924) reported water parsley, Oenanthe sarmentosa Presl., as an alternate host. Colonization trials involving a wide range of annual plants are currently under investigation.


description:
  Pemphigus populiglobuli Fitch

  [The photos included are identified as either this gall or P populicaulis as if the authors could not determine which or meant the photo to stand in for both. According to all other sources these two galls are easily distinguished by their host group; populiglobuli is only known from sect. Tacamahaca.]

  Galls on Populus deltoides Marsh [this host relation disagrees with every other source and is presumably a mistake] formed at junction of leaf blade and petiole by twisting and swelling with angular slit-like openings

  This aphid forms galls which are only differentiated from P. populicaulis with difficulty. The character at present used to differentiate between galls of P. populicaulis and P. populiglobuli is the type of migrant exit produced. In galls of the latter aphid an angular slit is produced along the seam on the lower gall surface. These galls were far fewer than those of P. populicaulis and accommodated a wide range of aphid predators. No alternate host is known for this aphid.


description:
  Pemphigus junctisensoriatus Maxson

  Galls on Populus deltoides formed at junction of leaf blade and petiole by twisting and swelling almost spherical on upper surface, largely formed from petiole, with angular slit-like opening 

  Galls of this aphid were also collected from cottonwood, and resemble P. populicaulis in their location and method of development. The upper gall surface is almost spherical and is formed primarily of petiole tissue (Fig. 11). Migrant escape is by means of a slit along the seams on the lower gall surface. This aphid species was reported from galls by MacNay (1955) in Canadian Insect Pest Review, but Maxson has subsequently checked the material and identified the aphid present as P. nortonii Maxson (Harper 1959). Galls of P. junctisensoriatus were all collected from a single medium-sized cottonwood at Macdonald College Campus, Quebec. No alternate hosts are known. 


description:
  Thecabius gravicornis (Patch)

  Galls on Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra L. var. italica Muenchhausen) Pseudogalls formed by folding of young terminal leaves of Lombardy poplar [also keys to Thecabius populicondupliflius]

  Pseudogalls of this aphid were found on most young, terminal leaves of a single Lombardy poplar plant at Pincourt, on Ile Perrot, just off the west tip of the Island of Montreal, Que., in the spring and summer of 1973. The stem mother feeds on the mid-ribs on the lower surface of the leaf. This results in the formation of a cavity (Fig. 12) in which the first generation apterae are produced. These apterae leave the confines of this cavity to feed on the young terminal leaves. The leaves fold ventrally (Fig. 13), and winged migrants are produced within the cavity between mid-June and early July.


description:
  Thecabius populiconduplifolius (Cowen)

  Galls on Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra L. var. italica Muenchhausen) Pseudogalls formed by folding of young terminal leaves of Lombardy poplar [also keys to Thecabius gravicornis]

  Alates of this aphid were collected from pseudogalls similar to those already described for T. gravicornis above, on terminal leaves of Lombardy poplars in Pincourt, Ile Perrot. Only few alates were present, and these were present amongst large numbers of T. gravicornis alates. Separation of the alates of these two aphid species is readily possible on the structure of the antennae. 

  Because of the large numbers of leaves bearing pseudogalls and thus the very close association of the aphid species, it is quite possible that they may be variants of the same species, although they are currently regarded as separate. Harper (1966) collected aphids with asymmetrical antennae from pseudogalls on poplars in Alberta, one aphid showing characteristics of T. affinis and the other of T. populiconduplifolius. 

  T. populiconduplifolius was first reported from Populus monilifera Aiton (P. deltoides Marsh) in Colorado (Cowen 1895). Palmer (1952) also reported it from Colorado on Populus sargentii Dode, whilst Harper (1966) reported it from Populus balsamifera L. in Lethbridge, Alta. Gillette (1914) traced this aphid to populations on Ranunculus sp. 


description:
  Pemphigus monophagus Maxson

  Tough, leathery galls formed on or adjacent to the mid-rib on leaf blade of Populus balsamifera 

  This was not found in the areas surveyed in Quebec. It was first reported from Populus angustifolia and P. tacamabaca in Colorado by Maxson in 1934. Galls of this aphid were extremely numerous on leaves of balsam poplar, P. balsamifera L., at Crystal Springs on the west side of Pigeon Lake in Alberta during the summers of 1972 and 1973. The galls are rather tough and leathery and are produced as projections on the upper leaf surface on both sides of the mid-rib (Fig. 14) as a result of the feeding activity of the stem mother on the lower mid-rib region. This aphid is monoecious, the alates emerging in late August and early September. 


description:
  These are usually blue-gray, sometimes buff or with buff markings, 5-15 mm long; elliptical on hosts with wide leaves but elongate with rounded ends on hosts with narrow leaves; usually flat, but sometimes with a swollen appearance. These galls are occasionally found also on the stem. In the galls I have examined, there was only 1 larva/gall.
  ...
  [He lists the following host records for this species, verified by both host and insect identification, most of which are now in the genus *Ericameria*: 
  *Chrysothamnus affinis [Ericameria parryi* var. *affinis]*, *C. albidus [E. albida]*, *C. nauseosus [E. nauseosa* var. *nauseosa]*, *C. nauseosus* var. *graveolens [E. nauseosa* var. *graveolens]*, *C. greenei*, *C. plattensis [E. nauseosa* var. *nauseosa]*, *C. viscidiflorus*, *Haplopappus armerioides [Stenotus armerioides]*, *H. bloomeri [E. bloomeri]*, *H. linearifolius [E. linearifolia]*.]
  ...
  [He lists the following additional host species as possible *Asteromyia* hosts based on observations of galls only (no insect material available). They are included on this page based solely on the hosts' current inclusion in either *Chrysothamnus*, *Ericameria*, or near *Stenotus*. These could alternatively represent multiple undescribed *Asteromyia* species or host-range extensions of known species:
  *Chrysothamnus depressus*, *C. paniculatus [E. paniculata]*, *C. parryi [E. parryi]*, *C. teretifolius [E. teretifolia]*, *Haplopappus arborescens [E. arborescens]*, *H. cooperi [E. cooperi]*, *Chrysothamnus pulchellus [Lorandersonia pulchella]* - near *Stenotus* (Nesom 2020)]


description:
  Pemphigus populiramulorum Riley

  Gall on Populus sargentii Dode on new growth of twig

  Very few galls of P. populiramulorum were found in Alberta. This aphid was first reported in the area in 1954 and since then a few galls were found each year. The gall (Fig. 6) is formed not on the leaf but on the new growth of the twig; as the aphid feeds, the twig swells and encloses it. The gall is round and has a transverse or vertical slit similar to that in the gall of P. populitransversus but with protruding lips. It is greenish at first but turns brown as the season progresses. In fall it remains on the tree and thus may be easily seen during the winter or early spring. 

  Records of the distribution of P. populiramulorum Riley in Alberta are as follows: 1954, Grantham, Populus sargentii; 1956, Taber, Coaldale, P. sargentii. 


description:
  Mordwilkoja vogabunda (Walsh)

  Gall on Populus sargentii [deltoides] formed from terminal bud, convoluted, bladder-like

  The largest and most unusual gall on poplar in southern Alberta is caused by M. vagabunda. The primary host in the area is Populus sargentii. 

  The gall caused by this species is usually large and conspicuous. The feeding of the fundatrix on the terminal bud results in the formation of a bladder-like gall. Fig. 9 shows the early stage of one of these galls and Fig. 10 the fully developed, convoluted gall. In autumn the galls do not fall but turn woody and remain on the tree the following year. Distribution of M. vagabunda in Alberta is as follows: 1930, southern Alberta, Populus species (MacNay, C. G. (in litt.)); 1948, Rocky Mountain House (Strickland, 1953); 1955, Grantham, Populus sargentii; 1957, Turin. 


description:
  Pemphigus betae Doane

  Gall beside mid-rib on leaf of P. balsamifera or P. angustifolia (or, rarely, P. trichocarpa) 

  This species, which is a pest of beets, swiss chard, spinach, and lettuce, causes considerable damage each year to sugar beets in southern Alberta and in some areas of the United States. P. betae can spread curly top virus and virus yellows among sugar-beet plants (Bennett and Wallace, 1938; MacLean, 1953). 

  The galls are always on the leaf blades, usually next to the mid-ribs; generally there is only one per'leaf. Thev have been found in Alberta on the narrow-leaved cottonwood, P. mgustifolici; the balsam poplar, P. balsamifera; and, rarely, the black cottonwood P. trichocarpa. The fundatrix, which hatches from the overwintered egg, feeds near the mid-vein on the upper surface of the emerging leaf, causing the formation of a longitudinal depression, which increases in size to about half an inch long and a quarter of an inch deep (Fig. 1). Galls are usuallv green but may have a reddish tinge. 

  Records of the distribution of P. betae in Alberta are as follows (the year denotes the first record from the area): 1929, Picture Butte, beets, lamb'squarters, pigweed; 1934, Lethbridge( Hillspring, Barnwell, beets (MacNay, C. G. (in litt.) Entomology Division, Ottawa); 1950, Monarch, Coaldale, Magrath, Raymond, Beta wulgaris, Chenopodium album, poplars; 1954, Diamond City; 1956, Pincher Creek, Barons, Hays, Turin, Welling, Stirling, beets, lettuce, Populus balsamifera, P. angustifolia, P. trichocarpa; 1957, Lundbreck, Black Diamond, Coleman, poplars. 


description:
  Pemphigus populiglobuli Fitch

  Gall formed by swelling and twisting of petiole and leaf blade of Populus angustifolia James or Populus balsamifera L. (or, rarely, Populus trichocarpa T. and G.) 

  The primary hosts of P. populiglobuli in Alberta are P. angustifolia, P. balsamifera, and, rarely, P. trichocarpa. The gall is formed at the junction of the petiole and leaf blade and is produced by a swelling at the base of the blade and at the top of the petiole (Fig. 2). The exit slit is produced by a slight separation of the twisted parts of the petiole and blade. Usually the gall is green but it may have a reddish tinge. 

  Records of the distribution of P. populiglobuli in Alberta are as follows: 1954, Lethbridge, Magrath, Cardston, Coaldale, Picture Butte, P. angustifolia, P. balsamifera; 1957, Pincher Creek, Black Diamond, Lundbreck, Coleman, Blairmore, Crowsnest, Cyprus Hills, Medicine Hat, Waterton, Monarch, Macleod, P. balsamifera, P. angustifolia, P. trichocarpa


description:
  Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch

  Gall on Populus sargentii [deltoides] formed by swelling and twisting of petiole and leaf blade

  P. populicaulis is more common in southern Alberta than any other gall-forming aphid on poplar. The galls are found on trees along river banks and in many of the shelter belts in the irrigated areas. The primary host of this species in Alberta is P. sargentii Dode. 

  The gall caused by this aphid is also formed at the junction of the petiole and blade of the leaf and is produced by a swelling and twisting at the base of the blade and at the top of the petiole (Fig. 3). In this respect it is similar in formation to the gall caused by P populiglobuli but differs in that it has a small, round exit (Fig. 19) whereas the exit of the gall caused by P. populiglobuli is a long, narrow, angular slit. When two galls of P. populicaulis are found on a single leaf, their shapes vary slightly from those of single galls (Fig. 19). 

  In 1924 Glendenning reported water parsley, Oenanthe sarmentosa Presl, as the secondary host of P populicaulis. Strickland ( 1953) recorded Pemphigus brevicornis Harr. from potatoes, beets, and celery in August and September. Hottes and Frison (1931) collected P. brevicornis on roots of an umbrella plant, Erigeron sp., and a goldenrod, Solidago sp., and stated that the specimens might be the sexuparae of P. populicaulis. Cutright (1925) considered P. brevicornis as a synonym of Pemphigus lactucae Fitch. Thus, if Hottes and Frison and Cutright are correct, the name P. populicaulis will be replaced by P. lactucae, which has priority. 

  Records of the distribution of P. populicaulis in Alberta are as follows: 1950, Picture Butte, Lethbridge, Coaldale, Taber, Vauxhall, Grantham, Turin, Iron Springs, Monarch, Macleod, Barnwell, Welling, Populus sargentii; 1953, Medicine Hat; 1957, Nobleford, Populus sargentii.


description:
  Pemphigus populitransversus Riley 

  Gall on petiole of Populus sargentii [deltoides] with transverse slit 

  P. populitransversus occurs on Populus sargentii in some localities along river banks and in shelter belts in irrigated areas of southern Alberta. According to MacNay (in litt.), this species was reported occasionally on Populus deltoides, P. tremuloides, and P. angustifolia in Alberta from 1929 to 1957. Although Essig (1926, pp. 259-261) indicated that this species may live on sugar beets, dock, and lettuce, it has not been found on these hosts in Alberta. Wene and White (1953) stated that P. populitransversus is an important pest of cabbage in Texas. Altllough no secondary host has been found in Alberta, winged forms were taken in Iargc numbers from turnips and cabbage in plots at the Lethbridge laboratory in 1954. However, when these lots were harvested and the roots of the plants examined, no aphids were found.

  Galls are caused by the feeding of this species on the petiole of the popIar leaf. As the aphid feeds, the petiole swells on each side of the point of feeding and a spherical, green gall with a transverse slit is produced (Fig. 4). The galls vary in size from one-quarter to three-quarters of an inch in diameter. Although the galls generally have transverse slits, some were found near Cranford, Alberta, with vertical, transverse, or anguIar slits (Figs. 11-13). 

  Records of the distribution of P. populitransversus in Alberta are as follows: 1929, Lethhridge, Bow River, -Arrowwood, Orkney, Macleod, Populus deltoides, Populus angustifolia, Populus tremuloides (MacNay, C. G. (in litt.)); 19.50, Turin, Picture Butte, Iron Springs; 1953, Medicine Hat; 1957, Barnwell, Taber, Vauxhall, Populus sargentii. 


description:
  Pemphigus nortonii Maxson 

  Gall on Populus sargentii [deltoides] at junction of petiole and leaf blade with angular slit formed by twisting and swelling of petiole

  Although P. nortonii was first reported from southern Alberta only four years ago, now it can be readily found on P. sargentii in shelter belts and on trees along riverbanks. As yet no secondary host has been recorded for this species.

  The gall is formed on the petiole or at the junction of the leaf blade and the petiole and is produced by a swelling and twisting of the petiole only (Fig. 5). Although the gall is somewhat similar to that caused by P. populicaulis, it is generally larger, often growing to three-quarters of an inch or more in diameter. The exit from the gall is a long, semispiral slit and not a small, round opening as with P. populicaulis. 

  Records of the distribution of P. nortonii in Alberta are as follows: 1953, Grantham; 1957, Taber, Turin, Lethbridge, Coaldale, Populus sargentii. 

  This aphid was originally reported by the author in The Canadian Insect Pest Review (MacNay, 1955) as Pemphigus junctisensoriatus Maxson. Since then Maxson has checked the material and identified the aphid as P. nortonii. 


description:
  Pemphigus populivenae Fitch

  Galls beside mid-rib on upper side of leaf of P. balsamifera

  P. populivenae occurs in Alberta in very small numbers. In every locality where it was found in Alberta it was associated with galls caused by P. betae or P. populiglobuli. This species feeds close to the mid-rib on the undersides of the leaves of P. angustifolia or P. balsamifera, causing a gall (Fig. 7) about one-quarter to one-half of an inch long and about a quarter of an inch deep on the upper side of the leaf. The gall is similar to that of P. betae but is on the opposite side of the leaf. 

  Records of the distribution of P. populivenae in Alberta are as follows: 1953, Edmonton (Strickland, 1953), Monarch, P. angustifolia, P. balsamifera; 1957, Lundbreck, Coaldale, P. balsamifera. 


description:
  Thecabius populimonilis (Riley)

  Row of galls on either side of mid-rib of P. angustifolia or P. balsamifera

  T. populimonilis is found on small trees along river banks in southern Alberta. The hosts of this species are P. angustifolia and P. balsamifera. 

  The galls of this species do not contain colonies but only a single fundatrix or fundatrigenia. The fundatrix causes the gall, in which the young are produced, but shortly after the young are born they leave the gall and start to feed on the same leaf or on another leaf, causing galls to be produced at the point of feeding, usually in a row on either side of the mid-rib. The galls are pale green but may have a reddish tinge (Fig. 8). 

  Records of the distribution of T. populimonilis in Alberta are as follows: 1948, Elk Island Park (Strickland, 1953); 1951, Lethbridge, Populus angustifolia; 1956, Monarch, Picture Butte, P. angustifolia; 1957, Spirit River, P. balsamifera. 


description:
  "Enlarged Stem Bud

  Buds fail to elongate normally in early spring, and develop into a leafy growth about 1cm in length and diameter. The active larvae live in bulbetlike galls and grow very slowly. They remain in the first instar through early July, when the outer leaves of the buds turn brown and rough. Larvae enter the second instar in about mid-August and the third toward the end of September. In Spring they form a cocoon in which they pupate. 

  Host:
  U. rubra
  Distr: Maryland


description:
  Irregularly swollen young bud or twig

  Galls are succulent when young, occasionally grow to 2.5cm in diameter, and are polythalamous. 

  Host: T. americana
  Distr: Massachusetts to Minnesota, south to Maryland and Missouri


description:
  bud, flower or fruit gall

  Adults and pupae intercepted at US border. The particular gall it forms is unknown but is likely to be in the flowers or fruit.
  Distr: Mexico


description:
  Closed, hard, swollen buds and sterile, deformed pods...*Asphondylia websteri* Felt
  This native American species has crossed over to guar, an introduced plant from India...
  Hosts: *C. tetragonoloba*; also *Medicago*, *Parkinsonia*, and *Simmondsia*
  ...

  Deformed, aborted fruit

  Host: Simmondsia chinensis
  Distr: California, Arizona and Baja California


description:
  The larva of the species on jojoba occurs in the fruit and is found at several locales (Table I). One to 3 larvae may infest a single fruit. Infested fruit are small, usually 7mm or less in length, never develop fully, but eventually dry and drop. The presence of the feeding larva is indicated by a slight swelling of the adjacent fruit wall. Pupation takes place in the fruit. The adult eventually escapes from the pupal skin leaving it attached (Fig.I). Infested fruit are most abundant in winter and early spring, before the general blooming period for jojoba at Radec. At this time most of the fruit found are those harboring Asphondylia, suggesting that midge oviposition or larval feeding causes premature and abnormal development.


description:
  Elongate stem swelling

  Host: M "glutinosus"  [Author's 2021 World Catalog identifies hosts by their current names as "Diplacus aurantiacus, D. longiflorus"]
  Distr: California


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/34032#page/185/mode/1up
description:
  Gall. — This is a cabbage-like, densely woolly, apical growth of modified leaves having a diameter of about 14 mm.


description:
  Irregular stem gall.

  The gall is reportedly about 2cm long and 1cm in diameter.

  Host: Ribes sp.
  Distr: Washington


description:
  Leaf blister

  The leaf blisters, about 3mm in diameter, are reportedly common and several may occur on a leaf. 

  Hosts: R inerme and R lonifolium
  Distr: Colorado


description:
  Enlarged, deformed bud

  This species forms an enlarged cluster of buds with greatly increased size and number of scales. Infested buds are killed. Witches brooms may later develop withen sceondary buds at the base of a gall send forth new growth. larvae overwinter in buds and pupate there in the spring. Adults emerge in May. 

  Host: Ribes grossulariae
  Distr: Ohio


description:
  The form described below was reared from deformed gooseberry buds, Ribes grossularia, in May, 1911, by J. S. Houser of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. The material was collected at Camp Chase.


description:
  The plant is injured by the insect working during the larval stage in the terminal buds of spurs and branches, causing the bud to become abnormal both in size and structure. The bud scales increase greatly in numbers and size and, lying closely one upon another form a gall somewhat resembling in miniature the pine-cone willow galls so commonly encountered upon the tips of willow twigs. The injured bud is incapable of producing normal leaves and the plant, striving to maintain itself, develops secondary buds within or about the first and these, in turn, becoming infested, there is formed ultimately a large knot or cluster of galls. A typical cluster is illustrated in figure 1. Occasionally the injured cluster succeeds in putting out feeble growths which usually take the form of undersized twigs. Such a cluster, starting to develop, may be seen in figure 2. These growths appear at the end of the_first or second season as illustrated by figure 3. As a rule, however, this secondary-, "witch-broom" like growth does not develop, and one finds the infested plant with numerous, large, rounded gall-clusters located on any part of it as shown by figure 4.


description:
  Enlarged bud

  Infested buds are monothalamous and about 1 cm long by 1cm in diameter. 

  Host: H. arborescens
  Distr: Maryland, Virginia and Missouri


description:
  Pemphigus juncti-sensoriatus n. sp.

  Host, Populus deltoides. 

  The Gall. A more or less globular gall located at the base of the leaf composed of leaf blade and petiole. That part consisting of leaf blade is somewhat oval, very much thickened, and more or less convex. The leaf margins can be traced along the edges of this thickened portion for some distance. The greater part of the gall is composed of a very much widened, thickened and twisted portion of the petiole. The opening is long, passing more than half way around the gall. The mouth is loosely closed and lacks the small, round orifice found in the galls of Pemphigus populi-caulis. 

  Taxonomy.-This species is close to populi-caulis but differs from it in having the greater part of the gall composed of petiole instead of leaf blade as in the latter and in having many of the secondary antennal sensoria of the fundatrigenia coalescent. 


description:
  Pemphigus nortonii, n. sp.

  Described from holotype and 18 paratypes from galls taken on Populus deltoides at Wheatland, Wyoming, August 2, 1924, and July 2, 1929.

  Galls: The galls are similar to those of Pemphigus populi-caulis. 

  Taxonomy.-This species is most closely related to Pemphigus populi-caulis, differing from it mainly in having the antennae longer in proportion to the hind tibiae and a greater number of secondary sensoria on joints III to VI of the fundatrigenia.


description:
  Pemphigus monophagus, n. sp.

  Described from holotype and 16 paratypes from gall on Populus balsamiferae at 8,200 feet elevation, August 17, 1924, in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado.

  The Gall. A more or less globular gall composed of leaf blade located at the base of the leaf with nearly circular opening on the under side closed by a thickened portion of the petiole that lays in a plane almost parallel to the blade of the leaf. The opening may be at the right or left of midrib. In a gall open on the right side of the midrib the thickened part of the petiole bends sharply to the left; then from a point near where the petiole passes into the midrib there is an abrupt bend to the right. Thus the thickened parts form a letter S. When the gall opens on the left of the midrib the S is backwards. There is usually a shallow furrow passing over the gall near its middle suggesting a double gall. 

  Taxonomy.-This species is placed in the genus Pemphigus because of the great structural similarity. In the number of generations and the sequence of forms it differs from the typical Pemphigus. There are but four generations, three of which, the fundatrix, fundatrigenia and sexupara, all develop in the same gall. Observations lead to the conclusion that all of the young of the fundatrix develop into apterous viviparae, these in turn producing the sexuparae. Further study may place this species in a new genus since it resembles Pemphigus much as Cornaphis does Asiphum. What appears to be this species was taken by J. J. Davis on August 5, 1913. near Flat Head Lake in Montana. Material received from R. Glendenning collected at Lillooet and Merrit, B. C., on Populus trichocarpa also appears to be this species.


description:
  Asiphum rosettei n. sp.

  Described from holotype and 9 paratypes taken on Populus tremuloides, 7,000 feet elevation in canyon of South St. Vrain Creek, Boulder Co., Colo., July, 1915. 

  The fundatrix appears to feed on the petioles of the newly opening leaves, causing them to become curved more or less backward. This forms a rosette of leaves by stunting the growth of the internodes of the young branch. 

  The fundatrigenia feed on the unexposed surfaces of the leaves forming the rosette. After the migration the young wood elongates somewhat so that the rosette gradually disappears except for a slight deformity of the branch and leaves. 

  Taxonomy: This species is very near Asiphum tremulae De Geer as described by Tullgren, but differs from it in having wax pores on lobes of metathorax and fewer secondary sensoria on III and IV of the antennae of the fundatrigenia. 


description:
  Asiphum pseudobyrsum (Walsh)

  Byrsocrypta pseudobyrsa Walsh, 1862:306.
  Pemphigus pseudobyrsa, Oestlund, 1887:24.
  Schizoneura populi; (misidentification), Gillette, 1908e:1. 
  Asiphum pseudobyrsa Gillette, 1914a:269; Hottes and Frison, 1931a:348; Gillette and Palmer, 1934: 217

  Collections. In pseudo galls of leaves of Populus sargenti [deltoides]. Colorado: Grand Junction, Rocky Ford, La Porte, Denver, Longmont and Fort Collins. Fundatrices May 27 to June 18, alate viviparae June 16 to July 13; not common. Fundatrix living in same leaf as progeny but on underside of midrib with young locating on underside of branch veins. Second generation alate viviparae (fundatrigeniae) all leave the tree, probably for an unknown summer host. 


description:
  Asiphum rosettei Maxson

  Collections. On petioles and leaves of Populus tremuloides, causing leaves to be bent backward at base and stunting stems so as to form a rosette; fundatrix feeds on petiole and fundatrigeniae on unexposed side of leaves). Colorado: Canyon of South Saint Vrain (in Boulder County). Fundatrix and fundatrigeniae in July; very rare.


description:
  Asiphum sacculi Gillette

  Collections. In pseudo gall of crumpled leaves with edges turned in, on Populus tremuloides. Colorado: Estes Park, Manitou, Pingree Park, Skyway and Ward. Fundatrices June 13 to Aug. 9, alate viviparae June 13 to Aug. 20; not common. 


description:
  Cornaphis populi Gillette

  Collections. On Populus augustifolia in pale or red-streaked podlike pseudo galls composed of folded edges of leaves. Colorado: Monte Vista, South Saint Vrain Canyon and Fort Collins. Wyoming: Laramie. Fundatrices June 25, apterous summer viviparae and alate sexuparae July 10 to 15, sexuales July 15; rare. Fundatrix, apterous fundatrigeniae and sexuparae all develop in the same gall. 


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_C.htm#Cornaphis
description:
  Cornaphis populi Gillette   

  Galls on Populus angustifolia are crescent-shaped folds of the leaf-edge, pale or streaked with red.  In western USA (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah).  Apterae inhabit the same galls as the slate-grey fundatrices, and are straw-yellow with black head and four dark patches on the pronotum, dusted with wax.  There is no host alternation; alate sexuparae (BL 2.0-2.3 mm) are produced in the galls in July (Gillette 1913, Palmer 1952).


description:
  Mordvilkoja vagabunda (Walsh)

  Collections. In large complicated, convoluted, bladderlike leaf galls, com posed of crumpled leaves of a terminal bud on Populus sargenti [deltoides]. Colorado: Hugo, Longmont, Brighton, Kuner and Fort Collins. Wyoming: Laramie. Fundatrices May 2 to July 16 (still full of embryos and apparently in their prime), alate viviparae (fundatrigeniae) July 10 to 15 (gall still containing numerous young), alate sexuparae and sexuales (dead in dry galls from a previous year) Aug. 19; rare though common and abundant at times in localities.


description:
  Pemphigus balsamiferae Williams

  Pemphigus betae Doane (questionable identification)

  Collections. As winter hosts on Populus augustifolia and P. tacamahaca, in yellowish green to reddish pocketlike galls on underside with opening on upper side of leaves; as summer hosts on roots of both sugar and garden red beets (Beta vulgaris) and Chenopodium album, specimens apparently identical with this species taken on roots of Achillea sp., Agropyron sp., Aster multiflorus, Cycloloma atriplicifolium, head lettuce (Lactuca sativa), Poinsettia sp., Poly gonum aviculare, and Solidago sp. Throughout region. Fundatrices on Populus April 23 to July 10, apterous summer viviparae on summer hosts May 6 to Nov. 26, hiberating viviparae on summer hosts throughout the winter, alate viviparae on Populus July 4 to 11 and Sept. 23 to Oct. 28 and on summer hosts Aug. 27 to Nov. 23, sexuales on Populus Sept. 28 to Oct. 4; common often injurious. Fundatrix lives in gall with alate fundatrigeniae which leave for summer hosts, alate sexuparae return from the beet to the Populus where they deposit the sexuales.


description:
  Pemphigus bursarius (Linnaeus)

  Hosts. As winter host in petiole galls on Populus sp.; as summer hosts on lambsquarters (Chenopodium sp.), carrot (Daucus sp.), lettuce (Lactuca sp.), Lampsana communis and Sonchus sp., on roots. (Not recorded from region.)


description:
  Pemphigus junctisensoriatus Maxson

  Gall. Pale yellowish green. Composed mostly of swollen petiole; twisted on broadened leaf base; exit hole consisting of a crevice extending over halfway around between petiole and leaf. 

  Collections. On Populus sargenti in petiole and leaf galls. Colorado: Wiggins and Boulder. Fundatrices and alate viviparae (fundatrigeniae) June 8 and 29, alate viviparae and sexuparae Sept. 2; rare This species is peculiar in the broad and occasionally anastomosed sensoria as well as the gall which consists mostly of enlarged petiole with exit hole in the form of a long slit between petiole and leaf.


description:
  Pemphigus monophagus Maxson

  Gall. Pale greenish yellow. Composed mostly of swelling on upperside of leaf base with petiole broadened and somewhat twisted; orifice consisting of a slit on underside between petiole and leaf. Gall may be either globular or with more or less transverse indentation as shown in figure. 

  Collections. In twisted petiole and leaf galls on Populus angustifolia and P. tacamahaca (There appears to be no alternate host since the alate viviparae leaving the gall as soon as it opens are already sexuparae and must deposit the sexuales on the winter host.) Colorado: Buckhorn Creek (near Masonville), at Redfeather, Horseshoe Park (in Rocky Mountain National Park), Colorado Springs and Walden. Fundatrices July 4 to Sept. 23, apterous summer viviparae July 12 to Sept. 23, alate viviparae (sexuparae) Aug. 18 to Sept. 23, sexuales Aug. 10 (born from alatae which were imprisoned); rather rare. The fundatrix and apterous viviparae (very few) are found in the galls with alate sexuparae.


description:
  Pemphigus mortonii Maxson

  Gall. Pale yellowish green. In swollen leaf base twisted on flattened and broadened petiole base; exit hole small, round orifice on underside between leaf and petiole. Size 20 mm in diameter. 

  Collections. On Populus sargenti in twisted petiole and leaf galls, indistinguishable from galls of P. populi-caulis. Colorado: Longmont, Dent and Fort Collins. Wyoming: Wheatland. Fundatrices and alate viviparae (fundatrigen iae) July 2 to Sept. 21; not very common. 

  Chief Distinguishing Characters. Character of gall (composed largely of enlarged leaf and with exit hole, a small round opening on underside between leaf and petiole), 


description:
  Pemphigus populi-caulis Fitch

  Gall. Yellowish green to creamy, formed of swollen base of leaf twisted with broadened petiole; exit a small round hole on underside between leaf and petiole. Size 10-13 mm in diameter

  Cellections. As winter host on Populus sargenti and rarely P. acuminata, in twisted petiole and leaf galls; alternate host unknown. Throughout Colorado and nothern Utah. Fundatrices June 12 to Aug. 29, alate fundatrigeniae June 20 to Aug. 29; common. 

  Chief Distinguishing Characters. Character, of gall with round exit hole.

  This species is very close to P. bursarius (Linnaeus) and distinguished most certainly by form of gall. However, a number of collections of specimens ap parently inseparable from P. populicaulis have been taken in petiole galls re sembling those of P. populi-transversus. Galls of P. bursarius according to Tull gren (1909:114) and Theobald (1929:245) differ in more protruding lips. The question of the status of these forms requires further biological work. 


description:
  Pemphigus populi-globuli Fitch

  Gall. Pale yellow or red. Composed mostly of swollen leaf base and flat but broadened petiole; exit hole a slit on underside between leaf and petiole. 

  Collections. As winter host in petiole and leaf gall on Populus angustifolia and P. “balsamifera (?)" (probably P. candicans or deltoides since the localities recorded are out of the habitat range of P. tacamahaca). Utah: Throughout northern part of state. Colorado: Buckhorn Creek near Masonville), Longmont and Monte Vista. Fundatrices June 24 to July 4, alate fundatrigeniae July 4 and (dead specimens in gall) Aug. 18; rare. 

  This species is very close to P. populi-caulis and only doubtfully separated by host, shape of gall which is without definite round exit hole and length of III in fundatrigenia (not distinctly longer than hind tarsal II, longer than hind tarsal II in P. populi-caulis). 


description:
  Pemphigus populi-ramulorum Riley

  Gall. Green. Normally globular with transverse mouth, about 25 mm in diameter. In cases of heavy infestation some galls are elongated and some occur on petioles where they differ from galls of P. populi-transversus by protruding upper lip. Normally located on stem of twig at base of petiole.

  Collections. As winter host on Populus sargenti and P. “balsamifera” (prob ably P. candicans or deltoides), in twig and sometimes petiole galls; summer host unknown. Throughout region. Fundatrices June 8 toJuly 22, alate funda trigeniae June 8 to Aug. 14; rather common.


description:
  Pemphigus populitransversus Riley

  Gall. Same color as petiole but often with reddish tinge. Size, usually 12-18 mm in di ameter, occasionally 25. 

  Collections. As winter host on Populus sargenti in petiole galls, as summer host on cruciferous plants (in Louisiana, not recorded on summer hosts in this region, but to be expected); Colorado: throughout state. Utah: Farmington and Santa Clara. Fundatrices June 8 to Aug. 29, alate fundatrigeniae June 12 to August 31; not abundant. 

  Chief Distinguishing Characters. Petiole gall with transverse mouth


description:
  Pemphigus populi-venae Fitch

  Gall. Greenish or yellowish, sometimes with blush of red. Pocketlike excrescence vary ing from oblong to semicircular on upperside of leaf with slitlike mouth on underside next to midrib, similar to that of P. balsamiferae but on opposite surface of leaf.

  Collections. As winter host on Populus angustifolia, in pocketlike leaf galls. Colorado: Masonville, Boulder, Longmont and Fort Collins. Utah: Hyrum. Fundatrices May 18 to July 4, alate fundatrigeniae June 11 to July 12; rare. This species is doubtfully separated from P. populi-globuli except by the character of the gall, located on leaf blade, not involving petiole.


description:
  Thecabius gravicornis (Patch)

  Pseudo Galls. Fundatrix in small pocketlike swelling on upperside of leaf about halfway between midrib and edge of leaf, opening on under side; progeny on underside of leaves which are folded downwards together on midrib. 

  Collections. As winter host on Populus tacamahaca, in folded leaf pseudo galls. Colorado: Pennock Pass (above Masonville), Steamboat Springs and at Red Feather. Fundatrices Aug. 24, alate fundatrigeniae Aug. 18 and 24; rare, perhaps on account of rarity of host. 


description:
  Thecabius populi-conduplifolius (Cowen)

  Pseudo Galls. Fundatrix solitary in leaf margin folded on underside; progeny living in colonies on underside of younger leaves folded under on midrib.

  Collections. As winter host, in folded leaves of Populus “balsamifera” (probably P. candicans or P. deltoides) and P. sargenti as summer host on leaf bases of Ranunculus sp. Wyoming: Wheatland. Throughout Colorado and Utah. Fundatrices June 2 to 25, alate fundatrigeniae June 12 to Aug. 7 and alate sexuparae Sept. 21, apterous viviparae on Ranunculus Jan. 2 to April 23, alate vivi parae Sept. 13 to Oct. 4; rather common. 

  Chief Distinguishing Characters. Folded leaf pseudo gall


description:
  Thecabius populi-monilis (Riley)

  Gall. Pale green. The fundatrix gall containing a solitary fundatrix consists of a pocket like gall on upperside of a leaf at the base of the new growth, gall opening on underside, her young migrating soon after birth and locating separately near the margins on the underside of new leaves, forming a row of pocketlike or beadlike galls each 6-10 in diameter, each containing a solitary aphid, apterous or alate. The alatae migrate, probably to another tree. The apterae produce alate virgogeniae, which form new galls, and in August and September, alate sexuparae which develop in the gall with the mother. The sexuales are certainly deposited on the Populus, some were found in the galls in October; but certainly not all are deposited in the galls since the sexuparae are alate and are found leaving the galls as early as August 9.

  Collections. On Populus angustifolia and P. tamacahaca, rarely on P. sargenti, in galls on leaves (apparently no alternate host existing). Throughout region. Fundatrices June 25, apterous and alate fundatrigeniae July 17 to Oct. 18, alate sexuparae Aug. 9 to Oct. 18, sexuales Oct. 18; rather common.


description:
  Pemphigus nortoni Maxson

  [Photos of three galls of this species appear on page 2 of the pdf]
   
  P. fremonti is a host to Pemphigus nortoni Maxson

  Alates of P nortoni began to emerge from their galls during May and continued to emerge until at least late July. In 1960, alates continued to emerge from 1 gall until late August. 


description:
  Pemphigus populivenae [Russo seems to have completely mistaken Thecabius populimonilis for Pemphigus populivenae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3456)]
  [Page 62]

  Hosts: cottonwoods

  Often, the galls are located in rows along the midrib or along the edges of leaves. 


description:
  Pemphigus sp. A [Russo notes that this species was formerly considered P nortonii but DNA evidence, which he does not cite, has suggested it belongs closer to P populiramulorum.]
  Petiole-gall aphid
  [Page 64]

  Hosts: Populus fremontii

  These galls look superficially like those of the gouty-petiole-gall aphid (P populicaulis), except that the exit hole of these galls is a spiral slit near the base of the leaf, and the galls are smooth.


description:
  A leaf edge fold causing a globular to near-spherical pseudogall surrounded by a flattened margin. The inducer seems to be on the upper side of the leaf, causing the leaf to fold over onto the upper side, with the globular portion of the gall bulging to either side or outward from the edge. The gall is hairless, translucent (apparently thin-walled?), and green-pink to red. Observed on Populus tremuloides from Montana to Maine in June and July. [A cross-sectioned gall](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/180354619) was found to contain a midge larva.


description:
  Pemphigus populicaulis

  This plant louse has been previously recorded from Illinois by Walsh (1862), LeBaron (1873), Thomas (1879). and Davis (1910d). It causes a gall at the base of the leaves of poplar somewhat similar to P. populi-transversus except that opening is a semi-circular curved slit. Under a discussion of P. brevicornis Hart we have already advanced our supposition that populicaulis is the aerial and gall-making form of the root-feeding plant louse described as brevicornis Hart. and the nomenclatorial changes that must result if this theory is substantiated. Data associated with our specimens collected in galls on species of Populus are as follows: Champaign (July 16). 18S5; Albion (May 26). Cave-in-Rock (May 30). Oakwood (July IS). Shawueetown (May 27). I'r-bana (July 10). 192S; Eldorado (June 19). Elizabethtowu (June 20), Kansas (June 17), Oakwood (June 1), Rock Island (July 7), Starved Rock State Park (July 5). 1929: Seymour (June 20), 1930. 


description:
  PEMPHIGUS POPULI-TRANSVERSUS Riley [photos show the morphotype now known as P obesinymphae]

  The details of the life history of this species are very well known because of the studies of Jones and Gillette (1918), who have shown that it alternates between poplars and the roots of various cruciferous plants. The winged migrants (fundatrigeniae) leave the galls (Fig. 48) on poplars in spring or summer and fly to cruciferous plants, where the sexuparae are eventually produced. The latter return to the trunks and branches of poplars in spring and produce the sexual forms which produce eggs from which the stem mothers hatch. The stem mothers start tile galls, each of which produces a large number of winged females or migrants. 

  We have been unable to separate the cotypic specimens of P. rubi Thomas (1879), which are sexuparae, from sexuparae of P. populi-transversus Riley. The similarity in their antennae, which are quite different from the antennae of other sexuparae taken in Illinois, seems to us quite indicative that they are the same species. 

  Data associated with our Illinois material on Populus are as follows: Danville (Sept. 18), Elizabethtown (October 12), Golconda (October 13), Havana (.June 21), Mahomet (October 2), Mt. Carmel (May 26). Pekin ( July 22), 1928; Parmer City (September 22), Herod (Sept. 27), Oakwood (October 13), Starved Rock State Park (July 5), 1929; Fairmount (September 28), Watson (Nov. 13), 1930. 

  In addition, the sexuparae have been taken on roots of Lepidium virginicum at Mt. Carmel on May 26, 1928. Previously recorded from Illinois by Davis (1910) and Gronemann (1930).


description:
  PEMPHIGUS POPULI-VENAE Fitch

  Thomas (1879), in the "Eighth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois," lists a species of Pemphigus under this name but without definitely recording it from Illinois. This species has been rarely recorded in literature, and the only detailed description of its forms is that by Maxson and Knowlton (1929). 

  Our record establishing the occurrence of this species in Illinois is based upon the finding of the characteristic cockscomb-like galls upon the upper surfaces of leaves of Populus deltoides at Watson, Illinois, on November 13, 1930 (Frison and Ross). 


description:
  Pemphigus populitransversus [the "globular morph"]

  Gall initiation by Pemphigus populitransversus was found to occur at two clearly separate times during the summer of 1975. Gall initiation is first detected as a slight swelling and bending of the petiole at the point where a fundatrix nymph has begun feeding. In this early stage, the young fundatrix is not enclosed and appears as a small black spot in the pocket formed by the swelling and bending of the petiole. Transverse galls first began forming, along with oblique galls, around May 15 on cottonwoods in the vicinity of Stony Brook. At this time, the early leaves of the tree were expanding and provided suitable sites for gall initiation. The trees were checked carefully on successive days, and after two or three days, there was no further gall initiation. Then, on June 15, more transverse galls began forming on the newly formed late leaves. This dimorphism in the timing of gall initiation resulted in a set of galls on the early leaves and a set of galls on the late leaves of the shoots. 

  A dimorphism in gall shape, life history, and aphid morphology has been described for this species by Senner and Sokal (1974). The morph they refer to as "elongate" produces galls that are more elongate in shape than those of the other morph called "globular." The question immediately arose whether the presence of early and late transverse galls was related to the globular-elongate dimorphism. An analysis of the early and late transverse galls confirms the suspected relationship (Table 1). The late galls are larger than the early galls, and more spherical, as shown by the ratios of gall dimensions. The values in Table 1 resemble those of the sample from West Point, Georgia, shown in Table 3 of Senner and Sokal (1974). The early and late galls were significantly different for each character. Corroborating tests were run following methods developed by Senner and Sokal (1974). The gall dimensions and their ratios split a mixed sample of 71 galls into early and late classes fairly well. Only two galls would be misclassified by time of gall formation when the sample was split according to gall depth and only 4 galls would be so misclassified on the basis of length/width ratio. It is highly probable that the early and late galls correspond to the elongate and globular morphs, respectively. 


description:
  Pemphigus populitransversus [the "elongate morph"]

  Gall initiation by Pemphigus populitransversus was found to occur at two clearly separate times during the summer of 1975. Gall initiation is first detected as a slight swelling and bending of the petiole at the point where a fundatrix nymph has begun feeding. In this early stage, the young fundatrix is not enclosed and appears as a small black spot in the pocket formed by the swelling and bending of the petiole. Transverse galls first began forming, along with oblique galls, around May 15 on cottonwoods in the vicinity of Stony Brook. At this time, the early leaves of the tree were expanding and provided suitable sites for gall initiation. The trees were checked carefully on successive days, and after two or three days, there was no further gall initiation. Then, on June 15, more transverse galls began forming on the newly formed late leaves. This dimorphism in the timing of gall initiation resulted in a set of galls on the early leaves and a set of galls on the late leaves of the shoots. 

