# species_source

externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/20183#page/538/mode/1up
description:
  Holcaspis colorado n. sp.

  Gall.--I have two small twigs, each containing a cluster of three galls that resemble small, dark colored galls of H rugosa [Disholcaspis quercusglobulus]. The galls are slightly drawn out into a blunt point; the largest measures three-eighths of an inch in length by five-sixteenths of an inch in breadth. The substance of the galls is more dense than in rugosa or globulus, and the central cell does not separate from the surrounding cellular tissue.

  Habitat: CO


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/20183#page/343/mode/1up
description:
  Holcaspis rubens, n. sp.

  Galls.--The galls are globular, from 10-14 mm in diameter, composed of a dense corky substance, each with a single larval cell that is easily detached from the surrounding portions, attached singly to small twigs. They have either a smooth or rough exterior, and are of a light straw color, usually considerably tinted with red. They resemble very closely the galls of Holcaspis rugosa Bass [Disholcaspis quercusglobulus]. The flies, however, are very different.

  Location: CO

  The flies began to emerge from the galls October 20th.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/307/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis pedunculoides, new species

  Host.--Quercus grisea, undulata, arizonica, oblongifolia

  Gall.--In clusters of 2-20 on the peduncle. Individual galls slender, conical, 10-12 mm long, sharp at tip, tapering below to about 3 mm in diameter and more or less clasping at its star-shaped base. Monothalamous, wall .3 mm thick, exit hole in side 1.2 mm in diameter. Colored like the bark, darker at apex. 

  Biology.--While growing in the late summer the galls are green but by November 1 in the Sandia Mountains they were turning brown and contained adults  which emerged during last week in December and first two weeks in January.

  Habitat.--NM, AZ


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114064#page/144/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis spissa, new species

  Hosts: Quercus turbinella, arizonica, fendleri, and havardi

  Gall: Single or in dense clusters on twigs or rarely on the peduncle. Yellowish when young, brown with a dull matte surface when mature. Sessile by a broad base, rounded and darker at apex, 6-7 mm high. Larval cell basal, its wall thin, not free but imbedded in the dense cellular tissue of the distal part of the gall which is not cavernous as in D edura.

  Habitat: NM, AZ, OK

  Many adults had emerged by December 31 and adults continued to come out until January 14. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31780#page/147/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips sulcatus, new species

  Gall: Two galls on petiole of live oak; they are irregularly roundish and are about the size and color of a large dried pea.

  Habitat: AZ, NM


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31780#page/151/mode/1up
description:
  Holcaspis truckeensis, new species

  Gall.--An irregular, inflated, hard, woody gall, over an inch long and about half an inch in diameter, issuing from a slit in a terminal twig of Quercus chrysolepis var vaccinifolia; polythalamous.

  Habitat.--NM, CA


description:
  Cynipanguina danthoniae n. sp

  Host: Danthonia californica

  Locality: CA

  The spherical galls range in size from 0.5 to 3 mm and vary in color from green to straw yellow, the majority being straw yellow by late spring-early summer. Galls are found singly or in groups of fifty or more. Seldom are galls amalgamated; when such were found there was no continuity of the internal cavities. 

  The galls are most generally located on the leaves of D californica. However, galls have been found on the seed head stem. Groups of galls on the plant are found separated by non-infested areas of about 2.5 to 7.5 cm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/359/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus consimilis n. sp.

  Gall.--Leafy and great foreshortened and enlarged branchlets of the white oak. Of solid, woody texture, polythalamous, one-half an inch thick (dry specimens), and three-fourths of an inch long. They mature in mid-Summer.

  Locality.--CT


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/53/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus consimilis Bass.

  Quercus  alba
  Stem galls
  Leafy, foreshortened, lateral branchlet, 12 mm in dia by 18 mm long in midsummer, many-celled.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. A foreshortened, thickened lateral branch, bearing leaves, woody, polythalamous. The writer has never reared it. Type locality: CT. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/92/mode/1up
description:
  Bassettia pallida

  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  Stem galls, cells hidden under bark, some swelling
  Described from a single female from GA April 15 without gall or host. Agreeing with type is a specimen from cells just under the bark of live oak in FL.