  A dimorphism in gall shape, life history, and aphid morphology has been described for this species by Senner and Sokal (1974). The morph they refer to as "elongate" produces galls that are more elongate in shape than those of the other morph called "globular." The question immediately arose whether the presence of early and late transverse galls was related to the globular-elongate dimorphism. An analysis of the early and late transverse galls confirms the suspected relationship (Table 1). The late galls are larger than the early galls, and more spherical, as shown by the ratios of gall dimensions. The values in Table 1 resemble those of the sample from West Point, Georgia, shown in Table 3 of Senner and Sokal (1974). The early and late galls were significantly different for each character. Corroborating tests were run following methods developed by Senner and Sokal (1974). The gall dimensions and their ratios split a mixed sample of 71 galls into early and late classes fairly well. Only two galls would be misclassified by time of gall formation when the sample was split according to gall depth and only 4 galls would be so misclassified on the basis of length/width ratio. It is highly probable that the early and late galls correspond to the elongate and globular morphs, respectively. 


description:
  This aphid was not included in Foottit et al 2010 but it apparently induces the same gall they found to be induced by Pemphigus betae, Pemphigus populivenae, and an undescribed aphid in the same clade. Given the overlap of gall and host and range, there is apparently no way to reliably distinguish galls of this species from those of those three aphids without DNA or anatomical evidence. 


description:
  *A. monacha*-like galls at the apex of *Solidago rigida* shoots. Host-range expansion of a known *Asphondylia* species? Novel? In the absence of evidence, defaulting to including similar galls on other hosts in *Solidago* sect. *Ptarmicoidei* (sometimes recognized as a separate genus, *Oligoneuron*)


externallink: http://www.iobc-wprs.org/pub/bulletins/iobc-wprs_bulletin_2007_30_04.pdf#page=185
description:
  The adult lays eggs on rolled margins of the young leaves. Eggs hatch with in a few days and larvae feed on the upper epidermis, causing leaves to be tightly rolled. Fully grown larvae drop to the ground and pupate in the soil in a silken cocoon. After two weeks adults emerge, mate and lay eggs (Barnes, 1948).


description:
  Aceria dispar (Nalepa, 1891

  Type data. Populus tremula L. (Salicaceae); type locality not stated by the author. Amrine and Stasny (1994) listed Austria followed by a question mark. 

  Geographic distribution. Nearctic, Palaearctic. 

  Relation to the host plant. Gall-making mite. This species is associated with the upward rolling of both sides of young leaves towards the midrib. Often the leaves remain small, forming a distorted bunch-like mass. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16658349#page/37/mode/1up
description:
  Agromyza schineri Giraud.

  Quaking Aspen {Populus tremuloides Michx.) Although quaking aspen belongs with the Poplars, it is a more common tree in north central Illinois. The gall is a rather irregular, oval swelling on smaller twigs. The gray-green color of these twig galls resembles that of the twigs themselves. Note that the new, leafy shoots appear to grow itself. (KB)


description:
  Prodiplosis morrisi, new species

  Adults of a new species of Prodiplosis were reared from larvae found in leaf curl galls on Populus deltoides by R. C. Morris of the Southern Forest Experiment Station in Stoneville, Miss. In the spring the larvae cause a curling of the edges of young, growing leaves of cottonwood to form a green, elongated, roughly cylindrical cell, the interior of which is covered with a mucous substance. The many larvae in each cell drop to the ground to pupate at about the time the leaves are fully grown and leave the damaged leaves behind. The leaves usually are not completely killed; only the affected edges turn brown, and the midrib areas and apex remain green. Larvae in leaf galls were found at several localities in Stoneville (June 17, 1965) and in Beaumont, Texas (May 27, 1965). Six adult males were reared from a Stoneville collection on June 27, 1965. Also, late in July 1965 Morris found the typical damage on cottonwood leaves in Washington, D. C, though the midge larvae were no longer in the leaves. 

  Felt (1940) reported apparently this same gall, "marginal, greenish or purplish leaf rolls or folds" in Populus sp., as being formed by Cecidomyia sp. Kieffer (1909) described larvae causing a similar gall on P. tremula L. in Europe as Contarinia tremulae; however, his short description of the larva does not fit that of the new species.

  Material Examined.—Holotype: Male; "Stoneville, Miss.: reared 6/28/1965; R. C. Morris; Hopkins 51521; slide 6. USNM Type no. 68761." Paratypes (all with same date and locality as above) : 5 $ on slide numbers 1-5, 1 pupa (9), 3 pupal exuviae and 14 larvae. Other material: several prefinal-instar larvae from Beaumont, Texas; 5/27/1965; R. C. Morris. All specimens deposited in U. S. National Museum collection.


description:
  This species can be confused with Aceria dispar, which also causes leaf edge rolls on Populus spp. However, Aceria dispar galls are typically found in clusters, shortening and completely curling many adjacent leaves on the same branch. Every depiction of Prodiplosis morrisi shows only a few leaves, spread normally on a branch, with unaffected petioles. Nonetheless, there may be cases where these two species are difficult to distinguish without evidence of the inducer.


description:
  Rabdophaga cf. saliciscornu

  [A photo of this gall appears on page 4 of the pdf]

  At the outlet of Nordic Lake I found horn-like galls (Figure 5) on Salix pulchra Cham. (Malpighiales: Salicaceae) that were identical in form to those caused by Rabdophaga salicis-cornu (Osten Sacken, 1878) on Salix humilis Marshall in Illinois (Gagné, 1989) and by Rabdophaga repenticornua Bland, 2001 on Salix repens L. in Scotland (Bland, 2001). 

  Collection data: USA: Alaska, Soldotna, outlet stream of Nordic Lake, 60.4444°N, 151.0818°W ± 200 m, 21.Dec.2016, ML Bowser, in horn-like bud gall on Salix pulchra (KNWR:Ento:11183, KNWR:Ento:11184). 

  The closest match on BOLD for the single specimen I submitted was 88.23% similar. The sequence has not been assigned to a BIN


description:
  A similar gall, found primarily on the lower side of the leaf with a large slit opening on the upper side of the midrib, either at the base or along the leaf, was observed on [Populus tristis](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/51543304) in California in June. 


description:
  Enlarged woody bud

  Infested buds are woody, with a central cell inhabited by several larvae. 
  Host: F. rupicola
  Distr: Arizona


description:
  Irregular Stem Swelling

  Swellings are 2-5cm long and polythalamous. Each larvae lives in a separate cell in the cambium layer Galls are present throughout the year. 

  Host: B. languinosa
  Distr: South Carolina, Louisiana, and Texas. 


description:
  Swollen stem and leaf

  Swellings of the stem were 10mm long and 8mm at the widest point. 
  Host: Psychotria sp.
  Distr: Florida


description:
  Swollen, aborted flower bud

  Galls were reportedly irregullarly fusiform, up to 13mm long and 7-10mm in diameter.

  Host: G. asprellum
  Distr: Massachusetts and North Carolina


description:
  Swollen, aborted flower bud 

  Contarinia sp. This undescribed species was reared from larvae from the same kind of gall (gallformers contributors note: as Dasineura americana)

  Host: G. asprellum
  Distr: New York


description:
  Narrow, elongate, clustered buds

  Infested buds are made up of long leaf scales. The buds are aborted.
  Host: S. salicifolia
  Distr: Massachusetts


description:
  Slightly enlarged, reddened flowers

  Infested flower buds fail to open. 
  Hosts: S. salicifolia
  Distr: New York


description:
  Globular midrib swelling

  Galls are especially visible from below. This is the species responsible for the damage. Larvae are gregarious. When full grown they leave the gall through a dorsal longitudinal slit. 
  Hosts: S. betulifolia, S. latifolia, S. salicifolia, S. tomentosa
  Distr: New England to Ontario and British Columbia to Oregon


description:
  Cone-shaped gall on upper surface of leaf.

  Only larvae of this gall maker are known and they cannot be placed into any known genus. 

  Host: S. salicifolia
  Distr: Massachusetts and New York


description:
  Circular, flat leaf spot

  Spots usually are surrounded by some discoloration. 

  Hosts: S. densiflora, S. douglasii, S. salicifolia
  Distr: Maine to New York, Maryland and Washington


description:
  Pea-shaped swelling on leaf midrib

  Swellings are mainly on the underside of the leaflets. Full-grown larvae leave the galls through the longitudinal, slitlike opening on the upper side.

  Host: Sorbus americana
  Distr: New York


description:
  Fuzzy vein swellings

  Galls are formed by an outpocketing along the vein of a leaflet. 

  Host: Rosa sp.
  Distr: Oregon


description:
  Curled and stunted buds

  This gall midge is a pest of cultivated roses. 

  Hosts: Cultivated roses
  Distr: Widespread in North America, possibly Europe also


description:
  Curled leaf

  On Apple
  This species is an immigrant from Europe and was first recorded in North America from Massachusetts in 1928. 

  Host: P. malus
  Distr: New Brunswick, New England and New York


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_E.htm#Eriosoma
description:
  Eriosoma rileyi Thomas   

  On bark of trunk and branches of small elms (Ulmus americana, rubra) in North America, forming small colonies covered with wax wool very like those of E. lanigerum on apple, and causing similar deformation of woody tissue.  It lives all-year-round on elm, without forming leaf-galls.  Apterae under the wax are pinkish, yellow or brown; BL 1.8-2.3 mm.  Alatae produced in June to August have ANT III 0.8-1.0 × head width across (and including) eyes, with secondary rhinaria rather widely spaced.  Sexuparae are apterous, produced in September-October, depositing dwarf sexuales directly onto bark (Patch 1913, Palmer 1952). 


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=2up&seq=240&skin=2021&size=150&q1=ulmus
description:
  Colopha ulmicola

  Ulmus

  Green or reddish coxcomb-shaped ridges between leaf veins, length 1/2 inch, aphid, summer. 


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_G.htm#Georgiaphis
description:
  Georgiaphis ulmi (Wilson)  

  Gall is formed by curling one edge of the elm leaf into a spindle shape, 2-5 cm long.  Galled leaves turn yellow, then red, then drop off (Wilson 1911).  Fundatrix reddish-brown.  Monoecious holocyclic, and apparently specific to Ulmus alata.  Alate sexuparae, reddish brown with black head and thorax, are produced in second generation (Wilson 1911), leaving galls in May-June.  In eastern North America.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_G.htm#Georgiaphis
description:
  Georgiaphis gillettei Maxson & Hottes   

  Forms leaf-curl galls on Ulmus americana and U. fulva (for illustration see Hottes & Frison 1931, as G. ulmi).  Fundatrix and apterous fundatrigeniae are greenish blue, dusted with wax.  Monoecious holocyclic on Ulmus.  Alate sexuparae maturing in galls in June are greenish brown to greenish blue, wax-dusted; BL c. 1.5-1.6 mm) (Maxson & Hottes 1926).  In eastern North America (Illinois, Iowa, North Carolina, Pennsylvania; BMNH collection).  Synonymised with G. ulmi by Hottes & Frison (1931), but reinstated as a distinct species by Smith (1985).  G. gillettei has R IV+V equal to or longer than HT II, whereas G. ulmi has R IV+V distinctly shorter than HT II.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=2up&seq=242&skin=2021&size=150&q1=ulmus
description:
  Tetraneura ulmisacculi Patch

  Ulmus

  Globose, yellowish-green, pink-tinted leaf gall, diameter 1/4 t o1/2 inch, on Ulmus montana [glabra], aphid, summer


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_T.htm#Tetraneura
description:
  Tetraneura ulmi (L.)  Elm‑Grass Root Aphid   

  Galls are stalked, approximately bean-shaped (fig. 134D), smooth and shiny, reddish-green and/or yellow (see [influentialpoints.com/Gallery](https://influentialpoints.com/Gallery/Tetraneura_ulmi_Elm-grass_root_aphid.htm)), on leaves of various Ulmus spp. (campestris, glabra, minor). Their histology was investigated by Álvarez et al. (2013). Urban (2003a) made a detailed study of its bionomics on elms. T. ulmi occurs commonly in Europe, across Asia to eastern Siberia (Pashchenko 1988a) and northern Japan, and was introduced to North America. Alatae (BL 1.8-2.6 mm) (fig. 117E) emerge in June-July to colonize roots of Poaceae. Apterae on grass roots (Plate 1d) are pale orange yellow, yellowish white or reddish, with head, prothorax, and appendages brown; the body lightly dusted with wax; BL 1.7-2.8 mm. They are found on numerous species of Poaceae (especially Agropyron, Bromus, Dactylis, Deschampsia, Festuca, Holcus, Hordeum, Lolium, Poa, Zea), are invariably ant‑attended, and often in ants' nests. Overwintering occurs commonly on grass roots or in ants' nests,  root‑feeding colonies producing rather few sexuparae in autumn. Ivens et al. (2012a,b) used microsatellite DNA analysis to investigate clonal diversity of root-feeding populations in the Netherlands. Zwölfer (1957) made a detailed study of root-feeding populations, including comparison with the closely related and perhaps synonymous Tetraneura longisetosa (Dahl), collected from roots of Brachypodium, Deschampsia and Festuca in Germany. Tetraneura chui Zhang, described from Sorghum vulgare (= bicolor) in China, may also be a synonym. 2n (T. ulmi) =14 (gall generation); Galli & Manicardi reported 2n =14 to 16.


description:
  Aceria campestricola (Nalepa 1889)

  Phytoptus brevipunctatus
  Eriophyes brevipunctatus

  Hosts: Ulmus laevis, americana (error), Ulmus glabra, Ulmus minor, Ulmus campestris

  Relationship: Small cephaloneon galls on leaf undersurface.

  Range: Europe

  Notes: Keifer 1965 claimed brevipunctata is the protogyne of Aceria ulmi (Garman), which is incorrect. Aceria brevipunctata is a distinct, valid species in Europe, causing cephaloneon galls on Ulmus laevis and other elms; the major diffference is the 4-5 longitudinal lines on the coverflap of brevipunctatus; these are absent in both forms of Aceria campestricola. Eriophyes ulmi (Nal. 1890) [invalid: junior homonym of Eriophyes ulmi (Garman)], then later renamed Eriophyes ulmicola Nalepa 1909, which, supposedly is the deutogyne of Aceria campestricola Frauenfeld. Eriophyes ulmicola punctata Nalepa,1920 appears to be a valid separate species on Ulmus minor and should be listed as Aceria punctata (Nalepa). Keifer 1965 listed brevipunctata as a junior synonym of Aceria ulmi (Garman). which is incorrect. Aceria ulmi (Garman) has three rays to the empodium, not two. The host, Ulmus americana, is very different from Ulmus minor, the host of campestricola Frauenfeld. Acarologists need to find the mites and conduct rearing studies on the European elm gall mites to be certain of their identity and host range.

  Aceria campestricola (Frauenfeld, 1865)

  ?Phytoptus brevipunctatus
  Phytoptus ulmi
  Eriophyes ulmicola
  Phytoptus campestricola

  Hosts: Ulmus minor, glabra, laevis, procera. The mites forming cephaloneon galls on North American elms are different species, not campestricola. americana, rubra (error)

  Relationship:  Galls on Ulmus procera are supposedly beadlike; galls are embedded in the leaf disc, hemispherical on upper surface, protruding from lower surface with narrow aperture free of hairs, smooth internally [4979]. On Ulmus americana a different mite produces somewhat elongate, smooth, yellowish cephaloneon galls on the upper surface of leaves; whereas, on slippery elm (Ulmus rubra Muhlenb.) another mite produces nearly spherical galls that are hairy on the outer surface, first green then reddish or yellowish. The two distinctive gall mites make identification of the American and Slipery elms very easy, when galls are present. The mites on these nearctic elms are distinct, separate species; we need to do DNA and rearing transfer studies to demonstrate separate identification.

  Range: IL, OH, NY, SD, WV (the USA records are probably an error as it now appears that these are all different species)

  Notes: This is the valid name for the gall mite with a 2-rayed empodium, producing cephaloneon galls on the upper and lower surfaces of leaves of various European Elms, especially Ulmus minor and Ulmus laevis. Aceria brevipunctata and Aceria ulmicola were made a junior synonyms of Aceria ulmi (Garman, 1883) by Keifer 1965 (B13: 9). Keifer's concept for Aceria ulmicola was that it is Aceria ulmi (Garman, 1883) (Keifer 1965 (B13:9). The host is different from that of campestricola Frauenfeld, which was the original description of the elm gall mites in Europe; we consider brevipunctata to be a valid, separate species. Harry Green sent us specimens from Ulmus laevis in Worcestershire, UK, from which we photographed deutogyne females, protogyne females, males, nymphs and larvae; it is very different from campestricola and from the cephaloneon galls on elms in the USA. Aceria ulmi (Garman) has 3 rays to the empodium, as described by Garman; they are not Aceria campestricola, but a distinct, separate species that does not form galls, but takes over the galls of gall-making species on Ulmus americana. The cephaloneon galls on Ulmus americana and Ulmus rubra are apparently not Aceria campestricola but distinctly different mites that need new names. The mite on Japanese elm is probably a different, distinct species as well. 

  Verbatim from Keifer, 1965, B13: p. 9: 
  "Garman, on p. 187 of the Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist, Ill. 183, named Phytoptus ulmi, new species, causing galls on leaves of Ulmus americana L., and stating: " - -a slender species, with from 67 to 70 striae. Prongs of the feather-like appendage, three. Length of specimens in alcohol, .17 mm." The common mite forming galls on elm leaves in North America in (is) one with what would be called a 2-rayed featherclaw, but perhaps we can harmonize this with Garman's statement. (Meaning that Garman's mite had two rays, not three! It has three and is a distinct, valid species.)

  Nalepa, in the 1910 [1911] Zoologica, pp. 222 and 223, lists Eriophyes ulmicola Nal., 1890 [no. 1909] and E. brevipunctatus Nal., 1889, as causing galls on the European Ulmus campestris (now procera), and on U. pedunculata, respectively.  I have examined mites from bead-like leaf galls on various elms from Alberta, Canada, to the Atlantic coast of North America, from England and from th Island of Cypress. In all of these galls two types of mites appear: one with heavily granular shield and completely granulated rings; the other with nearly smooth shiel and with ring granulations ventral only. But these two types are the same in the position of the dorsal shield setae and in both having the 2-rayed featherclaw. Since they are invariably found together it is my opinion that they all represent Garman's ulmi, with Nalepa's ulmicola as the deutogyne, and brevipunctatus as the protoyne. I am indebted to Dr. R. H. Richens, Commonwealth Bureau of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cmbridge, England, for specimens from England and Cypress."


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_E.htm#Eriosoma
description:
  Eriosoma americanum (Riley)  

  Spring colonies on Ulmus americana roll the edges of the leaves downwards (see [influentialpoints.com/Gallery](https://influentialpoints.com/Gallery/Eriosoma_americanum_woolly_elm_aphid.htm)).  Emigrant alatae (fig.118C) emerging from galls in June are dark green to blue-black with some wax wool, and rather dark wing veins; BL 2.0-2.5 mm.  They migrate to form colonies of pale pink, woolly apterae on roots of Amelanchier.  Return migrants to elm in August to October produce dwarf sexuales that lay overwintering eggs on bark (Patch 1915a, Palmer 1952).  It occurs throughout the natural range of U. americana in eastern North America, and in the west on planted elms.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=2up&seq=242&skin=2021&size=150&q1=ulmus
description:
  Cecidmoyia sp. [tentatively associated with the undescribed galls on Ulmus alata]

  Ulmus

  Oval, brown leaf spots, diameter 1/8 inch, midge, spring


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_E.htm#Eriosoma
description:
  Eriosoma (Schizoneura) grossulariae (Schüle)   

  Forming open, green to yellow curled-leaf galls on Ulmus spp. (fig. 134L), similar to those of E. ulmi, with which this species was confused for many years (see Danielsson 1982).  Immature alatae in galls are light green (cf. ulmi), maturing in June; dark green when adult, migrating to found colonies on roots of Ribes sanguineum and R. uvacrispa.  Apterous exules are pale red to yellowish white in white wax wool; BL 1.0-2.3 mm. Alate sexuparae in autumn bluish grey to black, with secondary rhinaria distributed III 15-24, IV 2-5. Throughout Europe, Japan, and also introduced on European elms into North America.  2n=10.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_E.htm#Eriosoma
description:
  Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann)  Woolly Apple Aphid   

  Apterae on Pyroideae are purple, red or brown, covered with thick white flocculent wax (see [influentialpoints.com/Gallery](https://influentialpoints.com/Gallery/Eriosoma_lanigerum_Woolly_apple_aphid.htm)); BL 1.2-2.6 mm.  On roots, trunk or branches, often causing deformation and cancer-like swellings of bark.  It is a severe pest of apple (eg. Weber & Brown 1988), and may also be found on Cotoneaster and Pyracantha, and more rarely on Cydonia, Crataegus, Pyrus and Sorbus, but is not so injurious to these plants. Anholocyclic populations, sometimes with an apparently abortive sexual phase, occur on apple throughout the world, overwintering on the roots (see Blackman & Eastop 2000, p. 271). Alate sexuparae producing oviparae and males on apple are reported from various parts of the world, and eggs may be laid on apple leaves (e.g. Fotedar & Kapur 1943, Asante 1994, Sandanayaka & Bus 2005), but there is no firm evidence that these are capable of hatching, and it unlikely that fundatrices would be able to develop on apple and complete the holocycle.

  Siciunguis decima Zhang & Qiao, described from apterae and alatae (sexuparae?) and causing heavy damage to apple in China (G. Zhang et al. 1999b) seems likely to be a synonym.

   In North America, aphids of the E. lanigerum group induce leaf rosette galls on Ulmus americana, but there is still doubt about the relationship of these to apple-feeding populations.  Smith (1985) successfully transferred alatae from such galls to apple.  However, alatae indistinguishable from those of E. lanigerum were obtained from reddish pink leaf curls on U. alata, and these would not transfer to apple but successfully colonised Crataegus uniflora.  Similar aphids occur in leaf-cluster galls on sterile elms in Australia (Fisk et al. 1992).

  The ecology and natural enemies of E, lanigerum on apple were studied by Bouchard et al. (1984; Quebec, Canada), Gontijo et al. (2012; Washington, USA), Thakur et al. (1988; India) and von Kogler (1989; Germany).  Aphelinus mali is a widespread specialised parasitoid (but Aphelinus gossypii, which parasitises a wide range of hosts including Aphis and Rhopalosiphum spp., have often been misidentified as A. mali).  Lavandero et al. (2011) studied genetic variability in the aphid and its parasitoid in Chile, Timm et al. (2005) studied its genetic diversity in South Africa, and Zhou et al. (2015) analysed the genetic diversity and structure of the populations introduced into China. Ruiz-Montoya et al. (2015) studied morphometric and allozyme variation in populations collected on Pyracantha koidzumii in Mexico. A study of predation by earwigs was made by Mueller et al. (1988). Costa et al. (2014) compared performance parameters of four clones of E. lanigerum in Australia. Davidson (1913) made a detailed study of morphology and anatomy. M.Su et al. (2016) studied the distribution and functioning of the wax gland pores. The complete mitochondrial genome has been published (Y. Wang et al. 2016a). See Molinari (1986) for a general review. 2n=12.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_E.htm#Eriosoma
description:
  Eriosoma mimicum Hottes & Frison   

  On Ulmus spp. (americana, rubra) in eastern North America, probably forming leaf-curl galls.  Alatae were collected in June, migrating to an unknown host (Hottes & Frison 1931, Smith 1985).  Georgiaphis maxsoni is probably a synonym.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_E.htm#Eriosoma
description:
  Eriosoma (Mimaphidus) pyricola Baker & Davidson   

  Galls on Ulmus spp. (americana, procera) are clusters of bloated leaf tissue like those of E. lanuginosum (see Alfieri 1920; as inopinatum). The fundatrix and apterous fundatrigeniae are grey, emigrant alatae produced in second and third generations are brown with pale yellow abdomen (cf. lanuginosum); BL 1.3-2.4 mm.  Migration occurs in June-July to fibrous rootlets of Pyrus communis or Cydonia.  Apterous exules are yellowish pink when immature, pink to red when adult, rather sparsely clothed with filamentous wax (Baker & Davidson 1916); BL 1.3-2.0 mm.  Sexuparae are shiny dark green to brown, and return to elm bark in September-October.  In southern Europe (Italy, Yugoslavia), Turkey, and introduced into south-east Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, USA (western and some north-eastern states), Canada (British Columbia), South America (Argentina, Chile) and (probably) South Africa.  Swenson (1971) studied the influence of the secondary host on sexupara production. This aphid is often confused with E. lanuginosum in the literature.  E. alabastrum Pashchenko (1988), described from U. japonica in Siberia, is very similar and possibly a synonym. It also seems likely that E. dilanuginosum Zhang (1980b), described from U. pumila in China, and with all morphs including the apterous exules on Pyrus now described (Qiao et al. 1999a; and again by Qiao et al. 2001b under the name Siciunguis novena), is this species. If this is so, then a record of E. dilanuginosum from Kazakhstan (Kadyrbekov 2018a) may also be ascribable to E. pyricola.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_T.htm#Tetraneura
description:
  Tetraneura nigriabdominalis (Sasaki)  (= T. akinire)    

  Galls are stalked, hairy, elongate, spindle- or pouch-shaped, 15-40 mm high, usually with a pointed apex (fig. 134E), usually bicoloured green and rose-red when mature (see influentialpoints.com). They occur on various Ulmus spp. (canescens, japonica, parvifolia, procera, pumila) in southern and south-east Europe (including Malta – Mifsud et al. 2009), south-west Asia (Iran, Georgia), Kazakhstan (Kadyrbekov 2014e), China, Korea and Japan. It is also in eastern USA on U. minor (Stoetzel 1987, as akinire), and in western USA (California) on U. pumila and hybrid elms (S. Dreistadt, pers.comm.). Galls on Ulmus sp. on high ground in Pakistan (Naumann-Etienne & Remaudière 1995, as akinire) are probably also this species. Alatae (BL 1.4-2.3 mm) (fig. 117E) leave the gall through lateral slits in May-July to found ant-attended colonies on the roots of Poaceae (including Cynodon, Digitaria, Echinochloa, Oryza, Saccharum, Setaria). Apterae on grass roots are greenish‑ or brownish‑white; BL 1.5-2.5 mm. Their presence on the roots of some hosts is indicated by a reddish-purple discoloration of the leaves.

  This species is known particularly as a pest of rice (Blackman & Eastop 2000), but many of the references to nigriabdominalis, e.g. in Africa, the Middle East, India and south-east Asia, are referable to T. fusiformis. W. Lee et al. (2012b) distinguished Japanese populations of T. nigriabdominalis (referred to as “Type A” in their paper) from those of T. fusiformis (“Type B”) by their differing mitochondrial COI sequences. Tanaka (1961) studied its host preferences, although he may have had a mixture of T. nigriabdominalis and T. fusiformis. Galli & Bonvicini-Pagliai (1998) studied its relations with ants. Enoki (1986) studied resistance to this aphid in U. japonica. The male genitalia were described and illustrated by Wieczorek (2012). Hille Ris Lambers' (1970b) descriptions of gall generations under this name (his 'Group I material') should be referred to T. fusiformis (Eastop & Blackman 2005). Populations in China were described as a subspecies, T. nigriabdominalis ssp. shanxiensis Zhang & Zhang (as T. akinire ssp.). 2n = 18 (in gall generations); however Galli & Manicardi (1998) reported karyotype variation from 2n =13 to 19.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_K.htm#Kaltenbachiella
description:
  Kaltenbachiella ulmifusa (Walsh & Riley)  

  Galls on Ulmus rubra are large, spindle-shaped, bag-like, about 2.5 cm long, green when young and becoming straw-coloured when mature, projecting upward from mid-rib of leaf (fig. 134I and Patch 1910b).  Emigrant alatae, BL 1.4-1.5 mm, with media either unbranched or once-branched, leave galls in June-July to found colonies on roots of Lamiaceae; successful transfers were made to Lycopus virginicus (Smith 1985). Apterous exules are yellowish orange with wax-wool (C.F. Smith, pers. comm.); BL unrecorded. Distributed throughout the range of U. rubra in North America, and recently reported (on Ulmus) in China (Jiang et al. 2004).


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_C.htm#Colopha
description:
  Colopha graminis (Monell)  

  Forming cockscomb-like galls on upper surfaces of leaves of Ulmus spp. (americana, rubra) on the leaf lamina between the veins (Hottes & Frison 1931 and see influential points/gallery).  Alatae (BL 1.0-1.6 mm) emerge in June-July, migrating to found colonies on roots, stems and leaves of Poaceae, e.g. Aira caespitosa and Agrostis plumosa, from which it was originally described (Monell 1882), and  Leersia virginica (Patch, 1910b).  An attempted transfer to Eragrostis was unsuccessful (Patch 1910b, cf. ulmicola).  Apterae on secondary hosts live in grey woolly wax (see influential points/gallery), and have BL 1.2-1.8 mm. Sexuparae develop to adult on the leaves of the secondary host, returning to elm in October (Patch 1910b).  Widely distributed in North America.  Some authors (e.g. Palmer 1952) have synonymised graminis with ulmicola, and apterae on secondary hosts cannot be separated, but Smith (1985) considered that there was sufficient evidence to regard the two species as distinct. 

  Colopha ulmicola (Fitch)   

  Forming elongate cockscomb-like galls, pale green tinged with brown, apparently indistinguishable from those of C. graminis, on leaves of Ulmus spp. (americana, rubra, thomasii; fig. 134C).  Alatae (BL 1.0-1.6 mm) emerge in June-July and fly to Eragrostis spp., giving rise to colonies with flocculent wax on the upper leaves and stems. Possibly other Poaceae are also colonised, including Panicum and Zea (but not Leersia? - see Patch 1910b).  Apterae on secondary hosts are reddish brown, BL 1.2-1.8 mm. Sexuparae return to elm in September-November (Patch 1910b).  It is apparently widely distributed in North America, but records may be confused with those of C. graminis.


externallink: http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_P.htm#Prociphilus
description:
  Prociphilus caryae caryae (Fitch) (=alnifoliae Williams) 

  Spring populations (fundatrices + immature alatae) cup or curl the leaves of Amelanchier spp. and turn them yellow or whitish.  (Records from Crataegus are probably due to misidentification, particularly confusion with P. corrugatans.)  Emigrant alatae (BL 2.7-3.3 mm) fly in June to colonise roots of Pinus sp(p), sexuparae returning to Amelanchier in September-October.  In western USA and Canada (British Columbia).  (No field observations have been made of these western populations on pine roots, but Smith (1969) obtained colonies readily on Pinus strobus in the laboratory, and sexuparae collected on P. monticola in British Columbia (BMNH collection, leg  G. Shrimpton) appear to be this species.)  Similar aphids in eastern USA are regarded as a subspecies:-

  Prociphilus caryae ssp. fitchii Baker & Davidson   

  Spring populations (fundatrix + immature alatae) cause cupping and curling of leaves of Malus spp. (domestica, angustifolia) and Amelanchier spp. (see [influentialpoints.com/Gallery](https://influentialpoints.com/Gallery/Prociphilus_caryae_apple-pine_root_aphid.htm)). Emigrant alatae (BL 1.8-3.3 mm) migrate in June to found ant-attended colonies on roots of Pinus strobus.  Sexuparae return to the primary hosts in October-November where they deposit sexuales in bark crevices near base of tree or in nearby leaf litter (Smith 1969).  Widely distributed in eastern North America. Parthenogenetic populations also persist throughout the year on white pine roots.  A closely-related form, P. caryae ssp. arbutifoliae, forms spring populations on Photinia (= Heteromeles) arbutifolia in California, from which alatae (BL 2.9-4.1 mm) migrate to an unknown secondary host, probably pine roots.  (Records of P. caryae fitchii on Lonicera in India (A.K. Ghosh et al. 1981, A.K. Ghosh 1984b) apply to P. himalayensis.)


description:
  Aceria parulmi

  Eriophyes parulmi (Keifer, 1965)
  Aceria ulmi (Garman, 1883)

  Hosts: Ulmus americana, parvifolia, crassifolia

  Relationship: "Finger-like upper surface leaf galls"; large, elongate pouch galls filled with hairs, on upper leaf surface.

  Range: WI, FL, KS, OH, SD, TX, WV, WI


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/37/mode/1up
description:
  Pemphigus fusus Walsh and Riley

  Pemphigus ulmi-fusus Walsh and Riley

  A spindle-shaped, hollow gall on the upper side of the leaf with the opening below. Varying in size, about 15 mm long. Not common. On slippery elm, Ulmus fula. Summer.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/51995#page/144/mode/1up
description:
  Phytoptus abnormis, n. sp.

  Produces galls on the leaves of the American linden or basswood, Tilia americana, Linn. 

  The transverse striae of the abdomen number about 56. This mite differs from all the other Phytopti I have seen in that the abdomen, just before the terminal sucker, is noticeably enlarged. But few specimens have been examined, as they have been very rare. In many of the galls, comparatively large, elongate eggs occur, which probably belong to some larger mite which preys on the gall-mites. 

  The gall is top-shaped, expanding above and contracting towards the upper surface of the leaves into a neck. It measures .155 inch in height, and .100 inch in diameter. The walls are deeply infolded, sometimes giving rise to unequal lobes. The outer surface is smooth, green and devoid of hairs. The cavity of the gall is made unsymmetrical by the deeper impressions of the wall. The inside of the latter is slightly roughened by small folds, and is clothed with long aciculate, unicellular hairs. These galls occur sparingly on the leaves of large trees in open woods at Bloomington, Illinois. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/36/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes ulmi Garman

  Phytoptus ulmi

  A small globular gall on the upper surface of the leaf. The neck is constricted somewhat. Not common. On elm, Ulmus americana.


description:
  The taxonomic history of eriophyid galls on elms is complicated. 

  In 1883 Garman described Phytoptus ulmi from galls similar to Vasates quadripedes but more slender and with sparse hairs on Ulmus americana in Illinois. Keifer 1965 gave Aceria ulmi (Garman) as the inducer of all cephaloneon galls on American elms. However, the mite Garman and Keifer took to be the inducer was found to be an inquiline, so the inducers (distinct for at least 3 different galls on Ulmus rubra and americana) are unnamed. 

  Amrine in one entry codes the undescribed galls as "bead galls made by Aceria new species" and "cephaloneon galls made by Aceria n sp 2, near campestricola" both on Ulmus americana. In another entry he states "On Ulmus americana a different mite produces somewhat elongate, smooth, yellowish cephaloneon galls on the upper surface of leaves; whereas, on slippery elm (Ulmus rubra Muhlenb.) another mite produces nearly spherical galls that are hairy on the outer surface, first green then reddish or yellowish. The two distinctive gall mites make identification of the American and Slipery elms very easy, when galls are present."


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/36/mode/1up
description:
  Schizoneura americana Riley

  A gall which is simply a wrinkling and rolling of the leaf, caused by the attacks of the insects on the under side of the leaf. White elm, Ulmus americana. Common.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/36/mode/1up
description:
  Colopha ulmicola

  Byrsocrypta ulmicola
  Thelaxes ulmicola
  Pemphigus ulmicola
  Glyphina ulmicola

  This gall consists of a cock's-comb-shaped pouch on the upper side of the leaf of white elm, Ulmus americana. Early summer. Common. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/36/mode/1up
description:
  Undetermined gall

  A monothalamous, subglobular gall at union of blade and petiole. Rough, rather thick-walled, brown. About 7 mm in diameter. One specimen. On elm, Ulmus americana. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40931581#page/311/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes ulmi

  The galls are intermediate in form between those of the hard and soft maples [ie, Vasates aceriscrumena and Vasates quadripedes] and somewhat balloon-shaped. The interior wall is ridged vertically. The galls usually occur on the upper side of the leaves. Occurs on soft elm (Ulmus americana) and Rock Elm (Ulmus racemosa [thomasii]). Very common.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40931581#page/314/mode/1up
description:
  Eriophyes sp. 

  It differs from the frost mites on Hard Maple and Beech, in that it does not consist of a mass of spherical granules, but of a mass of tangled threads which under the lens are seen to be arranged in very beautiful star-like clusters. The mites are easily found among these. The patches are found on the under side of the leaves betwen the ribs. Occurs on Rock Elm (Ulmus Tacemosa). Common 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32981249#page/81/mode/1up
description:
  Aceria parulmi (Keifer)

  Type locality: Beloit, Wisconsin
  Type host: Ulmus americana

  Relation to host: Fingerlike galls are produced on the upper leaf surfaces. This is also true for specimens collected in Kansas from the same host species. The Kansas material had galls of various sizes and mites were very numerous. Even when galls were abundant the host plant was not seriously injured. Galls on young leaves had the same green color as the leaves but on older leaves, galls were frequently brownish or dark in color. The number of galls varied from two to 25 or 30 per leaf. The infestation seemed localized on the host with only a few leaves in any single area showing galls. 

  Kansas record: Lawrence, Douglas Co., Kansas, Oct. 28, 1954, C. C. Hall (on the University of Kansas campus).


description:
  Eriophyes parulmi

  Range. The only recorded localities for E parulmi are Beloit WI and Tampa and Winter Park FL. It is probably found wherever Ulmus spp grows in North America.

  Hosts: The reported hosts are Ulmus americana, parvifolia, and Ulmus sp. With more careful collecting, it probably can be found on other species of Ulmus.


description:
  Eriophyes parulmi (Keifer)

  Eriophyes parulmi Keifer. 196.5, Bull. Calif. Dep. Agric., Eriophyid Studies B-13:9. 
  Type locality; Beloit, Wisconsin 
  Type host: Ulmus, americana 

  Aceria parulmi (Keifer), Hall, 1967. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 47:627 

  Relation to host: Finger-like galls are produced on the upper leaf surfaces. The same galls are found in South Dakota (Fig. 12 and 13). Galls on young leaves are of the same color as the leaves, but brownish or darker on older leaves. According to Hall the infestation in Kansas is localized on the host, with only a few leaves in any single area showing galls. This observation is also true in South Dakota. 


description:
  Eriophyes ulmi (Garman)

  Phytoptus ulmi Garman, 1883, Ill. State Entom. Rep. 12: 187. 

  Type host: Ulmus americana L. 
  Type locality: Illinois 

  Relation to host: The mites caused galls on leaves of elm. The South Dakota species was collected on elm galls, (Fig. 12-13), along with Eriophyes parulmi discussed on page 44. in this manuscript. The species are very closely related but only the study of their life histories will throw light to such relationships. 

  South Dakota collection record: 
  Host Ulmus americana 
  Location Brookings Co. Yankton Co. 


description:
  Aceria parulmi, new species

  The galls from which the mites came are elongate and finger-like. The galls of ulmi Garman are bead-like.

  Type locality: Beloit WI
  Collected: July 21
  Host: Ulmus americana
  Relation to host: the mites produce finger-like upper surface leaf galls.


description:
  30b Modified leaves lacking trichomes (160) . . . . . . . . Rhopalomyia medusa Gagne

  Galls are green to red, or mixed green and red, 8-30 mm in diameter, and begin development in fall but grow mainly in spring. The cecidomyiid overwinters as early-instar larvae, and adults appear in spring. One generation occurs per year. Hosts: A. arbuscula, A. cana, A. nova, A. tridentata, A. tripartita. Distr.: Montana to Nevada.


description:
  Enlarged, sterile fruitlet

  Infested fruit grow more quickly than normal until about 1cm long at which time the yellowish, gregarious larvae inside are full-grown and drop to the ground. 

  This is an immigrant from Europe, first discovered in North America in 1877 on introduced stock in Connecticut. 
  Host: P. communis
  Distr: widespread in northeastern United States and eastern Canada. 


description:
  Deformed flower recpetacle

  Infested flowers are aborted, the receptacles enlarged. 

  Host: P. tridentata
  Distr: Montana to Oregon


description:
  Fliamentous node gall

  Galls are monothalamous, yellow to brown. 

  Host: P. tridentata
  Distr: Montana to Oregon


description:
  Leafy, apical bud gall.

  This is an undescribed species responsible for a foreshortened, leaf, cabbagelike stem grown/ 

  Host: Prunus sp. ("plum")
  Distr: Georgia


description:
  Swollen terminal bud

  Swollen buds are ovoid, 1-2cm in length, and up to 1cm in diameter. The swelling is soft and often bright red when it appears at the time the buds are leafing out in early spring. Leaves beyond the swelling and the bud usually die. Multiple branches may later appear below the base of the gall. 

  Host: P serotina
  Distr: New York to Virginia, and Nebraska.


description:
  Globular, hard, folded leaf

  The two halves of a leaf form a capsule, which eventually develops a longitudinal slit on the upper side through which full-grown larvae escape. Swellings appear in May and larvae leave in June. This species is univoltine. 

  Host: P. angustifolia
  Distr: Georgia


description:
  Swollen rachis

  Swellings are green, soft, 1-3cm long, 0.5-1cm in diameter, and tapered. Larvae live among tunnels in the swollen rachis. 

  Hosts: P. virginiana, P. serotina
  Distr: Massachusetts to Maryland


description:
  Garman, on p. 187 of the Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist, Ill. 183, named Phytoptus ulmi, new species, causing galls on leaves of Ulmus americana L., and stating: " - -a slender species, with from 67 to 70 striae. Prongs of the feather-like appendage, three. Length of specimens in alcohol, .17 mm." The common mite forming galls on elm leaves in North America in one with what would be called a 2-rayed featherclaw, but perhaps we can harmonize this with Garman's statement. 

  Nalepa, in the 1910 Zoologica, pp. 222 and 223, lists Eriophyes ulmicola Nal., 1890 and E. brevipunctatus Nal., 1889, as causing galls on the European Ulmus campestris (now procera), and on U. pedunculata, respectively.  I have examined mites from bead-like leaf galls on various elms from Alberta, Canada, to the Atlantic coast of North America, from England and from th Island of Cypress. In all of these galls two types of mites appear: one with heavily granular shield and completely granulated rings; the other with nearly smooth shiel and with ring granulations ventral only. But these two types are the same in the position of the dorsal shield setae and in both having the 2-rayed featherclaw. Since they are invariably found together it is my opinion that they all represent Garman's ulmi, with Nalepa's ulmicola as the deutogyne, and brevipunctatus as the protogyne. I am indebted to Dr. R. H. Richens, Commonwealth Bureau of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cmbridge, England, for specimens from England and Cypress.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42155093#page/89/mode/1up
description:
  Colopha ulmisacculi

  On leaves of slippery and wych elm, producing cockscomb or pouchlike galls on upper surface.


description:
  It is very close to R. hirtipomum and R. calvipomum, which form the same general type of gall. The external anatomy of R. hirtipomum appears identical with R. pomum, but it's gall has a very fuzzy surface and is always monothalamous. 

  The monothalamous galls were the first to show midge emergence. Under field conditions emergence occurred as early as May 7, 1969 at Site 1 when a few fresh pupal exuviae were found. On May 28th some pupae were present at this site indicating that emergence was still in progress, but it was completed sometime prior to June 13th. Examination of galls at Site 3 at a higher elevation showed that adult emergence had commenced no more than a few days prior to May 19, 1969. 

  This persistent leaf series gall is either monothalamous or polythalamous. This mature form varies from globose to distinctly irregularly lobed. The surface of the monothalamous galls is uniform while that of the polythalamous galls (Fig. 3) has both deep and shallow fissures giving the gall a lobed appearance. The color ranges from reddish to a common pattern of mottled reddish and greenish to completely green. The surface is covered with short trichomes. Often monothalamous and polythalamous galls are present on the same plant (Table 5) with the latter usually predominatory. A total of 1185 galls (1166 polythalamous and 19 monothalamous) occured on a sampled plant at Site 2. 

  Under the surface layer the gall consists of a spongy mass of interwoven fibers. Within this fibrous mass near the base of the gall are the sclerenchymatous larval capsules. A single fiber extends from the upper portion of each capsule to a small brown spot on the gall surface. 

  One hundred fifty galls had a range of 13-45 mm (avg. 26) for their greatest diameter across the gall from it's base. An opposing diameter at the widest point perpendicular to this diameter ranged from 12-40 mm. 

  Developing gall appear as small irregular swellings on either surface of a persistent leaf (Fig. 5). They have a dense covering of trichomes which gives them a gray color except for small brown spots on the surface which are free of trichomes. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34501486#page/259/mode/1up
description:
  Colopha ulmicola

  Byrsocrypta ulmicola Fitch. 
  Thelaxes ulmicola Walsh. 
  Pemphigus ulmicola Packard. 
  Pemphigus ulmicola Smith. 
  Colopha ulmicola Monell. 
  Glyphina ulmicola Thomas. 
  Colopha compressa (Koch) Lichtenstein and Cholodkovsky et al. 
  Colopha eragrostidis Middleton.

  In spite of the fact that this species is recorded by many and from many localities, very few original observations have been published since the Riley-Monell paper. From the character of most of the records of Colopha ulmicola it is quite impossible to tell whether they refer to ulmicola or colophoidea. Probably a verbatim quotation of the more significant accounts would be a convenience for the purposes of this bulletin, — that is to bring together what is known concerning the gall aphids of the elm for America. 

  Fitch's characterization (1858) is reproduced entire as follows: 

  "347. Elm Gall-louse, Byrsocrypta Ulmicola, new species (Homoptera. Aphidae.) 

  "In June, an excrescence or follicle like a cock's comb, arising abruptly from the upper surface of the leaf, usually about an inch long and a quarter of an inch high, compressed and its sides wrinkled perpendicularly and its summit irregularly gashed and toothed, of a paler green color than the leaf and more or less red on the side exposed to the sun; opening on the under side of the leaf by a long slit-like orifice; inside wrinkled perpendicularly into deep plaits and occupied by one female and a number of her young, some of which are often strolling outside upon the under surface of the leaf, minute oval yellowish white lice 0.02 long, with blackish legs, the female more or less coated with white meal on her back, 0.07 long, oval and pale yellow with blackish legs and antennae. Though I have not yet met with winged individuals, they in all probability pertain to the genus to which I have referred this species above. The galls may frequently be noticed on elm leaves. By the middle of summer they become tenantless, dry and hard and of a blackish brown color." 

  Walsh's (1862) description of the insect reads: 

  "Thelaxes ulmicola Fitch. Occurs in elm-leaf galls, which are well-described by Fitch"

  Riley in the Riley-Monell paper gives the following discussion of Colopha ulmicola which is reproduced entire:

   "COLOPHA* ULMICOLA (Fitch). "(Forming cock's-comb-like galls (Fig. 129 a) on the upper surface of the leaves of Ulmus americana, the galls appearing with the opening of the leaves, and turning brown and black in late summer.)

  "Another very common gall, which may be called the Cock's-comb Elm Gall (ulmi-ulmicola) is also found on the White Elm, and particularly as in the case of the previous gall, on young trees. It was well described by Fitch as an excrescence or follicle like a cock's comb, arising abruptly on the tipper side of the leaves, usually one inch long and 1/4 of an inch high, compressed and its sides wrinkled perpendicularly and its summit irregularly gashed and toothed; of a paler green color than the leaf and more or less red on the side exposed to the sun; opening on the under side of the leaf by a long slit-like orifice; inside wrinkled perpendicularly into deep plates. The gall is always found between two of the branching parallel veins, and those between which it grows are generally drawn closer together than the rest. The corrugations and roughness, so characteristic of this gall, evidently result from the lesser susceptibility of the minute transverse veins to swell, compared with the more succulent tissue of the leaf. There is always a certain hoariness around the mouth of the gall below, while the base of the upper part is always contracted and compressed.

  Thomas (1879) gives for this species besides a systematic discussion, the following characterization: 

  "Glyphyina ulmicola. Fitch. The Aphis of the Elm-leaf Cockscomb gall.  

  "This species forms the cone-shaped galls, so common on the upper side of the leaves of young white elms. These galls, which are often an inch or more in length, vary in height, from one to three-quarters of an inch; they are compressed and grooved on the sides, and perpendicular, showing tooth-like, conical projections at the top: opening by a long slit on the under side. The inside is wrinkled perpendicularly into deep plaits or folds, and occupied by one female and her progeny, some of which may often be seen strolling out on the under side of the leaf.

  [Patch goes on to discuss the anatomical distinctions between aphids of these putative species at length]

  [Notes:]

  Colopha ulmicola is considered by some the same as Colopha compressa of Europe. Even if this be the case, I have chosen to retain the American name for this species because it seems discreet to be entirely sure of the relations of this insect in one country before getting it involved with European problems. 

  So far as the literature is concerned the cockscomb gall in America has been so constantly associated with Colopha ulmicola that it was with considerable surprise that I found that the species issuing from the cockscomb gall in Maine in 1909 was not a Colopha but a Tetraneura. This cockscomb Tetraneura was, it seems, first taken by that most excellent observer Mr. Pergande years ago and in a correspondence with Mr. Monell received the name of Tetraneura colophoidea Monell mss. This species was described and figured under the name of Tetraneura ulmi (by error) by Mr. Sanborn, but the name of colophoidea never escaped manuscript except in a paper "Upon the Aphis-feeding Species of Aphelinus" by Doctor Howard, where it was merely mentioned. 

  The differences between T. colophoidea and C. ulmicola except for the venation are perhaps not such as would definitely separate these species, but as the venation runs constant in certain large collections it seems expedient to consider them as distinct unless future study shall show them to be dimorphic forms of the same species. There can be no doubt that Tetraneura colophoidea is the elm gall form of graminis (on grass). Similarly there seems no longer any reason to hold Colopha eragrostidis (on grass) distinct from ulmicola of the elm.


description:
  Rhopalomyia hirtipomum appears to be anatomically identical to R. pomum but is responsible for a slightly different gall. That of hirtipomum is densely covered with long trichomes, whereas that of R. pomum has short, prostrate, sparse trichomes on the surface. In addition, galls of the former are always monothalamous. 

  This monothalamous gall (Fig. 9) is globose and quite similar to the monothalamous gall of R. pomum. However, the gall surface is densely clothed with long trichomes, giving it a fuzzy appearance. The gall is generally solitary on either the upper or lower leaf surface, but can occasionally be found in confluent clumps (Fig. 10). Fifty-nine mature galls were measured: the diameter extending from the gall base ranged from 8-15 mm (avg. 12) and the diameter perpendicular to this ranged from 8-13 mm (avg. 11).

  Developing galls were first found on October 23, 1969 at Site 1 on A. t. wyomingensis. They appeared as fuzzy swellings with diameters of 1-3 mm on a persistent leaf surface. The long, dense trichomes were white, while the surface of the gall was reddish. Galls had the same appearance on A. t. vaseyana f. xericensis when found at Site 27 on December 29, 1969. At both sites this appearance persisted until March, when growth resumed. As the gall grew, their surface coloration gradually changed to grey. Maximum size of the gall was found to coincide with the presence of pupae and with new stem growth of approximately 2.5 cm in length. Shedding of the galls occured in July and August, at the same time as those of R. pomum.  


description:
  This species is most similar to R. pomum and R. hirtipomum. All three species form the same general type of gall, but that of R. calvipomum is naked. 

  The mature gall (Figure 8) is globose to irregularly elongate and is similar to that of R. pomum in shape and by having small brown spots on the surface. It differs by being firmer and having a smooth surface that lacks trichomes. 

  One hundred fifty mature galls were measured: the diameter extending from the gall base ranged from 9-26 mm (avg. 15) and the diameter of the greatest width perpendicular to the previous measurement ranged from 8-20 mm (avg. 13). 

  Developing galls were evident on March 23, 1970 at Site 21. They appeared as a reddish or violet-colored swelling of a persistent leaf. Galls fall from the plant in July and August, as do those of R. pomum. 


description:
  The mature gall is tube-shaped (Fig. 11). The surface is dark reddish and covered with the same white trichomes as on the normal leaf surface. The gall has a single larval chamber at the base, is hollow in the center and has a thin septum near the apex. The hollow portion is utilized by the pupa to facilitate escape, with the pupal exuvium remaining at the ruptured apical septum. 
  In appearance the developing gall differs only in size from that of the mature gall. 


description:
  This small monothalamous gall (Fig. 12) occurs singly or in small to large confluent groups. The galls are densely clothed with long trichomes giving them a white fuzzy appearance. The mature gall is approximately 1 mm in diameter and of equal height. Emergence of the adult from a central larval chamber results in a small circular hole (Fig. 23) at the top of the gall. 

  Developing gall were first observed on July 19, 1968 at Site 15. They are similar in appearance to the mature galls. Growth was completed between that date and the end of March of the following year. Old galls remain on the plant until the persistent leaf series is shed. 


description:
  Adults emerged in the laboratory on March 25-26 from galls that had been collected March 18, 1970. In the previous year's rearing, they emerged on April 24-25 from galls collected April 22, 1969. 
   
  This monothalamous gall, when mature, consists of a swelling that is apparent on both surfaces of a persistent leaf (Fig. 15). A sclerenchymatous larval capsule is located centrally within the leaf swelling. Two mature galls measured 3 mm. in depth, 3 mm across the leaf width and 4 mm along the leaf length. 


description:
  This species has two generations per year. The summer generation develops in galls principally on ephemeral leaves while the overwintering generation develops in galls on flower buds.

  The flower bud gall of the overwintering generation is not readily visible. The affected buds remain closed during bloom and the gall can be found only be forcing open the involucral bracts. An elongate sclerenchymatous larval capsule with a dense covering of long white trichomes replaces the flower. During the period of full bloom the capsule is green but after bloom the gall becomes translucent and colored much like that of the dry involucral bracts. By the summer following adult emergence, all galls have dropped from the plant. The few mature galls measured were approximately 2 mm in length and 1 mm in width. [Description about biology and seasonal occurrence of the summer generation gall is given but no description of the gall itself is provided. It is shown in Figure 16 later in the paper however.]


description:
  According to Spencer Monckton [(iNat comment)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/72662206#activity_comment_4e130f3f-49a4-483b-ae08-dcfa2e31b1bf), Euura crassicornis is a leaf folder/roller, not a gall-inducer. Therefore, [Euura consors](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3640) is the only sawfly known to induce clusters of hairy galls on Salix humilis.


description:
  This species forms galls similar to those of R. hirtibulla except that they are not covered by long trichomes. 

  This small monothalamous gall (Fig. 13) is similar in size and structure to that of R. hirtibulla. The grayish surface of the mature gall is clothed with trichomes the same as on the leaf. The galls occur singly or in large clusters both on the persistent leaf series and stems of the previous year's growth. Adult emergence holes are similar to those of R. hirtibulla (Fig. 12). The galls have been found on only one small plant at the type locality. 


description:
  Small round papillae on the upper side with a small tuft of erineum below, between leaf veins of Bischofia javanica. [Observed in Florida in December.](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66165131)


description:
  A similar swollen bud was [observed on Populus balsamifera](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/58780871) in Alberta in September. Added tentatively as a host based on that unconfirmed observation. 


description:
  This gall is a composite growths of the branch tips and buds (Fig. 19). At maturity it consists of 2-4 short, malformed, developing stems that are grouped in a globose mass of white trichomes from which green leaves protrude. The surface of these stems is densely clothed with white trichomes which are longer than the linear leaves arising from these stems. Hidden by the dense trichome mass, sclerenchymatous larval capsules are on the axis of the stems. These capsules are elongate cylinders with a rounded apex and a thin hard wall. The galls are generally found concentrated on one branch. 

  Fifty mature galls ranged in height from 8-15 mm (avg. 11.68). Their width ranged from 8-16 mm (avg. 12.88). Five of the larval capsules were approximately 2 mm in height and 1 mm in width. 

  Early development of this gall was noted on June 5, 1969 at Site 24. The immature gall is recognized as a mass of white trichomes subtended by a whorl of developing ephemeral leaves at the tip of a developing stem. The galls increase in size during the summer and reach what appears to be maximum size in late August when the ephemeral leaves begin to dry. The galls remained unchanged in appearance after adult emergence and throughout the winter. The following spring the trichomes on the gall surface become drab. The old galls persist up to two years and perhaps longer in sheltered parts of the plant. 


description:
  Pupal exuvia were found on a gall on May 27, 1969 at Site 3. Adults were reared April 21-26, 1972 from galls collected April 18 at Site 15. 

  This monothalamous gall appears to be associated with one of the first ephemeral leaves that develop in the bud. The mature gall consists of a long, thin erect stalk with an enlarged apex made up of the fused lobes of the leaf tip (Fig. 18) surrounding a sclerenchymatous larval capsule. Some galls have a whorl of spatulate leaves at the base of the stalk. Two galls that were measured had stalks 10 mm long and the enlarged apical portions 5 mm long by 2 mm wide. 


description:
  Tumor-stem Gall Midge 
  Asphondylia atriplicis

  This midge induces soft, fleshy polythalamous stem galls on four-wing saltbush and shadscale. 


description:
  These cylindrical brown galls appear to burst from Ericameria nauseosa stems. The surface is covered with slight ridges running from the apex to the base of the gall. On every example of this species photographed there has been a hole at the gall apex, possibly suggesting that the hole isn't created by the insect emerging. 


description:
  Two adults emerged within 2 weeks after galls were collected May 9, 1989 at Site 6.

  This monothalamous gall develops from the upper surface of a persistent leaf. The coloration and pubescence of the gall surface is similar to that of the unaffected leaf. At maturity it is prune-shaped. Internally, a central cavity is lined with sclerenchyma. Only two galls, both occurring on the same leaf, were found during this study. They were 4 mm in height and 2 and 3 mm respectively in diameter. 


description:
  Adults emerged from galls in the laboratory within two weeks of their collection on April 22, 1968 at Site 14. 

  This bud gall (Fig. 21) is a confluent mass of swollen leaf rudiments which are green and densely covered with trichomes. Each leaf rudiment tapers from a broad base to a blunt apex, becomes woody at maturity, has a single larval chamber at the base, is hollow in the center, and has a thin septum at the apex that bears a mass of long trichomes. The hollow portion is utilized by the pupa to facilitate escape. The pupal exuvium remains at the ruptured septum. The old galls persist on the plant indefinitely. Three mature galls had a respective length of 8, 6, and 8 mm with a basal width of 4, 4, and 6 mm. 

  The formation of these galls marked the end of any normal growth from the buds. However, these galls were never abundant enough to cause any significant damage to sagebrush plants. 


description:
  Immature larvae were found at Site 27 on March 8, 1970 coinciding with the first sign of gall development. Pupae were found on May 14, 1969 at Site 1 on A. t. tridentata and at Site 4 on May 29, 1969 on A. t. vaseyana. Adults emerged May 19, 1969 from galls collected on May 14 at Site 1. A pupal exuvium was found at the apex of each gall's hollow portion. 

  This bud gall (Fig. 23) develops in the spring when plant growth begins. It is green and appears to be made up of a series of fused leaves that form a woody, hollow structure that is open apically. The inner surface of the gall is densely clothed with long trichomes while the outer surface is covered with shorter trichomes. The base of the gall contains a single larval chamber. Some developing galls (Fig. 24) are short and dark reddish. After adults emergence the woody gall dries and persists on the plant for a year or longer. 

  Eighteen mature galls from A. t. vaseyana and A. t. wyomingensis ranged in length from 10-19 mm (avg. 12). The basal diameter ranged from 4-6 mm (avg. 4). Three galls from A. t. tridentata had had respective lengths of 15, 17, and 25 mm and all with a basal diameter of 3 mm. 


description:
  This gall develops from the buds forming on new stem growth. It has a broad base made up of several whorls of fused and stunted leaves subtended by a pair of normal ephemeral leaves (Fig. 25). The outermost leaves are as wide as long while the inner leaves are oblong. The gall is green and normally covered with trichomes. The sclerenchymatous larval capsules in the mature gall are located at the bases of the innermost leaves at the stem apex. These galls are commonly found in clusters on a single branch. 

  Fifty mature galls had a width (diameter at widest point) ranging from 5-12 mm (avg. 9) and a height (base of gall to leaf apices) ranging from 5-12 mm (avg. 8). There are 1-8 sclerenchymatous capsules per gall. 

  The developing galls, containing early instar larvae, differ from mature galls only in size. The gall usually attains maximum size by winter although some growth may occur in the following spring. After midge emergence the galls begin to dry and within a year the leaves are lost but the galls persist indefinitely as dark, woody bodies on branch tips of the plants. 


description:
  The bud galls of R. anthoides superficially resemble those of R. florella. 

  Immature larvae were found June 10, 1968 at Site 15 coinciding with the first sign of gall development. The larvae appeared to have reached maturity by late November or early December and completely filled their individual sclerenchymatous capsules. 

  This bud gall has a seasonal occurrence similar to that of R. cramboides. In appearance it differs by being longer and less rounded and in structure by having the leaves composing the rosette more linear. In addition, the long outer leaves surround the shorter leaves of the gall base. All leaves of this gall on A. t. wyomingensis have a proliferation of long trichomes especially at their base (Fig. 27) while the leaves on A. t. vaseyana gall have trichome proliferation only on the inner leaves. 

  Eighty-four mature galls from A. t. wyomingensis at Sites 15 and 16 had a basal diameter ranging from 4-15 mm (avg. 8) and a height (length of outer leaves) ranging from 5-17 mm (avg. 11). Fifty-nine of these galls had 1-49 sclerenchymatous larval capsules (avg. 4). 

  Developing galls differ from mature galls mainly in size. Maximum size of the gall appears to be attained by winter. Following adult emergence in spring the galls dry out and darken in color but persist on the plant a year or longer. 


description:
  Adults emerged on March 25 and 26, 1970 from galls collected on March 18 at Site 15. 

  This rosette bud gall (Fig. 29) is similar to that of R. anthoides in general structure and in plant parts affected it appears identical. However, it differs by having the inner leaves similar in length to the leaves of the outer whorls. In addition, galls on both A. t. vaseyana (Fig. 29) and A. t. wyomingensis have a proliferation of long trichomes on all leaves. In size the gall of R. florella is about the same as the smaller galls of R. anthoides. 


description:
  This bud gall is monothalamous. The mature gall is green and covered with trichomes. The larval capsule has a yellowish translucent sclerenchymatous surface. On A. t. tridentata the prominent sclerenchymatous larval capsule of the mature gall (Fig. 30) is surrounded by a whorl of basally fused leaf vestiges around which are several whorls of linear or spatulate leaves that gradually increase in length outwardly. The gall is irregularly rosette in form. On both A. t. vaseyana and A. t. wyomingensis the mature gall (Fig. 31) is more normally rosette. The sclerenchymatous larval capsule is surrounded by several whorls of equally long, ovate leaves. 

  Thirty-one mature galls collected at Site 1 and 2 on A. t. tridentata had a diameter (measured at base including inner whorl of leaves) ranging from 3-6 mm (avg. 4). The sclerenchymatous capsules of these galls had a length range of of 3-4 mm (avg. 3.2) and the width or diameter of each was approximately 1 mm. The diameter (measured across the apices of the outer leaves) of 26 mature galls collected at Sites 15 and 21 from A. t. wyomingensis ranged from 8-21 mm (avg. 9.41). 

  Developing galls occur with the initiation of spring plant growth. On A. t. wyomingensis the developing gall was first found seasonally on March 23, 1970 at Site 12 and on A. t. vaseyana the following day at Site 27. The galls dry shortly after midge emergence the following spring and persist on the plant into at least late summer. Galls from which emergence has occured are readily recognized by the protruding larval capsule that is broken apically. 


description:
  Adults emerged September 10-17, 1968 from galls collected on September 9 at Site 14. On the collection date the host plants were in early bloom. 

  This polythalamous rosette gall (Fig. 32) grows from a bud on the current year's stem and is subtended prior to maturity by two or more ephemeral leaves. It is composed of several whorls of mostly equal, linear to acicular leaves surrounding two to four sclerenchymatous larval capsules. 

  The basal diameter of one measured gall was 6 mm. Its outer leaves were up to 10 mm in length and the other leaves approximately 5 mm in length.  


description:
  Immature larvae were found June 13, 1969 at Site 1 on both A. t. tridentata and A. t. wyomingensis, coinciding with the first sign of gall development. By late fall the larva reaches maturity. They are a darker orange color than larvae found earlier and they completely fill the sclerenchymatous capsule in the center of the gall. Overwintering occurs at this state of development. Adults were emerging by March 24, 1969 at Site 1, whereas in 1970 they emerged before March 20 at this site and before March 19 at Site 24. Emergence was in progress as late as May 18, 1968 at Site 8. 

  This ovoid bud gall has vestiges of spatulate leaves (Fig. 33). Its smooth, green surface is densely covered with trichomes. Maturity is reached in the fall after which degeneration begins. The gall surface dries and hardens, becoming shiny yellow-brown and losing its trichomes and the leaf vestiges. By late fall the tissue beneath the surface layer dries to a hard black mass which surrounds the 1-4 sclerenchymatous larval capsules containing the overwintering larvae. These dry galls persist on either vegetative or flower stems into the following spring until shortly after the midges emerge. 

  Seventy-eight mature galls from the three subspecies of A. tridentata collected from Sites 1, 15, 21 and 27 ranged in diameter from 5-10 mm (avg. 7) and in height from 6-11 mm (avg. 8). No size differences of the galls could be attributed to host plant or location. Ten immature galls collected from A. t. tridentata at Site 1 on June 13, 1969 had a diameter ranging from 204 mm [presumably a typo, most likely meant "2-4"] (avg. 3). 


description:
  The white or gray polythalamous gall (Fig. 34) appears to be a concentration of individual, ovoid galls (Fig. 35) that form a globuliferous mass around a stem. The gall is a firm mass of plant tissue with centrally located larval chambers. The surface is densely clothed with long trichomes giving it a fuzzy appearance. 

  Sixty-three mature galls collected from A. t. tridentata and A. t. wyomingensis at Sites 1, 21, and 24 ranged in width (diameter perpendicular to stem) from 30-15 mm (avg. 9) and in height (diameter parallel to stem) from 3-10 mm (avg. 6). These galls had 1-11 (avg. 5) larval chambers. 

  Galls develop from summer to the following spring with most noticeable growth occurring before winter. The first sign of the developing gall was in early June when immature larvae were found. At this time ephemeral leaves were near full growth, the persistent leaves were nearly dry, and the gall appeared as a small white globose structure at a node. Ten of these developing galls collected on June 18, 1969 at Site 1 ranged in width from 1.5 to 2.5 mm (avg. 1.9) Galls begin to dry and decompose after midge emergence. However, old gray colored galls were observed persisting on plants for at least a year. 


description:
  Yellowish-green to red pea-like galls of C. (ed. Contarinia) sp. 2 were found in June on or near the midrib of the upper surface. 


description:
  Pea-sized, globular, succulent, green gall, the slitlike opening lined with white hairs 
  Contarinia sp. 

  Galls are visible chiefly on the upper surface of leaves. They develop in May and early June. 

  Host: P. opulifolius
  Distr: Pennsylvannia 


description:
  Elongate, hard, vein swelling, the slitlike opening without hairs

  Galls develop in spring and are visible chiefly on the upper surface of the leaves. 

  Host: P. opulifolius
  Distr: Pennsylvania 


description:
  Galls of Contarinia sp. 1 appeared in early May on lateral veins of the lower surface of expanding leaves. They are bladder-like, 2-5mm long and pinkish. 


description:
  Swollen leaf vein fold

  Folds are elongate, 5-10 mm long. Only a slit shows on the upper side of the leaf; on the bottom side the galls are convex and yellowish. Full-grown larvae escape through the slit on the upper side. 

  Host: H. discolor.
  Distr: Oregon


description:
  Aborted berries

  Berries are slightly swollen, sterile, and remain green throughout the winter instead of turning the normal red. Damage is analogous to that of Asphondylia ilicicola on holly berries. Adults emerge in early spring. 

  Host: H. arbutifolia
  Distr: California


description:
  The type series was raised from distorted fruit of Toyon, Photina arbutifolia. Adults emerge in April and May. 

  Holotype: Palo Alto, California


description:
  Kidney-shaped petiole gall, 1-2 cm long
  "Cecidomyia" reniformis Stebbins

  Galls contain several individual larval cells. Adults have not been reared, larvae belong to the Cecidomyiidi but cannot be placed to genus.
  Host: F. virginiana
  Distr: Massachusetts


description:
  Rhopalomyia medusa and R. medusirrasa are anatomically indistinguishable as adults, larvae and pupae. However, their galls are sufficiently different to warrant recognition of these species. Although the galls are the same general type, that of R. medusa is naked, whereas that of R. medusirrasa is thickly covered with long trichomes.

  The mature gall (Fig. 36) consists of a larval chamber (Fig. 37) enclosing in a globular mass of reddish, green, or reddish and green filaments that lack trichomes. The filaments are thickened basally and become thinner, curly and branched distally. Frequently, galls form on several adjacent stem and leaf nodes and encompass large areas of the stem (Fig. 38). 

  One hundred mature galls from A. t. tridentata, A. t. vaseyana and A. t. wyomingensis collected at Sites 1, 7, 21 and 24 had a diameter (the fibrous mass measured perpendicular to stem) ranging from 8-29 mm (avg. 13.3). Seventy-five of these galls contained 1-3 larval chambers (avg. 1.2). Larger galls were usually observed on more vigorous roadside plants on A. t. tridentata. 

  The first sign of galls was during early September 1968 on both A. t. tridentata and A. t. wyomingensis. The developing galls were observed on the other host subspecies later in the fall. The galls first appear as groups of tiny leaflike structures growing from the nodes (Fig. 39). Gall development continues during the fall, is arrested during the winter, and continues in the spring with maximum size of the galls reached about the time pupae are present. Within a month after adult emergence the galls become dry and brown. They persist on the host plants for 2-12 months or longer. Developing galls were often found on flower stems but did not reach maturity because these stems died out following bloom in fall. 


description:
  Adults, larvae, and pupae of this species are anatomically indistinguishable from R. medusa. Both form the same type of gall but that of R. medusirrasa is densely covered with long trichomes, whereas that of R. medusa is naked. 

  This gall (Fig. 40) resembles that of R. medusa but differs in that all radiating filaments are densely clothed with long trichomes. These trichomes generally mask the reddish and green colors of the filaments and give the gall a white or gray appearance.

  Twenty-four mature galls from Sites 6 and 25 had a diameter (measured perpendicular to stem) ranging from 12-25 mm (avg. 17). Thirty-one galls that were collected April 14, 1969 at Site 6 prior to ephemeral leaf development had a diameter ranging from 6-16 mm (avg. 10) and contained 1-4 larvae (avg. 2). The first sign of gall development was in early October with the appearance of small clumps of leaflike structures covered with trichomes at the nodes. The galls grow during the fall and again in the spring until about the time pupae are present. After adult emergence the galls dried but retained their gray appearance and persisted on the plants as for those of R. medusa. 


description:
  This species and R. tumidicaulis are the only ones responsible for stem galls on A. tridentata. 

  Immature larvae were found June 5, 1969 at Site 24, coinciding with the first sign of gall development. Adults emerged in the field on July 23, 1969 at Site 23, and at Site 24 sometime prior to August 8, 1969. 

  The mature gall is a slight swelling of the vegetative stem and is covered by long white trichomes (Fig. 41). Its sclerenchymatous larval capsules are found between the woody tissues and the outer layers of stem tissue. The galled stem may be slightly bent or, if larvae are near the apex of the gall, it may be stunted. 

  Forty mature galls from Sites 23 and 24 were measured with the length of the stem surface covered by long trichomes ranging from 4-19 mm (avg. 9). The length of the trichomes ranged from approximately 1 to 2 mm. The galls contained from 1-7 larval chambers (avg. 2). 

  Developing galls were first observed in early June and found to differ from mature galls only in size. Galls were mature in mid-July when the larvae and pupae were well encapsulated within the stem and normal ephemeral leaves were mature. The old galls persisted on the plant for a year or more. 


description:
  This species and R. hirticaulis form the only stem galls known on A. tridentata. 

  Adults emerged September 19-25, 1968 from galls collected on September 4 with pupae present. 

  This polythalamous gall (Fig. 42) reaches maturity in the early fall just prior to bloom. It forms a swelling on a vegetative stem that becomes stunted, has numerous nodes and has small malformed leaves. Interspersed among the wood fibers of the inner stem are the sclerenchymatous larval capsules. 

  The length of nine of these stunted stems ranged from 5-23 mm (avg. 15). Three galls contained six, seven and eight larval capsules respectively.  


description:
  Only a gall remains of the type series in the USNM. Cockerell subsequently collected more adults which were described by Felt (1915b). 

  The gall is a spherical mass of long trichomes, about 15 mm in diameter. It consists of an aggregate of several capsules each of which encloses a larva. From the figure in Felt (1940), the gall appears to be either a node or bud gall. 

  In the original description (Cockerell, 1890), the host of R. alticola was given as "a composite... a Chrysopsis or Solidago." Cockerell (1909) subsequently recorded the host as "Artemisia canadensis [now considered a subspecies of Artemisia campestris]." Felt (1917) later listed "Artemisia forwoodii (? canadensis)" and, questionably, A. caudata as hosts. Baker (1895) reported a similar gall on "A. dracunculoides."


description:
  This is a monothalamous, pyriform, approximately 34 mm long by 2 mm in basal diameter. It is covered with trichomes and occurs on the flower buds (cf. Fig. 335, Felt 1940).

  Lectotype male, here designated, Denver, Colorado, emerged III-1909, "Artemisia frigida", in USNM. 


description:
  Diarthronomyia californica Felt 1912:752, Junior secondary homonym of Rhopalomyia californica Felt 1908. 
  Rhopalomyia clinata Gagne 1975:483, new name for californica (Felt 1912a)

  Lectotype, male, here designated, Claremont, Los Angeles Co., California, C. F. Stahl, emerged III-12-1912, "Artemisia californica"

  This is small, brown, monothalamous, subconical, thin walled, naked, and protrudes at an oblique angle from the surface of the leaf. The gall is figured in Felt (1940). 


description:
  Cockerell (1904) described it as a deformed flower head, about 10 mm long by 5. 6 mm broad and covered by the greatly enlarged involucral bracts, which are outwardly smooth, reddish to yellowish, and inwardly covered with white trichomes. The host was given only as "Artemisia sp." Inasmuch as Rhopalomyia sp. appear to have narrow host preferences, future identification of R. coloradella should be difficult. 


description:
  Syntypes, 2 females, from galls on "Artemisia californica"...

  This is large and woolly. It is figured in Felt (1940), and is known from Marin and Santa Barbara Counties, California. 


description:
  The gall is a polythalamous nodule on underground parts of the herbaceous Artemisia ludoviciana (Nuttall.). Ranasinghe (1978) reported on the bionomics of R. subhumilis in Utah. 


description:
  The only sign that this midge larvae is present is green berries with an offset stigma attached to the tree in Winter. The galled berries tend to be smaller than ripe red ones or other green ones that persist throughout the Winter. 

  If the berry is galled, then when cut open a single small yellow-orange midge larva will be present. 

  Not all green berries in winter contain larvae.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16174061#page/520/mode/1up
description:
  Oxyna aterrima (Doane) is a univoltine, monophagous, circumnatal tephritid reproducing in galls of terminal and axillary buds on terminal branches of Artemisia tridentata Nuttall. Oviposition occurs in spring (May-June) and the first instars pass the summer (June-September) singly in small, basal, ovoidal cells within the slow-growing, small, clavoidal, uniloculate, bud gall. Second instars occupy their still-small chambers until early winter (December), when they molt to third instars, that then overwinter and grow slowly until the resumption of the spring flush of new plant growth (March). At this time, the third instar enlarges the gall chamber within the still-small gall to accommodate its faster growth and fashions an apical or subapical window for adult egress.

  Oxyna aterrima apparently is a true monophage, with Artemisia tridentata as its only known host plant. A composite of the distributions mapped for O. aterrima and O. utahensis in Foote et al. (1993) includes the western states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming as well as the extreme southern parts of the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia. Allen Norbom (in litt. 2001) also has seen specimens from the Yukon. Thus, the distribution of O. aterrima may coincide wholly with A. tridentata sensu lato, or in part with one or more of its subspecies (Hickman 1993).

  ...the larval diet consists largely of liquid nutrients translocated to the gall — a foreshortened axillary branch or stem apex (Fig. 8G) — acting as what Harris and Shorthouse (1996) so eloquently have characterized, documented, and explained as a "plant nutrient sink."


description: Leafy bud gall, length 1/2 inch, midge, summer . . . Asphondylia enceliae Felt
externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=350&skin=2021&q1=Asphondylia%20enceliae


description:
  Stem gall Moth
  Scrobipalpopsis tetradymiella 

  This gelechiid moth induces white, woolly, globular to ovoid, monothalamous, integral stem galls on cotton-thorn, Mojave horsebrush, and T. glabrata. 


description:
  An abrupt swelling of stems at the base of new growth. Hairless, dark red, thick-walled. Leaves branch off the gall and seem to grow normally. Observed in Minnesota in June. No larvae or chambers apparent but likely midge-induced based on comparable galls. 


description:
  Prodiplosis morrisi Gagne

  A little known leaf roll midge, Prodiplosis morrisi Gagne, is an important pest of Populus species in North America, especially in hybrid poplar plantations and nurseries in southern Canada and in P deltoides in the southern United States. Its larvae feed in the tightly rolled blade tissues of leaves newly emerged from terminal tips of young trees.  The leaf veins and tissues are damaged and the leaf does not unroll and develop normally. Lightly damaged leaves are stunted and have crinkled, distorted margins. With heavy damage, they turn black and drop off the tree. Each midge generation affects 4 or 5 leaves and 5 generations can occur in southern Ontario between June and September. 

  Subsequent studies showed the margins of new emerging leaves are naturally rolled laterally and inward to the mid-rib on their upper surface. A viscuous yellowish "balsam" fluid surrounding the terminal bud and new tiny leaves is naturally present in Populus sp. This material fills the leaf tissue rolls and the feeding larvae are surrounded by it. Rather than causing the leaves to roll, the midge larvae prevent the normal unrolling of the leaf blade and its growth into a flat leaf. 

  The first larval collections of P morrisi were made near Beaumont, Texas in May 1965 and Stoneville MS in June 1965. The author found typical foliar damage near DC in July 1965. Prior to 1977, the midge was found at Phillipsburg, PA in 1973 and it was reported in southern Ontario in 1973-6. 

  A survey of hybrid poplar plantings in June, August, and September, 1977 verified the presence of P morrisi throughout southern Ontario. It was found near Wichita KS in P deltoides in 1977 and in NY in 1979. It was found in hybrid poplars in northern MI in August 1979 and it probably occurs throughout the range of P deltoides. It, or a similar species, was found in P tremuloides in eastern Ontario in 1978-9. More study is needed to determine the complete range of this native insect of poplars. It has not been found in P balsamifera, or in P alba, or P alba x hybrids in Ontario. 

  [Morris provides detailed information about methods in rearing experiments and other life history details] 


description:
  A variant of this species formerly documented as "Asphondylia l-tridentata-fringed-cup-gall," which forms tiny, cup-shaped galls on the stems of Larrea tridentata with small, leafy 'fringes' flaring out from the top and a hardened cell with a resin-like texture, containing the larva inside of the 'cup', was confirmed to be induced by midges indistinguishable from A resinosa by Dr Gagne (personal communication). 


description:
  [Barbour reports an undescribed apical stem gall induced by a midge on Salix hookeriana in a common garden experiment in northern California]


description:
  [Barbour reports finding Iteomyia salicisverruca on Salix hookeriana in a common garden grown in northern California. OTOH, [Gagne & Jaschhof's 2021 World Catalog](https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80420580/Gagne_Jaschhof_2021_World_Cat_5th_Ed.pdf), pg. 378, lists Salix humilis (prairie willow) as the only host, which seems confusing in light of the records the catalog mentions from Oregon and Washington. Barbour's et al.'s drawings, both here and in [a paper published in 2020](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/evl3.170), show hooked red cones, like bird's beaks or rhinoceros horns, protruding from the underside of a leaf.] 


description:
  [Barbour reports finding Rabdophaga salicisbatatus galls on Salix hookeriana planted in a common garden experiment in northern California]


description:
  [Barbour reports finding Rabdophaga salicisbrassicoides galls on Salix hookeriana planted in a common garden experiment in northern California]


description:
  [Barbour reports finding Aculops tetanothrix galls on Salix hookeriana planted in a common garden experiment in northern California]


description:
  Abrupt swelling near the terminal end of Sphaeralcea stems. Several buds are sometimes present on the gall surface; it is unclear whether the buds were there prior to gall formation. Two leaves were emerging at the apex of the gall on a few specimens that were photographed. <a href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/1343102">An observation</a> of this gall on Bugguide had adult Cecidomyiid midges reared, implying that they are the gallformers. Observed in Mexico and throughout the Southwestern United States. 


description:
  Cotton flower Gall Midge
  Rhopalomyia sp. B

  These terminal galls look like tufts of cotton surrounded by long leafy bracts, which distinguish this gall from normal vegetative parts. 


description:
  17a Gall tubular, open and flared at apex (157d) .. Rhopalomyia lignitubus Gagne

  Galls are monothalamous, 10-19 mm long, 4-6 mm in diameter at base, and develop in spring at the onset of plant growth. A single larval chamber lies at the base of the gall. Host: A. tridentata. Distr.: Idaho. 


description:
  In Russo 2021, there is an illustration under the species account of Contarinia pseudotsugae comparing that species and C. constricta. The drawings show that C. constricta is found farther up the needle and closer to the tip than C. pseudotsugae, which occurs closer to the base of the needle. 


externallink: http://bugwoodcloud.org/ibiocontrol/proceedings/pdf/8_649-652.pdf
description:
  The eriophyid mite Acalitus adoratus Keifer was first collected from Chromolaena (Eupatorium) odorata (L.) King and Robinson (Asteraceae) (Acari: Eriophyidae) in Trinidad in 1968, and described from these specimens (Keifer 1970). The specific name adoratus derives from a misreading of the specific name of the plant on the hand-written specimen label. A. adoratus has also been found on C. odorata in Florida and is probably widespread in the native range of C. odorata in the Neotropics. 

  The mite causes abnormal growth of the epidermal hairs on young leaves and stems. The resulting tangled masses of thickened and deformed hairs are called "erineum patches" and are visible without magnification as whitish patches 1-4 mm in dia, usually on the leaf underside and often accompanied by a convexity of the upper leaf surface. The mites, 0.14-0.18 mm long, live within the erineum patches protected by the abnormally dense hair growth. The damage caused to the plant is usually slight, but heavy attack can cause deformation and stunting of both leaves and stems (Cruttwell 1977). 


description:
  Stem gall Moth
  Epiblema rudei

  This moth induces spindle-shaped, integral, monothalamous stem galls on matchweeds. 


description:
  A slight deformation of the midrib of Ostrya virginiana causing the leaf on both sides to fold nearly together. No discoloration or noticeable galled tissue as in [this species](https://gallformers.org/gall/2782), which was found to be induced by a distinct species by DNA barcoding according to [this iNat comment](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/109821381#activity_comment_146fb404-740e-4644-9046-2c1ad2ba8fa8). Observed in Virginia in May. 


description:
  [A similar gall](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/109578712) was found on Ulmus crassifolia in Texas in March; added as a host based on that unconfirmed observation. 


description:
  Numerous small circular spots between the veins of leaves of Quercus macrocarpa, only slightly protruding above and below the leaf. Pink in a ring around the edge, more tan in the center, with an irregular central opening above. Apparently vacated when observed in Ontario in September.


description:
  A small oak apple gall on a bud of Quercus rubra in the fall. Purple with thin but succulent walls when fresh, drying to tan-brown. Never growing much bigger than the bud itself, unlike the similar [Amphibolips cookii.](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1143) Observed fresh in September in New Hampshire and dried out in Michigan in late October. 


externallink: https://sci-hub.se/10.4289/0013-8797.118.3.354
description:
  A recently discovered new species of gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that forms simple blister galls on golden currant, Ribes aureum Pursh (Grossulariaceae), in Montana, USA, is described here.

  This record of a blister gall on leaves of Ribes is not the first for North America or for R. aureum. Felt (1911) listed an “irregular, dark brown blister gall, diameter, 3 mm.; on R. longifolium” [error for R. longiflorum Nutt., now a junior synonym of R. aureum]. Felt later (1918) listed the gall as an “irregular, greenish or dark brown blister gall, diameter, 3 mm.; on R. longiflorum, also on Grossularia inermis” [now Ribes inerme Rydb.]. The galls were found in Colorado. Such galls are presumably widespread in western North America and may also occur on many of the 50 or so species of American currants.