  [Photo caption]
  Described from a single female from GA April 15 without gall or host. Agreeing with type are specimens from cells just under the bark of small twigs of Q virginiana in FL, the adults emerging in Fed and Mar.


description:
  Nothanguina phyllobia

  Hosts: Solanum elaeagnifolium

  Nematodes infected the blades and petioles of young leaves surrounding the shoot apex. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the palisade, pith, cortical, and vascular parenchyma resulted in the formation of confluent leaf, petiole, and stem galls up to 25 cm3 in volume. Externally, leaf galls were irregular, light-green convoluted spheroid bulges distending the abaxial surface. Mature galls contained a cavity. 


description:
  Frequently, even more often than not, confused with Pemphigus populicaulis, but easily distinguished by its brown-gray color, its split, almost bark-like texture made of dozens of tiny vertical stretch marks, its regular, uncontorted shape, its placement at the base of the leaf, and its lack of an obvious seam. E populella galls also tend to be smaller. 

  Pemphigus galls often twist and distort the petiole, vary in their placement along the petiole, have a smooth green-red surface (occasionally flecked with white), and often show a seam, occasionally split enough to see the inside of the gall. Opening the gall will easily confirm either way, as the inside of a Pemphigus gall is full of dozens of tiny white aphids. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31780#page/139/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta pulchripennis, new species

  Gall.--The specimens of the gall from which this species was reared can not now be found in the collection, but the following description of it may assist in its identification:

  from Arizona, a leaf of an undetermined oak with six galls on its under surface; four of these are in a row in the middle between the midrib and the margin; they are light brown, almost hemispherical, subopaque, reticulate, and with scattered, very minute, reddish tubercles, which have some short white hairs basally.

  Reared during April, 1881


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54709#page/775/mode/1up
description:
  Belonocnema treatae, new synonym [reversed by Zhang et al]

  Hosts: Quercus fusiformis

  Locality: TX

  Leaf galls.--Leaf galls produced by the bisexual generation [they seem to be attributing the gall to the parent wasp, not the larvae within, unlike other sources] develop following oviposition on buds and on newly unfurled leaves. Galls develop exclusively on the undersurface of leaves and are unilocular, smooth, and pea shaped. At maturity galls are lignified and range from 3 to 7 mm in diameter. Unisexual females emerged from lignified galls from mid-October through early November in both 1996 and 1997. No males have been recorded from the 115 wasps that have emerged from leaf galls in the laboratory.


description:
  Sphaerotheras pulchripennis (Ashmead) n. comb.

  Dryophanta pulchripennis Ashmead, 1896: 115.
  D. porterae Cokerell, 1900: 91 (Sinonimia en Beutenmüller, 1911: 357).
  Diplolepis pulchripennis (Ashmead) Dalla Torre y Kieffer, 1910: 357.
  Diplolepis porterae (Cokerell) Dalla Torre y Kieffer, 1910: 357.
  Xanthoteras pulchripenne (Ashmead) Weld, 1951: 626.
  Atrusca pulchripenne (Ashmead) Melika y Abrahamson, 2002: 163.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32322#page/81/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus (Callirhytis) pulchra n. sp.

  Galls on the aments of Q tinctoria [velutina] (also Q rubra), when dry, shrunken and shrivelled, and measuring from .1 to .15 of an inch in diameter. They are polythalamous, each gall producing four or five insects. The interior of the gall is of a very loose spongy texture and the outside, thin and papery and green like the leaves. When fresh they are round and the size of a common red currant. They differ from the galls of Dryophanta palustris O.S., which is sometimes found on the aments of Q ilicifolia, in the thin and smooth shell, and in being polythalamous. Flies of both sexes, appearing in May.

  About one half of my fifty or sixty specimens are males.

  Locality: MA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/109/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis pulchra (Bass.)

  Quercus cinerea [incana], coccinea, rubra, velutina
  Flower galls
  Green when fresh, the size of red currants, containing 4-5 cells, dropping in June.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q coccinea. Also on Q velutina. Galls drop in late May and shrivel slightly; adults emerged June 10-20 (IL); May 28-June 6 (DC).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305399#page/467/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis parva, new species

  Host.--Quercus imbricaria

  Gall.--On the staminate flowers dropping to the ground about the middle of May. Somewhat globular, greenish-white, covered with coarse sprawling pubescence, 3-4 mm in diameter, single or in clusters. Fleshy at surface, but harder inside; usually two-celled.

  Locality.--VA, MO

  Collected may 16, flies cut out of galls June 11.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43840496#page/309/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus pulchra Bass.

  Oak flower gall. The round, shotlike, greenish white, soft, spongy polythalamous galls of this species were taken on catkins of red oak at Poughkeepsie May 20, 1903, adults appearing May 29. 


description:
  Disholcaspis quercusglobulus is most commonly confused with Disholcaspis quercusmamma. The simplest way to tell them apart is by the identity of their host plant. However, when host ID is uncertain, they can also be fairly reliably distinguished by morphology (and even used to ID their host oak). 

  Disholcaspis quercusglobulus is almost always found at the nodes of Quercus alba twigs, typically in groups of 1-4 arranged around the circumference of the node. It has a smooth, hairless texture often roughened by raised gooseflesh points, becoming minute splits as the gall matures. Its shape is typically almost perfectly spherical except for its attachment to the twig, but nipple-like points do occasionally occur, so this trait is not definitive. It occasionally softens or wrinkles, especially in galls that don't develop fully, but more typically holds a firm spherical shape after wasps have exited. Infrequently, galls have been seen to fuse with adjacent galls. 

  Disholcaspis quercusmamma, conversely, is often found in groups of a dozen or more arranged along the length of Q bicolor or more often Q macrocarpa twigs, often dense enough to deform adjacent galls. The distinctive ridges of Q macrocarpa twigs surrounding these galls are often the easiest way to identify the species. Its texture is velvety when young and leathery when old, often rough but never showing the minute splits found on Disholcaspis quercusglobulus. Galls typically but not universally have a pronounced nipple. Many clusters of galls, especially early in the season, include small undeveloped galls that are more conical than globular, something never seen with D quercusglobulus. After wasps have exited galls, frequently wrinkle or collapse to varying degrees.

  On Quercus alba, Disholcaspis quercusglobulus can be confused with Disholcaspis globosa. Weld lists this species as a "root" gall, and it is typically found in clusters where young trees meet the surface of soil, often concealed by leaf litter. But it is apparently found on nodes or along the stems of young sprouts and occasionally at the base of lateral branches of mature trees as well, where it might be confused with Disholcaspis quercusglobulus. Aside from its location, it can be distinguished by its deep red color (though both species are yellow/pink when immature) and more haphazard distribution around stem nodes in larger numbers than is typical for Disholcaspis quercusglobulus. Disholcaspis globosa also seems to be more velvety in texture and lack the raised points/splits of Disholcaspis quercusglobulus.

  Quercus austrina added based on unpublished specimens COI barcoded by the Forbes lab. 


description:
  Disholcaspis quercusmamma was not reported on Quercus muehlenbergii in the literature, but similar galls have been reported on that host somewhat frequently, and adults reared from these galls by [Ward et al](https://www.gallformers.org/source/691) were most closely related to that species, and galls shared its habit of growing along the stem rather than at the node as in D quercusglobulus. 

  D q mamma is most commonly confused with D q globulus. The simplest way to tell them apart is by the identity of their host plant. However, when host ID is uncertain, they can also be fairly reliably distinguished by morphology (and even used to ID their host oak). 