  Full-grown larvae were found VII-17-2014 in individual blister leaf galls on Ribes aureum growing along the Missouri River in Great Falls, Montana. The galls were yellowish, elliptical, about 3 mm in diameter, and barely thicker than normal leaf tissue. When the galls were found, many larvae were actively exiting from them through a slit in the thin tissue covering the gall on the upper side of the leaf. Leaves were collected and placed in a quart-size plastic bag and the end knotted closed. Several days later, larvae that had by then all exited the galls, were transferred to a pot filled with damp peat moss and kept until the following spring. Adults emerged in March 2014. From this it would appear that R. sarae is univoltine. 


description:
  Two constant characteristics were the failure of the berries to ripen at the usual time, and the failure of the seed in the carpellary cavity to develop. Mature infested berries were often smaller than uninfested berries and were sometimes distorted. These distortions resulted in the stigma shifting 45° or more from
  its normal distal position.


description:
  Carya glabra added tentatively as a host based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/109144287). 

  Carya pallida added tentatively as a host based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/155414084). 


description:
  Many very small blister galls scattered across the lamina of leaves of Quercus lyrata. Similar to Neuroterus [perminimus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/871) or [papillosus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/933), possibly synonymous to some or all wasps currently listed under those names on other hosts. Empty galls observed in October in Arkansas. It is not known when these galls can be found fresh. 


description:
  A similar gall was observed on Quercus pungens; added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation.](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/103922162)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42010863#page/439/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis quercuspunctata (Bassett), the gouty oak gall, occurs from southern Canada to North Carolina and west to Illinois. It induces galls (fig. 202) on the twigs and smaller limbs of scarlet, pin, and black oaks. These galls are about 12 to 38 mm long and they frequently occur so close together that they form practically continuous masses. C. quercuspunctata has alternate generations. The first induces small blisterlike galls on the leaves near the veins in the spring. The second induces gouty galls during the summer. In heavy infestations, twigs, fairly large branches, and even entire trees may be killed. Shade trees are especially subject to damage.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885259#page/332/mode/1up
description:
  [Andricus davisi](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885259#page/332/mode/1up) Beutm.

  Polythalamous, woody swellings at base of twig, eccentric on twig

  Globular, irregular, somewhat elongate, single or clustered, polythalamous oak twig galls; individual galls, diameter 4 to 15 mm, the nutlike masses with a diameter of 40 mm, on Q. nana [ilicifolia].

  [Andricus punctatus](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885259#page/330/mode/1up) Bass.

  Irregular, globose, frequently confluent twig galls, length 10 cm, diameter 3 cm, on Q. nigra, Q. coccinea, rubra, and ilicifolia.


description:
  Neuroterus laurifoliae Ashmead

  Specimens of the galls of this species were collected by Dr. Mel. T. Cook in Illinois on the leaves of the shingle oak (Quercus imbricaria) and by Miss Annette F. Braun at Cincinnati, Ohio, on the same kind of tree. Heretofore it was known from Florida, on the laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia). 


description:
  Andricus davisi sp. nov. [Beutenmuller's wasp was later recognized as an inquiline of Callirhytis quercusgemmaria.]

  Gall: Polythalamous. Brown, sometimes speckled with pale brown. Smooth or somewhat roughened. Globular, irregularly rounded or somewhat elongate. They are single or in clusters, or a number of them coalesce forming a large knot-like mass. They are very hard, solid and woody, and contain many larval cells. The individual gall measures from 4 to 15 mm. in diameter, and the knot-like mass measures about 40 mm. in width.

  The gall occurs singly or in clusters of from two to about twenty individuals around the twigs and branches of scrub oak (Quercus nana [ilicifolia]). They sometimes coalesce and form a large knot-like mass, not unlike [Andricus cornigerus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/821), but without the horn-like projections which characterize the latter. The galls reach maturity late in September and the flies emerge the following spring. The flies are very distinct and may be known by the very rough, transversely rugose thorax and the absence of the median groove at the scutellum. 

  Habitat.- Lakehurst, New Jersey. September. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41967324#page/620/mode/1up
description:
  Synergus davisi (Beutenmuller)

  Andricus davisi Beutenmuller 

  NJ. Guest in gall of Callirhytis gemmaria (Ashmead). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33339954#page/10/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis punctatus Bass

  April. Abrupt woody swelling. Quercus rubra, tinctoria [velutina], marylandica, nigra, coccinea, ilicifolia


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305421#page/465/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis gemmaria 

  The young galls may be found forming from late May to early June, secreting honeydew from a gland at apex and at this stage containing a thick translucent nutritive layer inside, with a scarcely discernable larval cavity in center. On June 16, 1917, a cluster of developing galls was found at Fort Sheridan on rubra and watched at intervals during the summer. "When visited a month later many of the galls were found to be plump and green, with a nipple at apex and many cells inside and they continued to enlarge and finally become woody and covered on outside with normal brown bark and remained on the tree all winter. They became the characteristic galls known in literature as Andricus davisi Beutenmueller, and from them only guest flies are reared. The types of davisi seen by the writer in six different collections are all guest flies of the genus Synergus. When attached by inquillines the galls, instead of dropping to the ground, keep on growing and remain on tree. 

  In the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (vol. 42, 1920, p. 295), Doctor Kinsey, working with museum specimens only without field observations on the growing galls, recognizes that the characteristic galls of davisi yield only a Synergus, but he is in error in thinking that they are derived from Callirhytis punctata (Bassett). In favorable specimens one can often find on the summit of the davisi galls a trace of the nipple and ribbed surface of the normal gemmaria gall. In a footnote he admits the possibility of his error, but does not say from what they are derived. 

  True parasites by killing the maker may stunt the growth of a gall and cause a characteristic appearance, and guest flies may also modify it. Cecidologists when describing galls should be sure they are describing a normal structure, and one can not always be sure of this from single specimens. They may be sure it is normal if they rear the maker, or, failing in this, find the gall in numbers and especially season after season. 


description:
  Cynips q podagrae n. sp.? (=C q punctata Bassett?) (autumnal)

  Black oak [Quercus velutina]

  Rough, hard, woody, gnarled and scaly swellings on such twigs and limbs as run from 1/4 to 1 1/2 inch in diameter, never at their tips but often 4 or 5 feet from their tips. Occasionally these swellings are placed at the side of a limb, but more generally they encircle it, enlarging it in an irregular, longitudinally ellipsoidal or egg-like form, so as to double or treble its natural diameter. Frequently several of these swellings run one into the other, so as to form a very elongate tumor with a sinuate outline, thus presenting a fanciful resemblance to a gouty or dropsical limb, whence the specific name. Sometimes when asmall twig is affected the swelling has 7 or 8 times the diameter of the twig, which then ceases to grow beyond the gall and projects from its tip like a tail. Each gall is polythalamous, ie contains numerous cells, connected by woody matter. I have observed three trees in different localities affected by these galls, one so badly that it was almost killed and was probably on that account cut down. As illustrating the local nature of Cynips galls, it may be added that of two exactly similar, isolated, black oaks, growing so close together that their boughs almost touched, one had one-tenth part of its boughs covered by these galls, and the other had not a single gall on it so far as I could discover when it was bare of leaves. The affected limbs and twigs perish before the next season.

externallink:
  https://www.google.com/books/edition/On_Dimorphism_in_the_Hymenopterous_Genus/YXkuAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=walsh++1864+On+Dimorphism+in+the+Hymenopterous+genus+Cynips+with+an+appendix+containing+hints+for+a+new+classification+of+the+Cynipid&pg=PA441&printsec=frontcover


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89041294323&view=1up&seq=162&skin=2021&q1=punctatus
description:
  Andricus clavigerus OS

  Narrowly oval, inconspicuous blister galls, along midvein on underside, length 1/12 inch, on willow oak, early summer, sexual generation, gall wasp


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/367/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis punctata (Bassett)

  Galls were collected at Michigan City, Ind. ; Evanston, IL. ; Pop- lar Bluff, Mo. ; Texarkana, Ark. ; Mineola and Palestine, Tex. S. A. Rohwer collected galls at Ironton, Mo., in October, 1918, from which flies emerged April 16, 1919, The species transforms in the fall as adults have been cut out of galls in December and once as early as September 6. Brodie collected galls at Toronto.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/116/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis punctata

  On Q velutina. Also on Q palustris, rubra, imbricaria, cinerea, nigra. [Agamic] adults emerged Apr 16 (MO, NY). The alternating generation is a small blister on main veins about May 12.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42685508#page/163/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus punctatus Bass

  Shape similar to [the preceding gall,](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/821) but without the horn-like protuberances. Sometimes found singly, but often a number may be seen, in greater or less proximity, on the same branch. On Quercus marilandica, coccinea, and rarely on nana [ilicifolia]. Common.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13762189#page/195/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus punctatus Bass

  Galls rare, but are occasionally found on small limbs of Q. rubra. They vary from one half of an inch to two inches in diameter and are smooth knotty swellings surrounding the limbs much the same as the galls of A. cornigera. From these galls I have reared the guests, Ceroptres petiolicola., Synergus lignicola and an undetermined species; also the parasite Decatoma varians, but no true gall-flies.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33538411#page/22/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis punctata Bassett

  Cynips quercus-punctata
  Cynips quercus-podagrae
  Cynips punctata
  Andricus (Callirhytis) punctata
  Andricus punctatus

  An irregularly spherical, rough, woody gall, constricted at its union with the branch which it usually surrounds. Polythalamous. Color of the branch, but turning almost black with age. Varying greatly in size ; sometimes several are united and masses the size of the fist are formed which impair the appearance of the tree. On black oak, Quercus velutina, and red oak, Q. rubra. Common. Reported on scarlet oak, Q. coccinea. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41276747#page/54/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus punctatus Bass.

  Red oak twigs and small limbs are frequently affected by hard, irregularly rounded swellings from one to two inches in diameter, more or less completely surrounding the twig and often coalesced to form an elongated mass. When very abundant remove and destroy the young galls before the adult gall-wasps emerge. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/58122704#page/297/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus punctatus Bass. 

  Rough, hard, woody, gnarled scaly swellings on red oak limbs and twigs not over inches in diameter, occasionally occur in immense numbers. 

  This interesting gall insect is ordinarily rare in the vicinity of Albany, if we may base an opinion on the absence of earlier records. The writer’s attention was called by Dr H. M. Pollock, in April 1902, to a red oak at Loudenville near Albany, which was very badly infested with the galls of this species. It will be seen by reference to plate 48, figure 4, that these unnatural growths are irregular swellings along the smaller limbs, ranging in diameter from less than 0.5 to 1.5 inches, depending on the size of the twig. They are of variable length and frequently several coalesce to form an elongated mass of diseased tissue. The galls illustrated were inclosed in a box and produced over 500 insects, some of which were guest flies and a few were probably parasites. These galls were made the basis of an estimate and it was calculated that the entire tree bore 20,000 and produced over 500,000 insects. The general character of the infestation is well shown on plate 47. 

  This species was reared Ap. 11 by Mr Bassett, from a young, thrifty red oak growing in the vicinity of Waterbury Ct. Its local habit is confirmed by his finding galls only on the one tree. Professor Walsh also described what is probably this same species, under the specific name of podagrae, and he likewise refers to its local habits. Both gentlemen, as well as ourselves, reared large numbers of the insects without obtaining males.


description:
  A cluster of green, hairless, conical-globular flower galls on catkins of Quercus nigra. Observed in Georgia in April. These galls closely match those of [Callirhytis myrtifoliae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/916) and [Andricus fitzpatricki](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3493), which both form nearly identical galls on closely related hosts (Quercus luarifolia, myrtifolia, inopina, and phellos). This gall may be conspecific with one of those two species or distinct.


description:
  Quercus phellos is added tentatively as a host based on [these unconfirmed observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?locale=en-US&preferred_place_id=1&taxon_id=1237786&user_id=cocokitty).


description:
  Quercus oglethorpensis is added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/110756657).

  Quercus bicolor added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78241209).

  Quercus michauxii and montana added based on unpublished specimens validated using COI barcoding by the Forbes lab. 


description:
  A rough-surface, hairless, globular bullet gall on the stem of Quercus oglethorpensis. Similar to bullet galls observed on Quercus stellata and likely conspecific, but the ID and placement of that species has not yet been determined either. Observed in Georgia in April but likely fresh in the fall. 


description:
  Quercus oglethorpensis is added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/110757165).

  Quercus chapmanii is added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/110837302).


description:
  A small bud gall on Quercus phellos in spring, green with pink-red tips, covered sparsely in stellate hairs. The structure of the gall is striking and unique, with an almond-shaped central larval cell surrounded by three evenly spaced flared wings, swept up above the tip of gall. Observed in April in North Carolina.  


description:
  Quercus phellos tentatively added as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/110854800). 


description:
  Quercus michauxii added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/111027591). 

  Quercus oglethorpensis added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/155144801). 


  [Neuroterus vesicula](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/840) and [Andricus pisiformis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/841) are both small, globular, often dark-surfaced bud galls found on white-group oaks in the spring. Based on the photos Weld provides of Andricus pisiformis, that species is distinguished by many prominent, near-circular, white-colored spots. According to Scott Digweed (personal communication) galls with that appearance on Quercus macrocarpa have been found to contain adults matching N vesicula. 

  Adults reared from galls on Quercus stellata initially identified as A pisiformis due to the presence of spots were found to match N vesicula. However, on further examination, the spots on these galls (and many others on Q stellata) were seen to be somewhat distinct from those on A pisiformis. The spots on these galls are smaller, more irregular in shape and often less clearly bounded, with networks of lighter-colored cracks extending from spots, sometimes connecting many of them.

  Aside from gall appearance, according to the literature, A pisiformis adults emerge up to a year after the appearance of the gall, while N vesicula adults emerge the same spring. A pisiformis is also easily distinguished by cross section. It contains a hard internal larval cell surrounded by a soft, fleshy external shell. 

  Adults determined to be A pisiformis by adult anatomy were found to be very distinct from N vesicula in UCE genetic analysis by [Ward et al](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2022/02/13/2022.02.11.480154.full.pdf).


description:
  These lopsided stem swellings were only found on a few nearby Salix irrorata, despite that plant being common at the location it was found. The galls are the same color as the stem, light green with a waxy white coating. They often just protrude from one side of the stem, similar to Euura lasioplesis as depicted in Russo 2021. An older gall on the same plant as the original gall was full of frass when opened, which suggests that the inducer is a sawfly. 


description:
  This mite is a European species apparently imported along with its host, Acer pseudoplatanus. Its presence is inferred from galls; to our knowledge, the species of the inducing mite has not been confirmed yet.


description:
  A perfectly circular leaf snap gall formed by two adjacent (not opposite) leaflets of Mimosa texana or aculeaticarpa. Galls on Mimosa texana were observed in western Texas in May and June, green and hairless, fresh, and apparently mature. Galls on Mimosa aculeaticarpa were observed in Arizona in August, hairy, apparently immature, with a yellow color. Both galls showed a rim of pink-red coloring around the circle and on the tip where the leaf exceeds the circle. 

  Mimosa dysocarpa added as a host based on <a href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/1306790">this unconfirmed observation</a>.


description:
  Rubus cuneifolius added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/111435132). 


description:
  A purple-green, hairless, swollen, spindle or teardrop shaped gall on fruit of Mimosa borealis. Observed in Texas in September.


description:
  [Neuroterus vesicula](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/840) and [Andricus pisiformis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/841) are both small, globular, often dark-surfaced bud galls found on white-group oaks in the spring. Based on the photos Weld provides of Andricus pisiformis, that species is distinguished by many prominent, near-circular, white-colored spots. According to Scott Digweed (personal communication) galls with that appearance on Quercus macrocarpa have been found to contain adults matching N vesicula. 

  Adults reared from galls on Quercus stellata initially identified as A pisiformis due to the presence of spots were found to match N vesicula. However, on further examination, the spots on these galls (and many others on Q stellata) were seen to be somewhat distinct from those on A pisiformis. The spots on these galls are smaller, more irregular in shape and often less clearly bounded, with networks of lighter-colored cracks extending from spots, sometimes connecting many of them.

  Aside from gall appearance, according to the literature, A pisiformis adults emerge up to a year after the appearance of the gall, while N vesicula adults emerge the same spring. A pisiformis is also easily distinguished by cross section. It contains a hard internal larval cell surrounded by a soft, fleshy external shell. 

  Adults determined to be A pisiformis by adult anatomy were found to be very distinct from N vesicula in UCE genetic analysis by [Ward et al](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2022/02/13/2022.02.11.480154.full.pdf).


description:
  Bud-gall Midge
  Lonicerae lonicera

  This midge induces ovoid, succulent, monothalamous bud galls on L. subspicata. 


description:
  A large, irregularly globular, hairless, green-tan gall with slightly bumpy white spots, on the buds of Quercus alba in the spring. One dissected gall was thick-walled and contained two larval cells. The gall bears a resemblance to [Andricus murtfeldtae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/991), which also grows on buds of white-group oaks (Q stellata and others) in the spring, has more than one larval cell, and has the same size and surface appearance. However, A murtfeldtae has much more prominent projections on its surface. Observed in Virginia in April.


description:
  A moderately sized, elongate gall tapering gradually to a curved tip, with a pink-purple surface covered in short stellate hairs, attached to the lower side of a leaf of Quercus berberidifolia. Observed in California in April.


description:
  Gall that appears as an enlarged bud, as a tight rosette of elongated bud scales, in a pair on Quercus phellos. Observed in North Carolina in April. This gall resembles those known from the genus [Erythres](https://www.gallformers.org/genus/979) in Mexico, which has not been documented in the US. 


description:
  The gall of [Amphibolips femoratus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/615), also found on Quercus laurifolia and phellos, often shares the sunken upper side distinctive of quercusrugosa. That species has a central cell suspended in radiating fibers, unlike the solid cell partitions of quercusrugosa. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32802#page/15/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus clavensis, new species

  Host. Quercus gambelii

  Gall. Resembles the white-oak club gall externally but with a different internal structure, having a compact nest of cells on one side imbedded in brownish corky tissue. 

  Habitat.— Galls at Flagstaff, Ariz., contained adults on April 10 and flies emerged May 11-23. Galls from Prescott, Ariz., gave adults on same dates. Galls were seen at Grand Canyon and Williams, Ariz., and in New Mexico at Tijeras and Fierro and in Colorado at Colorado Springs.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32322#page/75/mode/1up
description:
  Holcaspis sileri, new species [see ID Notes]

  Galls ovate from a broad base, sessile on the twigs of an oak growing in southern Utah, sometimes elongated at the point but not beaked, shining brown, yet not quite smooth. Many specimens are deeply and irregularly cracked, and from some the epidermis has flaked off. They rarely exceed one-fourth of an inch in diameter, and many are a little less than that. Internally they are harder than H. duricoria, H. globulus and H. rugosus, which they resemble, except that they are smaller. The larval cell is closely imbeded, but separable from the gall. I have reared no gall-flies from these, but have found, on cutting some of them open, several apparently mature female specimens. 


description:
  Weld originally claimed that his galls agree with Bassett's type galls, but the descriptions the two authors give are completely distinct. His later work cites this determination as erroneous. It's not clear whether Weld's gall actually has any relationship to Bassett's, and this gall is best treated as a novel undescribed species first reported by Weld.

  This undescribed gall can be confused with [Neuroterus clavensis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2519), which can cause a similar swelling and bend in the stem of Quercus turbinella and gambelii, but which is polythalamous rather than monothalamous. 

  The inducer of this gall is likely closely related to [Callirhytis clavula](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/847). 


description:
  A large abrupt stem swelling on Quercus grisea. Thick-walled, apparently with only a single larval cell within. Observed in Arizona in September.


description:
  Globular galls with elongated attachment points, apparently from a midrib cluster on Quercus turbinella. Covered in a short gray stellate pubescence. Observed in Arizona in September. An [adult](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/141072695) was reared from these galls in September. 


description:
  Quercus hemisphaerica added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/111989189). 


description:
  Small green-white bead galls on leaves of Cardamine diphylla, visible as the leaves unfold in the spring. Observed in Pennsylvania in April. 


description:
  A circular leaf spot projecting slightly above and below the leaf of Quercus alba. A similar gall has been observed on Quercus stellata. Observed in Virginia in May. Easily confused with spring sexgen galls of [Callirhytis quercusfutilis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1129). 

  Similar to a [spring gall observed on live oaks.](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2655)


description:
  Large, irregularly globular, short-hairy, yellow-green to pink-red galls on new shoots on fire-damaged Carya species, likely Carya texana. Observed in Texas in April. This may be an unusual expression of a described species due to the circumstances of the fire damage, or it may be an undescribed species.


description:
  A hidden cell gall in the inside of the cup of the acorn of Quercus macrocarpa. Observed empty in October in Manitoba. Similar to [this gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2461) known from some white-group oaks in the southwestern US.


description:
  A small, tan-orange, short-hairy, slightly rugose bullet gall on stem of Quercus cf havardii, at a node. Observed in December in western Texas. An adult consistent with Disholcaspis emerged in January. 


description:
  Quercus turbinella added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/6121395). 


description:
  Quercus pumila added tentatively as a host based on its close relationship to the type host Quercus incana (formerly cinerea) and [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/112334443). 

  Price et al list this as a spring sexual generation on Quercus myrtifolia, but there are no male descriptions in the literature and this is a novel host relationship. The gall resembles photographs of [Amphibolips spinosa agamic](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/998) galls in Nicholls et al, which is known from Quercus myrtifolia, suggesting Price et al may have mistaken the gall's ID.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15672479#page/378/mode/1up
description:
  Zopheroteras guttatum, new species

  Host: Quercus palustris

  Gall: Almost spherical, smooth, bare, with purple spots on a cream background, attached singly on under side of leaf on a secondary vein, dropping in early October. From 1.4 to 2.5 mm. in diameter. Pure white inside with the minute larval cavity central. 

  Habitat. — Type locality East Falls Church, Va. Galls were collected in October in eight different years; adults emerged the second spring in each case on the following dates: March 6, 20, 25, 29, April 1, 3, 7. Buds on pin oak at that time show no signs of swelling. Oviposition not observed. Alternating generation unknown. 


description:
  Small, mostly brown hut-shaped gall occurring on Quercus turbinella leaf midrib. There are darker spots on the upper half of the gall and the whole gall is hairy. The walls are thin with no visible larval cell in the one specimen that was dissected.


description:
  A hairy, green, slightly shriveled, oblong-globular gall among the emerging leaves of Quercus phellos, apparently deforming an entire leaf. The wall of the gall is thick, concealing a larval cell of similar ovate shape. Observed in North Carolina in April. This gall resembles Weld's [oblong bud gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1146) on Quercus falcata and [Amphibolips ellipsoidalis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1088) in cross section but differs in placement on the host and exterior appearance.


description:
  Short-pilose, oval or spherical gall (247b)...... Asphondylia gemmae Gagne

  Galls are ovoid, monothalamous, about 3 mm diameter, and occur in summer and fall on buds, flowers, or fruit. Host: A. canescens. Distr.:California. Ref.: Hawkins et al. (1986).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22094#page/219/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus rugulosus, sp. nov.

  Gall. — Singly or in clusters of two to about eight, on the trunks of young trees or along the stems of very young shoots of red and black oaks (Quercus rubra and Quercus velutina) late in April until early in May (8th), when the leaves begin to develop. Monothalamous. Ovate or bud-like, somewhat rough and longitudinally ribbed. Bluntly pointed at the apex. Soft, fleshy and green when fresh, often tinged with red. Hollow inside. When mature they drop to the ground, and when old they turn brown and become thin-shelled, with a large chamber inside. Length, 5-6 mm.; width, 3-3.25 mm. 

  Habitat. — New Jersey (Fort Lee district) ; New York (Van Courtlandt Park). 

  The perfect insect reaches maturity late in October, but does not emerge from the gall until April in the year following. The species is closely allied to [Andricus (Trisolenia) saltatus Ashm.](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/878) and punctatus Ashm. The gall exudes a honey-like liquid, which is greedily partaken by ants, and, like A. saltatus has the power of jumping, due to the contraction and sudden relaxation of the larva within.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22094#page/219/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus yosemite, sp. nov.

  Gall. — On the twig of Quercus chrysolepidis, in August. Polythalamous. Irregularly rounded or almost globular, with a small nipple at the apex. It is covered with many short spine-like projections. The surface is also somewhat wrinkled. Light yellowish brown, with some of the spines tipped with pink. Inside it is completely filled with a light brown porous or pulpy substance, and at the base at the place of attachment to the twig are a number of hard oval larval chambers close together, and imbedded in the soft part of the gall. Diameter about 20 mm. Larval chamber 4 mm. long. Habitat. — Foot of Yosemite Falls, alt. 4,000 feet, Sierra Nevada, California. (Alfred C. Burrill.) 

  Described from five females cut from the gall. The species is allied to A. singularis and A osten-sackenii in sculpture of the head, thorax and scutellum. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32293#page/152/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus (Trisolenia n. g.) saltatus n. sp. 
  The Blue Jack Jumping Gall

   Galls. — Oblong-oval, longitudinally ribbed, brown galls, without a distinct cell, occurring two or three together and issuing from the bud axils in early spring; they are but slightly attached and fall to the ground on the slightest jarring of the tree.

  This gall was discovered three years ago; it appears the last of March, and when first taken from the tree and for several weeks afterwards, has the power of jumping, due to the contractions and sudden relaxation of the larva within; some of them will jump three-quarters of an inch off the table. Out of nearly two hundred galls gathered the first year of its discovery, but one reached maturity; all the rest died. This specimen was just eleven months and some days in the gall. In 188.5 but three specimens were raised, one a male, and the period of development was the same. This year all my specimens seem to be dead, although I collected at different times and endeavored as far as possible to collect the most matured specimens; evidently the season was too dry for them. Last March I collected two females while ovipositing in the buds; the ovipositor was so deeply immersed in the bud as to enable me to capture the flies in my fingers before they had time to withdraw and escape; they agreed perfectly with the bred specimens. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305399#page/499/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis middletoni, new species

  Host. — Quercus phellos Linnaeus. 

  Gall. — Green, 6 by 7 mm. and 5 mm. thick, surface rough with blunt warty elevations, apex slightly prolonged, monothalamous, wall 1 mm. thick. They drop from the twigs in early May. No investigation was possible and it is not known whether this is a bud or acorn gall. The fly is so closely related to species from pip galls on young acorns that it seems probable that this is an acorn gall. After the galls drop an outer fleshy layer decays away, leaving a stony shell with sharp longitudinal ridges. 

  Habitat. — The type locality is Washington, District of Columbia. This gall was first called to the author's attention by Mr. J, C. Crawford May C, 1914, when a large number of galls were collected on the ground under a large tree on the Mall between the Natural History Building of the United States National Museum and the Smithsonian Building. The author, however, failed to rear it. On the same date Mr. William Middleton collected galls from same tree. Adults emerged April 9 and April 16, 1915, and one April 17, 1916. These are recorded under Hopkins U. S. No. 12036. Mr. Middleton had also collected galls under the same tree May 2 and May 10, 1912, and pupae were found in the galls in September, 1913, and adults in November, 1913. The flies emerged March 31, 1914. The species evidently transforms in the galls that fall and adults emerge the next spring, the emergence being distributed over two seasons. Galls collected under same tree April 29, 1920, gave adults in the latter half of March, 1921. The new galls on this tree began to drop by April 15, 1921.


description:
  Many small, flat, green to tan-brown wart-like galls on the upper surface of leaves of Ulmus crassifolia. These galls are not hairless but differ from the [cedar-elm-fuzzy-gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1606) in having short hairs that do not obscure the surface of the gall. Observed in Texas and occasionally in Louisiana and Alabama. Observations collected at the link below and in this [Similar Observation Set](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?verifiable=any&place_id=any&field:Similar%20observation%20set=cedar_elm_smooth_galls). 


description:
  [Recent genetic findings](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2022/02/13/2022.02.11.480154.full.pdf) suggest that C exigua is most closely related to wasps in the genus Neuroterus, and that it is conspecific with [Neuroterus distortus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/929), which likely represents its agamic generation. However, this finding is not definitive and has not been verified by rearing studies.

  Callirhytis exigua was discovered and named at the same time and from the same collection as [Neuroterus exiguus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/989), also a flower gall apparently causing a swelling of the flower stem. Kinsey's treatment of N exiguus implies it forms galls on anthers as well as flower stems and petioles and midveins. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522428#page/357/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus exiguus n. sp.

  After the discovery of a species of Neuroterus in my boxes of Andricus exiguus, I made at least three trips to West Rock to discover the home of the new species, sure that the galls of the two were not identical. The study of an unlimited amount of material revealed aments that were of abnormal size, some of them two or three times the ordinary diameter, some with nodular enlargements, but all more or less hidden in the florets. After repeated efforts I finally found some of the Neuroteri in these galls and the mystery was solved. These galls are so small and succulent that they soon shrivel up and disappear. When once found it was easy to discover them in considerable numbers, but even now I fail to detect them among bunches of dry Andricus galls.


description:
  This gall clearly falls under Kinsey's description of [Neuroterus vernus var. vernus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/982), which he lists as forming swellings on ament stems or young leaf veins/petioles on Quercus macrocarpa. Weld lists this as a distinct species on flower stems, with only galls on petioles attributed to N vernus. The [phylogeny published by Ward et al 2022](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2022/02/13/2022.02.11.480154.full.pdf) places this gall in a different clade to Neuroterus distortus and exigua, two other galls Kinsey judged to be part of Neuroterus vernus, suggesting that Weld was correct to hold the two as distinct. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32435480#page/186/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus strobilana O. Sacken.

  The following remarks and description were communicated to me by Baron R. Osten Sacken, for publication in this paper: "In my paper entitled 'Additions and Corrections,' etc., (Proc. Entom. Soc. 1862) I described a gall under the name of C. q. strobilana (1. c. p. 254), the producer of which was at that time unknown to me. Many months afterwards, I obtained the fly, by cutting the dry galls open. It belongs to the genus Cynips in the restricted sense (agamous according to Hartig), and I let its description follow; 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/334/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips strobilana Osten Sacken

  Galls of this species were collected on Quercus bicolor at River Grove and New Lenox, IL. ; at Ironton, Mo. ; and at Great Falls, Va. They were found on Q. macrocarpa at Algonquin, IL., at Fort Worth, Tex., and Miss Howe collected them at Ithaca, N. Y. William Beutenmueller writes that they were very abundant in the fall of 1922 at Highwood. N. J. Galls collected in Chicago area November 1, 1914, then contained a few adults as well as larvae. When opened April 24, 1916, larvae and living flies were found in about equal numbers. It is inferred that some flies emerge each spring for at least three seasons and Packard records finding an adult and a pupa in galls six years old. Galls were collected on Q. lyrata at Poplar Bluff, Mo., and at Hoxie and Texarkana, Ark., in November, 1917, when the fresh galls were almost solid and cut like cheese and the old galls contained pupae or adults which emerged and died in breeding cage before the middle of the next May. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/192/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips strobilana O S 

  Globular cluster, up to 35 mm. in diameter, at end of twig, consisting of 25 or more wedge-shaped bodies attached by their tapering bases to a common point on twig. Hard, breaking off easily when mature, brown, monothalamous, dropping in the fall. Some flies emerge in the spring for at least three seasons. On Q. bicolor and macrocarpa. 84. 


description:
  A red, sparsely hairy, integral stem gall on Clarkia sp. (purpurea added as a placeholder). Observed in California in April.


description:
  Small green swellings haphazardly scattered along the stem of Pyrrhopappus pauciflorus, only to one side or another of the stem. Observed in Texas in April. According to [Louis Nastasi](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/112773209#activity_identification_f48d4d0b-be15-4347-b8ea-0de6c89a233a) these galls are likely "induced by a species closely allied but distinct from Antistrophus microseris." which will likely be placed in a new genus. Louis has also observed galls and reared adults from Pyrrhopappus grandiflorus which represent an undescribed species. It is unknown whether the galls on either host are conspecific.


description:
  A small, irregular, apparently polythalamous stem swelling on Quercus laceyi. This gall is likely the agamic generation of the wasp that induces a [midrib swelling](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3422) in the spring, given that it is abundant on the same host tree on which that gall was abundant, and because it matches other agamic galls known from Kinsey's Neuroterus quercicola complex, like [Neuroterus washingtonensis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3159).


description:
  A large green rosette of narrow leaflets each fringed with long hairs, on buds of Erigeron sp. (E annuus added as a placeholder). Observed in July in Michigan.


description:
  Quercus shumardii added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/91325054). 

  This undescribed gall likely represents the agamic gall corresponding to a complex of sexgen galls on different hosts, including quercusspongifica on Q velutina, buckleyi/shumardii, and maybe coccinea (in some cases it may refer to [A tinctoriae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1091)), and possibly [A ilicifoliae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1100) on Quercus ilificolia. 


description:
  According to genetic results in the Ward et al 2022 phylogeny, [Amphibolips cookii](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1143) is likely the alternate generation of the same species that induces [Amphibolips quercusinanis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/582). In the table where this speculation is listed, A cookii is labelled as a sexual generation and A quercusinanis as an agamic gall, but this is contradicted by prior literature and is apparently a mistake.


description:
  Many small blisters scattered along the midrib and lateral veins of Quercus macrocarpa. The swelling seems to be comparable in size on the midrib and lateral veins, such that when the vein is smaller, more of the gall spills over onto the lamina. Observed in Alberta in September. 

  This may be [Neuroterus niger](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/870) but differs in that N niger is typically found on the lamina adjacent to the veins rather than centered within the veins themselves. 


description:
  A similar gall has been observed on [Quercus laurifolia](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/113120032). Many wasps emerged from these galls on 4/28 and 5/1 in Florida, and their anatomy was consistent with the genus Melikaiella, known to induce similar spring integral leaf galls on other red-group oaks. Other integral leaf galls in this genus are sexual generations of their species; so far only females have been noted from this gall. 

  A similar gall has been observed on [Quercus nigra](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/113630631).


description:
  A flat, near-circular leaf spot, concolorous with the leaf but ringed with a yellow-green halo, with a small papilla in the center above, between leaf veins of Quercus imbricaria. Similar to Polystepha leaf spots induced by [P pustuloides](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1200) and several other species. Observed in September in Virginia.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/259461#page/338/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips q singularis n. sp.

  Gall on the leaves of Quercus rubra. 

  These galls answer to Dr. Fitch’s description of the gall that is produced by C. q. nubilipennis, so far as this:—They are ‘‘globular, growing through the leafy expansion of the red oak a third of the sphere projecting from the upper surface of the leaf; the remainder opposite on the under side.” 

  My specimens are not, however, as large as a medium sized “grape or hazelnut,” and the gall-fly produced from them differs, materially, from that he described. 

  They are smooth, thin, varying in diameter from 0.25 to 0.40 of an inch; each with an oblong cell in the centre, which is held in place by radiating fibres. There is seldom more than one on a leaf, though two and even three are occasionally met with. They reached their full development with the leaf, and the perfect insect came out about the 10th of July.

  Cynips q. Osten Sackenii n. s.p

  Quercus ilicifolia, and Q. coccinea. 

  I have galls from these two species of oak that are probably indentical with a species from Q. coccinea, described by Baron Osten Sacken (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, i, p. 256.) as follows:

  ‘‘Round., somewhat oblong., hollow, pale greenish-yellow gall on the under side of the leaf, slightly projecting on the opposite side; internally an oblong kernel, kept in its position by filaments, radiating to wards the shell.'’ 

  His specimens produced only parasites, and the gall-flies I have are all, except two or three, from the galls from Q. ilicifolia. Both the gall and fly bear a rather close resemblance to the species last described, though the differences are so marked as to entitle them to the rank of a distinct species. Though measuring nearly as much in length they are much smaller. I take pleasure in giving to this species the name of its discoverer, who has added so much to our knowledge of this interesting genus.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41966767#page/640/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips confluenta (Harris)

  Cynips confluentus Harris
  Cynips aciculata  Osten Sacken

  Range: Toronto to Ill, IO, KS; MA to VA. Gall on various red oaks.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24831#page/1102/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips confluenta (Harris) 

  Cynips confluentus
  Cynips aciculata

  Range: Mass, Ont to VA, west to IL, IO, KS

  Produce leaf galls on red oaks


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24831#page/1103/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips quercusspongifica (Osten Sacken)

  Cynips q spongifica
  Cynips spongifica
  Cynips q coccineae
  Amphibolips Carolinensis
  Trissandricus maculipennis

  Produce leaf galls on Quercus coccinea, marilandica, velutina

  Range: Ont to Va, west to IL


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/175207#page/92/mode/1up
description:
  [transcribed from Walsh's handwriting; see original scan in case of doubt]

  Today opened about 8 q spongifica galls, which were on the average not full grown yet. They contained a half of 12 or 16 chalcidide larvae; 1 a half grown cynipide larvae; the rest nearly or quite fullgrown ditto. Strung 21 galls on the SW side of a large black oak (nearly 2 ft [??]) SW from the slaughter house.


description:
  Swollen bud.....Halodiplosis sarcobati (Felt)

  Enlarged buds are about 1 cm long and 6 mm in diameter and are made up of thickened, appressed bud scales. Pupation occurs inside the buds, and adults emerge in spring. Host: S. vermiculatus. Distr.: Idaho and Utah.


description:
  Swollen, occasionally discolored leaf (251a).....Protaplonyx sarcobati (Felt)

  Adults were reared in spring and summer, so there are probably several generations per year. Adults have an unusual ovipositor modified for piercing plant tissue. Host: S. vermiculatus. Distr.: Colorado and Utah. Ref.: Gagne (1969c).


description:
  Swollen stem.....Neolasioptera sp. 

  Adults of this species have not been reared. Host: Sarcobatus sp. Distr.: Oregon and Utah.


description:
  Thick-walled, polythamous, abrupt swellings at the base of new growth on a cultivated columnar oak, likely Quercus alba x robur (ie x bimundorum). An adult cynipid wasp emerged in late April, not obviously matching any known species to a cursory initial look. 


description:
  Dryocosmus dubiosus (Fullaway)

  Laboratory experiments show that adults of Dryocosmus dubiosus (Fullaway) reared from ament galls of the California live oak, Quercus agrifolia Nee, are bisexual. The females from this generation oviposit in the leaf veins of black oaks where they produce an agamic generation of females in characteristic bicornate galls. The females produced in these leaf galls were formerly thought to be Dryocosmus bicornis (McCracken and Egbert), but now must be considered as the agamic generation of D. dubiosus. The agamic generation is composed of two types of females, one producing only males and the other producing only females. Both generations are attacked by the parasite, Torymus fullawayi (Huber).

  Agamic generation: Dryocosmus bicornis (McCracken and Egbert) was described from females cut from characteristic bicornate galls which occur on the veins on the lower surface of the leaves of Q agrifolia. The adults are all females, and are distinct from the females of D dubiosus that are bred from ament galls. The morphological differences account for their original placement in separate genera. D dubiosus was first described as a species of Diplolepis, and later it was transferred by Felt (1940) to Dryophanta. On the other hand, D bicornis was originally described as a member of the genus Callirhytis. Both species were later correctly placed in Dryocosmus by Weld (1951, 1952, 1957). 

  The results of breeding experiments now indicate that the supposedly separate species are in reality alternating generations of a single species. Because of priority the name to be given this single species is Dryocosmus dubiosus (Fullaway), although it does seem unfortunate to discard the particularly descriptive "bicornis." 


description:
  Dryocosmus dubiosus (Fullaway)

  Laboratory experiments show that adults of Dryocosmus dubiosus (Fullaway) reared from ament galls of the California live oak, Quercus agrifolia Nee, are bisexual. The females from this generation oviposit in the leaf veins of black oaks where they produce an agamic generation of females in characteristic bicornate galls. The females produced in these leaf galls were formerly thought to be Dryocosmus bicornis (McCracken and Egbert), but now must be considered as the agamic generation of D. dubiosus. The agamic generation is composed of two types of females, one producing only males and the other producing only females. Both generations are attacked by the parasite, Torymus fullawayi (Huber).

  Bisexual generation: Dryocosmus dubiosus (Fullaway) was described in 1911 as a gall maker on the staminate aments of the Coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia Nee. Later it was reported by McCracken and Egbert (1922) as also making galls on the edges of leaves. Weld (1957) extended the host range to another black oak, Quercus wislizenii A.DC. Field observations have shown that the leaf galls are formed only on the very young and tender growth that appears early in the spring and accompanies the production of the male flowers. These galls cause a very severe distortion of the tender leaves and may cause them to wither and die. The galls on the aments and new leaves develop very rapidly and give rise to the bisexual generation of D dubiosus. In 1958 the galls on the aments were first noted in February and emergence of both sexes of the wasps occurred in the laboratory during the first week in March. Trees growing on north-facing slopes, at higher elevations, or in deep, cool canyons were delayed in flowering, and galls containing larvae and prepupae were collected from such locations as late as the first week in May. Although precise quantitative data are lacking, it appeared evident that the peak of the bisexual generation had completed its emergence before the middle of April, and collections after that date consisted only of stragglers from the retarded growth locations. 


description:
  Druon protagion Kinsey, 1937, comb. rev.

  Druon protagion Kinsey, 1937: 61, female, gall.
  Druon polymorphae Kinsey, 1937: 60, female, gall, syn. nov.
  Druon malinum Kinsey, 1937: 58, female, gall, syn. nov.
  Andricus polymorphae (Kinsey): Weld, 1952a: 308.
  Andricus protagion (Kinsey): Weld, 1952a: 309.
  Andricus malinum (Kinsey): Weld, 1952a: 307.

  Gall (Fig. 138). Compact clusters of cells (most often 3–4, sometimes more) covered with short, compact, brownish-yellow, russet, or bright purplish-brown woolly pubescence that darkens with age; pubescence usually covering the individual larval cells, although the tips of the cells are sometimes exposed; single clusters circular, closely compact, averaging around 10 mm in diameter and 8 mm high, but larger agglomerations of clusters oval or more elongate and up to 30 mm long. The larval cells rather stout but elongate, averaging about 3.0 mm long.

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces galls on Q. rugosa (= Q. conglomerata), Q. potosina and Q. polymorpha (all Section Quercus, Series Leucomexicanae); galls mature in late autumn, adults emerge from February of the following year, with most emerging in March–April.

  Distribution. Mexico: Michoacan, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas.


description:
  Druon receptum Kinsey, 1937, comb. rev.

  Druon receptum Kinsey, 1937: 62, female, gall.
  Andricus receptum (Kinsey): Weld (1952a)

  Gall (Fig. 209). Greyish yellow-brown wool covering a cluster of 4 to 8 larval cells (Kinsey 1937). Pubescence darkens with age; the individual hairs are very long, considerably tangled, completely hiding the larval cells. The individual clusters are rounded to oval, dense but fluffy, averaging nearly 20 mm in diameter and 12 mm in height. Several individual clusters can be fused into large, elongate masses up to 35 mm long. Mature larval cells are over 3.5 mm long on average, rather robustly elongate (Kinsey 1937).

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces galls on Q. rugosa (= Q. rhodophlebia) and Q. potosina (both Section Quercus, Series Leucomexicanae) in Mexico; Q. rugosa in Arizona. Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from February of the following year, most emerging in March–April.