  D q mamma is often found in groups of a dozen or more arranged along the length of Q bicolor or more often Q macrocarpa twigs, often dense enough to deform adjacent galls. The distinctive ridges of Q macrocarpa twigs surrounding these galls are often the easiest way to identify the species. Its texture is velvety when young and leathery when old, often rough but never showing the splits found on D q globulus. Galls typically but not universally have a pronounced nipple. Many clusters of galls, especially early in the season, include small undeveloped galls that are more conical than globular, something never seen with D q globulus. After wasps have exited galls, frequently wrinkle or collapse to varying degrees.

  D q globulus is almost always found at the nodes of Quercus alba twigs, typically in groups of 1-4 arranged around the circumference of the node. It has a smooth, hairless texture often roughened by raised gooseflesh points, becoming minute splits as the gall matures. Its shape is typically almost perfectly spherical except for its attachment to the twig, but nipple-like points do occasionally occur, so this trait is not definitive. It occasionally softens or wrinkles, especially in galls that don't develop fully, but more typically holds a firm spherical shape after wasps have exited. Infrequently, galls have been seen to fuse with adjacent galls. 


description:
  D globosa is typically mistaken for its far more apparent cousin D q globulus, also found on Quercus alba. The most reliable way to distinguish them is by location. Weld lists D globosa as a "root" gall, and it is typically found in clusters where young trees meet the surface of soil, often concealed by leaf litter. However, D globosa is apparently found on nodes or along the stems of young sprouts and occasionally at the base of lateral branches of mature trees as well, where it might be confused with D q globulus. Aside from its location, it can be distinguished by its deep red color (though both species are yellow/pink when immature) and more haphazard distribution around stem nodes in larger numbers than is typical for D q globulus. D globosa also seems to be more velvety in texture and lack the raised points/splits of D q globulus. Some galls may not be definitively identifiable as one or the other without rearing adult wasps. 


description:
  Kokkocynips decidua (Beutenmueller, 1913) n. comb.

  Andricus decidua Beutenmueller, 1913. Insecut. Inscit. Menst., 1: 131-132.
  Dryocosmus deciduus (Beutenmueller):Weld, 1926b. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 68: 41.

  Gall: galls are multilocular clusters of rounded or elongated swellings on the midribs of the leaves that contain from a few to about 40 oblong larval chambers, depending upon the size of the gall (Beutenmueller, 1913).

  Host plant: initially described from red oak (Quercus rubra) and black oak (Q. velutina), but Weld (1959) lists this species from most section Lobatae oaks in eastern North America.

  Biology: only known  from an asexual generation. The gall is  fully-grown  by  September or  October,  when  it falls to the ground.

  Distribution: USA, from New England states southwards at least as far as North Carolina and westwards to the eastern Midwest.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71437#page/22/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips confluentus 

  Cynips confluentus
  Cynips confluens
  Cynips quercus spongifica
  Cynips quercuscaciculata
  Cynips quercuscoccineae
  Amphibolips coccineae
  Amphibolips spongifica
  Amphibolips confluentus

  A globular gall found attached to leaf by small portion. Monothalamous; larval cell surrounded by brown spongy mass, and that by a rather smooth thickened wall. Pale green and soft while fresh, turning brown and brittle. 2-4 cm in diameter. Common on black, red, and scarlet oaks. Begins growth about May. Males and females emerge in June. Some females remain until October (C aciculata OS) A good example of dimorphism.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22852#page/75/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips confluens

  On examining the specimens of this gall in my collection, I notice two varieties of it. The one, the surface of which is glossy, [C confluens] occurs on the smooth leaves of the red oak; the other [Cynips spongifica], with a more opaque, almost downy surface, always occurred on tomentose leaves. I am unable to tell at present from what kind of oak the latter leaves were taken and hence, whether the gall is a different one or only a variety. I know that the same gall is said to occur on the black oak [Quercus velutina]; I found a similar one on the blackjack oak (Q nigra) and by cutting it open, obtained a gall-fly closely resembling C confluens.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/372/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips confluentus (Harris)

  Galls at Ithaca, NY, contained full-grown larvae on July 14, 1908, when collected, pupae on August 1 and adults September 12 when 86 specimens, all females, were cut out of the galls. A gall at waterport NY contained a pupa August 14. Galls at Manistee, MI, contained adults when opened September 20. At Miller, IN, galls just turning brown were gathered on June 3, 1911, then containing full-grown larvae which had transformed into adults by Sept 16. Flies emerged Nov 21 1918, from galls on Quercus velutina from Lyme CT. Brodie collected galls on Q coccinea at Toronto in October and producers emerged Nov 10 1892, all females.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/372/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips spongifica (Osten Sacken)

  At DC, which is the type locality for this vernal sexual form, the galls appear with the leaves in the spring, having been observed on April 24, 1921, 3 cm in diameter when the leaves were scarcely 15 mm wide. In 1923 they were full grown by May 6, but with the nutritive layer only partly used up. One contained a living male ready to emerge on June 16. At Porter, IN, galls were beginning to turn brown on June 19, 1912, and a male issued July 1. At Evanston, IL, males and females issued June 16 and 20, 1913. Galls collected June 16, 1918, on Q coccinea at Lyme CT gave adults of both sexes June 12, 21, 29, 1918. Flies emerged from galls from Rosslyn VA on June 12-14. Brodie collected galls at Toronto on Quercus maxima [rubra] "They appear as an expansion of the leaf early in May, always attached to the end of a vein. Ova placed in bud in fall." Adults all out by end of June, 1886, and in 1887, he records that the producers had nearly emerged by July 3, and in 1893 all out by July 1.


description:
  This species is the most commonly observed cynipid gall in the eastern US, and readily recognized by its size, placement, and spongy interior. There is substantial taxonomic confusion in the distinction between A confluenta and A quercusspongifica. Osten Sacken described three species--aciculatus, spongifica, and coccinea--which he distinguished based on host species, gall morphology, and emergence timing. Walsh subsequently conducted a large-scale rearing program of galls from Quercus velutina at a single site in Illinois, all fresh in May. He found that the galls differed morphologically between two endpoints, and that the emergence timings clustered clearly into two periods: sexgen adults in June, agamic females from September to November, with some emerging in the subsequent spring. However, he observed that both gall morphologies were found in both emergence periods, and noted a range of intermediate forms suggesting there was no consistent distinction to be drawn between them. He concluded that they were alternating generations of the same species, of which the agamic females in the fall laid unfertilized male eggs and the mated sexgen females in the summer laid female eggs, both of which hatched in the subsequent spring. 

  Walsh later apparently conducted experiments that he and Beutenmuller took as definitive confirmation of this hypothesis, which he published, synonymizing quercusspongifica as the sexgen form of Amphibolips confluenta. His experiments involved placing agamic females reared in October onto trees he understood to be isolated and not previously host to Amphibolips. While his host trees were not isolated from oviposition by other wasps, if his assumption that no other oviposition is remotely likely is accepted, Walsh's results show that oviposition by agamic wasps in the fall produces identical galls the following spring from which emerge both sexgen females in June and agamic females in the fall, and that these agamic females in turn lay eggs that produce sexgen females in the following spring. It is noteworthy that Walsh's experiments produced no males even from the sexgen galls, though this may be a coincidence given the small numbers of wasps he successfully reared. Further, Walsh was never apparently able to record the results of oviposition by sexgen females (perhaps due to this lack of males?). 

  Kinsey considered Walsh's research inadequate because no oviposition was documented, and Weld treated spongifica and confluenta as distinct species pending "further study" but noted they are "probably" synonyms. 

  The hypothesis Walsh put forward is highly unusual relative to every closed life cycle published since. There are several known cases in which sexual generations become facultative or discarded entirely, with agamic females emerge from agamic galls and laying eggs that become agamic females inducing agamic galls. However, in all such documented cases, the sexual generation gall is very different from the agamic gall, sometimes even occurring on a different host section. In Walsh's hypothesis, the sexgen and agamic galls are indistinguishable in host, phenology, and appearance. 