  Distribution. USA: Arizona, Santa Catalina Mtns. Mexico: Guanajuato, Mexico City, Querétaro, State of Mexico, Zacatecas.


description:
  Druon flocculentum (Lyon, 1996), comb. nov. 

  Andricus flocculentus Lyon, 1996: 181, female, gall.

  [No photo of the gall is included.]

  Gall. Clustered but discrete cells forming a woolly mass on the underside of the leaf midrib (Lyon 1996). Clusters ranging from 3 to 6mm in diameter, the pubescence is white to pale yellow. The individual cells are 2.5–3.0 mm long, ovoid and thin walled. 

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces woolly leaf galls on Q. pungens and Q. obtusata (both Section Quercus, Series Leucomexicanae). Galls were collected in February-March. Adults probably emerge shortly afterwards.

  Distribution. USA: TX (Lyon 1996); Mexico: Mexico City in this study.


description:
  Druon fullawayi (Beutenmüller, 1913), comb. nov

  Andricus fullawayi Beutenmüller, 1913: 244, female, gall

  Gall (Figs. 31–32). Brown, elliptical, thin-walled, unilocular, with reticulate surface, covered with long soft 
  rusty brown woolly fibers. Gall 5–8 mm in diameter, found singly or in groups of two to many galls on the upper side of the leaf, along the midrib, cluster usually beginning at the base of the leaf. The long, soft hairs distinguish this gall from all other hairy leaf galls on white oaks.

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces leaf galls on Q. garryana, Q. douglasii, Q. lobata (Section Quercus, Series Dumosae). Galls do not dehisce from their host leaf, instead falling to the ground with the leaves in autumn; adults emerge in March of the following year.

  Distribution. USA: California (Burks 1979) and Mexico: Zacatecas.


description:
  Druon garciamartinonae, Cuesta-Porta, Melika & Pujade-Villar sp. nov. 

  Gall (Fig. 45). Creamy fluffy gall on the midrib on the underside of leaves, pubescence sometimes with purple areas. Cluster of a few cells.

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces woolly leaf galls on Q. glabrescens (Section 
  Quercus, Series Leucomexicanae). Galls mature in October; adults emerged in April under laboratory conditions.

  Distribution. Mexico: State of Mexico, San Felipe del Progreso, Plateros-Arenales.


description:
  Artemisia frigida added as a host based on <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/93604323">this</a> observation.


description:
  Druon hansoni Pujade-Villar, sp. nov. 

  Gall (Fig. 68). Brown fluffy gall on the midrib on the underside of leaves, cluster of a few cells. 

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces woolly leaf galls on Q. oleoides (Section Virentes). Galls mature in April; adults emerged shortly afterwards under laboratory conditions.

  Distribution. Costa Rica: Guanacas, Parque Nacional Santa Rosa.


description:
  Druon ignotum (Bassett, 1881), comb. nov. 

  Cynips ignota Bassett, 1881: 106, female, gall. 
  Andricus ignota (Bassett): Ashmead, 1885: 295.
  Dryophanta ignota (Bassett): Ashmead, 1887: 127.
  Diplolepis ignota (Bassett): Dalla Torre & Kieffer, 1910: 360. [NOT Diplolepis ignota Osten Sacken, 1863]
  Rhodites ignota (Bassett): Dalla Torre, 1893: 127. [NOT Andricus ignota Bassett, 1900 (junior homonym).]
  Diplolepis ignota (Bassett): Weld, 1926: 26.
  Andricus ignotus (Bassett): Weld, 1951: 634.

  Gall. Asexual galls (Fig. 99). Small (2–3 mm long) brown, thin-walled and gregarious ovoid galls firmly attached to the underside of the leaf midrib in clusters of up to 30 or more. The entire cluster is covered with a dense coating of long woolly hairs, which is initially cream-coloured or pink but fades to brown over the winter, and sometimes wears away. 

  Biology. Alternate asexual and sexual generations are known (see comments). See Bassett (1881) and Weld (1926) for the biology of the asexual generation. Asexual galls have been recorded on leaves of Q. bicolor and Q. macrocarpa (Section Quercus, Series Prinoideae), mature in October–November, adult females emerge very early the following spring (late March to late April in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada), often on the first warm days after accumulated snow has melted and fallen leaves bearing galls are exposed. Emerged females fly up to buds and oviposit. The sexual generation adults emerged in Edmonton in early June. Females were observed ovipositing multiply along the midrib on the upper leaf surface in a zipper-like pattern, suggesting that asexual females in a given gall cluster are sisters. Galls of the asexual generation first became apparent on leaves in Edmonton in late July.

  Distribution. USA: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Illinois, Minnesota (Burks 1979), Nebraska (Weld 1926); Canada: Alberta, Manitoba.


description:
  Druon ignotum (Bassett, 1881), comb. nov. 

  Cynips ignota Bassett, 1881: 106, female, gall. 
  Andricus ignota (Bassett): Ashmead, 1885: 295.
  Dryophanta ignota (Bassett): Ashmead, 1887: 127.
  Diplolepis ignota (Bassett): Dalla Torre & Kieffer, 1910: 360. [NOT Diplolepis ignota Osten Sacken, 1863]
  Rhodites ignota (Bassett): Dalla Torre, 1893: 127. [NOT Andricus ignota Bassett, 1900 (junior homonym).]
  Diplolepis ignota (Bassett): Weld, 1926: 26.
  Andricus ignotus (Bassett): Weld, 1951: 634.

  Gall. Sexual galls (Fig. 100) occur singly or in groups in buds of Q. macrocarpa. They are apparently undifferentiated ovoid cells approximately 2 mm long, integral within buds and young growing shoots, and cause little or no visible external deformity or damage. Galls are generally only detectable by the emergence holes left by the adult insects.

  Biology. Alternate asexual and sexual generations are known (see comments). Asexual galls have been recorded on leaves of Q. bicolor and Q. macrocarpa (Section Quercus, Series Prinoideae), mature in October–November, adult females emerge very early the following spring (late March to late April in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada), often on the first warm days after accumulated snow has melted and fallen leaves bearing galls are exposed. Emerged females fly up to buds and oviposit. The sexual generation adults emerged in Edmonton in early June. Females were observed ovipositing multiply along the midrib on the upper leaf surface in a zipper-like pattern, suggesting that asexual females in a given gall cluster are sisters. Galls of the asexual generation first became apparent on leaves in Edmonton in late July.

  Distribution. USA: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Illinois, Minnesota (Burks 1979), Nebraska (Weld 1926); Canada: Alberta, Manitoba.


description:
  Druon linaria Kinsey, 1937, stat. rev., comb. rev. 

  Druon linaria Kinsey, 1937: 57, female, gall. 
  Andricus linaria (Kinsey): Weld, 1952a: 306

  Gall (Fig. 112). Creamy white furry leaf galls in clusters (usually of 3 or fewer galls) on the underside of leaves, at the base of the leaf, yellowing a bit with age. Individual hairs on the gall are straight, not long. Each cluster closely compact, circular, up to 9 mm in diameter, 3 mm high.

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces woolly leaf galls on Q. oleoides (Section Virentes). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in February–March of the following year. 

  Distribution. Mexico: Eastern Sierra Madre Oriental, Tamaulipas (Kinsey 1937).

  Comments. Pujade-Villar et al. (2016) erroneously synonymized this species under A. quercuslanigera (Ashmead). After revising the type material, both species are transferred to Druon and we consider D. linaria and D. quercuslanigerum to be two independent valid species with distinct morphological differences. 


description:
  Druon pattoni (Basset, 1881), comb. nov.

  Cynips pattoni Bassett, 1881: 98, female, gall. 
  Andricus pattoni (Bassett): Weld (1952a).

  Gall (Fig. 124). Fluffy, orange-brown woolly leaf galls on the underside of the leaf midrib, containing clusters of larval cells oriented perpendicularly to the leaf surface. The cells are completely hidden by short, dense pubescence. The largest clusters often extend for more than half the length of the midrib. Found on young trees, most often on leaves near the apex of strongly growing shoots. The galls resemble in their woolly covering those of D. quercusflocci (Walsh), but the latter are round rather than often elongate, with longer woolly hairs, and that species is only found on Q. alba.

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces galls on Q. chapmanii and Q. stellata (= Q. obtusiloba) (Section Quercus, Series Stellatae). Galls mature in October–November; adults emerge shortly afterwards under laboratory conditions or in February of the following year in the field.

  Distribution. USA: Connecticut to Florida, Oklahoma, Texas (Burks 1979). 


description:
  The fiddleneck gall nematode (Anguina amsinckia), also native to California, induces the weed to form floral galls that replace the flowers. Although the mechanism is somewhat of a mystery, feeding by Anguina in the flowers apparently stimulates the floral tissues to form a gall that encloses the nematode. Two complete life cycles take place within the flower galls, and about 40,000 nematodes occur in an average 3/8-inch-diameter gall. 

  (T)he nematode had been known to attack only common fiddleneck, Amsinckia intermedia (A. menziesii), but we now know it attacks two other important weeds, Amsinckia lycopsoides and A. gloriosa (now considered a variant of A. tessellata). In addition, there may be different races of the nematode that are host-specific to different fiddleneck species or populations.


description:
  During our survey we also encountered a gall midge (Schizomyia macrofila) that feeds on fiddleneck and produces galls. Galls formed by the larvae are superficially similar to those formed by the nematode (Anguina amsinckia). However, the midge galls do not replace the flowers as do the nematode galls. Instead, almost any aboveground portion of the weed may form midge galls containing one or more orange-colored larvae. 

  Few researchers have studied this gall midge, and its host range is not certain. Before our survey, only Amsinckia lycopsoides was reported to be a host. We found the midge on A. intermedia near Bakersfield and on A. spectabilis near Bodega Bay. 


description:
  [In Druon quercusflocci: comments]

  A sample of galls on leaves collected from Aguascalientes State (Mexico) on Quercus potosina produced two adults morphologically resembling D. quercusflocci. The galls have a completely whitish woolly covering over clusters of 2–6 seed-like distinct larval chambers attached to the midrib of leaves (Fig. 150, right). The galls of D. quercusflocci from USA are densely pubescent, mainly orange-brown with some scattered white wool (Fig. 150, left). The internal structure of distinctly separated larval chambers is shared by both of these gall morphologies. The adults from Mexico differ slightly from typical D. quercusflocci by the following mesopleural and mesoscutellar characters. [...] We consider these differences insufficient to define two separate species, but the phenotypic differences in gall traits may indicate that the Mexican specimens belong to a different species. Alternatively, the differences may result from host plant effects on gall structure, as seen in some other oak cynipid galls with a wide host range (e.g. asexual generation leaf galls of Cynips quercusfolii Linnaeus, 1758 in the Western Palaearctic, which are smooth when developing on Quercus robur L. but covered with raised tubercles when developing on Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl.). Thus, we have not officially assigned the Mexican specimens to D. quercusflocci and await more material and further evidence, such as molecular data


description:
  Druon quercusflocci (Walsh, 1864), comb. nov. 

  ? Cynips Quercus-lana Fitch, 1859: 814, adult, galls (see comments)
  Cynips quercus flocci Walsh, 1864: 482, female, gall. 
  Cynips (Andricus?) flocci Osten Sacken, 1865: 352. 
  Andricus flocci (Walsh): Mayr, 1881: 28.
  Andricus quercusflocci (Walsh): Burks, 1979: 1087

  Gall. (Fig. 150). Woolly, dirty white to pinkish pubescent galls, 10–12 mm long, 8.0–8.5 mm broad and 4–5 
  mm high, containing 2–10 seed-like larval chambers attached at one end to the midrib on the upper or lower side of the leaf; the cluster of galls is usually elongated along the direction of the leaf midrib. The larval cells are distinct individually, rather than fused into a single mass, 0.2–1.0 mm in diameter, and covered with short crystalline hairs.

  Biology. Only an asexual generation is only known, which induces leaf galls on Q. alba (Section Quercus, 
  Series Albae) in autumn. 

  Distribution. USA: Massachusetts to North Carolina, Michigan, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas (Burks 1979).

  Comments. Fitch (1859) described a similar gall named Cynips Quercus-lana but the adults he reared are 
  cynipid inquilines belonging to Synergus according to keys in Cresson (1887) and Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2021). The galls are indistinguishable from other similar galls, and we cannot determine whether this gall corresponds to Andricus (now Druon) quercusflocci. Dalla Torre & Kieffer (1910: 544) nevertheless considered Andricus quercusflocci to be a possible junior synonym of Andricus quercuslana. The specific name ‘quercuslana’ corresponds to a Synergus species, leaving the gall described by Fitch (1859) as unidentifiable (?Cynips quercuslana Fitch, 1859). 


description:
  Druon quercuslanigerum (Ashmead, 1881), comb. nov. 

  Cynips q.lanigera Ashmead, 1881: xiii, female, gall. 
  Andricus (Andricus) lanigera Ashmead, 1885: 295 [unjustified emendation].
  Andricus laniger (Ashmead): Weld, 1951: 634.
  Andricus quercuslanigera (Ashmead): Burks, 1979: 1088. 

  Gall. Asexual generation galls (Fig 162–163). Creamy white wool-covered gall usually on the underside of the leaf midrib, occasionally also on twigs; whole gall 1.0–7.0 mm in diameter and 2–3 mm high. Pubescence yellows slightly in older galls. Individual hairs making up the wool are straight and 0.5–2.0 mm long. The interior of the gall contains pale brown larval chambers that can be solitary or in groups of 3–6 along the midrib. 

  Biology. Alternate asexual and sexual generations are known. The asexual leaf galls (also rarely on twigs) develop in autumn and winter, sexual galls on catkins in spring (Hood et al. 2018); both generations develop on Q. minima and Q. virginiana and asexual galls have also been found on Q. fusiformis, Q. geminata, Q. oleoides (all Section Virentes). 

  Distribution. USA: Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Missouri, Louisiana, Texas, and Mexico: Hidalgo. Also introduced with its host plant Q. virginiana in California (Stockton) and Chihuahua (Chihuahua City). 


description:
  Druon quercuslanigerum (Ashmead, 1881), comb. nov. 

  Cynips q.lanigera Ashmead, 1881: xiii, female, gall. 
  Andricus (Andricus) lanigera Ashmead, 1885: 295 [unjustified emendation].
  Andricus laniger (Ashmead): Weld, 1951: 634.
  Andricus quercuslanigera (Ashmead): Burks, 1979: 1088. 

  Gall. Sexual generation galls. Small, on average 1 mm, swelling of the central stem of catkins, with gall shape similar to a grain of rice, or ovate. Surface of gall indistinct from the rest of the central stem of catkin except for swelling (Hood et al. 2018). 

  Biology. Alternate asexual and sexual generations are known. The asexual leaf galls (also rarely on twigs) develop in autumn and winter, sexual galls on catkins in spring (Hood et al. 2018); both generations develop on Q. minima and Q. virginiana and asexual galls have also been found on Q. fusiformis, Q. geminata, Q. oleoides (all Section Virentes). 

  Distribution. USA: Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Missouri, Louisiana, Texas, and Mexico: Hidalgo. Also introduced with its host plant Q. virginiana in California (Stockton) and Chihuahua (Chihuahua City). 


description:
  Druon rusticum Kinsey, 1937, comb. rev.

  Druon rusticum Kinsey, 1937: 64, female, gall.
  Andricus rusticum (Kinsey): Weld, 1952a.

  Gall (Fig. 221). Wool covered, cream-coloured white to tan and russet brown galls; the individual hairs short, straight, hardly covering the larval cells and obviously tufted about each individual cell; making continuous but very irregular, narrowly elongate masses up to 25 mm, average 13 mm long. The larval cells only 1.5 mm long, elongate, 4 to 10 in one cluster.

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces galls on Q. magnoliifolia (= Q. macrophylla; Section Quercus, Series Leucomexicanae); galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge the following year in April– May (Kinsey 1937). 

  Distribution. Southwestern Mexico, Guerrero (Kinsey 1937). 


description:
  Druon serretae Pujade-Villar, Cuesta-Porta & Melika, sp. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 233). Woolly leaf galls that cannot be distinguished from those of [D. protagion](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3807), [D. receptum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3808) or [D. quercuslanigerum.](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/895)

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces woolly leaf galls on Q. grisea (Section Quercus, Series Leucomexicanae). Galls mature in October–November; adults emerge from January of the following year, most emerging in March. 

  Distribution. Mexico: Aguascalientes. 


description:
  Striatoandricus furnessae (Weld, 1913), comb. nov.

  Callirhytis furnessae Weld, 1913: 133, gall, female.
  Andricus furnessae (Weld): Weld 1922: 16.

  Gall. Large woolly mass nearly or completely encircling twigs, 85 mm long by 60 mm in diameter. Each mass is made up of separate larval cells, from a few to over 150. Each cell contains a single larval chamber, and is covered with dense long white wool. Cells are rhomboid, hairy to the base, with thick and woody walls.

  Biology. Only an asexual generation is known, inducing galls on Quercus sp.

  Distribution. Mexico: Michoacan.


description:
  Striatoandricus furnessulus (Weld, 1944), comb. nov. 

  Andricus furnessulus Weld, 1944: 12, female, gall

  Galls (Fig. 243). A woolly mass partly or entirely encircling small twigs, measuring up to 30 by 25 mm, pure 
  white or rosy when young, consisting of a large number of separate biconical cells attached at a common point, each covered with long hairs, about 7 by 5 mm; shorter and broader than in [S. furnessae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3791) (Weld 1944).

  Biology. Only an asexual generation is known, inducing galls on Q. oblongifolia.

  Distribution. USA: Arizona


description:
  Striatoandricus guatemalensis (Cameron, 1883), comb. nov.

  Cynips guatemalensis Cameron, 1883: 71, gall.
  Andricus guatemalensis (Cameron) Ritchie & Shorthouse, 1987: 240.
  Synergus dorsalis Cameron, 1972: 72.
  Andricus dorsalis (Cameron): Ritchie & Shorthouse, 1987: 240.

  Galls. Densely hairy hemispherical masses attached to the midrib of the underside of the leaves. The center is hard and woody, and the fibers radiate from the center towards the edge; the larval chambers are situated along the edge, there being none in the center. Outside the woody central gall is a covering of woolly hairs, white basally, but reddish brown distally. The galls are usually found in pairs, occasionally singly.

  Biology. Only an asexual generation is known, inducing galls on Quercus sp. [Quercus peduncularis added as a plausible placeholder]

  Distribution. Guatemala: San Jerónimo (Baja Verapaz)

  Comments. Cameron (1883) described Cynips guatemalensis based exclusively on gall samples, however the drawings of the galls in the same study were morphologically discordant from his description in the text. This problem has been solved recently by Pujade-Villar et al. (2022). Furthermore, Synergus dorsalis Cameron was described in the same study (Cameron 1883); the type material of which (“Synergus” adult) was examined by Richie & Shorthouse (1987) who concluded that it corresponds to an Andricus. Cameron mentions that S. dorsalis was obtained from the gall of Cynips guatemalensis, therefore S. dorsalis, currently Andricus dorsalis (Cameron), is the inducer of the gall of C. guatemalensis (currently Andricus guatemalensis).


description:
  Striatoandricus tenuicornis (Bassett, 1881), comb. nov.

  Cynips tenuicornis Bassett, 1881: 92, female, gall.
  Diplolepis tenuicornis (Bassett): Weld 1926: 34.
  Andricus tenuicornis (Bassett): Weld 1951: 636.

  Galls. Densely hairy hemispherical masses attached by a single small point to the upper or under surface of the leaves. They are from 10-20 mm in diameter. The woolly hairs are of a dull russet color and entirely hide the polythalamous gall beneath. The gall interior contains small and extremely thin-walled larval cells. Between them there are a few thin fibrous plates or lamellae separating open spaces. An average size gall contains 14 larval cells (Bassett 1881). 

  Biology. Only an asexual generation is only known, inducing galls on Q. arizonica. 

  Distribution. USA: Arizona, Mule Pass Mountains (Bassett 1881).


description:
  Druon alexandri Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov.

  Gall (Fig. 12). Reddish-yellow furry gall mass (gregarious, multilocular) on underside of leaf, to 20 mm long, projecting from leaf by up to 15 mm. Extremely hard to distinguish externally from the asexual generation galls of D. protagion, D. receptum or Andricus tecturnarum Kinsey, 1920.

  Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces furry leaf galls on Q. turbinella (Section Quercus, Series Leucomexicanae). Galls mature in October–November; adults start to emerge in January, peak emergence in in March.

  Distribution. USA: Arizona. 


description:
  This gall resembles that of Russo's [woolly-leaf-gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2600) and some galls attributed to that undescribed species may be induced by D alexandri. However, according to James Nicholls (personal communication), "the gall Russo lists under sp.B looks more like a different group of "Andricus" from the US southwest, such as those allied to A. tecturnarum with much more crystalline hairs on the galls."


description:
  A thick-walled vein swelling causing a slight deformation of the leaf on Quercus macrocarpa. Containing at least one larva of ambiguous taxon, likely cynipini. Observed in Texas in May. 


description:
  A circular, green leaf spot slightly raised on the upper and lower sides of the leaf of Viburnum rufidulum. Observed in Texas in April. 


description:
  A shelter composed of tightly clasping leaves containing a lepidopteran larva and frass. On Epilobium canum. Observed in California in May. For discussion of the differences from the very similar Contarinia zauschneriae gall, also on E. canum, see https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/114576540 and, more recently, https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/175116215


description:
  Significant curling and discoloration of leaves of Cercocarpus montanus. Inducer unknown. Observed in May in New Mexico.


description:
  Large bullet galls on the stems of Quercus vaseyana. These galls resemble [Disholcaspis pruniformis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/963) in size and appearance but are unusual for the genus in having a yellow-tan base color covered to varying degrees in spots of darker red-orange. Observed in Texas in May, but likely fresh in the fall and emerging over the winter based on typical habits of this genus in the area. 


description:
  These galls are deformed and occasionally swollen fruit on tree cholla. The galls are characterized by red, overlapping bracts growing from the apex of the fruit, which in ungalled fruits is concave and hollow. Galled fruits are often swollen but sometimes the shape is similar to normal fruits. However, the red bracts at the tip of the fruits are always present. The exit holes are often surrounded by white scarring on the fruit surface. Almost all galled fruits seen in early May had pupal exuviae protruding.


description:
  A moderately large, white-glaucous, gall resembling [Amphibolips quercusracemaria](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/907) but differing in having a stout pedicel at its base, giving it a bell-like silhouette. The gall was observed fresh in May and blackened in November, in Arkansas.


description:
  A distinctively shaped integral leaf gall on Quercus phellos. Its shape from above or below is a [stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_(geometry)), with two slightly swollen hemispherical ends and a long, somewhat narrow rectangle in the middle, with a raised rim along the perimeter. The is a papilla in the center on the upper side. The gall is green, hairless above and hairy below, comparable in color and texture to the leaf around it. It is thick-walled and contained a single larval cell with a larva as of May 7. Observed in Maryland. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32798#page/306/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus foliata n. sp.

  The Leafy Gall of the Live Oak. Another curious and by far the most interesting gall I have yet found in Florida, is that to which I have given the above name. Growing as it does in the bud axil of the leaf, and not unfrequently in close proximity to the others, the gall would naturally be taken by most observers for the blossom of the oak; indeed I never until lately suspected it to be the product of a Cynips. 

  On page 72, vol. 2, of "The American Entomologist," is figured a gall discovered by H. F. Bassett, so well known for his researches in this interesting branch of entomology, which will give one a fair idea of the species under consideration. At first I was inclined to believe my species and his, which he calls Cynips frondosa identical; but on a careful study of his description of the gall, (he does not characterize the insect producing it), I have no hesitancy in describing it as new. 

  Mr. Bassett found his species at Waterbury, Conn., on the Chincuapin Oak, Q. prinoides, while Walsh found it on the Bur Oak and White Oak; vide Proc. Entom. Soc. Phil. p. 68, 1864. 

  He says: "When mature it often attains a diameter of two and a quarter inches, and the modified leaves of which it is composed are then much longer and proportionally much wider than at first, so that instead of being what the botanists term 'lanceolate,' they become oval with their tips usually acute." 

  Bassett says: "The cells containing the larva are smooth, shining, oval, about one-eighth of an inch long." 

  Walsh also says: "The larger ones enclose four or five cells and when the gall becomes mature, the cells are gradually disengaged from their leafy matrix and drop to the ground, where no doubt the larva will pass the winter more agreeably among the masses of dead leaves, which accumulate in such situations, than it would do if it were exposed aloft to the stormy blasts, and the cold driving sleets of the dead season of the year."

  Now, the largest specimen I have ever found of the present gall, and I have collected hundreds, is never more than three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and instead of the leaves being oval, they are strictly lanceolate; the cells or kernels too, instead of being smooth, are pitted, somewhat like a peach stone. They likewise never drop to the ground, but remain cemented to their cup, and the fly escapes by perforating a hole in the top. I have found hundreds of the black dry galls containing cells so perforated, and have never seen more than one cell to a gall.

  Galls. — In outline urn-shaped, composed externally of numerous, lanceolate, leafy-like spines, developed from the axillary leaf bud; diameter one-half to three-quarters of an inch; internally consisting of a greyish acorn-like cup, with a single kernel imbeded half way; cup .20 inch in diameter. Kernel brownish .15 to .18 inch long by .07 to .10 wide, somewhat pointed at top and slightly contracted in the middle, irregularly pitted and grooved, somewhat like a peach stone only the grooves arc not so deep.


description:
  A small, hairless, globular bud gall on Quercus stellata, red speckled with yellow-orange. Observed in Texas in April. 


description:
  This midge induces distinctive swellings on the leaf veins and midribs of Q. muehlenbergii. They range from hairless to finely hairy, and the aged galls are a browner color while younger ones are a cream-white to yellow-green color. The galls create significant distortions on the upper leaf as well, contorting them. Observed in Ohio in May.


description:
  A light-green gall forming a rough hemisphere on one side of the leaf that is at least sometimes paired with a rough hemisphere on the other side. Observed on Baccharis pilularis in April in California.


description:
  Many small pustules on the upper and lower surface of leaves of Quercus buckleyi, resembling galls of [Melikaiella papula](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/753) or [ostensackeni](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/748). This gall may represent a late or aborted instance of those species, but if not, it is distinguished by remaining in an apparently developing, unemerged state well into October. Spring sexgen leaf galls of this genus typically emerge by July-August. Observed in Texas. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36243#page/381/mode/1up
description:
  [4-5mm wide x 15mm long] Unicellular, rather hard. This is a subcylindric enlargement of the stem or branch and is traversed by a simple median gallery.


description:
  Tests [i.e., external coverings] of adult females aggregated but each test more-or-less globular in form, with tendency to be 6-lobed if isolated; resin dark grey-brown in color with tinges of crimson or orange to reddish-brown with tinges of orange


description:
  A glossy, hairless, green-shading-to-red gall on the lower side of the lamina of leaves of Quercus imbricaria. The gall projects in a cylindrical, hemispherical, or near-globular form, and it is thick-walled, but only a small part of the bottom edge of the projection; the majority of the space is a hollow formed by the deformation of the leaf. The surface is often subtly striped with either dark and light shades of green or green and red. This gall was initially taken to be [Amphibolips quercusrugosa](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/820), which is listed on this host by Weld and is described has having a similar "sunken, concave" area on the upper side. However, that gall is much wider and does not project below the leaf to the extent that this gall does. Galls consistent with quercusrugosa have been found in Florida and potentially as far north as North Carolina, while the "nipple gall" has been found near Washington DC, Ohio, and Missouri. 


description:
  A very small, hairless, dark-red gall adjacent to buds of Quercus palustris but not obviously emerging from bud scales. Observed in Ohio in April-May. 


description:
  A yellow-green, hairless, bumpy-wrinkled, near-globular, pointed gall at the edge of young leaves of Quercus phellos, imbricaria, and rubra in the spring, sometimes deforming the full leaf. The gall is succulently thick-walled and contains a single larval cell in the center. Observed in May in Maryland and Ohio. 


description:
  Several-many small tufts of white wool emerging from veins on the lower side of leaves of Quercus alba. These galls clearly resemble [Neuroterus quercusverrucarum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/768), but are suspected to be a distinct species (or possibly a distinct generation of the same species) because they have been observed much earlier in the growing season than that species has been reported on other white-group oaks, and they appear on first-flush leaves rather than secondary growth, as N quercusverrucarum typically does. Observed in Georgia and Virginia in April and May (whereas N quercusverrucarum is understood to first appear in July). 


description:
  Woody, tapered stem swelling (192) ....... *Neolasioptera perfoliata* (Felt)

  Swellings appear near the upper part of the flowering stems. Larvae overwinter in the stems. Hosts: *E. hyssopifolium*, *E. perfoliatum*. Distr.: Massachusetts to Virginia.

  ---

  *Mikania*
  ...
  Larva in tapered stem swelling...*Neolasioptera* sp.

  Larvae overwinter in the stems. Host: *M. scandens*. Distr.: Connecticut and New York.

  [adults from the galls on *Mikania* were subsequently reared and identified to species in later work]


description:
  A severe leaf curl causing leaves to elongate and narrow at the base, opening toward the end in a distinctive fashion reminiscent of a phonograph horn, on Populus balsamifera. Observed in Alberta in May. Aphids were found within the curled leaves likely belonging to the genus Chaitophorus. It isn't clear if these aphids are responsible for the curling or are inquilines of another leaf-curl aphid. 


description:
  A moderately sized, green, short-hairy, ovate-globular gall on the lower side of the lamina of Quercus imbricaria, with an elongated, round-ended free-rolling cell inside. The walls are somewhat thickened and succulent on the bottom and thin on the top, but the space inside the gall is largely empty. Observed in Ohio in May; a Dryocosmus female emerged on May 25. The gall differs from quercuspalustris in being more ovate than spherical and in lacking the white spots typically seen in the walls of that gall.

  This wasp and gall apparently match the "Unknown integral leaf gall Q. imbricaria" in [Ward et al 2022.](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.480154v1.abstract), which fell between Dryocosmus [quercusnotha](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/909) and [quercuspalustris](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/817) in their phylogeny.  

  A similar gall [has been observed](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/72420444) on Quercus marilandica in Texas. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15672479#page/385/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis subcostata, new species

  Host. — Quercus stellata. 

  Gall (pl, 16, fig. 10). — Produced on the side of the acorn cup when the latter is about 4 mm. in diameter and dropping off when mature in late May. Green, 2.5-3.0 mm. in diameter, ribbed like a melon with about 16 grooves, pinkish in the grooves. 

  Habitat. — The types emerged April 1, 1950, from galls collected at East Falls Church, Va., on May 29, 1949. The nutritive layer was then about used up and the galls about ready to drop. This isolated tree had been visited almost every spring for many years but these galls had never been seen there before.


description:
  This gall is found quite frequently on Rubber rabbitbrush throughout western North America. In coloration and shape it resembles Russo's undescribed "spiny cone gall" (Rhopalomyia sp. A) but the scaly bracts covering the sides never recurve from the main gall body. The gall is always purple, with yellow tips to the bracts covering the surface. There is sometimes a white waxy substance covering parts of the surface. Some cross-sectioned galls have shown multiple larval cells at the base of a cavernous, hollow area in the upper half of the galls. <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/106265577">One dissected gall</a> had a single occupied larval chamber surrounded by green tissue. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/118/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis sp.

  Quercus laceyi
  Stem galls, detachable
  Adults were cut out Dec 11. This may prove to be Disholcaspis mamma

  [Photo caption]
  Fig 158. On Q laceyi. On top of sprouts from stump. Contained adults on Nov 20. Boerne TX. Never described.


description:
  Acraspis quercushirta (Bassett, 1864)

  [Many synonyms; see table above]

  Biology. See Bassett (1864), Weld (1922a, 1926), and Kinsey (1930, 1936) for the biology of the asexual generation. Asexual generation galls (Fig. 12) have been recorded on leaves of Q. chapmanii, Q. gambelii, Q. macrocarpa, Q. michauxii, and Q. montana. Adult females of the asexual generation emerged in Edmonton from late September to early November, with the peak occurring during the last half of October. Bassett (1864) noted that adult females of the asexual generation bore exit holes in their galls some time prior to emerging. This behaviour was observed in Edmonton as well, with females often remaining for days or weeks just inside emergence holes. Completion of emergence was often triggered by cooler temperatures. Leaves with galls have mostly fallen to the ground when the brachypterous females emerge in Edmonton, so they walk to a bur oak tree bole, climb it, and oviposit into bud scales, remaining active for up to 2–3 weeks, often at temperatures below freezing. 

  Galls of the asexual generation appeared on leaves starting in late June or early July. 

  Distribution. USA: Connecticut south to Virginia, Illinois, Michigan, Texas, Utah (Burks 1979), Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma (Kinsey 1930). Canada: Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick. Probably everywhere east of the Rocky Mountains in the USA and Canada where white oaks occur (Kinsey 1930) or have been introduced as urban trees (e.g., bur oak in Alberta).


description:
  Acraspis quercushirta (Bassett, 1864), sexual generation

  [Many synonyms given but all are taken to apply to the agamic generation; see table on that page]

  Gall (Fig. 13). Sexual galls develop in the innermost scales in apical and lateral buds, a brittle, thin-walled, seed-like, sub-ovoid cell approximately 2 mm long, tan or orange-brown when mature, with faint longitudinal striations and sparse, pale hairs. Galls form in the basal portion of the scale and often leave the scale apex intact, which extends as a flat flap beyond the gall. 

  Biology. Galls of the sexual generation usually occur singly, but up to six galls were found around a single bud. Galls and inhabitants survived freezing in late April 2005 in Edmonton that destroyed new shoots on many bur oaks. Emergence typically occurs through holes chewed near gall apices. Empty galls can persist around bases of new shoots for weeks or months, but are easily detached as bud scales slough off during shoot maturation. Adults of the sexual generation emerged in Edmonton from late May to early June.

  Distribution. USA: Connecticut south to Virginia, Illinois, Michigan, Texas, Utah (Burks 1979), Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma (Kinsey 1930). Canada: Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick. Probably everywhere east of the Rocky Mountains in the USA and Canada where white oaks occur (Kinsey 1930) or have been introduced as urban trees (e.g., bur oak in Alberta).


description:
  Acraspis sp. [Russo mentions that a "similar-looking gall" has been described on bur oak in Colorado and called A macrocarpae; it isn't clear why he believes these are distinct species]
  Hedgehog-gall wasp

  Hosts: Quercus gambelii

  With age, the points turn brown and begin falling off.

  Range: AZ, UT


description:
  Acraspis villosa Gillette, 1888, sexual generation

  Synonyms: Acraspis villosus Gillette (1888: 218), females and galls. Acraspis villosa corrected spelling by Dalla Torre (1893: 64); Philonix villosus combination by Felt (1906: 713); Philonix villosa combination by Beutenmueller (1909: 249); Cynips (Acraspis) villosa var. villosa combination by Kinsey (1930: 355). 

  Kinsey (1930, 1936) described the asexual generation of six additional species within his “villosa” complex: Cynips (Acraspis) apache Kinsey, 1930 from Q. grisea and Q. arizonica; Cynips (Acraspis) calvescens Kinsey, 1930 from Q. gambelii; Cynips (Acraspis) consocians Kinsey, 1930 from Q. macrocarpa; Cynips (Acraspis) erutor Kinsey, 1936 from Q. repanda; Cynips (Acraspis) expletor Kinsey, 1936 from Q. oblongifolia; and Cynips (Acraspis) expositor Kinsey, 1930 from Q. grisea. Weld (1951) and Burks (1979) treated four of these species as varieties of A. villosa; hence Acraspis villosa var. apache (Kinsey), syn. nov., Acraspis villosa var. calvescens (Kinsey), syn. nov., Acraspis villosa var. consocians (Kinsey), syn. nov., and Acraspis villosa var. expositor (Kinsey), syn. nov. are all synonyms of A. villosa. Two species known only from Mexico are valid and treated as Cynips erutor Kinsey and C. expletor Kinsey (Pujade-Villar & Ferrer-Suay 2015).

  Biology. See Weld (1926) and Kinsey (1930, 1936) for the biology of the asexual generation. Asexual galls (Fig. 27) from species in Kinsey’s (1936) “villosa” complex have been recorded on leaves of Q. alba, Q. arizonica, Q. gambelii, Q. grisea, Q. macrocarpa and Q. oblongifolia. Adult females of the asexual generation emerged (from galls collected in Manitoba but reared in Edmonton) during the second half of October and early November. Adults of the sexual generation emerged in Edmonton from late May to early June. Galls of the asexual generation appeared on leaves in Edmonton in July. 

  Distribution. USA: New York, Michigan, Iowa, Kansas, Texas, Utah, Arizona (Burks 1979); Canada: Manitoba


description:
  Acraspis villosa Gillette, 1888, sexual generation

  [Synonyms listed are for the agamic generation; see that page for details]

  Gall (Fig. 28). The sexual galls are not apparently distinguishable from galls of the sexual generation of Acraspis quercushirta, described above. [Sexual galls develop in the innermost scales in apical and lateral buds, a brittle, thin-walled, seed-like, sub-ovoid cell approximately 2 mm long, tan or orange-brown when mature, with faint longitudinal striations and sparse, pale hairs. Galls form in the basal portion of the scale and often leave the scale apex intact, which extends as a flat flap beyond the gall.] 


  Biology. See Weld (1926) and Kinsey (1930, 1936) for the biology of the asexual generation. Asexual galls (Fig. 27) from species in Kinsey’s (1936) “villosa” complex have been recorded on leaves of Q. alba, Q. arizonica, Q. gambelii, Q. grisea, Q. macrocarpa and Q. oblongifolia. Adult females of the asexual generation emerged (from galls collected in Manitoba but reared in Edmonton) during the second half of October and early November. Adults of the sexual generation emerged in Edmonton from late May to early June. Galls of the asexual generation appeared on leaves in Edmonton in July. 

  Distribution. USA: New York, Michigan, Iowa, Kansas, Texas, Utah, Arizona (Burks 1979); Canada: Manitoba


description:
  Amphibolips spinosa Ashmead, 1887, sexual generation

  Synonyms: Amphibolips spinosa Ashmead (1887: 141), females and galls. Amphibolips spinosus corrected spelling by Dalla Torre & Kieffer (1910: 591)

  Biology. Alternate asexual and sexual generations are known. Asexual galls (Fig. 42) are ovate, about 10 mm long, in buds on Q. laurifolia and Q. myrtifolia. The sexual bud galls begin to develop in early May, mature in May-June, adults emerge in May through June. We recorded sexual galls on Q. myrtifolia, Q. laurifolia, Q. inopina and Q. incana. 

  Distribution. USA: Florida, Highlands, Manatee, Martin, Walton, Liberty, Brevard Counties. We found this species also in North Carolina (Patsy Pond Area and Croatan National Forest, Carperet Co.).


description:
  Amphibolips spinosa Ashmead, 1887, sexual generation

  Synonyms: Amphibolips spinosa Ashmead (1887: 141), females and galls. Amphibolips spinosus corrected spelling by Dalla Torre & Kieffer (1910: 591)

  Diagnosis. The sexual galls resemble those of A. quercuscitriformis (Ashmead, 1881), but differ from them in having much thicker and harder walls, the surface of the gall is rough, and they are appreciably narrower, and turn dirty brown when mature; in contrast the galls of A. quercuscitriformis are much more fragile at maturity, with thinner walls, the surface of the gall is smooth and glabrous, are much broader in diameter, remain lemon-yellow after adult emergence. 

  Gall (Fig. 43). Spindle-like bud galls, green and soft while young and growing, 20–25 mm in length, 5–7 mm in diameter. The surface is rough, not shiny, with pale spots, interior filled with dense radiating filaments that support the central larval cell. After the gall matures, it turns dirty brown, the walls are very hard and approximately 1 mm thick. 

  Biology. Alternate asexual and sexual generations are known. Asexual galls (Fig. 42) are ovate, about 10 mm long, in buds on Q. laurifolia and Q. myrtifolia. The sexual bud galls begin to develop in early May, mature in May-June, adults emerge in May through June. We recorded sexual galls on Q. myrtifolia, Q. laurifolia, Q. inopina and Q. incana. 

  Distribution. USA: Florida, Highlands, Manatee, Martin, Walton, Liberty, Brevard Counties. We found this species also in North Carolina (Patsy Pond Area and Croatan National Forest, Carperet Co.).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=18
description:
  Quercus arizonica
  Bud galls
  Conical, attached to bud scale, thin-walled, edge hairy, in spring. Fig.154.


description:
  Andricus balanaspis (Weld, 1922), comb. nov., sexual generation

  Synonyms: Callirhytis balanaspis Weld, 1922b: 22, female, gall.

  Diagnosis. The sexual generation of A. balanaspis most closely resembles three species from Florida that also gall catkins, Callirhytis myrtifoliae (Beutenmueller, 1917) on Q. myrtifolia, Callirhytis quercusturnerii (Ashmead, 1881) on Q. nigra and Andricus cooki Melika, Nicholls & Stone, 2021 on Q. myrtifolia and Q. laurifolia. In C. myrtifoliae the clusters of catkin galls are smooth and shiny, without pubescence, while in A. balanaspis the catkin galls are covered with sparse white setae. In A. cooki, clusters of galls are dark green to purple with dense short pubescence, contain 10-20 individual galls tightly grouped together that cause shortening of the catkin axis; in A. balanaspis the galls are pale green with longer pubescence, and are scattered along a normal-length catkin. 

  Gall (Figs 56–57). Sexual galls are aggregated on catkins, each rounded, to 3 mm in diameter, pale green with white pubescence. In sparse clusters, rarely singly, along axis of catkin; sometimes causing the catkin to curl but never stunting its development. 

  Biology. Alternate asexual and sexual generations are known, inducing galls on red oaks in (Quercus section Lobatae). The asexual generation galls (Figs 58–60) have been found on acorns of Q. marilandica and Q. myrtifolia, mature in October, adults emerge in spring of the following year. To date, sexual catkin galls have only been recognised on Q. inopina and Q. myrtifolia, mature in April, adults emerge soon afterwards. 

  Distribution. USA: Washington DC, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, Virginia, Florida. 

  The authors’ unpublished sequence data show that A. balanaspis is part of a clade of species galling red oaks whose sexual generations, where known, are on catkins and asexual generations, where known, are acorn galls. This clade includes species such as Callirhytis carmelensis Weld, 1922, A. cooki, C. myrtifoliae, A. fitpatricki Melika & Abrahamson, 2021 and C. balanacea Weld, 1944


description:
  Andricus balanaspis (Weld, 1922), comb. nov., sexual generation

  Synonyms: Callirhytis balanaspis Weld, 1922b: 22, female, gall.

  Biology. Alternate asexual and sexual generations are known, inducing galls on red oaks in (Quercus section Lobatae). The asexual generation galls (Figs 58–60) have been found on acorns of Q. marilandica and Q. myrtifolia, mature in October, adults emerge in spring of the following year. To date, sexual catkin galls have only been recognised on Q. inopina and Q. myrtifolia, mature in April, adults emerge soon afterwards. 

  Distribution. USA: Washington DC, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, Virginia, Florida. 

  The authors’ unpublished sequence data show that A. balanaspis is part of a clade of species galling red oaks whose sexual generations, where known, are on catkins and asexual generations, where known, are acorn galls. This clade includes species such as Callirhytis carmelensis Weld, 1922, A. cooki, C. myrtifoliae, A. fitpatricki Melika & Abrahamson, 2021 and C. balanacea Weld, 1944


description:
  Antron quercusnubila (Bassett, 1881), sexual generation

  [Synonyms are listed on the agamic gall page]

  Material examined: 1 female and 2 males “USA, Arizona, Molino Basin campground, Santa Catalina Mtns. leg. 
  J. Nicholls, 2008.04.09. Code AZ1875, spAZb9; ex Quercus oblongifolia”

  Diagnosis: the bud galls of A. quercusnubila are oblong with long hairs.

  Gall (Figs 80–81). The sexual generation develops in a small oblong bud gall, 5 mm long, 3 mm in diameter, pale green with white or pink pubescence, hairs several mm long. The gall develops on lenticel buds on stems or on the bark of larger branches. 

  Biology. Asexual galls (Fig. 79) develop on leaves, sexual galls in lenticel buds; both generations on Q. arizonica, Q. rugosa and Q. oblongifolia. 

  Distribution. USA: Arizona (Burks 1979).


description:
  Antron quercusnubila (Bassett, 1881), sexual generation

  Synonyms: Cynips quercusnubila Bassett (1881b: 56), females and galls. Dryophanta nubila combination and corrected spelling by Mayr (1881); Dryophanta nubila combination by Ashmead (1885: 296); Diplolepis quercus-nubila combination by Dalla Torre and Kieffer (1910); Cynips nubila combination by Cresson (1923); Diplolepis nubila combination by Weld (1926); Cynips (Acraspis) nubila var. nubila combination by Kinsey (1930); Antron nubila combination by Weld (1951); Antron quercusnubila corrected spelling by Burks (1979). Kinsey (1930, 1936, 1938) included 10 additional species in his “nubila” complex, found on a range of Mexican oaks: Cynips (Acraspis) chica Kinsey 1936; Cynips (Acraspis) incompta (Kinsey, 1920); Cynips (Acraspis) nigricula Kinsey, 1936; Cynips (Acraspis) radialis Kinsey, 1936; Cynips (Acraspis) rufula Kinsey, 1936; Cynips (Acraspis) russa Kinsey, 1930; Cynips (Acraspis) subtincta Kinsey, 1936; Cynips (Acraspis) tincta Kinsey, 1936, Cynips (nubila) lanaris Kinsey, 1938 and Cynips (nubila) molucrum Kinsey, 1938. 

  Cynips (Acraspis) russa Kinsey, 1930, syn. nov.. Kinsey (1930) originally used the species name Cynips nubila russa and mentioned that he found the female to be indistinguishable from the female of C. nubila. The galls are also identical to those of A. quercusnubila and the two taxa share the same host oaks (Q. arizonica, Q. oblongifolia) and geographic distribution (Arizona, Santa Catalina Mnt., from Tucson to Globe). Later, Kinsey (1936) put Cynips nubila russa into the genus Cynips subgenus Acraspis, nubila complex, named as Cynips (nubila) russa. Weld (1952a) treated it as Cynips nubila russa Kinsey. Weld (1960) in his Cynipid Galls of the Southwest listed only Antron nubila, and did not even mention A. russa. In Burks (1979) it is a valid species, Antron russum (Kinsey, 1930). The other nine species of Kinsey’s Cynips nubila complex, all occurring in Mexico, are considered valid species by Pujade-Villar & Ferrer-Suay (2015).

  Biology. Asexual galls (Fig. 79) develop on leaves, sexual galls in lenticel buds; both generations on Q. arizonica, Q. rugosa and Q. oblongifolia. 

  Distribution. USA: Arizona (Burks 1979).


description:
  Bassettia flavipes (Gillette, 1889), comb. nov., asexual generation

  Synonyms: Neuroterus flavipes Gillette 1889: 281. Male, female and gall. Description reprinted by Gillette (1890: 21). Beutenmüller (1910: 136) suggested that this species should probably be placed in Callirhytis or Andricus rather than Neuroterus. Kinsey (1923: 136) agreed, and left this species unplaced in his revision of Neuroterus. Callirhytis flavipes (Gillette): combination by Weld (1926: 91). Melika & Abrahamson (2002: 168) considered this species should belong to Andricus, however, this transfer was made only informally, without following the ICZN requirements.

  Biology. Sexual generation galls are multilocular, fleshy swellings along the leaf midrib or major lateral veins (Fig. 94) and are visible starting in mid- to late May in Edmonton. Adults emerged starting in late June or early July, and males tended to begin emerging earlier than females. Each emerging adult appeared to cut its own exit hole from the gall. Adult females of the sexual generation of B. flavipes oviposited into twig bark. We did not assess whether unmated females oviposited or produced viable eggs. Sexual generation galls have been recorded from Q. macrocarpa and Q. alba (Burks 1979, Weld 1926), and the authors additionally observed them on Q. ⨯ bebbiana (Q. alba x Q. macrocarpa) and Q. ⨯ schuettei (Q. bicolor x Q. macrocarpa) at the Jardin Botanique de Montreal in August 2007.

  Distribution. USA: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, Virginia; Canada: Alberta, Ontario (Weld 1926, Burks 1979, Ives & Wong 1988, Bergdahl 2015). Within Canada, the authors have observed galls of the sexual generation on introduced bur oaks in Alberta, and on bur oaks within their native range in Manitoba and Quebec.


description:
  Bassettia flavipes (Gillette, 1889), comb. nov., asexual generation

  [Synonyms listed for the sexual generation]

  Material examined: Fifteen females “Canada, Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, leg. S. Digweed, 27/04/2007, Q. macrocarpa”

  Gall. Asexual galls (Fig. 93) are inconspicuous stem galls comprised of individual larval cells within corky bark on 2–3 year old twigs of Q. macrocarpa. Galls are not evident as swellings on twig surfaces. Galls are not induced on twigs of the previous year’s growth, nor are they present in smooth twigs. 

  Biology. Asexual females of B. flavipes emerged in mid- to late April in Edmonton and oviposited into swelling buds, preferring those having the bud scales slightly open with green showing between them. Females actively palpated prospective buds, and briefly probed them by inserting their ovipositors between bud scales. Females then quickly plunged their ovipositors fully into the bud, oviposited for 10-20 seconds, retracted their ovipositors, and departed. Females mostly seemed to avoid buds into which they or other females had previously oviposited. 

  Sexual generation galls have been recorded from Q. macrocarpa and Q. alba (Burks 1979, Weld 1926), and the authors additionally observed them on Q. ⨯ bebbiana (Q. alba x Q. macrocarpa) and Q. ⨯ schuettei (Q. bicolor x Q. macrocarpa) at the Jardin Botanique de Montreal in August 2007.

  Distribution. USA: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, Virginia; Canada: Alberta, Ontario (Weld 1926, Burks 1979, Ives & Wong 1988, Bergdahl 2015). Within Canada, the authors have observed galls of the sexual generation on introduced bur oaks in Alberta, and on bur oaks within their native range in Manitoba and Quebec.

  Comments. Suspected galls of the asexual generation of B. flavipes have been identified as a source of damage on ornamental bur oaks because, at high population levels, they may attract birds which damage twigs while extracting larvae from galls (Ives & Wong 1988; Bergdahl 2015). Photos of this damage suggest that galls containing larvae may occur on a greater variety of stem sizes and maturities than we observed, perhaps as a function of higher population densities. It is also possible that old galls bearing exit holes, which persist on larger and older stems, house other insects that are sought by birds. 

  Rearings of asexual galls of B. flavipes from Edmonton, Alberta produced multiple other gall occupants. The most common (88%) alternative occupant was a species of Ceroptres Hartig, 1840; this genus is an inquiline in cynipid galls, although it is not clear if it is lethal to the original gall inducer (Ronquist et al. 2015). It appeared to specialize on B. flavipes in Edmonton, as it was not reared from other bur-oak-galling cynipids there (S. Digweed, unpublished data). We also reared the chalcid parasitoids Ormyrus labotus Walker, 1843, and Sycophila marylandica (Girault, 1916), from asexual galls. All parasitoids emerged from mid-May to mid-June. We also reared these three species from sexual galls of B. flavipes, as well as adults of the parasitoids Baryscapus racemariae (Ashmead, 1886), Sycophila dubia (Walsh, 1870), and Eurytoma studiosa Say, 1836. These alternative occupants of sexual B. flavipes galls emerged between early July and mid-August. Sycophila foliatae (Ashmead, 1881), S. quercilanae (Fitch, 1859), and S. xanthochroa (Ashmead, 1894), have been reared elsewhere from sexual galls of B. flavipes (Noyes 2016).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/359/mode/1up
description:
  CALLIRHYTIS FLAVIPES (Gillette) 

  Neuroterus flavipes Gillette, Iowa Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 7, 1889, p. 281. 

  This species produces a fleshy midrib swelling on the leaves of Quercus macrocarpa in spring. Galls containing pupae were collected in Illinois at Evanston June 17, 1911, and at Winnetka June 28, 1907. Galls at Moline contained pupae June 20, 1915, and adults began to emerge June 23. From galls at Palos Park the adults had already emerged on July 2, 1917. The galls were seen also at Miller, Ind., and Brodie collected galls at Toronto. The species has previously been reported only from Ames, Iowa. The adults reared agree with paratypes in the National Museum and the species is here transferred to Callirhythis where because of the very short-pubescent, non-ciliate, hyaline-veined wings, it is related to those species bred from the flowers of oak. The forest-insect collection has flies, determined by the writer as this species, reared June 19, 1915. at Falls Church, Va., from a gall on Q. alba. [the only record of this species on this host; a dubious determination of the host perhaps?]


description:
  Quercus rubra is added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/116761329).

  Quercus arkansana is added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/136305758).


description:
  Bassettia pallida Ashmead, 1896, sexual generation [See ID Notes!]

  Synonyms: Bassettia archboldi Melika & Abrahamson, 2007, syn. nov. This species was initially described based only on males, without knowledge of the females or the galls they induce; a male was obtained in a Malaise trap in November in Florida, at the Archbold Biological Station (Melika & Abrahamson 2007).

  Material examined: Two females and one male “Skinners nursery, Crescent City., FL, gall coll. 04/03/24. Tree 20C, Bassettia gall.”. Four males “USA, FL, Highlands Co., Lake Placid, Archbold Bio Sta, 1995.10.11. MT. leg. G. Melika”

  Gall. Sexual galls remain to be confirmed but may well be found within hypertrophied buds that occur in clusters on stems, with bud scales open, although with no obvious cavity observed within the bud (Fig. 113). 

  Biology. Bassettia pallida, previously known only from asexual females, is now also known from its sexual generation. The asexual galls develop under the bark of twigs on Q. virginiana and Q. geminata. Galls mature in late September-October; adults emerge in November. Both sexual females and males were reared from galls within the same twig with enlarged and distorted buds on it, collected at the Archbold Biological Station (Florida) from Q. geminata in October. See Weinersmith et al. (2020) for the community ecology and natural enemy assemblage associated with galls. 

  Distribution. USA: Florida, Georgia, Missouri (Burks 1979).


description:
  Bassettia pallida Ashmead, 1896, sexual generation

  Gall. Asexual galls (Fig. 112) are in twigs, larval cells develop as cryptic elliptical chambers 3.2 mm long by 1.2 mm in diameter under the bark of small twigs. 

  Biology. Bassettia pallida, previously known only from asexual females, is now also known from its sexual generation. The asexual galls develop under the bark of twigs on Q. virginiana and Q. geminata. Galls mature in late September-October; adults emerge in November. Both sexual females and males were reared from galls within the same twig with enlarged and distorted buds on it, collected at the Archbold Biological Station (Florida) from Q. geminata in October. See Weinersmith et al. (2020) for the community ecology and natural enemy assemblage associated with galls. 

  Distribution. USA: Florida, Georgia, Missouri (Burks 1979).


description:
  Melikaiella tumifica (Osten Sacken, 1865), asexual generation

  Material examined: 15 asexual females labelled as “Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Schwetzinger Hardt, 10km SW of Heidelberg, ex acorns on Q. rubra, coll. R. Beiderbeck, 2014.10.01, emerge 2017.03.22”. 

  Gall. Asexual galls (Fig. 120) are in acorns (Beiderbeck & Nicholls 2014). The acorns are stunted, smaller than a non-infected acorn, and contain up to 6–7 cryptic larval chambers; the cotyledons are brown or used up by the larvae (Beiderbeck & Nicholls 2014). 

  Biology. See Beiderbeck (2012), Beiderbeck & Nicholls (2014), and Pujade-Villar et al. (2014) for the biology of this species. The sexual generation develops on Q. rubra and Q. velutina; the asexual only known so far from Q. rubra. Sexual generation leaf galls develop in early spring; adults emerge in May-June. Asexual acorn galls were found in October - November, maturing in November. Adults overwinter in galls and emerge in the following spring. 

  Distribution. USA: New York, Virginia, North Carolina, Illinois, Iowa (Burks 1979). Also an introduced species in Germany (Heidelberg) on introduced Q. rubra (Beiderbeck 2012, Beiderbeck & Nicholls 2014).


description:
  Melikaiella tumifica (Osten Sacken, 1865), asexual generation

  Material examined: 15 asexual females labelled as “Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Schwetzinger Hardt, 10km SW of Heidelberg, ex acorns on Q. rubra, coll. R. Beiderbeck, 2014.10.01, emerge 2017.03.22”. 

  Gall. Sexual generation gall (Fig. 119) is a large, multilocular thickening of the leaf midrib/petiole. 

  Biology. See Beiderbeck (2012), Beiderbeck & Nicholls (2014), and Pujade-Villar et al. (2014) for the biology of this species. The sexual generation develops on Q. rubra and Q. velutina; the asexual only known so far from Q. rubra. Sexual generation leaf galls develop in early spring; adults emerge in May-June. Asexual acorn galls were found in October - November, maturing in November. Adults overwinter in galls and emerge in the following spring. 

  Distribution. USA: New York, Virginia, North Carolina, Illinois, Iowa (Burks 1979). Also an introduced species in Germany (Heidelberg) on introduced Q. rubra (Beiderbeck 2012, Beiderbeck & Nicholls 2014).


description:
  Neuroterus floccosus (Bassett, 1881), comb rev., sexual generation

  [Synonyms listed for agamic gall]

  Material examined: Nine asexual females labelled as “Canada, Manitoba, Assiniboine Forest, 49.85862°N, - 97.25015°W, GPS ±10m, S. Digweed, Collected 2005.viii.30 ex Quercus macrocarpa, Reared 15-25.v.2006 ex gall of Neuroterus quercusverrucarum agamic gen.”, determined originally as Neuroterus quercusverrucarum asexual generation females by S. Digweed. Seven sexual females and 4 males labelled as “Canada, Alberta, Edmonton, Northern Forest Centre, 53.49165°N, -113.54291°W, GPS ±10m, Reared 4-13.vii.2006 ex galls of Neuroterus quercusverrucarum ♂♀ ex Quercus macrocarpa, S. Digweed”

  Gall. Sexual generation minute (approximately 1mm long), ovoid, seed-like integral leaf galls, smooth and only covered with normal leaf pubescence (Fig. 150). Galls are visible and project slightly from both upper and lower leaf surfaces, and often but not always occur alongside major leaf veins. Galls appear reddish-brown from above and paler tan from below. Exit holes of adult insects generally occur on the underside of the leaf. 

  Biology. Asexual galls (Fig. 149) have been recorded on leaves of Q. bicolor and Q. macrocarpa. Galls become apparent in August as small depressions filled with loose, pale wool on the underside of new, terminal, long shoot leaves. Multiple galls often co-occur on a single leaf, which causes the leaf to curl, and galls tend to be found on stumps or damaged trees bearing vigorous, long late-season shoots. Adult females of the asexual generation emerge the spring following gall induction, from mid-April to late May. Galls of the sexual generation first appeared in late May on Q. macrocarpa in Edmonton, and adults emerged in late July and early August. 

  Distribution. USA: from Virginia west to Illinois (Burks 1979). Canada: Ontario (Burks 1979), Manitoba. This species was only reared in sleeves in Edmonton, Alberta, and does not naturally occur on bur oak there. 


description:
  Neuroterus floccosus (Bassett, 1881), comb rev., sexual generation

  Synonyms: Cynips floccosa Bassett (1881b: 111), asexual female, gall. Neuroterus floccosus combination by Mayr (1881: 37). Neuroterus verrucarum var. floccosus combination by Kinsey (1923: 70); combination of Mayr (1881) restored by Weld (1951: 621). 
  Neuroterus verrucarum var. pernotus Kinsey, 1923. Synonymized by Weld (1951: 621). 
  Melika & Abrahamson (1997) erroneously synonymized N. floccosus with N. quercusverrucarum. 

  Biology. See Bassett (1881b), Beutenmueller (1910), and Weld (1926) for the biology of the asexual generation. Asexual galls (Fig. 149) have been recorded on leaves of Q. bicolor and Q. macrocarpa. Galls become apparent in August as small depressions filled with loose, pale wool on the underside of new, terminal, long shoot leaves. Multiple galls often co-occur on a single leaf, which causes the leaf to curl, and galls tend to be found on stumps or damaged trees bearing vigorous, long late-season shoots. Adult females of the asexual generation emerge the spring following gall induction, from mid-April to late May. Galls of the sexual generation first appeared in late May on Q. macrocarpa in Edmonton, and adults emerged in late July and early August. 

  Distribution. USA: from Virginia west to Illinois (Burks 1979). Canada: Ontario (Burks 1979), Manitoba. This species was only reared in sleeves in Edmonton, Alberta, and does not naturally occur on bur oak there. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22092#page/121/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips floccosa, n. sp.

  The late, terminal leaves of the thrifty shoots of young oaks of the species Q. bicolor are often thickly dotted on the under side with small hairy, or rather woolly, galls, sometimes as many as two hundred being found on a single leaf The leaves are sometimes quite small, and in such instances the galls become nearly or quite confluent. They measure, including their woolly covering, about .15 of an inch across, but divested of this, only .05 or .06, and each contains but a single larva. The larva is free, having no larval cell. The galls are hemispherical, and attached by their flat side to the leaf, and they show on the upper surface only as small, smooth, flat, shining blisters. They are so much infested by inquilines and other parasites that all attempts to rear true gall flies from them proved fruitless for many years. I, at length, succeeded in rearing in the spring a considerable number of true gall flies from galls collected the October preceding in Northern Ohio, Only females have yet been reared, and these minute creatures will be found, no doubt, like other and larger ones that live over winter in the galls, to be only of one sex.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/275/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus floccosus

  Galls of this species on Quercus bicolor were common in fall at Evanston, IL., often deforming all the leaves near the tip of thrifty sprouts. Adults issued April 15. Have had specimens of gall from Becker, Minn., (L. Haney) and the Pergande collection contained galls from St. Louis, Mo. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/129/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus floccosus

  Quercus bicolor, macrocarpa, prinoides
  Leaf galls, integral
  Small, woolly, in numbers on under side of leaves on vigorous shoots from stumps in fall. 

  "Like Neuroterus floccosus"

  Quercus lyrata
  Leaf galls, integral
  Small, woolly, in numbers on under side of leaves on vigorous shoots in fall. 

  [Photo caption]
  On Q macrocarpa. Also on Q bicolor, prinoides, lyrata. Adults probably emerged the next spring.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16213231#page/585/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus quercusverrucarum (Osten Sacken) [partial, synonymy reversed by Nicholls et al 2022]

  Cynips quercus  verrucarum Osten Sacken 1861: 62. Females  and  galls  (types examined). 
  Cynips verrucarum: Osten Sacken 1865: 354. 
  Neuroterus  verrucarum: Ashmead 1885a: 296,  304. 
  Neuroterus   quercusverrucarum: Burks 1979:  1075. 
  Neuroterus exiguissimus Bassett  1900: 332. Females and galls (types examined). New synonymy. 
  Cynips flocossa Bassett 188 1 : 1 1 1. Females and galls  (types examined). New synonymy. 
  Neuroterus  verrucarum var. pernotus Kinsey  1923: 74. 
  Neuroterus flocossus:  Burks  1979:  1073

  Biology.--Only  the unisexual  generation is  known. This species induces detachable leaf galls which are small, smooth, seed- like larval cells, hard, thin-walled, and covered with a dense flattened yellowish brown mass of wool  that dries brown. The gall is monothalamous, attached to the underside of the leaf by a small point to the leaf vein, separable,  but the leaf is depressed at the point of attachment. The average diameter of a gall is 2.0 mm by 1.0 mm high. The galls are usually numerous, covering the whole underside of the leaf and  are found on Quercus alba, Q. bicolor Willd., Q. chapmanii, Q. margaretta, and Q. stellata. Viereck (1916) also recorded Q. macrocarpa Michx. as a  host, but this  must be confirmed. Galls begin to develop in September (Weld 1959). According to Kinsey (1923), the galls  appear  after  mid-summer in August and the larvae do not mature  until late in the fall. Adults emerge the next spring in February to March.

  Distribution.-Ontario, New York, New Jersey,  Connecticut,  west to Illinois, Oklahoma, Texas,  south to Florida. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/326/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus verriicarum variety floccosus (Bassett) 

  Cynips floccosa Bassett, 1881
  Neuroterus floccosus Mayr, 1881

  GALL. — As described for the species; averaging rather large; on Quercus bicolor. 

  RANGE. — Ohio: northern (Bassett). Illinois? (Beutenmuller). Probably confined to a northern portion of the Middle West.

  I have examined 203 insects from the Bassett ‘"type” material at the Philadelphia Academy; of these, only 41 are true floccosus while 162 represent variety pernotus, probably from Q. bicolor at Waterbury, Connecticut. As is well known, it was often Bassett’s custom to place all of his material of a species in a single box, and apparently this happened in the case of floccosus. Of the two varieties among the Bassett types, one agrees in its dark colorings, larger size of areolet, and greater length with the Bassett description of material from northern Ohio; the other does not agree with the description of floccosus and does agree with types of pernotus which is a New England variety. Very likely Bassett obtained his pernotus material near Waterbury, Connecticut. The northern Ohio material must stand as floccosus even tho it is not as abundant among the Bassett “types”.

  [Neuroterus verrucarum variety pernotus, new variety](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512324#page/330/mode/1up)

  Neuroterus floccosus Beutenmuller, 1892

  GALL. — As described for the species; larger than the galls of other varieties; on Quercus bicolor. 

  RANGE. — Massachusetts: Worcester? (Thompson coll.); Boston (Clarke); Springfield (Stebbins) ; Forest Hills. Connecticut: Waterbury (in Bassett collection); New Haven (Felt in N.Y. State Mus.). New York: New York City (Beutenmuller). New Jersey: Broadway, Carmel. Probably confined to a northeastern area of the United States


description:
  Neuroterus niger Gillette, 1888 

  Synonyms: Neuroterus nigrum Gillette (1888: 218), females and galls. Revised spelling by Dalla Torre and Kieffer (1902: 51). 
  Neuroterus papillosus Beutenmueller, 1910, syn. nov. 
  Neuroterus perminimus Bassett, 1900. Synonymized by Beutenmueller (1910: 121), and treated as a variety of N. niger by Kinsey (1923: 48), but synonymy ignored by Weld (1951) and later authors; syn. nov. 
  Kinsey (1923) described 5 additional varieties of N. niger, all inducing integral leaf galls. Four we consider as synonyms: Neuroterus niger var. arizonicae Kinsey, 1923 (asexual generation, Arizona, on Q. arizonica), syn. nov.; Neuroterus niger var. grisea Kinsey, 1923 (asexual generation, Texas, on Q. grisea), syn. nov.; Neuroterus niger var. nigripes Kinsey, 1923 (asexual generation, Texas, on Q. sinuata var. breviloba (=Q. breviloba) and Q. stellata), syn. nov.; Neuroterus niger var. pattersoni Kinsey, 1923 (asexual and sexual generations, Texas, on Q. sinuata var. breviloba (=Q. breviloba) and Q. stellata, respectively), syn. nov.. 

  The fifth variety described by Kinsey is Neuroterus niger var. alimas Kinsey, 1923 (sexual generation, Texas, on Q. virginiana) that was still considered as form of N. niger by Burks (1979). According to Kinsey (1923) this variety induces a sexual generation spring gall, while the other four varieties induce autumn asexual generation galls. Moreover, N. niger var. alimas is the only variety associated with section Virentes oaks while the other four are on section Quercus oaks, and as mentioned in the Introduction, no Nearctic cynipid species are shared across the oak sections (Abrahamson et al. 1998a, 2003; Stone et al. 2009). Hence biological information suggests that N. niger var. alimas is a species distinct from N. niger (sensu Gillette 1888) and the other four of Kinsey’s varieties. Kinsey (1923) described N. niger var. alimas based on one female (holotype – lost) and 13 males and gave no detailed morphological description for this variety. Thus, there is no morphological evidence for synonymisation of N. niger var. alimas to N. niger while at the same time it cannot be treated as a valid species so Melika et al. (2021) moved it to nomen dubium.

  Gall. The asexual generation gall is described by Gillette (1888) and are small blisters integral to the leaf blade (Fig. 181). 

  Biology. See Gillette (1890), Beutenmueller (1910), Kinsey (1923), and Weld (1926) for the biology of one or both generations. The minute, integral leaf galls of the asexual generation have been recorded on Q. macrocarpa. Galls became evident in Edmonton in August and matured in September. This species represents a rare case where males are present in the asexual generation. Males of the asexual generation comprised a tiny fraction of the cynipids reared from asexual generation galls, with only 62 males reared from gall collections made in Edmonton during 2004- 2006, as opposed to 20979 females. In addition, most males were reared in the autumn (October-December) of the year of gall formation, whereas almost all females emerged in April-May the following spring after gall formation. Thus, most males were temporally isolated from ovipositing females and therefore essentially functionless. This is similar to Patterson’s (1928) discovery of functionless males of the asexual generations of Neuroterus contortus (Weld, 1921) and N. quercusrileyi (Bassett, 1881). In his study, males and females co-occurred, but they appeared unwilling to mate under laboratory conditions. Galls of the sexual generation are on Q. alba, Q. bicolor and Q. macrocarpa (Gillette 1890, Burks 1979, Digweed 2010). We observed that clusters of galls (e.g., on one catkin) often produced adults of only one gender. Galls were visible in Edmonton in May, with adults emerging in late May or early June. Sexual generation females were observed ovipositing mostly on the undersides of leaves and often on leaves that were on long shoots and/or that were not yet fully mature. 

  Distribution. In the USA the asexual generation has been recorded from Massachusetts, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa (Burks 1979), Illinois, Indiana, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio (Beutenmueller 1910); Arizona, Texas (Kinsey 1923), and Alberta and Manitoba in Canada. The sexual generation has been recorded from Illinois (Weld 1926), Iowa (Burks 1979), and TX (Kinsey 1923) in the USA and Alberta in Canada.


description:
  Neuroterus niger Gillette, 1888

  Neuroterus vernus Gillette, 1889, sexual generation, syn. nov. 

  Material examined. Five asexual females labelled as “CANADA: Alberta, Edmonton, Grand Trunk Pool, SC30, 2002.04.12. S. Digweed, Neuroterus niger Gillette females of the asexual generation, det. S. Digweed 2005”. Sexual generation: 5 females labelled as “CANADA, Alberta, Edmonton. Reared 18.iv.2005, ex Q. macrocarpa. N. niger (?) gall, Grand Trunk, coll.22.ix.04. S. Digweed”; 5 males labelled as “CANADA, Alberta, Edmonton. Reared 3-13.x.2005, ex Q. macrocarpa. N. niger (?) gall, Grand Trunk, coll.22.ix.04. S. Digweed”.

  Gall. The sexual generation galls (Fig. 182), first recorded as N. vernus, are cells hidden within new shoots, on the young leaf petioles and midribs and on the catkins of Q. macrocarpa; these plant organs are sometimes distorted as a result (Digweed 2010). 

  Biology. Galls of the sexual generation are on Q. alba, Q. bicolor and Q. macrocarpa (Gillette 1890, Burks 1979, Digweed 2010). We observed that clusters of galls (e.g., on one catkin) often produced adults of only one gender. Galls were visible in Edmonton in May, with adults emerging in late May or early June. Sexual generation females were observed ovipositing mostly on the undersides of leaves and often on leaves that were on long shoots and/or that were not yet fully mature. 

  Distribution. In the USA the asexual generation has been recorded from Massachusetts, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa (Burks 1979), Illinois, Indiana, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio (Beutenmueller 1910); Arizona, Texas (Kinsey 1923), and Alberta and Manitoba in Canada. The sexual generation has been recorded from Illinois (Weld 1926), Iowa (Burks 1979), and TX (Kinsey 1923) in the USA and Alberta in Canada.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018354765&view=1up&seq=19
description:
  Neuroterus niger var arizonicae Kinsey

  Quercus arizonica
  Leaf galls
  Integral
  Similar to [howertoni](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2453) above


description:
  Philonix fulvicollis Fitch, 1859(1858), sexual generation

  Comments. Kinsey (1930) transferred Dryophanta pallipes Bassett, 1900 to Philonix and proposed it as the sexual generation of P. fulvicollis, although no justification for this synonymy was provided. Weld (1959) wrote that P. pallipes might be well a synonym of Acraspis gemula. Melika & Abrahamson (2002) compared the three specimens of P. pallipes (from Beutenmueller collection, USNM, Washington, DC) with the paratypes of the sexual generation of A. gemula and found no differences, thus Philonix pallipes was synonymized with A. gemula. 


description:
  Philonix fulvicollis Fitch, 1859(1858), sexual generation

  Material examined: One sexual female and one male labelled as “CANADA: Alberta, Edmonton, 3761-20 Street, 53.47371°N, 113.37202°W, GPS±10m, reared 1.vi.2008 ex bud galls on Quercus macrocarpa, S. Digweed, det. Philonix fulvicollis Fitch, sexual generation female, S. Digweed 2008”

  Gall. The sexual generation galls (Fig. 204) occur singly in terminal buds of twigs of Q. macrocarpa. The gall is a relatively robust, seed-like, sub-ovoid cell approximately 2 mm long, dark brown when mature with longitudinal striations. Occupies the entire bud when mature, causing stunting or suppression of shoots and leaves produced from the bud. 

  Biology. Asexual generation galls (Fig. 203) in Kinsey’s (1936) “fulvicollis” complex have been recorded on leaves of Q. alba, Q. bicolor, Q. chapmanii, Q. gambelii, Q. lyrata, Q. macrocarpa, Q. michauxii, Q. muehlenbergii, and Q. stellata, (Kinsey 1930, 1936; Burks 1979). Asexual generation females only begin to emerge from galls in the autumn of the year following the year of gall formation (Kinsey 1930), and we recorded females emerging up to four years after the year of gall formation. Adult females of the asexual generation (from galls collected in Manitoba but reared in Edmonton) emerged during the second half of October and early November. Sexual generation galls matured in May in Edmonton, and adults emerged 1–3 June 2008. Galls of the asexual generation appeared on leaves in Edmonton in July. 

  Distribution. USA: New York, Michigan, Tennessee, Illinois, Kansas (Burks 1979); Canada: Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick.

  Comments. Kinsey (1930) transferred Dryophanta pallipes Bassett, 1900 to Philonix and proposed it as the sexual generation of P. fulvicollis, although no justification for this synonymy was provided. Weld (1959) wrote that P. pallipes might be well a synonym of Acraspis gemula. Melika & Abrahamson (2002) compared the three specimens of P. pallipes (from Beutenmueller collection, USNM, Washington, DC) with the paratypes of the sexual generation of A. gemula and found no differences, thus Philonix pallipes was synonymized with A. gemula. 


description:
  Philonix fulvicollis Fitch, 1859(1858), sexual generation

  Synonyms: Philonix fulvicollis Fitch (1859: 783), asexual females; Cynips (Teras) fulvicollis combination by Osten Sacken (1865: 379); Biorhiza fulvicollis combination by Ashmead (1885: 296); Biorrhiza fulvicollis combination and incorrect spelling by Dalla Torre (1893: 61); Philonyx fulvicollis combination and incorrect spelling by Smith (1910: 598); Cynips (Philonix) fulvicollis var. fulvicollis form fulvicollis combination by Kinsey (1930: 262); Cynips (Philonix) fulvicollis combination by Kinsey (1936: 207). 
  Philonix nigricollis Fitch, 1859. Synonymized by Kinsey (1930: 262). 
  Acraspis niger Gillette, 1889. Acraspis nigra corrected spelling by Dalla Torre (1893: 64); Philonix nigra combination by Beutenmueller (1909: 251); Philonyx nigra combination and incorrect spelling by Smith (1910: 598); Philonix niger correction by Felt (1918: 96). Synonymized by Kinsey (1930: 262). 
  Acraspis gillettei Bassett, 1900. Acraspis gillettii incorrect spelling by Beutenmueller (1904: 25); Philonix gillettei combination by Felt (1906: 711); Philonyx gillettei combination and incorrect spelling by Smith (1910: 598). Synonymized by Beutenmueller (1909: 252). 
  Kinsey (1930, 1936) described 6 additional species from the asexual generation and included them within his “fulvicollis complex”: Cynips (Philonix) canadensis Kinsey, 1930 on Q. alba, Q. macrocarpa, Q. michauxii, and Q. muehlenbergii; Cynips (Philonix) major Kinsey, 1930 on Q. alba, Q. macrocarpa, Q. michauxii, and Q. muehlenbergii; Cynips (Philonix) rubricosa Kinsey, 1930 on Q. alba and Q. stellata, Cynips (Philonix) vorisi Kinsey, 1930 on Q. bicolor, Q. michauxii, and Q. macrocarpa; Cynips (Philonix) insulensis Kinsey, 1936 on Q. gambelii and Q. macrocarpa; and Cynips (Philonix) latigenae Kinsey, 1936 on Q. gambelii. Kinsey also included in this complex the taxa Philonix gigas Weld, 1922 on Q. lyrata and Philonix lanaeglobuli (Ashmead, 1887) on Q. michauxii, both known only from an asexual generation, plus Philonix pallipes (Bassett, 1900), known only from a sexual generation on Q. alba. Since then, Melika & Abrahamson (2002) synonymized Philonix pallipes to Acraspis gemula (Bassett, 1881). Weld (1951) and Burks (1979) treated Philonix insulensis (Kinsey), Philonix latigenae (Kinsey), Philonix gigas Weld, and Philonix lanaeglobuli (Ashmead) as distinct valid species, while the rest were treated as varieties of P. fulvicollis. We follow this treatment, thus Philonix fulvicollis var. canadensis (Kinsey), syn. nov., Philonix fulvicollis var. major (Kinsey), syn.nov., Philonix fulvicollis var. rubricosa (Kinsey), syn. nov. and Philonix fulvicollis var. vorisi (Kinsey), syn. nov. are all considered synonyms of P. fulvicollis

  Gall. The sexual generation galls (Fig. 204) occur singly in terminal buds of twigs of Q. macrocarpa. The gall is a relatively robust, seed-like, sub-ovoid cell approximately 2 mm long, dark brown when mature with longitudinal striations. Occupies the entire bud when mature, causing stunting or suppression of shoots and leaves produced from the bud. 

  Biology. See Fitch (1859), Weld (1922a, 1926), and Kinsey (1930, 1936) for the biology of the asexual generation. Asexual generation galls (Fig. 203) in Kinsey’s (1936) “fulvicollis” complex have been recorded on leaves of Q. alba, Q. bicolor, Q. chapmanii, Q. gambelii, Q. lyrata, Q. macrocarpa, Q. michauxii, Q. muehlenbergii, and Q. stellata, (Kinsey 1930, 1936; Burks 1979). Asexual generation females only begin to emerge from galls in the autumn of the year following the year of gall formation (Kinsey 1930), and we recorded females emerging up to four years after the year of gall formation. Adult females of the asexual generation (from galls collected in Manitoba but reared in Edmonton) emerged during the second half of October and early November. Sexual generation galls matured in May in Edmonton, and adults emerged 1–3 June 2008. Galls of the asexual generation appeared on leaves in Edmonton in July. 

  Distribution. USA: New York, Michigan, Tennessee, Illinois, Kansas (Burks 1979); Canada: Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick.

  Comments. Digweed (2010) treated Philonix gigas (Weld), Philonix insulensis (Kinsey), and Philonix nigra (Gillette) as synonyms of P. fulvicollis, although without formal synonymization. Molecular analysis, however, shows that P. fulvicollis and P. nigra are distinct species. 


description:
  Phylloteras poculum (Osten Sacken, 1862), sexual generation

  Synonyms: Cecidomyia poculum Osten Sacken (1862: 201), galls. Xystoteras poculum combination and description of adult females by Weld (1922a: 7); Phylloteras poculum combination by Lyon (1993: 133). 

  Gall. Galls of the asexual generation (Fig. 224) on Q. alba are as described by Osten Sacken (1862) and Weld (1922a). 

  Biology. See Weld (1922a) for the biology of the asexual generation. Galls of the asexual generation became evident on bur oak leaves in Edmonton in July, and were fully mature in September, when many separate easily from the leaf lamina, falling to the ground. Galls are susceptible to drying, and rearing experience suggests that desiccated galls produce no emergents. Females of the asexual generation overwinter and pass the entire subsequent summer in their galls, emerging in late autumn and winter – generally from late October to December with a peak in mid-November, but when a large number of galls was reared over winter 2016-2017 in Edmonton, a small number of females emerged in all months from January through April 2017. Weld (1922a) reared adults in Evanston, Illinois, in March. The brachypterous females were observed in Edmonton to crawl up through any accumulated snowpack, climb bur oak stems, and oviposit in buds. Emergence and adult female activity appeared delayed in autumn during periods of warmer weather, and was observed during a period of sustained temperatures ranging from -10°C to -17°C during early January 2017 in Edmonton. Galls of the sexual generation became apparent in early May in Edmonton, with adults emerging from mid-May through mid-June. This species has not been previously recorded from Q. macrocarpa; earlier records are from Q. alba and Q. montana. Another congeneric species, Phylloteras volutellae (Ashmead, 1897), is also found on Q. macrocarpa. 

  Distribution. USA: Virginia, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Illinois, Missouri (Burks 1979). Canada: Manitoba, Alberta.


description:
  Phylloteras poculum (Osten Sacken, 1862), sexual generation

  Material examined: Five males and five females of the sexual generation, labelled as “CANADA: Alberta, Edmonton, Brennan Crescent, 53.51746°N, -113.682957°W, Google Maps, bud/shoot/ament galls collected 21.v.2018 ex Quercus macrocarpa, S. Digweed, reared 24-30.v.2018”

  Gall. Sexual galls (Fig. 225) are exposed, thin-walled, seed-like, ovoid, brown chambers in buds, catkins, and proximal regions of immature leaf midribs and laminae. Sometimes with a sparse pubescence of fibrous, tan hairs; sometimes these hairs are more abundant as a distal tuft. Adults emerge through holes chewed in the distal half of galls. Aging galls can persist on buds and leaves into autumn. 

  Biology. Galls of the sexual generation became apparent in early May in Edmonton, with adults emerging from mid-May through mid-June. This species has not been previously recorded from Q. macrocarpa; earlier records are from Q. alba and Q. montana. Another congeneric species, Phylloteras volutellae (Ashmead, 1897), is also found on Q. macrocarpa. 

  Distribution. USA: Virginia, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Illinois, Missouri (Burks 1979). Canada: Manitoba, Alberta.


description:
  A small spring bare cell gall similar to the sexual generation of Phylloteras poculum. This may be the sexual generation of Phylloteras volutellae? 

  Found on Quercus [bicolor](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78528622) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79345585) [(3)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79458548) and [montana](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/75104599), is perpendicular to the blade of the leaf and narrowly tapered, appearing as if it were a short branch of the midrib. 

  Another, found on Quercus bicolor in [Michigan](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82781999) 

  The final type, observed on Quercus [bicolor](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79458549) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79345589) [(3)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78784729) [(4)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78784728) [(5)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78528621) [(6)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78301712) [(7)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78145700) [(8)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77816218) [(9)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77521619) [(10)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79202060), is more nut-like in shape and found on the lower midrib, curling but not eliminating the lamina on its side of the leaf.


description:
  Sphaeroteras carolina (Ashmead, 1887), comb. rev., sexual generation 

  [Synonyms listed for agamic generation]

  Material examined: 2 females as “USA, Florida, Manatee Co., Lake Manatee SRA, leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.16. FL1097, spFLb4; ex Quercus chapmanii”.

  Gall. Sexual galls (Fig. 237) on small twigs. Initially red/yellow, becoming darker as they mature, with pale pubescence, pear-shaped, tip bent to one side, 6–7 mm long, 3 mm diameter at widest point. 

  Biology. Asexual detachable rounded galls (Fig. 236) on leaves on Q. alba, Q. chapmanii and Q. stellata (Burks 1979). Sexual galls mature in April; adults emerge soon afterwards; to date found only on Q. chapmanii. 

  Distribution. USA: North Carolina, Florida, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas (Burks 1979).


description:
  Sphaeroteras carolina (Ashmead, 1887), comb. rev., sexual generation 

  Synonyms: Dryophanta carolina Ashmead (1887: 145), asexual females, galls. Sphaeroteras carolina (Burks 1979). Atrusca carolina (Melika & Abrahamson 2002).

  Biology. Asexual detachable rounded galls (Fig. 236) on leaves on Q. alba, Q. chapmanii and Q. stellata (Burks 1979). Sexual galls mature in April; adults emerge soon afterwards; to date found only on Q. chapmanii. 

  Distribution. USA: North Carolina, Florida, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas (Burks 1979).


description:
  Enlarged flower bud ...... Asphondylia mentzeliae Cockerell 

  Adults were reared in August. Host: M. multiflora. Distr.: New Mexico.


description:
  The sexual generation of [Neuroterus quercusverrucarum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/768) has not been described or recorded informally. However, [Neuroterus floccosus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4276) was treated as a junior synonym of quercusverrucarum until the paper in which its sexgen was described, and because the species are still likely to be very similar, we tentatively presume that galls like the [sexgen of N floccosus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4277) on hosts other than Quercus bicolor and macrocarpa are most likely to be the sexgen of quercusverrucarum. According to Scott Digweed (personal communication), the sexgen galls of N floccosus, which occur in the spring as the leaves unfold, are rarely encountered under natural conditions even where the agamic galls are prevalent. The galls are unlike the agamic galls of [Neuroterus niger](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/870) in being "surprisingly “discrete”, with very well-defined edges" and "consistently reddish-brown."


description:
  According to Scott Digweed (personal communication), the sexgen galls of N floccosus, which occur in the spring as the leaves unfold, are rarely encountered under natural conditions even where the agamic galls are prevalent. The galls are unlike the agamic galls of [Neuroterus niger](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/870) in being "surprisingly “discrete”, with very well-defined edges" and "consistently reddish-brown."


description:
  A gall matching this description but lacking resinous dots [was observed](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/120445784) on Carya pallida in Georgia in June. It isn't clear whether this is the same species, a related one, or something closer to a different Caryomyia species. 


description:
  A small, saucer-shaped gall similar to [Neuroterus tantulus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/618), but differing in the presence of a distinct fringe of white or red hairs pointing away from the center on the upper side (Weld describes N tantulus as "almost bare"). Observed on Quercus alba, macrocarpa, and stellata. 

  They differ from [Neuroterus umbilicatus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3249) in having a flat crimped edge rather than a thick raised rim. N umbilicatus also has short hairs distributed evenly around the rim, while this gall has them primarily on the central area near the papilla. On Quercus macrocarpa, they differ from [Neuroterus saltarius](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/571) in the presence of hairs and in the flatter, rimmed shape rather than the more rectangular "pill-box" silhouette of saltarius. Galls matching this description have been observed on Quercus macrocarpa and alba; they may or may not be conspecific. 


description:
  Numerous small, cylindrical to globular galls nearly identical to those of [Neuroterus saltarius](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/571), on Quercus macrocarpa, but differing in being densely covered in short hairs and causing a flat, rather than protruding, yellow spot on the upper side of the leaf. Observed from late June to September from Ohio to Manitoba. 


description:
  A moderately sized, white-shading-to-pink, circular gall shaped like a donut or life preserver, on Quercus alba and montana. In the center it is recessed with a central black papilla. Unlike [Neuroterus umbilicatus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/866), which it otherwise resembles (and was formerly misidentified as), this gall is typically found alone or in small numbers, not in the dozens. A similar gall has been observed on Quercus muehlenbergii.


description:
  Often prematurely kills leaves surrounding the galls, example <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/121161468">here</a>.


description:
  Carya ovata is added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/120156594). 


description:
  A hidden cell in small acorns on new growth in the spring on Quercus virginiana, causing acorns to cease development. Emerging in late May or early June, leaving a small circular egress hole. Dissection revealed a cynipid larval cell. Observed in Houston, TX. 


description:
  In their description of the sexual generation of this wasp, based on an adult captured independent of a gall, Nicholls et al provide a speculative description and photo of a gall they put forward as a possible sexual generation gall. This gall closely resembles that of [Arnoldiola atra](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2351). According to circumstantial evidence observed by Scott Egan (personal communication), the alternate generation of B pallida is likely an integral midrib gall. This speculation is supported by the life cycle of [Bassettia flavipes](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/981), which is closely related and also produces integral midrib galls in its sexual generation and integral bark or stem galls in its agamic generation. Our entry follows this speculation until additional information is discovered. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/368/mode/1up
description:
  CALLIRHYTIS SEMINATOR (Harris) 

  Galls of this species are here recorded on Quercus alba from the following localities: Williams Bay, Wis.; Fort Sheridan, Glencoe, Evanston, La (grange, Glen Ellyn, Willow Springs, Kankakee, and Utica (Starved Rock Park), IL.; Cedar Rapids (Scott), Iowa: Miller and Porter, Ind. ; Poplar Bluff, Mo.; Texarkana, Ark.; Tuskahoma, Okla. ; Troy, Ala. ; Fairfax, S. C. ; Richmond, Rosslyn, Alexandria, and Bedford County (Apple Orchard Camp), Va. ; Plummer Island (McAtee), Md. ; Gettysburg, Pa.; Ithaca, Industry (Crosby), East Hampton (Crosby), and Farmingdale (Crosby), N. y. At Evanston the galls were found just starting on May 17 and adults issued June 29-July 12. At Washington the galls start to develop early in April. Middleton reared adults at Falls Church, Va., June 13, 1913, June 13, 1911, and June 18-29, 1915. Galls from Kanawha Station, W. Va., collected by Hopkins gave adults June 21-25, 1912. The writer has seen the gall on the rock chestnut oak, Q. montana, at Falls Church, Va., and on the basket oak, Q. prinus, at Gainesville and Jacksonville, Fla., the latter host being previously unrecorded for this species, 


description:
  Andricus sphaericus Pujade-Villar n. sp.

  [Gall (Fig 5a-c) [photos show galls very similar to those of Andricus quercuspetiolicola](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/770)]. Globular (0.7-1.6 mm in diameter), plurilocular and hard. It is the result of a swelling of the midrib and/or secondary veins of the leaf; sometimes the leaf disappears completely. Light green in color when young and dark green to black at maturity. The surface is covered in light brown stellate trichomes. The gall contains between 5-15 larval chambers, each 3 x 1 mm, distributed radially, separated by a hard woody tissue.

  Host. Q rugosa and obtusata

  Distribution. Mexico (Mexico DF)

  Biology. Only the sexual generation is known. The adults emerge from the end of May to the middle of July.]


description:
  Andricus sphaericus Pujade-Villar, 2016

  [When describing the species, we thought that Andricus sphaericus could be a rare or occasional species, since it was not collected by Kinsey. But the data we provide in this study indicate that it is an abundant species that is found on several species of oak in the sect. Quercus: Q deserticola, glabrescens, laeta, obtusata, and rugosa. We also expand its distribution, having also collected it in the state of Puelba.]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32802#page/27/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus vernus, new species

  Host. — Quercus garryana. 

  Gall (pl. 1, fig. 2). — A smooth, globular, green axillary bud gall, 4-5 mm. in diameter, with a very slight nipple at apex early in spring as new leaves are developing. When detached showing a small whitish sunken scar. After dropping the thin outer fleshy layer becomes wrinkled and soon weathers away, leaving a smooth, slightly elongated, light tan cell whose wall is 0.6-0.7 mm. thick, not brittle, containing about 15 small longitudinal passages. 

  Habitat . — Galls were collected on May 23, 1922, at Fort Jones, Calif., and sent to Washington under Hopkins U. S. No. 15640. The nutritive layer was then used up and the larvae full grown. Adults emerged on April 27, 1923, April 21, 1924, and April 3, 1925. These galls were seen on this host at Yreka and Scott Bar, Calif., and at Siskiyou, Oreg. Similar galls were seen on Quercus dumosa at Lakeport, Bartlett Springs, and Ukiah, Calif.


description:
  Besbicus mirabilis Kinsey Bisexual generation 

  GALL. About 3 mm. long; deeply embedded among the leaf buds. Superficially appearing smooth and subovoid, actually with fine longitudinal striation and a slight off-center protuberant apex; pale brown. Thin-walled with internal structure. The empty gall may persist on the twig until the following spring. Galls are usually single, but occasionally up to four or six may be found together. 

  Life History BISEXUAL GENERATION. The eggs for the bisexual generation are laid during warm (above 40" F.), calm dry days from late December to early February. They are subellipsoidal, approximately 0.10 mm. long by 0.06 mm. wide, and creamy white. The egg is inserted through the basal scales of the oak bud. The egg hatches within 10 days, and the larva remains inactive within the chamber of its incipient gall. Development to the second instar requires 4-6 weeks, but after that the growth is faster. By the end of March the gall is well formed, although not mature. The pupal stage lasts about 3 weeks, and pupae may be found from early April until mid-May. The emerging adult chews a large even exit hole through the outer end of the gall, usually decapping it (Fig. 6). The adult population contains about equal numbers of males and females. The adults are fragile, but competent fliers. Mating may occur any time after emergence; the females begin oviposition 1 or 2 days later, and egg laying may be continued over a period of several days. There is little apparent preference for host tree types by either the agamic or heterosexual females; only those trees of exceptionally vigorous growth seem less attractive to them. It is possible that such trees are actually utilized as much as others, but they are able to inhibit the development of the galls.

  The heterosexual females oviposit during late April to mid-June.


description:
  Besbicus mirabilis Kinsey

  Life history

  AGAMIC GENERATION. The heterosexual females oviposit during late April to mid-June. Typically, the globular galls containing agamic females appear from mid-May until late August, and normally continue development for about 10 weeks. Galls that appear after mid-July seldom attain maturity. The galls form on the principal veins of the leaf, nearly always on the under surface. Before a gall becomes evident its position on the leaf is marked by the swollen egg-slit in the underside of the vein, and a pale transverse hump on the upper surface of the leaf. 

  The gall first appears as a tiny fuzzy green swelling that becomes spherical and changes color to a pale yellow. As development progresses the gall becomes smooth, soft yellow or green, finely spotted with reddish brown, and matures into a thin-shelled brownish-yellow globe. The galls are about 0.5 mm. in diameter when first noticeable, and their mature size ranges from approximately 5.0 mm, to 30.0 mm., with the average about 13.0 mln. Many of the galls become misshapen because of insect activities, crowding, or injury. Ordinarilly 1-4 galls may be found on a leaf, but frequently the number is much greater and up to 38 galls have been observed on a single large oak leaf. One small oak tree, 12 inches high, with 65 leaves on its 48 inches of branches, had 72 large galls (Fig. 5). Such concentrations of galls are usually found in low growth next to the ground, where the ovipositing females are afforded greater protection. On Vancouver Island the growth season for the galls is usually over by mid-September, when the oak leaves begin to fall. The galls may be blown from the leaves or fall with them to the ground and become covered with autumn litter. The galls are practically waterproof and their double wall provides excellent insulation for the young insect. The agamic females emerge from these galls from mid-December to early January, and may live as long as 6 weeks. They leave irregular subcircular exit holes in the galls. The adult (Fig. 1) and gall (figs. 3, 5) of agamic B. mirabilis have been adequately redescribed by Kinsey (1929). 

  There may be considerable variation in the life history pattern because the pupae and ultimate-instar larvae frequently go into diapause for periods varying from a few weeks to several months. The immediate factors influencing the diapause periods have not been ascertained. The diapause is apparently responsible for a 2-year population cycle, augmenting the regular population every other year. During the progress of this study, leaf galls were abundant in even years and relatively scarce in odd years, with the exception of 1962-1963 when there was a moderate population in both years. This cycle apparently has little effect on the numbers of associate insects, most of which-could utilize other hosts. 


description:
  Weld's original description of this species does not match his description in later work or that given by Russo; we follow the latter, which has A coortus as a stem club similar to [Callirhytis clavula](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/847). A coortus apparently differs from C clavula in overwintering in the gall, rather than emerging in the same spring the gall develops on new growth. The dates given in the literature for A coortus could be consistent with a single-generation life cycle, though this would be unusual among cynipids. Based on the genetic and morphological similarity of A coortus with the sexual generation gall of the European species [Andricus inflator](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/hymenoptera/apocrita/cynipoidea/cynipidae/andricus/andricus-inflator/), it seems reasonable to imagine that A coortus would have an agamic generation gall similar to the fall bud gall of that species.[Andricus verensis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2418) closely matches that description morphologically but seems to differ in phenology, as a spring gall.


description:
  Bud Gall Midge
  Prodiplosis falcata

  This midge induces round to slightly elongate, cone shaped, monothalamous bud galls on California goldenbush. 


description:
  Numerous small integral leaf galls on Quercus macrocarpa and stellata, similar to the sexual generation gall of Neuroterus floccosus but differing in being covered in tufts of white hair and in causing the leaf to curl severely, sometimes senesce beyond dense clusters of galls, and especially in causing the leaf lamina to contract so much around the galls that it creates a hole. As the gall develops, sometimes the leaf contracts enough that the gall drops out of the leaf, leaving a hole in the lamina. Fresh galls were observed in May in Kansas and Manitoba in June, old galls in Ohio in August. Male and female Neuroterus wasps have been reared from these galls. 


description:
  The type specimen of this species was apparently reported on Quercus alba, but no reports since then have been made on that host, and it seems dubious given the specimen was lost. It may have been a misidentification. 


description:
  Quercus montana added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/121993226).


description:
  I have myself examined in all, at various times, some in the closet and some in the field, about a thousand specimens bred from or taken out of the gall of Cynips quercus aciculata--a species described by Osten Sacken from two specimens furnished by myself--and they were all beyond a doubt female. There can be no mistake here, because in this genus the male is distinguishable at a glance by its differently shaped and very much smaller abdomen; but to prevent the possibility of error, in most cases I ascertained the presence of the ovipositor. 

  The trees from which I obtained the galls, or "oak-apples" as they are commonly called, on which I experimented, were an isolated and scattering group of 50 or 60 black oaks (Quercus tinctoria [velutina]), situated on a blue-grass prairie and without any other kind of forest-trees inter-mixed with them. The distance from this group to the nearest timber-land is about 150 yards. For many years I have procured from this source just as many Cynips q aciculata as I wanted, the galls occurring in prodigious exuberance there; and I had noticed three years ago that upon 6 or 7 of the largest black oaks in this group, on which the Cynips had hitherto been almost exclusively found, being cut down for fuel, the insect shifted its quarters to some other large trees which stood at the other end of the group, passing over a number of much smaller and younger trees lying in the intermediate space. One of these last large trees in particular was so badly infested by Cynips in 1863, that it must have borne from 400 to 500 galls. I have, however, occasionally found these galls elsewhere on quite young trees and even on saplings. 

  These same galls occur on the black oak in two or three other localities near Rock Island, IL, but by no means so abundantly. They are, however, exceedingly local, and if all the black oaks within two miles of Rock Island were divided into groups of the same size as the one above described, I am confident that for one such group where the galls exist, certainly fifty and perhaps one hundred will be entirely destitute of them. I speak the more confidently on this point, because one of my favorite modes of collecting is by "beating," and because it is scarcely possible to "beat" an oak, where these large and conspicuous galls or "oak-apples" exist, without becoming aware of their presence. Another fact leads to the same conclusion. Every spring in the locality above referred to dozens and dozens of oak-apples of last year's growth may still be seen hanging on the trees, being almost invariably those from which the Cynips or its parasites have made their exit. In the winter of 1863-4 I have carefully looked for such oak-apples in many black oak patches where I had failed to find them in the summer, and could not discover a single one. Yet the trees being mostly leafless a single specimen would have been easily seen. On the same prairie mentioned above there is another group of black oaks, similar and similarly situated to the one that swarms with oak-apples, and distant from it about .25 mile. Yet a careful search in the winter failed to discover a single oak-apple hanging on the boughs. On the other hand I had no difficulty finding on the same occasion many of these galls still hanging on the trees in the two or three localities where I commonly find them in small numbers in the summer; nor in finding numerous galls of Cynips quercus inanis OS on the red oak still hanging on the tree. Yet that gall is not one-twentieth part so abundant as the one which produces aciculata. 

  There are found near Rock Island the following species of oak, named in the order of their relative abundance, and on none of them, except the black oak, have I ever found the kind of gall which produces aciculata:--Quercus tinctoria [velutina], (black oak, by far the most abundant of any,) alba (white oak), rubra (red oak), macrocarpa (burr oak), imbricaria (laurel oak), and prinus variety discolor (swamp white oak.) Q coccinea (the scarlet oak) is believed by my friend Dr Fred Brendel, to be a mere variety of Q tinctoria, but it does not, so far as I am aware, occur in this vicinity. The identity of Q tinctoria and Q coccinea is an important fact, because Osten Sacken allows that his Cynips quercus coccineae, bred by him from Q coccinea, is scarcely distinguishable from C q spongifica, bred by him from Q tinctoria [velutina], and only separates them on account of the supposed distinctness of the galls from which the two insects were bred, and the supposed distinctness of these two so-called species of oak.

  On May 17th, 1863, I visited the above described group of black oaks, and although their leaves were only about .75 grown, I noticed, in addition to several of last year's dry and brown oak apples, a very great number of green and freshly formed ones, many of which had attained their full size. On cutting a few of them open, I found the larva of the Cynips about .5 grown. Some of these galls had the terminal nipple attributed to the gall of spongifica by Osten Sack, some were smoothly spherical as the gall of aciculata was described by the same author, many had several nipples scattered irregularly over their surface, and 2 or 3 had as many as 12 or 14. The few I cut into had a rind or skin as thick as that of the normal gall of aciculata. I noticed a single specimen which was irregularly lobed like a common tomato. 

  On May 24th some of the galls contained full-grown larvae, and on May 25th I found in several of them female pupae. On June 4th I opened several galls gathered May 24-5, and found in them some larvae and pupae, and one male and two female imagos of C q spongifica OS. Shortly afterwards I collected about 100 galls, as they were beginning to get ripe, and bred from them in all during the month of June, 6 male and about 20 female of spongifica, besides a great number of the Cynipidous inquiline or guest gall-fly, Synophrus laeviventris OS, and of two distinct species of parasitic Chalcididae belonging apparently to Callimome and Decatoma, and a single Bracon very near mellitor Say. Up to June 14 all the galls that produced spongifica flies were thin-shelled and of the type of the q coccineae. Such galls were then brown and ripe, whereas the more hard-shelled and thick-shelled ones were then more or less green and succulent. On June 14th, however, I bred a male spongifica from one of the latter description of galls, and many female afterwards from such galls; and I found that all the intermediate grades between the two types occurred in the galls that produced spongifica, some having a shell no thicker than writing-paper which wrinkled and collapsed and shrivelled up in drying, and some a shell as thick as ordinary cardboard, so as to retain their plump, apple-like appearance under the roughest usage; some again having a terminal nipple, some many nipples, and some none at all or next to none. The last spongifica (a male) came out June 18, and after that date no more made their appearance, nor after the last day of June any more inquilines or parasites except a single female Callimome(?) on July 23d. Of the whole number of galls somewhere about 1/2 remained on hand imperforated by any insect, those that were perforated having been from day to day picked out and thrown away. About the last of June, the thicker shelled galls having now become partially ripe and dry, I gathered 2 or 3 hundred more from the same locality, selecting of course those which had not been perforated by any insect. 

  During the month of June I had endeavored to experiment on the mode in which these galls are generated, by enclosing the boughs of different species of oak with gauze-bags and placing therein freshly-hatched specimens of male and female spongifica. Owing to the mischievous propensities of certain unknown persons, the only fact I was enabled to arrive at was, that this insect when fed on white sugar, which it appears to eat freely, lives only 6 or 8 days. 

  On July 16th I examined the group of black oaks, from the accessible boughs of which I had sometime before stripped all the galls. There were no new galls formed there, neither were there any subsequently formed there during the summer. Out of about 16 or 18 galls left on a particular tree, three or four of which I opened contained each a lively cynipidous larva in the central nucleus, and full one-half of the whole number were not perforated. On September 6th I opened two of the oak-apples gathered early in June, and found a black female pupa, apparently aciculata, in each. On Sept 17th and 18th I found in the same lot of oak-apples 7 female aciculata in the imago state, and during the month of October and the early part of November I bred very numerous imagos of the same, say from 50 to 60, all female. On October 25th I obtained three specimens from galls with a thinnish shell, and one from a gall with a shell as thin as paper with a distinct nipple at the tip. Of three others bred the same day from thick-shelled galls, one came from a gall with a terminal nipple, and the other two from spherical galls. On October 27, out of 11 or 12 female aciculata that came out, several came from galls with a terminal nipple and from galls covered with nipples all over, the rest from spherical galls. Other specimens continued to come out till November 16, and a single one after that date. Not a single parasite had made its appearance since July 23rd. On January 20, 1864, I cut into 30 or 40 of the remaining galls and found in them 9 aciculata female fresh and limber but dead, and 2 specimens dead and dried up, besides some dead and dried up parasites. 

  Besides the locality above referred to, I reared in 1862 a male spongifica and several female aciculata from a different locality, the gall of the former gathered in the spring and that of the latter in the autumn and both found on q tinctoria [velutina]. 

  From the above facts I draw the following conclusions:--

  1st. Cynips q spongifica OS is identical with C q coccineae OS, as there are confessedly no distinctive specific characters of any importance, and the galls occur on the same species of oak (q tinctoria [velutina]) and are connected by all the intermediate grades. The spongy matter of the gall of q coccineae is said to be "whiter" than that of q spongifica, but I noticed several galls of aciculata, the spongy matter of which was in January, 1864, almost pure white. 

  2nd C q spongifica OS occurs male female exclusively on q tinctoria [velutina], and emerges not later than June from galls that commenced their growth in the preceding month of May. 

  3rd C q aciculata OS is a dimorphous form of C q spongifica OS, occurs exclusively in the female sex and exclusively on q tinctoria [velutina], and emerges from the last of September to the middle of November, and many of them not till the following spring, from galls that commenced their growth in the preceding May, which are undistinguishable from those which produce C q spongifica, the same kinds of gall from the same lot of trees, gathered at the same time, producing spongifica male and female in June and aciculata female in October and November, and nothing whatever but a solitary parasite in the intervening period. 

  Suppose, for argument's sake, that aciculata and spongifica are distinct species. Then we are met immediately by the following difficulties:--1st. Is it likely that two distinct species of Cynips should produce, on the same species of oak, galls which are indistinguishable? I know of no such case in the whole Class Insecta. 2nd Is it likely that when spongifica, as above shown, is so local that it is only found in one station out of fifty near Rock Island, aciculata should select that particular station instead of some other one of the remaining 49? 3rd. If aciculata is a distinct species, then we are compelled to believe with Hartig in the existence of agamous species; ie of species that propagate from year to year ad infinitum without sexual intercourse with a distinct individual. I cannot believe that any species in the whole Animal Kingdom is uniformly agamous, for the simple reason that we should then have almost as many races, and finally species, as individuals. Monstrosities and remarkable variations, which with bisexual species are mostly eliminated by intercrossing with normal individuals, would then by the laws of inheritance be always intensified and exaggerated from generation to generation, and what was originally one homogeneous species would split up into an almost infinite number of distinct and sharply defined types.

  That it may not be supposed that I approached this subject biased in favor of the conclusions above announced, it is proper to state that my original guess was, that there were two broods of this Cynips every year, the first a spring brood male female of the type spongifica, the second an autumnal brood, female only, of the type aciculata, generated in the ordinary course by the first brood, and in its turn generating by parthenogenesis the spring brood of spongifica in the following uear. It is scarcely necessary to add, that the facts utterly overthrow this hypothesis.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15672479#page/381/mode/1up
description:
  DRYOCOSMUS MINUSCULUS, new species

  Host. — Quercus agrifolia.

  Gall (pl. 17, fig. 13) . — Small brown galls up to 2.7 mm. in diameter, shaped like a depressed sphere with a minute pit in the center above. Produced on upper side of leaves of Quercus agrifolia, Q. wislizeni, and rarely on Q. kelloggii in the fall and dropping when mature. Said to be so numerous sometimes as to defoliate the tree. Some years these galls are not common. 

  Habitat. — The types were reared from galls collected October 22, 1939, on Quercus agrifolia on Mount Diablo, Calif. Adults emerged April 17, 1941. Galls have been noted on this host at some 40 localities between Alpine and Ukiah and Red Bluff, Calif. They are also common on Quercus wislizeni and have been seen on Quercus kelloggii a few times. The guest fly, Synergus agrifoliae Ashmead, often reared from it, varies much in color pattern and has been redescribed as Synergus maculatus Fullaway (1911) new synonymy, and as Synergus obscurus McCracken and Egbert (1922), new synonymy.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/356/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis attigua, new species

  Host. — Quercus texana. 

  Gall (fig. 23). — Spherical, 6-9 mm. in diameter, produced in the fall, attached to the side of the petiole just below the leaf blade and dropping when mature. They are red in color and fleshy inside without a separable larval cell.

  Habitat. — The type galls were collected at Boerne, Tex., October 25, 1917, when most of the galls had already dropped to the ground under the clumps of small trees growing on the slopes of limestone hills. The galls were sent to the Eastern Field Station at East Falls Church, Va., for rearing where adults emerged August 20 to September 23, 1918. Galls were also seen at Kerrville and were nearly full grown on July 21. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7294914#page/150/mode/1up
description:
  AMPHIBOLIPS ACUMINATA, new species

  Gall.--The mature specimens of this species average considerably over 2 inches long by more than an inch in diameter; they are brownish yellow, subglobular, and acuminated at apex, constructed on the same principle as most of the apple galls, having a central kernel, held in place by a spongy substance, and a very thin shell. Some specimens are much more acuminated than others and what may be termed pepper-shaped, not more than half an inch in diameter and much less than 2 inches in length. The gall is attached to the twigs. 

  One female specimen, reared June 24, 1879. The gall occurs in Washington on Quercus niger. The specimen from which the fly was reared was taken by Dr. L. O Howard in Maryland.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32293#page/148/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis parvifoliae n. sp.
  Gall--A small rounded gall on the midvein of a leaf, half projecting above and half below the surface of the leaf, and usually but not always, the portion above the upper surface, is deeply indented. It is polythalamous and contains several larval cells all radiating from the centre. Diameter .12 to .15 inch.

  This gall is not rare on Q. parvifolia [Quercus chapmanii].


description:
  Quercus chapmani

  Leaf galls, integral
  Like Andricus petiolicola 
  Enlargement of midrib at base of leaf blade, projecting on both sides of leaf and usually with scar at apex, many-celled. The figure is like the type galls of Callirhytis parvifoliae Ashm described from this host. Adults out in April.

  Quercus margaretta
  Leaf galls, integral
  Like Andricus petiolicola

  Never reared On Q stellata, margaretta, champani. Still immature on June 1 (DC). This may be Callirhytis parvifoliae Ashm described from Q chapmani.


description:
  Callirhytis parvifoliae (Ashmead 1887)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Asexual generation integral leaf gall found in the spring.]


description:
  This gall seems to be the equivalent of Andricus petiolicola. Weld (1959) lists petiolicola on Quercus stellata in the host index but seems to imply this gall is the "never reared" gall "like Callirhytis parvifoliae" in the figure captions. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/81621#page/124/mode/1up
description:
  The True Oak Apple as it is popularly termed, (Quercus spongifica, Osten Sacken, occurs exclusively upon the Black oak (Quercus tinctoria [velutina]). It commences its growth in May, or as soon as the young leaves put forth, and reaches its full size in a few weeks. The central cell in which the larva resides becomes eventually hard and woody, but the space between that cell and the external skin or rind of the gall is always completely tilled by soft, drab, spongy matter. By the forepart or middle of June both male and female gall-flies (Cynips quercus spongifica OS) eat their way out of a certain number — say about a fourth part— of these galls, having developed into the winged state from the larva in the central cell. The hole by which the fly makes its exit is shown at Fig. 78 b. The remaining larvae lie dormant for more than two months, when they change into the pupa state, and subsequently about October eat their way out in the form of gall-flies (Cynips q aciculala, O. S.) closely allied to and yet quite distinct from those produced in June. Out of thousands of these autumnal flies examined by us, all were females with not a single male among them; and we have experimentally ascertained, by colonizing a number of these females upon isolated black oaks known to be not previously infested with oak-apples, that they cause oak-apples to be generated in the following spring upon such isolated Black Oaks. From Oak-apples produced in this manner we have bred two specimens of the spring form of Gall-fly (q. spongifica) which exists in both sexes, and five specimens of the autumnal form (q. aciculata) which exists exclusively in the female sex. Finally, treating these five autumnal specimens in the same manner, i. e. placing them upon another isolated Black Oak, we obtained galls in the following spring which produced two specimens of the spring form (spongifica), thus showing that the autumnal form sooner or later reverts to the spring form. Hence, as well as from other considerations, we may infer that the former is not a distinct species but a mere "dimorphous" female form of the latter; for otherwise, one form could not generate the other form. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/101492#page/349/mode/1up
description:
  On October 29th and November 6th, 1864, I colonized a number of these agamous gall-flies, that I had bred myself from oak-apples, upon three different isolated black oaks, that I knew to have not been previously infested by these galls for many years back. Two of these trees were very large--say about 2.5 feet in diameter at the butt--and I placed the gall-flies upon one particular overhanging bough of each of them, and on no other part of the tree. The third tree was small--say 1 foot in diameter at the butt--and I placed the gall-flies on the trunk of this tree, at the point where the main branches took their origin.

  On May 21, 1865, I examined all these three trees. The first large tree had no galls at all on it. The second large tree had produced four Q spongifica galls, partly on the very bough on which I had placed the gall-flies in the preceding autumn, and partly on some boughs that immediately adjoined it. I estimated that the portion of this last tree thus occupied by galls did not form more than one-twentieth of the whole tree; so that, even if we suppose that one or more wandering Cynips q aciculata had flown on to this tree from the neighboring woods in the preceding autumn--and this insect, coming out as it does so late in the year, flies as reluctantly and as dully as a plant-louse--the chances are about 19 to 1 that they would not have occupied the particular portion of it found to bear galls in the following spring. On the other had, as there certainly is not more than one-hundredth part of the black oaks growing near Rock Island that produce any oak-apples at all in any particular year, the chances are at least 99 to 1 against any particular black oak there, taken indiscriminately, bearing oak-apples in any particular year. Consequently, the compound chance of any particular black oak, taken at random from those growing near Rock Island, not only bearing them in a particular year, but bearing them exclusively upon a particular portion of its boughs, previously designated and forming only one-twentieth part of the entire mass of its boughs, is, according to the theory of chances, 1/2000; or in ordinary parlance, the chances are 1999 to 1 against such an improbable event happening. But these chances are founded on the supposition of the tree that was experimented on having been taken at random without any selection; whereas, instead of taking it at random, I exercised the greatest possible care in every instance, 1st, to select a black oak that grew a long way off from any other black oaks, and 2nd, to select one that I was familiar with and had watched for years, and knew not to have borne any oak-apples for several years preceding. 

  The third black oak, visited on May 21, 1865--which was the small one--was absolutely loaded down with galls, and I estimated their number at 50 or 60 at least. At this early period all these galls were still small and immature, and it was necessary to leave them for a week or two upon the tree to ripen and mature.

  On June 5th, 1865, I climbed the small gall-bearing black oak, and stripped it of every gall that I could see. From it I harvested only 18 normal spongifica galls, exclusive of 2 or 3 that had been destroyed by lepidopterous larvae, and about 40 specimens of a particular form of gall (Q pseudotinctoriae, Walsh) which occurs commonly but sparingly among the normal Q spongifica galls, and also, in a slightly modified type, upon red oaks infested by the Q inanis gall. For a long series of years this Q psuedotinctoriae gall has been a great puzzle to me; for, whether obtained from black oak or from red oak, although I have bred from hundreds of them, and have kept them on hand for years, I have invariably bred nothing from them but great numbers of a very large and very handsome Chalcis fly, belonging to the Pteromalides with concealed ovipositors, which I have never reared from any other gall, and a few stray specimens of such Chalcis flies (Callimome and Eurytoma) as I have bred also from the normal Q spongifica galls. My friend Baron Osten Sacken, to whom I had before this period communicated this peculiar form of gall, suggested that it was a true Q spongifica gall, modified by the action of the parasite that inhabited it; and the negative fact that I could never breed anything but parasites from it, after experimenting with hundreds of specimens in three or four different years, compels me to acquiesce in this most anomalous and, so far as I am aware, unprecedented conclusion. The gall in question never exceeds 0.85 inch in diameter, while the normal Q spongifica gall often attains a diameter of 1.75 inch, and is shaped like a normal gall, except that it is often studded outside with sharp prickle-like tubercles similar to those of the exotic gallae-tinctoriae gall--whence the name that I have given it. The central cell is round and about 0.2 inch in diameter, with an external crust which is only about 0.02 inch thick, instead of forming a dense woody mass as in the normal form. The external crust of the gall itself is similar to that of the normal gall; but, instead of its being connected with the central cell by homogeneous spongy matter, with a few subobsolete slender radiating filaments among it, as in that gall, it is connected with the central cell solely and exclusively by dense, opaque, coarse, whitish cottony fibers, radiating from the central cell, as in the Q inanis gall, but differing widely from those of that gall by being very much coarser, by being cottony instead of smooth, and by being placed so close together as to occupy the whole space between the cell and the external crust of the gall, instead of being separated from each other by very wide interspaces. On my cutting into 24 galls that remained unbred from, on this 17th day of March, 1869, out of the above-mentioned lot of about 40 Q pseudotinctoriae galls harvested June 5th, 1865, either of them were found to contain dead Pteromalidous imago already spoken of, seven what was probably its mature dead larva, one what was probably its mature dead pupa, one the pupal shell of a female Callimome, one a Eurytoma studiosa female, Say, and in six the tenant of the cell must have perished in early life, for in these six the central cell was empty. 

  On the supposition of the peculiar character of the Q pseudotinctoriae gall being caused by the action of the large, Pteromalidous parasite that generally, but not always, inhabits it, and never inhabits the normal type of gall, it may be asked how it happens that this very same Q pseudotinctoriae gall sometimes produces the same species of green Callimome which is commonly bred from the normal gall, and occasionally a Eurytoma, which is also bred occasionally from the normal gall? I can only suggest that, in these two latter cases, the Callimome and the Eurytoma are parasitic upon the large Pteromalidous parasite, and that the peculiar character of the gall was determined in the first instance by the Pteromalidae. The Chalcididae are, to a much greater extent than is commonly supposed, secondary and not primary parasites.

  From the 18 normal Q spongifica galls, obtained on June 5th, 1865, as specified above, from the small black oak, I bred on June 11th 1865, one C q spongifica female, and another female of the same type on June 14th, 1865. On cutting into the remaining 16 galls, on October 15th 1865, I obtained five living C q aciculata. Thus it results that q aciculata generates sometimes q aciculata and sometimes q spongifica. 

  Lest it should be supposed that there was any reasonable probability of this small black oak having been attacked by any other gall-fly producing upon black oaks the Q spongifica gall besides those that I placed on it myself in the preceding autumn, it is proper to add here that it grew on the Bluffs, where black oaks are very scarce, and that I am quite confident that there is not another black oak within a quarter of a mile of it. So rare, moreover, are the galls Q spongifica upon the Bluffs, that in the course of six years' careful observation I have only noticed there three or four black oaks bearing these galls, and even then there were only from 3 to 6 on a tree; whereas on the sandy bottom land, which swarms with black oaks, these galls are comparatively quite common.

  If, however, we choose to believe that the very same insect that produces the Q inanis gall also produces the Q spongifica gall, then the above mode of reasoning will not apply with such force; for the Q inanis gall, and the red oak on which it grows, are nearly as common on the Bluff as the Q spongifica gall, and the black oak on which it grows, are on the bottom land. Still, even upon this hypothesis, it is exceedingly improbable that Cynips q inanis should have attacked this particular small black oak in the spring of 1864; for 1st, I know that this tree bore no oak-apples for many years previous to 1865; 2nd, there were no red oaks growing anywhere within two or three hundrd yards of it, the few oaks that grew near it being either white oak or bur oak, which never produce either the Q spongifica or the Q inanis gall; 3rd, I noticed that, in the spring of 1866, this very same small black oak swarmed again with the Q spongifica gall, almost as abundantly as in the spring of 1865. Doubtless these galls had been generated by gall-flies that escaped from some of the galls before I harvested them on June 5th, 1865, or from green galls that had previously fallen off the tree on to the ground, as they will very often do in very great numbers when there is a high wind blowing, and be carried along the surface of the ground for hundreds of yards by the action of the wind; 4th, if we assume that the two galls that had produced C q spongifica June 11th and 14th, 1865, had been generated by C q inanis, and that only the five galls that produced C q aciculata October 15th, 1865, had been generated by the C q aciculata that I placed on the small black oak in the autumn of 1864, how does it come about that the Q spongifica gall is so very rare on those very Bluffs where the Q inanis is so common? Surely if C q inanis, bred from red oak, is capable of generating the Q spongifica gall on black oak, the Q spongifica gall ought to be as numerous on the Bluffs, in proportion to the number of black oaks growing there, as it is on the sandy bottom land, whereas it is no such thing. 5th, on the hypothesis of C q inanis generating Q spongifica galls, there again recurs the inevitable question "Why does C q inanis, if it is specificaly identical with C q spongifica, produce swarms of an autumnal dimorphous female--C q aciculata--on the black oak, and none at all on the red oak?" Or shall we take refuge in the anomalous hypothesis that one and the same bisexual species, variously known as C q spongifica sexgen and C q inanis sexgen, produces two such entirely different galls as Q spongifica and Q inanis upon black oak and red oak respectively, the same type of gall being always found upon the same species of oak; and that a distinct agamous species--C q aciculata--generates upon the black oak, galls which are utterly undistinguishable from those of C q spongifica upon the same oak, and which occur upon the same oak promiscuously intermixed with these last galls in scores of different localities, and yet that this agamous species never under any circumstances generates any galls at all--whether of the Q spongifica type or of the Q inanis type--upon the red oak? To such a supposition I can only oppose what, from long experience with galls of all kinds, I consider as an established axiom; namely, that the characters of the gall depend entirely upon the insect that makes it, and in no wise upon the plant, or the particular part of the plant, from which it grows. Consequently, I could as readily believe that a cow could produce sometimes a calf and sometimes a lamb, as that Cynips q inanis could produce sometimes a Q inanis gall upon red oak, and sometimes a Q spongifica gall on black oak. If it produced any gall at all upon Black Oak, instead of upon red oak which is its normal habitat, it would inevitably, in my opinion, produce a gall having all the characters of the Q inanis gall that is commonly found upon red oak.

  I am well aware that much of the above reasoning will lack its due weight with the reader, because he has not, as I have, watched particular trees in a grove of Black Oaks swarming with oak-apples for year after year, while the neighboring trees bear none at all, or only a few scattering specimens, and because he has never seen, as I have twice seen with astonishment, that even a particular bough on a particular tree will bear numerous oak-apples for year after year, while the rest of the tree will bear none at all. Hence I have derived a profound conviction that the gall-flies that make these oak-apples, although they have full-sized wings, yet scarcely ever use them; whereas persons who are unacquainted with these insects would naturally suppose that they fly about the woods as freely as a bee or a butterfly. Out of the thousands that I have bred in my office, I never knew a single individual, whether of the vernal or of the autumnal type, to take wing at all; and only on one or two occasions, when I have been placing them upon oaks to experiment on the laws of their reproduction, have I seen one or two of them take wing, and then it would only fly a yard or two.

  On June 11th, 1865, I gathered the four galls off the large gall-bearing Black Oak previously referred to. From these I bred no q spongifica at all; but on cutting into them on October 15th, 1865, I obtained therefrom three living C q aciculata.

  On October 16th, 1865, having now in my possession two lots of living and lively q aciculata, one consisting of 5 females and the other of 3 females, that I knew to be generated by q aciculata of the preceding season, I determined to see whether they would all or any of them continue to generate q aciculata in the succeeding season, or whether, as had been the case with two of their predecessors, they would revert one or more of them to q spongifica. I therefore placed them, each lot by itself, on two fresh isolated black oaks, that I knew to have not been previously infested by these galls, for several years back at all events.

  On May 31st, 1866, I gathered off one of these two black oaks, upon which I had colonized the 5 q aciculata in the preceding autumn, 5 q spongifica galls, four of them badly eaten by lepidopterous larvae, and only one in a perfect state. They were at this date too young and immature to gather with safety, but I feared to leave them longer on the tree on account of the caterpillars, which will very frequently eat away all the sponge and starve out the larva in the central cell. From this lot of 5 galls, generated by 5 C q aciculata in the preceding autumn, which 5 C q aciculata had themselves been generated in the autumn next but one preceding by the 8 C q aciculata that I had colonized upon another isolated black oak, I bred, on the 14th and 17th of the ensuing June, 2 Cynips q spongifica females. The remaining 3 galls produced nothing. 

  The other isolated Black Oak, upon which I had 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/106892#page/41/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis pomiformis (Ashm)

  During the months of February through early April of the years 1955-1958 large numbers of the parthenogenetic female Callirhytis pomiformis (Ashm.) were reared from galls on the native trees and from galls brought into the laboratory. These females were placed in cloth-mesh rearing bags which were tied on the new growth of Quercus agrifolia Nee, both native trees and young trees growing in five-gallon containers. Bags were placed on young leaf buds, new stem growth and on the young staminate flowers. The female wasps showed a decided preference for the young leaf buds and quickly oviposited into this tissue often to such an extent as to kill the developing bud. Wasps were also seen ovipositing into other tissues, however there was no subsequent gall growth from these. Shortly after the new leaves unrolled, a toadstool-shaped gall, Plate 12, fig. a & b, began to develop on the undersurfaces of the leaves instead of the large, apple-shaped structure, Plate 12, fig. c, that is typically associated with Callirhytis pomiformis ( Ashm.) This toadstool gall was known to other workers and had been listed as an undescribed species under Lewis Weld's field No. 1742. A photograph of it appears in "Cynipid Galls of the Pacific Slope," 1957, fig. 121. Adult specimens proved to be exceedingly difficult to rear because approximately 75% were parasitized by chalcids and another 24% were inhabited by the inquiline Synergus agrifolia (Ashm.) which is probably a parasite of the gall-maker. This may be the reason why the toadstool gall-maker had never been described although the gall itself is not uncommon. At the present time, twelve specimens, seven females and five males have been reared. One female was located by Mr. Lewis Weld in the collection of the U. S. National Museum. It had been reared many years ago in Los Angeles and bore Koebele No. 319. As a single specimen it had never been described nor associated with the species Callirhytis pomiformis (Ashm.). Detailed examination showed the sexual females to be remarkably similar to the parthenogenetic females. Such similarity is not necessarily found in alternating generations of the Cynipidae.

  It does not seem to be necessary to use a variety or form name to differentiate the sexual generation from the parthenogenetic generation as advocated by Kinsey in 1920. Specimens in the series are here designated as Callirhytis pomiformis (Ashm.), sexual generation and each insect bears Weld No. 1742. Parthenogenetic females bear Weld No. 1621. A male and a female each have been designated as types of the sexual generation and these together with an additional male and female have been placed in the collection of the U. S. National Museum. One female and a male are in the collection at U.C.L.A. and a female and a male are in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences.

  Gall: A toadstool-shaped gall arising singly or occasionally in groups of two or three from the lamina of the undersurfaces of the leaves of Quercus agrifolia Nee and Quercus wislizenii A.DC. The galls appear as tiny, bright-green buttons as early as February or March, however most of the young galls make their appearance during the latter part of March and early April. The galls appear ten days to two weeks after the eggs are laid into the growing buds. Many of the galls are tinged with rose or pink when young although most are light-green in color. Growth is quite rapid and unparasitized galls reach a length of 0.8 to 0.9 cm. in May and yield adult insects of both sexes from May 15 through the first week of June. Mature galls are monothalmous with the single cell occupying the space below the flared top of the gall. The elongated stem of the gall is solid.

  Temperature experiments in the laboratory showed that the parthenogenetic females were very sensitive to elevated temperatures and emerged from the galls when the temperature was elevated to the high 70's F. and low 80's F. Galls that were collected too far in advance of the early months of the year, yielded few insects and sometimes none at all. This temperature sensitivity would seem to indicate that temperature plays a critical role in correlating the emergence of the insects with the early growth of the host oaks. These oaks must reach a stage that is susceptible to attack otherwise the young galls will not develop. During January and February in Southern California, temperatures in the above ranges are not uncommon. As indicated above, gall growth has been noted on the new leaves in late February and early March. 

  Preliminary work indicates that some of the emerging parthenogenetic females lay eggs which produce only sexual females while others lay eggs that give rise to the males. Since only twelve specimens have been obtained at this time it is not possible now, to present information to confirm this. In other species of the Cynipidae that produce a sexual generation from a polythalamous gall, galls produced by some females yield only males whereas other galls, produced by other females, yield only female insects. 

  The biological relationships involving gall-makers, inquilines and parasites in Callirhytis pomiformis (Ashm.) are most interesting and complex. Studies of these relationships are still in progress and the results will be published at a later date. 

  Summary: An alternating, sexual generation exists in the gall wasp Callirhytis pomiformis previously known from parthenogenetic females only. The gall produced by the sexual generation is a monothalamous, toadstool-shaped, leaf gall that develops when the parthenogenetic females oviposit into the young leaf buds of Quercus agrifolia Nee. Temperature apparently plays a vital role in coordinating the emergence of the parthenogenetic females with the early growth of the host oaks.


description:
  Small, hairless bead galls scattered across the upper surface of a leaf of Quercus virginiana. Small egress holes on the underside suggest wasps may be involved but they may or may not be the inducers of the galls. Old galls observed in Florida in June. 


description:
  The flowers are clearly swollen, often moreso than ungalled buds, and they stand out amongst the rest of the flowers on the umbel. Galls contain several orange to cream-colored larva. The petals are often browned or otherwise visibly damaged. It is not known whether the pale and orange larva represent different or the same species. Likely found on other Asclepias species. This species has also been observed on Asclepias tuberosa, however it is not clear whether or not the tuberosa galls are the same species as the syriaca galls. Observed in Ohio, Massachusetts and Virginia in June.
  In July, Ray Gagne identified the galls as being formed by an unknown member of the genus Contarinia.


description:
  A green, integral, circular gall similar to [Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1302) but with a raised ring on the upper side of the leaf. On Celtis caudata, observed fresh in Queretaro in July.


description:
  Tilia americana added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/122066398). 


description:
  A few small galls on the upper side of leaves of Miconia trinervia, globular or cylindrical in overall outline but with the edges typically obscured by many long spines recurved toward the base of the gall. Observed in Costa Rica throughout the year. 


description:
  Vitis shuttleworthii added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/121358716). 


description:
  A cluster of many irregularly wedge-shaped galls on the stem of an undetermined oak, likely Quercus oleoides. Similar in its roughly buckskin-hairy texture to [Disholcaspis quercusvirens](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/816). Observed in June in Veracruz. 


description:
  One to several small, thin-walled integral cells flush with the upper side of the midrib of Quercus virginiana (and likely other live oaks), sometimes causing slight deviations in the direction of the midrib. Barely visible from the lower side of the leaf. These may be the sexual generation galls of [Callirhytis quercusbatatoides](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/813) or [Bassettia pallida](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/4232) or something else. Observed with recent exit holes in Texas in June. 

  Male and female cynipini wasps [were reared in May from galls matching this description by James Zimmerman](https://twitter.com/scottpegan/status/1735642099830104469). 


description:
  An immature Quercus virginiana acorn with a conspicuous glob of honeydew on the exterior, containing a discolored and deformed seed but no apparent larval cell or larva. Observed in June in Texas. 


description:
  Quercus alba added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/80308106). Q alba may be an uncommon host only in areas where its range overlaps with Q stellata. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/254/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus favus Beutenmuller

  This species was originally described from Louisiana and Pennsylvania from galls on Quercus rubra Linnaeus and Q. coccinea Muenchhausen. The writer has collected galls on Q. rubra in Illinois at River Grove, Willow Springs, Evanston, Winnetka, Ravinia, and Fort Sheridan; and at Ironton, Missouri; Hot Springs, Arkansas; and Plummer Island, Maryland. He has also taken the galls on six other host oaks not previously recorded, as follows: 

  Q. catesbaei Muenchhausen at Jacksonville, Palatka, Madison, Marianna, Ocala, Clearwater, Florida, and Troy, Alabama. 

  Q. marilandica Muenchhausen at Marianna, Florida. 

  Q. nigra Linnaeus at Gainesville, Florida. 

  Q. brevifolia Sargent at Marianna and St. Petersburg, Florida. 

  Q. myrtifolia Willdenow at Daytona, Florida. 

  Q. texana Buckley at Boerne and Kerrville, Texas.

  The appearance of the fresh galls has never been described. As many as 400 often occur in a cluster, which may measure 6 cm. in diameter (fig. 6) and is found just at or below the surface of the ground and is usually hidden by debris. The cluster sometimes entirely surrounds the host stem when the latter is not more then 1 cm. in diameter. In the fall about one-half of the clusters found are galls that are just starting in early October or nearly full-grown later in the month and containing larvae and they still contain them as late as November 14 and through the winter. These fresh galls are white and fleshy, smooth on the surface, blunt-pointed at the tip (fig. 5). The other half are white and juicy or just beginning to turn brown. These contain adults as early as September 15 about Chicago, and they were still inside the galls on November 14. These galls were put out of doors in breeding cage and three flies issued by December 1, and on December 28 twenty-seven were found, the thermometer having registered — 14° F. in the interval. On the 19th of the next February over 200 were found alive in the cage, which had been buried up in the snow for six weeks without a thaw. On March 12 there were two more out. In Florida pupae were found in galls on October 11, 21, 23, and November 3, and the earliest record of finding adults in the galls was November 20 and the earliest emergence December 1. 

  The life history suggested from the above data is that the galls start in the autumn and get their full size quickly the first season and that the larvae do not transform until the next autumn when the galls are over a year old. After the larvae transform, the galls soon turn brown, the proximal part about the larval cell becomes hard and brittle, and during the winter the distal fleshy half of the gall becomes converted into soft spongy granular tissue through which the adults can easily chew their way (fig. 7) and it finally decays away entirety leaving the hard wedge-shaped bases containing the cells to persist for years. The adults either emerge in very late autumn or very early spring, and are wonderfully resistant to cold. But if there is an alternating generation it is unknown. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/256/mode/1up
description:
  Trigonaspis obconica, new species

  Host.--Quercus douglasii

  Gall.--An underground cluster of fleshy white galls at base of stumps similar to galls of T. radicola (Ashmead), but with longer and more slender pedicels. After flies emerge the galls decay. In May. 

  Type locality. — Los Gatos, California. Paratypes from Paso Robles also. 

  Biology. — Collected at Los Gatos May 14, 1918, when galls contained pupae and exit holes showed where some adults had already emerged. In breeding cages three males issued May 16 and three more on May 17. At Paso Robles on May 6 galls contained larvae and pupae. In cage four adults issued by May 13, six by May 25, and one June 2.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/257/mode/1up
description:
  Trigonaspis radicola (Ashmead)

  Dryophanta radicola
  Diplolepis radicola

  The galls of this species occur in clusters of a dozen or less, bursting out through the bark just below the surface of the ground in places where there is an abundance of humus at the base of tree or stump of Quercus alba Linnaeus. They are of white, soft, succulent tissue, rounded at end, but compressed into wedge shapes on sides, sometimes rosy if exposed. They develop rapidly in spring, becoming full grown and maturing the flies in about a month and then decaying. The writer has collected the galls at Miller, Indiana; Winnetka and Fort Sheridan, Illinois. Growing galls can be found in late May and the flies issue June 12-26, although in the late season of 1912 the first to issue came out on June 22, and they continued to come out until July 1. Males issue first. The fact that in 36 cases these galls were found at the base of stumps whose sprouts carried last year's oak- fig galls leads to the suspicion that this may be the alternating sexual generation of the wingless [Biorhiza forticornis (Walsh)](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/851). In one case there was failure to find them, and in one they were found where there were no fig galls. The radicola adults issuing in June are good fliers and are thought to fly to developing sprouts where they lay eggs and produce the fig galls in the fall. From these wingless adults (all females) issue in winter (in late December or in February and March in breeding cage) to crawl down to base of same sprouts and lay eggs to produce this radicola gall in the spring. This cycle is not proven, and it remains for others to work out the details of the life history. Brodie was the first to suggest a connection between the fig gall and a root gall when in Annals of Report of Clerk Board Forestry, Ontario, 1896 (pp. 114-116), he says forticornis burrows into ground finding rootlets a few inches down in which they oviposit and in which are formed subterranean galls, but he does not describe them further. Radicola is not on "rootlets," but at base of tree. In the forest insect collection at the United States National Museum are three males and three females of what seem to be this species reared in March, 1897, at Shovel Mount, Texas, by F. G. Schaupp "on roots of post oak." 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/258/mode/1up
description:
  Trigonaspis fumosa, new species

  Host. — Quercus gambelii Nuttall. 

  Gall. — White, fleshy, fig-shaped, polythalamous, in clusters on root at base of tree like those of T. radicola (Ashmead). They rot after flies emerge. 

  Type locality. — Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. Galls collected June 27, 1918, on the Mount Bigelow trail near Soldier Camp at an elevation of 2,350 meters. Many adults had already emerged, and flies and pupae were found inside when galls were cut open. One fly was captured on oak at Mount Bigelow lookout tower. 

  Similar galls were seen in same locality on Q. reticulata Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth, and adults were emerging on June 26, but unfortunately none were preserved. 


description:
  If Trigonaspis radicola is the sexual generation corresponding to Trigonaspis quercusforticorne (which has not yet been proven), T fumosa is likely the sexual generation of [Xanthoteras eburneum](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1728) or [Sphaeroteras pulchripennis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/956). The close genetic relationship of X eburneum to Belonocnema, which has similar sexgen root galls, supports this hypothesis.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/261/mode/1up
description:
  Biorhiza ocala, new species

  Host. — Quercus chapmani Sargent. 

  Gall. — A thin-walled, fleshy gall growing singly and sessile on the side of roots which are 5-15 mm. in diameter. Galls are globular or with a point at apex, 4-6 mm. in diameter and covered with a very short dense pubescence, grayish if exposed or pale yellow if buried in the sand. In early spring. 

  Type locality. — Ocala, Florida. Collected April 17, 1914, when some flies had already emerged and others were cut out of the galls alive. They were not different from several males and females captured on April 17 and 18 at Ocala by sweeping on Q. chapmani, and these captured specimens form part of the type series. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/264/mode/1up
description:
  Odontocynips nebulosa Kieffer

  This new genus and species was described in 1910 from flies only, captured in Georgia by King and in Texas by Boll. The types are in the Museum of Zoology, Berlin. 

  The writer recognized the genus in March, 1917, in specimens from Woodstock, Georgia, bred from a root gall on oak received by Doctor Felt and submitted to William Beutenmueller for examination. The flies agree fairly well with the published description of nebulosa Kieffer. As the only description of the gall is the brief characterization by Doctor Felt in 1918 in his Key to American Insect Galls (p. 54) as "Irregular, polythalamous root gall, diameter 3.5 cm. on Q. minor," a more extended description may be given here. 

  Host. — Quercus stellata Wangenheim. 

  Gall. — On the roots of young shoots that come up under larger trees. These shoots are only 30-90 cm. high and often occur in large numbers so that their tangled roots form a mat, and it is on these horizontal roots where the thicket is dense enough to accumulate humus that the galls are found. They occur on roots 5-15 mm. in diameter and are sometimes 5-10 cm. underground. Single galls are globular, 10-13 mm. in diameter, but they are usually aggregated into irregular lobed polythalamous masses as large as a man's fist or 8 cm. in diameter. They are covered with smooth bark, light colored like the normal bark of roots, but brown when dry. They are easily cut when fresh, but very hard and woody when dry. The larval cavities are about 6-8 mm. in diameter and the walls about 2 mm. thick. Exit holes 3 mm. in diameter. They are often attacked by whitish wingless plant lice attended by a pale yellowish ant. 

  Habitat. — The writer first collected the galls on September 9, 1915, at Webster Groves, Missouri, on Quercus stellata. They contained pupae on October 3, and adults October 26, but a few had a thick nutritive layer instead. The galls were buried in soil in greenhouse to determine date of emergence and still contained living flies January 17, 1916, but by March 20 all were gone. On October 4, 1917, the same locality was again visited and only one gall found where they had been very abundant two years before. Collected galls at Hoxie, Arkansas, October 10, 1917, and cut out living flies November 16. At Hot Springs, Arkansas, galls contained pupae on October 12. From others collected at Palestine, Texas, October 16, flies emerged indoors the next spring from February 20 to March 8. Old galls were seen at Marianna, Florida, October 11, 1919. 

  Note. — Found a similar old gall on Quercus lyrata Walter and from it cut out a moldy fly belonging to the genus Odontocynips; and it is probably the same species, as these two oaks have many galls in common, but until reared it is better not to publish lyrata as a host of nebulosa. 

  At Cuero, Texas, October 23, and Austin, Texas, October 30, similar galls were found on roots of Quercus virginiana Miller, and a fragment of an adult in an old gall showed it to be due to an Odontocynips. Three stages of the galls were observed: 1, old galls with numerous exit holes where flies had emerged the previous spring; 2, fresh galls containing pupae; 3, fresh galls not distinguishable from the above but containing a thick transparent mass of nutrient material with a barely visible larval cavity. This suggests that the galls take two years to develop. Similar empty galls were seen at Kerrville, Texas, July 21, 1918. Until adults can be reared it is better not to publish virginiana as a host of nebulosa, however.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/265/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus rhizoxenus (Ashmead)

  Callirhytis rhizoxenus
  Callirhytis rhizoxena

  This species was described as Callirhytis rhizoxenus from a gall "on the roots of a live oak at Fort Grant, Arizona." The type gall in the United States National Museum is ellipsoidal, 36 by 22 by 25 mm., smooth on outside, very dark brown, hard and granular inside instead of woody but contains no normal cells or exit holes. The type flies have the tarsal claws with a tooth and run to Andricus. They agree with adults the writer has reared from a rougher brownish (not carbonaceous black) gall terminal on twigs of Quercus oblongifolia Torrey at Patagonia, Arizona. They were collected July 6, 1918, and contained pupae, the flics issuing by July 19. The types agree also with flies from a similar gall on Quercus toumeyi Sargent collected at same time and place and from which living adults were cut out August 21. Similar galls occur also on Quercus arizonica Sargent in this region, but no adults were reared. A smoother gall quite similar to the type of rhizoxenus in shape and size and color occurs on Quercus reticulata Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth (Plate 32, fig. 14) (seen in the Santa Catalina and Huachuca Mountains) but no adults were reared. As these always occur in the lower part of the clump of bushes, within 1 or 2 feet of the ground, terminal on the oak runner sprouts characteristic of this oak, it may well be that it was galls from this oak, occurring under debris perhaps, that were originally collected and described as root galls. The species should be considered as producing a stem gall, not an underground gall, and is treated in this paper merely to clear up the error in the literature.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/266/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus championi

  Cynips ashmeadi
  Cynips championi
  Cynips championii

  The gall was described as a twig gall by Cameron in 18S3 from Chiriqui, Mexico, collected by a Mr. Champion. Later Doctor Duges sent specimens of a large woody gall (the largest now preserved measures 11 by 8 by 7 cm.) to Doctor Ashmead, who curiously enough considered it to be a root gall and as such described it together with the maker under the name of Andricus championi. It is a true Andricus, and the three types are in the United States National Museum together with the nine galls and eight other flics from the same locality not labeled as types. Thinking that this was a root gall and hence different from Cameron's, the authors of the Tierreich monograph gave it the new name of ashmeadi. As Craw- ford has pointed out, however, Doctor Duges later wrote to Dr. L. O. Howard that he had never sent any root galls to Ashmead, and the specimens in the National Museum plainly show that they are twig galls, and without doubt they are the same as those described by Cameron. The species should then take the name which Ashmead gave it and be credited to him, as he was the first to rear and describe the maker. 

  In August, 1910, the writer saw these galls (Plate 31, fig. 13) fairly common on the oaks which grow on the higher slopes of the mountains at the west end of Lake Chapala above San Pedro in the State of Jalisco, Mexico. The fresh galls were only partly grown and although solid, were easily cut with a knife. They were grayish in color and the surface quite smooth, usually terminal on branches of large spreading trees. The old galls are harder, darker, and rougher and seem to persist on the tree for years. The largest gall seen was given to the writer by Mr. Dwight R. Furness who collected it near Ocotlan, Jalisco. It measures 16 by 12 cm. and is thus about twice as large as the specimen before Doctor Ashmead, which he called "the largest oak gall in the world." This species is here included merely because it has been erroneously considered to be a root gall. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/268/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis hartmani, new species

   Host. — Quercus chrysolepis Liebmann. 

  Gall. — Large area of greatly thickened bark causing a large swelling at the base of saplings or rough swollen areas at the crown of large trees, especially on callus tissue. This thickened bark contains hundreds of larval cells about 6 mm. long. Such areas also occur where a limb bends over and the elbow touches the ground. The bark becomes over an inch thick and the wood underneath very rough and knotty. On trees in moist gulches. 

  Type locality. — Los Gatos, California. The type galls containing living adults were collected November 2, 1918, by Mr. R. D. Hartman and sent in under Hopkins No. 15922 a and placed in rearing at the Eastern Station, East Falls Church, Virginia. The flies emerged April 9, 16, 26, 1919. The writer saw old galls in the San Gabriel Mountains on August 8, 1916, near Coldbrook camp, and at Camp Baldy on June 17, 1918. Empty galls were also seen at St. Helena, California, on May 28, 1918. On May 13, 1918, while collecting with Mr. Hartman at Los Gatos, galls were found in which there was a thick layer of translucent nutritive tissue with no larval cell visible. These were perhaps formed by the flies that had emerged earlier in spring. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/270/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis corallosa, new species

  Host. — Quercus macrocarpa Michaux, Quercus alba Linnaeus, Quercus bicolor Willdenow, Quercus stellata Wangenheim, Quercus prinus Linnaeus, and Quercus chapmani Sargent. 

  Gall. — At base of thrifty sprouts about stumps or on bark of small trees just below surface of ground, 12-15 mm. in diameter and 6-10 mm. high, brown, convex, button-shaped, irregularly ridged exteriorly, some being much more rugose than others, with a clasping or sessile base and when broken off showing an impressed scar with radiating ridges which become more conspicuous in decaying galls. Galls on stellata, chapmani, and prinus are much smoother externally than those on the other three hosts mentioned and those figured (plate 32, fig. 16) are from chapmani. The outer spongy layer disintegrates with age leaving a hard woody cell 7 by 5 mm., with a wall one-half millimeter thick. 

  Type locality. — Fort Sheridan, Illinois. Galls collected October 3, 1914, on macrocarpa and alba, about half containing living adults and half full-grown larvae. Others were found there on October 30, on bicolor, and from another collected October 29, 1916, the adult emerged in breeding cage on April 28, 1917. These galls have been taken also at Winnctka, New Lenox, and Glen Ellyn, Illinois, on the above hosts. 

  Smoother button-shaped galls with the same radiate scar when detached were found on the roots of chapmani at Ocala, Florida, April 17, 1914, some empty and others containing full-grown larvae, and again October 30, 1919, when half contained pupae and half adults. More were seen at Clearwater and at Daytona and Daytona Beach, Florida. Some of these, when opened December 3, gave five larvae and two pupae which transformed December 1 2. These smooth galls were also taken on roots of stellata at Mineola, Texas, September 2, 1915. They were empty. More were taken in fall of 1917 at Pop- lar Bluff, Missouri, Texarkana, Arkansas, and two at Palestine, Texas, from one of which a living fly was cut November 20, 1917. Similar smooth galls were found on roots of prinus at East Falls Church, Virginia, September 1, 1919, and one then cut open contained a pupa, and three living flies were cut out on December 9. 

  The normal emergence seems to be in spring, in April, and to be distributed over two years. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/271/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis maxima, new species

   Host. — Quercus alba Linnaeus, Quercus macrocarpa Michaux, Quercus bicolor Willdenow, Quercus prinus Linnaeus. 

  Gall. — A large rounded mass, 90 by 50 by 50 mm. or smaller, growing out from side of one of main roots at base of tree or stump just below surface of the ground. Surface uneven but smooth, brown. When mature the interior is soft and easily cut or crumbled with the fingers, and might be taken for a piece of well-rotted wood until the numerous hard shell-like thin-walled brown cells are noticed imbedded in the whitish matrix. When the moisture is dried out the galls are as light as cork. 

  Type locality. — Fort Sheridan, Illinois. 

  Biology. — On October 4, 1914, galls were found on Q. macrocarpa with adults ready to emerge; others with the substance of the gall firmer contained full-grown larvae, others less than half an inch in diameter were fleshy with larval cavities barely visible, suggesting that the gall takes three years to mature, or else two, and the larvae in some do not transform the second fall but hold over until the third. At Winnetka, Illinois, October 30, some galls contained adults and others were very small. On November 1, immature galls were found at New Lenox, Illinois. On April 24, 1915, a small gall was found on Quercus alba from which adults were issuing. They were smaller, averaging 3.4 mm., but otherwise similar. Found gall at Highland Park, Illinois, on May 12, 1917, looking as if the adults had but recently issued; another at Fort Sheridan May 25 showed exit holes where all the adults had escaped. Collected a fine gall on Quercus alba May 6, 1914, on Plummer Island, Maryland. Adults evidently transform in autumn and emerge the next spring in late April or early May. A single fly of what seemed to be this species was noted in the stomach contents of blue-headed vireo (Lanivireo solitarius (Wilson) at Washington, District of Columbia, on April 15. A single old gall of this species was found on roots of Quercus prinus in September, 1919, at East Falls Church, Virginia, and another at Plummer Island, Maryland. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/273/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis enigma, new species

  Host. — Quercus rubra Linnaeus, Quercus catesbaei Michaux, Quercus myrtifolia Willdenow, Quercus texana Buckley. 

  Gall. — In clusters of as many as 150 at the base of young sprouts 4-10 cm. underground. Clusters are roughly spherical and may measure 2.5 cm. in diameter. The appearance of the fresh galls is unknown. The type flies are from a disintegrated cluster, and a fleshy layer had evidently rotted away, leaving a hard and brittle shell 4 by 6 mm., longitudinally ridged, with a wall about one-half a millimeter thick. (Plate 33, fig. 20.) The fleshy layer is evidently thin, for in the sandy soils of Florida it seems to dry down on the inner shell instead of decaying as in the more humid northern soils, and the ridges show through. The species was known to the writer years before an intact cluster was found, and it was not until flies were reared from these Florida galls, in 1919, agreeing with the types that the character and appearance of the cluster was known. The galls figured are from Q. catesbaei. (Plate 33, fig. 19.) 

  Habitat. — The type flies are from Winnetka, Illinois, where a dis- integrated cluster containing adults was found October 22, 1914, at the base of a young sapling of Q. rubra. Empty galls of this species were also seen at Ravinia and Highland Park, Illinois. Intact clusters of galls were collected at Madison, Florida, October 21, 1919, on Q. catesbaei. They then contained pupae, and adults were cut out De- cember 4, agreeing with the Winnetka specimens. Others were seen at Gainesville, Ocala, Marianna, and Jacksonville. The same species was found on Q. myrtifolia at Carrabelle, Florida, October 19, and at Daytona November 20, and both pupae and adults were found when cut open on December 3. Empty galls were seen on Quercus texana at Boerne, Texas. The United States National Museum has a single similar fly from Jacksonville and a gall cluster from Georgiana, Florida, both without date or host records; also an empty gall cluster from Ocean Springs, Louisiana, collected February 3, 1898, on "Q. 'phellos ?." 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/275/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis futilis (Osten Sacken) 

  Callirhytis radicis
  Andricus radicola
  Callirhytis radicola
  Andricus radicis

  On May 12, 1917, a dozen or more Cynipids of the same species were seen ovipositing in the unopened buds of Quercus alba Linnaeus at Fort Sheridan, Illinois. Investigation showed that there were hundreds of cells (radicis form of C.futilis) in the bark of the main roots (Plate 33, fig. 21) at the base of the tree from which these flies were coming and they were seen crawling up the trunk, and from these cells similar flies were cut. On May 6, 1914, at Plummer Island, Maryland, oak-wart galls were seen on the leaves of alba, and a large number of cells were found in the bark of the main roots and from them two living adults were cut. At Starved Rock, near Utica, Illinois, May 31, 1913, the wart galls were very common on one tree of alba, and the old radicis cells in the bark of the root were found, exit holes showing where adults had emerged earlier in spring to produce the current crop of leaf galls. In this thickened bark, however, there were nests of cells with a thick nutritive layer. These were probably formed in the fall of 1912 by flies from the 1912 wart galls and would not give adults until the spring of 1914. Old cells of what is probably this species were observed in the thick bark at the crown of a large tree of Quercus prinus Linnaeus, at East Falls Church, Virginia, on September 1, 1919. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/276/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis apicalis (Ashmead)

  Andricus apicalis

  This species was described from material from Quercus wislizeni A. de Candolle. The writer has taken galls on that oak in the San Gabriel Mountains, at Los Gatos, and Bagby, California. He has also found them on Quercus californica Cooper in Sequoia National Park, at Los Gatos and Dunsmuir, California, and on Quercus agrifolia Nee at Carpinteria, Santa Margarita, Paraiso Springs, Los Gatos, and St. Helena, California. The fresh galls are greenish-white, tinged with red if exposed to light, fleshy, single, or in groups of a few or in clusters that may be as much as 8 cm. in diameter and contain as many as 35 galls. The fresh galls are found in May in all stages of growth. By June 1 they are full grown. They then turn brown and the juicy interior becomes converted into brittle, cavernous tissue, with a series of thin plates radiating out from the hard basal cell. In galls taken to Evanston, Illinois, pupae were found by September 1 and also on October 10, November 17 (transformed December 6), and December 23. Living adults were cut out of this lot of galls on December 23, March 20, and April 18. Some larvae do not pupate until the second autumn, however. The normal emergence is probably in early spring, one of the type series having been reared February 17. After the insects escape, the peripheral tissues weather away in time, leaving the rough hard larval cells attached to the bark to persist for years.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31780#page/144/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus apicalis, new species

  Galls--Irregular, brownish black globular galls of a dense pithy substance, growing on the roots of Quercus wislizeni, sometimes three or four together, pressing each other into irregular shapes. Diameter usually about half an inch.

  Three specimens, reared by Mr. Albert Koebele, from galls collected in Sacramento County, California, but the year of collecting and the date of rearing are not given. A single specimen (Xo. o714) was reared February 17. 1886. The bright red color and smoky apices of wings will readily distinguish the species. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/276/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis ovata, new species

  Host. — Quercus catesbaei Michaux, Quercus myrtifolia Willdenow, Quercus texana Buckley. 

  Gall. — Cells in and protruding from the brown bark at crown of small trees, 5 to 10 cm. underground. When single, they are elliptical in outline, sessile, 6 mm. high by 5 mm. in diameter, light brown in color and smoother than the surrounding bark. Exit hole 2.6 mm. in diameter at distal end. They are sometimes detachable. They often occur in rows or in groups of a dozen or more. When confluent, a local swelling of the bark is produced, but the number of cells contained is evident. The figure shows galls on Q. myrtifolia. On Q. catesbaei they usually occur on larger roots at least 2 to 5 cm. in diameter and often in the angles where branch roots arise. 

  Habitat. — The type galls were collected at Marianna, Florida, October 11, 1919, on Q. catesbaei and then contained pupae. Living flies were cut out of the galls on December 3. More were taken at Ocala October 30, and these also contained pupae. Galls found at Ocala April 15, 1914, were empty. These galls were also found at Madison and Jacksonville. The species transforms inside the galls in November and probably emerges in early spring. The fact that some galls still contained larvae in December when others in the same groups contained adults suggests that the emergence is distributed over two years. Similar galls were collected on Q. myrtifolia at Daytona, Florida, on November 20, 1919. Some pupae had already trans- formed into adults and a few were still in pupa state when flies were cut out on November 28 and December 3. At Boerne, Texas, October 26, 1917, old galls were seen on Q. texana as well as full-grown fresh ones, some of which contained a thick nutritive layer and others pupae or adults. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/279/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis marginata, new species

  Host.—Quercus coccinea Muenchhausen.

  Gall.— Abrupt cushion-like swelling in the bark just at or below the surface of the ground on young sprouts which are 5-10 mm. in diameter. Single or confluent so that they may contain one to a half a dozen cells which are 4-5 mm. in diameter. They are similar to those of Callirhytis rubida Weld. 

  Type locality. — Fort Sheridan, Illinois. One cluster of these galls was found April 25, 1915, and one fly emerged in collecting box and two were cut out of galls. Three more of same species were found ovipositing in the side of the swelling buds in the same clump of sprouts at whose base the galls were found.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/280/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis fulva, new species

  Host. — Quercus chrysolepis Liebmann. 

  Gall. — Hemispherical when single or forming a hemispherical group with individual galls compressed laterally into angular cross-section by mutual pressure, produced on roots just under surface of ground. Single galls measure up to 22 mm. in diameter by 18 mm. high, groups of two to eight measure up to 35 mm. diameter. Tissue of gall mustard yellow, pithy distally, becoming more compact about the proximally placed larval cell. 

  Type locality. — San Gabriel Mountains, California. 

  Biology.— Collected one-half mile above Coldbrook Camp in San Gabriel River canyon above Azusa, California, August 6, 1916. The larvae change into pupae about November 1, and into adults later in the autumn, but probably do not emerge until next spring. In breeding cage out of doors at Evanston, Illinois, they issued March 10-19. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/284/mode/1up
description:
  Eumayria floridana Ashmead

  Eumayria mutiarticulata

  Doctor Ashmead described a root gall on Quercus laurifolia Michaux in 1887 in Transactions American Entomological Society (vol. 14, p. 133) as Eumayria multiarticulata. Later in the same paper he described Eumayria floridana, male and female, without gall, from five specimens taken at large in March, 1SS7, in Florida. In the old Ashmead collection at the United States National Museum are three male flies with the label "Jacksonville, Florida," and bearing a white label with the word "type." These are evidently of the original five. The American Entomological Society probably has another one. In the Museum collection, however, probably years later, he placed a red label with "U.S.N.M. Type 2883" on a gall which answers the description of multiarticulata and also on a female fly and accessioned them as Eumayria floridana. Both bear the "U.S. D.A. No. 2647" and are from Georgiana, Florida. With these are 37 other females all bearing the same number. The emergence dates are April 12, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, and May 3, 1882. Pinned in case with them is a slip with name " Eumayria multiarticulata, " showing that as that name had been applied only to gall, he wished to call the species floridana and wished the large series of reared flies to be included in the type series for in the type book he wrote "many types." Whether there were any males in the reared series or any females in the captured series is not known. The writer has reared both males and females from galls collected at Jacksonville, Florida, and these agree with both sexes in the Museum, so that there is no doubt that the Museum material belongs to one species. 

  As Ashmead 's description of the adults was very brief, the following notes are added from the type material in the Museum: 

  Gall. — Photographed from galls on Quercus catesbaei Michaux collected at Jacksonville, Florida. In the late fall the galls contain a thick translucent nutritive layer in each cell. They should be collected in the spring for rearing. 

  Host. — It was described from Quercus laurifolia Michaux. The writer has collected galls on nine other species of oak, as shown below. 

  Habitat. — From Quercus catesbaei at Ocala and Jacksonville, Florida, galls were taken and adults of both sexes reared that agree with the types in the United States National Museum. They were collected April 21 and April 25, 1914, and the flies emerged and died in the box before August 10. Galls of this species and on this host were seen at Green Cove Springs, Ocala, Madison, and Gainesville, Florida. Galls have been taken, but no flies reared from the following oaks: 

  Q. rubra Linnaeus at Ravinia, Fort Sheridan, Highland Park, and Evanston, Illinois. 

  Q. coccinea Wangenheim at Millers, Indiana, and Evanston, Illinois. 

  Q. velutina Lamarck at Hot Springs, Arkansas. 

  Q.falcata Michaux at Gainesville, Florida. 

  Q. texana Buckley at Boerne and Kerrville, Texas. 

  Q. marilandica Muenchhausen at Mineola, Texas, and Hot Springs, Arkansas. 

  Q. brevifolia Sargent at Marianna and Ocala, Florida. 

  Q. myrtifolia Willdenow at Carrabelle and Daytona, Florida. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/286/mode/1up
description:
  Bassettia tenuana, new species

  Host. — Quercus gainbelii Nuttall. 

  Gall. — Similar to those of [Compsodryoxenus tenuis Weld](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/890). The insects gnaw individual exit holes through the brown bark, which after a year or two becomes cracked and rough. 

  Type locality. — Las Vegas, New Mexico. Galls were collected in a patch of runner oak of an unknown species on April 4, 1918. They then contained adults, and living flies were cut out which bear Hopkins U. S. No. 15601 dl . On April 19 similar galls were collected at Flagstaff, Arizona, on Quercus gambelii. They contained similar adults, which issued April 10-16 and bear Hopkins U. S. No. 15601 d .


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/287/mode/1up
description:
  Bassettia floridana Ashmead

  This species was described from four females captured at large in Florida. In cutting open galls of [Compsodryoxenus humilis Weld](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/892) (p. 236) some specimens were found with much longer larval cells than is characteristic of that species, and the flies ran to the genus Bassettia. They agree very well with the two types of B. floridana Ashmead in the United States National Museum (one pinned and one in balsam), except that in these fresh specimens the abdomen is longer than head and thorax together, while in the dry pinned type it equals thorax. The eight fresh flies measure 2.75-2.95 mm. The type floridana measures 2.6 mm. As the original description of floridana was brief, some further notes from the type specimens are here added and the associated gall described for the first time. 

  Host. — Quercus chapmani Sargent. 

  Gall. — Spindle-shaped enlargements at base of current year's shoots occurring in patches of runner oak in fall. (Plate 34, fig, 25.) In external appearance they can not be separated from galls of Compsodryoxenus humilis Weld, but the larval cells are ellipsoidal, 3.25 mm. long by 1.25 mm. in diameter, tying lengthwise just under the bark. 

  Habitat.— Ocala, Florida. Galls collected October 30, 1919. When cut open February 23, 1920, pupae and four transformed flies were found. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/288/mode/1up
description:
  Compsodryoxenus illinoisensis, new species

  Host. — Quercus macrocarpa Michaux. 

  Gall. — Cells in the thickened bark at the crown of small sapling causing an abrupt swelling of four to five times the normal diameter of the shoot and extending for a distance of as far as 30 cm., or in bark at base of young shoots in such numbers as to cause a noticeable swelling. Almost wholly buried under the debris on forest floor. Resembles the gall of the sexual generation of Callirytis futilis (Osten Sacken) on roots of large trees of Quercus alba, except that cells are smaller. 

  Type locality. — Winnetka, Illinois. One gall was found October 22, 1914, and contained living adults. Another was found November 1, with adults emerging, and they continued to come out until November 11. Another gall was found at Fort Sheridan, Illinois, on October 3, 1914, and living flies were cut out of it on October 29. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/289/mode/1up
description:
  Compsodryoxenus tenuis, new species

  Host. — Quercus fendleri Liebmann. 

  Gall. — A slight gradual enlargement at crown of small saplings which are 3-15 mm. in diameter. The larval cells are not scattered uniformly but occur in nests of three or four to a dozen cells under the bark in a sort of depression or pocket in the wood. The cells are white, brittle, thin-walled, about 2-3 mm. in diameter. 

  Type locality. — Trinidad, Colorado. The type galls were collected July 10, 1916. They then contained pupae, and when cut open September 16 living flies were obtained. Natural emergence date unknown. Similar but larger old galls were collected at Las Vegas, New Mexico.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/290/mode/1up
description:
  Compsodryoxenus humilis, new species

  Host. — Quercus chapmani Sargent and Quercus stellata Wangenheim. 

  Gall. — A slight spindle-shaped enlargement at base of one-year- old sprouts in patches of runner oak. In autumn they are on current year's growth. Maximum diameter of gall is about twice that of normal shoot. Cells are scattered, not nested, just under the bark, about 1.5 by 2.0 mm. and extending about 1.25 mm. into the wood, the deeper part narrower. 

  Habitat. — Type locality, Ocala, Florida. The galls were collected October 30, 1919, in a patch of Quercus chapmani, Hopkins U. S. No. 15634c. These galls then contained larvae and pupae. The type fly was cut out January 12, 1920. Other galls were collected on same oak at Green Cove Springs, November 23, 1919, containing adults which were cut out on December 1. One gall was taken on Quercus stellata October 11 at Marianna, and lighter colored flies similar in structure were cut out December 6.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/292/mode/1up
description:
  Belonocnema treatae Mayr

  Dryorhizoxenus floridanus Ashmead
  Belonocnema floridanus

  The type galls of this species were found while ploughing under a live oak (Quercus virginiana Miller) in March. They were just below the surface on the small rootlets (up to 10 mm. in diameter) and in clusters every 4 or 5 inches. They are described as irregular, somewhat wedge-shaped, soft and fleshy, easily detached, of a yellowish color, the first true root gall to be described in this country. Two hundred flies were reared. The galls are still preserved in the United States National Museum, black or brownish and very similar to the dried galls of the sexual generation of Trigonaspis. 

  The writer has never seen the fresh galls, but on two occasions has found the dried-up galls of what was probably this species on the roots of Quercus geminata Small, at St. Petersburg and Clearwater, Florida, in November. In each case they were on the roots of saplings whose leaves bore immense numbers of globular, tan-colored galls, described in 1861 by Osten Sacken as Cynips q. virens. This suggests that these pea galls on leaf might be the alternating generation of Belonocnema treatae, but further observations or experimental evidence will be necessary to prove it. The type galls in the United States National Museum have a label in Doctor Ashmead's hand "agamic female of B. treatae Mayr," showing that he had already suspected this relationship. The writer also has reared adults from these leaf-pea galls and they prove to be all females and to belong to the genus Belonocnema, thus strengthening the supposition. The writer thus proposes to transfer the maker of this oak leaf-pea gall to Belonocnema, leaving the proof of the association with treatae to others. It appears, however, that the maker of these pea galls is still undescribed. Ashmead reared a single fly in February supposedly from over 200 of these galls and described it as Cynips q. virens, transferring it to Andricus later, but the type fly in the United States National Museum has a question mark after the genus. This type is in bad condition, but agrees with the description, and is plainly a Disholcaspis and agrees with Disholcaspis ficigera, a gall of which had evidently been mixed in with the others by mistake, and such a gall was found in the Ashmead duplicate gall collection in a box of oak leaf-pea galls which may have been his breeding cage. Thus the single fly reared was associated with the wrong gall, a mistake which would not have occurred had the species been described from adequate material. As the classification of the Cynipidae must be based upon the adults rather than upon their work, the maker of the stem gall known in literature as ficigera must take the oldest name applied to it, namely, virens, and the maker of the leaf gall needs description. However the leaf-pea gall-fly of Florida proves to be different from those from similar galls in Texas so that there are two species to describe. Although somewhat outside the scope of the present paper, these changes are here included, and the synonomy of each species follows, together with field notes on each. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/293/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis virens (Ashmead)

  Cynips q ficus Ashmead
  Cynips q ficigera Ashmead
  Holcaspis ficigera Ashmead
  Disholcaspis quercus-ficigera Ashmead
  Disholcaspis ficigera Ashmead

  Host. — Quercus virginiana Miller and Quercus geminata Small. 

  Habitat. — The writer has collected galls on Quercus virginiana at Jacksonville, Gainesville, Ocala, Cottondale, Marianna, River Junction, Carrabelle, Live Oak, and Daytona, Florida; Savannah, Georgia; and Cuero, Texas. He has galls from Mobile Bay (James Hayes), Billy Island, Georgia (Dr. J. C. Bradley); and Victoria County, Texas (J. D. Mitchell). He has collected galls on Quercus geminata at Car- rabelle, Clearwater, and Daytona Beach, Florida. 

  Biology.— Growing galls are found in October secreting honey-dew and frequented by flies, wasps, and yellow jackets. Galls from Texas sent to Evanston, Illinois, gave flies December 14. Others remained inside the galls and were cut out alive on December 20 and February 6. Under natural conditions emergence is probably in late fall. When attacked by quest-flies, which make cells in distal parts of the gall, the size of the gall is much reduced. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/294/mode/1up
description:
  Belonocnema fossoria, new species

  Cynips q virens Osten Sacken gall only
  Andricus virens Ashmead
  Andricus quercus-virens Ashmead

  Host. — Quercus geminata Small, and Quercus virginiana Miller. 

  Gall. — Globular, hard, tan-colored galls occurring in numbers on the under side of the leaf. Monothalamous, 4-6 mm. in diameter, of dense cellular tissue. 

  Habitat. — The type material is from galls collected at Clearwater, Florida, November 7, 1919, on geminata and sent in as Hopkins U. S. No. 15634 f . Flies issued December 8. Three paratypes from Jacksonville are probably from virginiana. The writer has seen galls at Jacksonville, Daytona, Tallahassee, and Gainesville on virginiana and on geminata at St. Petersburg and Daytona Beach. Dr. J. C. Bradley has collected galls at St. Simon's Island, Georgia.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/295/mode/1up
description:
  Belonocnema kinseyi, new species

   Host. — Quercus virginiana, Miller. 

  Gall. — Similar to those of Belonocnema fossoria Weld. 

  Habitat. — The type material is from Quercus virginiana collected October 26, 1917, at Boerne, Texas. The galls then contained pupae and adults. Flies emerged in cage before November 15, and one more was found alive in cage March 23, 1918. These galls were also seen at Houston, Wharton, Victoria, Cuero, and Austin, Texas, in October, 1917, and at Sabinal and Kerrville, Texas, in July, 1918. The galls are found full grown by the end of July, contain pupae in October, and adults emerge in November.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/296/mode/1up
description:
  WELD 405. Plate 37, fig. 32. 

  Host. — Quercus rubra Linnaeus and Quercus nigra Linnaeus. 

  Gall. — A polythalamous, somewhat globose, gall with a smooth brown surface, 15 mm. in diameter, attached at the crown and hidden under humus. When mature the epidermis disintegrates revealing a cluster of whitish, longitudinally ridged, relatively large woody cells. 

  Habitat. — Old galls were collected at Ironton, Missouri, on Quercus rubra October 5, 1917, and at Gainesville, Florida, October 23, 1919, on Quercus nigra.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/296/mode/1up
description:
  WELD 704. 

  Host. — Quercus fendleri Leibmann. [= x undulata]

  Gall. — Cylindrical, acuminate at apex, thin-walled, smooth, 5 mm. long by 2 mm. in diameter, attached near fork at base of small sprouts at surface of ground, very easily detached. 

  Habitat. — Collected at Trinidad, Colorado, July 11, 1916, and one at Morley, Colorado, April 2, 1918.