  Additionally, by analogy with related species, it is surprising that the sexgen females emerging in June would oviposit in tissues during the growing season but not take advantage of the plant's growth to create a new gall until the following spring. [Amphibolips quercusinanis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/582), for instance, is a sexual generation gall similar to quercusspongifica that emerges and oviposits in June. Unconfirmed genetic evidence suggests that the eggs it lays immediately cause the subsequent growth of galls of [Amphibolips cookii](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1143), which produce agamic females in the fall which oviposit in buds before winter. Assuming that Walsh's evidence is true to the extent he was able to confirm, it is conceivable that this species produces another, distinct agamic gall in the fall.

  On red-group oaks, A confluenta/quercusspongifica is commonly confused with A quercusinanis, which also occurs on leaves in the spring but which has a uniformly smooth exterior with distinct spots, A quercusostensackenii, which is much smaller and doesn't distort the host leaf, and A cookii, which occurs on buds in the fall and has larger spots and thicker walls. A confluenta typically has a bumpy surface. The most definitive way to distinguish it is to note the spongy interior; A quercusinanis and A quercusostensackenii has a stringy, empty interior, while A cookii has thick, succulent fibers. 

  Some specimens that otherwise resemble A confluenta do have spots. This may represent a different species but is more likely a host- or generation-related variation (these spotted variants are typically but not definitively or exclusively associated with Quercus buckleyi, shumardii, pagoda, and velutina).

  A confluenta/quercusspongifica early in the spring can also be confused with Dryocosmus quercuspalustris, which also forms green, spherical, integral leaf galls that distort leaves. The galls are easily differentiated by their internal structure, which can be observed by shining a bright light through the gall or but cutting it open. D quercuspalustris has a loose larval cell freely rolling around in an otherwise empty chamber. D quercuspalustris galls are much smaller and differ subtly but distinctly in texture. A confluenta/quercusspongifica galls almost always completely deform their host leaves, to the extent that they are often barely visible, while D quercuspalustris galls may seem to almost completely displace the leaf (especially early in leaf out) or have minimal effect on its overall structure (later in the season). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885275#page/348/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta clarkei

  Gall consisting of one or more larval cells or capsules in a leaf bud
  Capsules in the bud, blasting it completely or so that only a few deformed and imperfect leaves appear
  Polythalamous, small, round, brown, thin-walled bud gall, diameter 3 mm, on Q alba, Q minor [stellata], resembles gall of D vesiculus [[Neuroterus vesicula]](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/840).


description:
  Dryophanta clarkei

  Dryophanta vesiculoides
  Diplolepis vesiculoides

  Gall: Formed in the buds of the white oak (Quercus alba) and post oak (Quercus minor [stellata]) in May. Polythalamous. Brown, small, round, thin-walled. Inside the larval vells are separated by very thin partitions. In general appearance the gall resembles that of Neuroterus vesiculus. Diameter about 3 mm.

  Habitat: MA, NY, NJ

  Specimens all female


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/115/mode/1up
description:
  Liodora clarkei

  Quercus alba 
  Bud galls
  Many-celled, smooth, bare, half-hidden by bud scales, usually terminal. May 31, MA

  [Photo caption--no photo included]
  Q alba. Globular bud gall, many-celled, usually terminal, in early spring. Adults May 31 MA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31780#page/138/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta vesiculoides, new species

  Gall.--In size, color, and general appearance exactly similar to the gall produced by D vesicula [[Neuroterus vesicula]](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/840); I can detect no difference, but, whereas that species is developed from the buds of Q alba, this one is developed from the buds of Q obtusiloba [stellata]. This, in itself, would not be a sufficient reason for considering it a distinct species, but the gallfly which issues therefrom is very distinct and much smaller.


description:
  Melikaiella corrugis comb. n.

  Cynips corrugis
  Callirhytis corrugis
  Callirhytis defecta
  Callirhytis petrosa

  Only the asexual generation is known. 

  Hosts: Quercus coccinea, ilicifolia, incana [Quercus prinoides is also listed but considered dubious]

  [No new description or photo of the gall is given]

  Adults of C. corrugis appeared in May (Bassett, 1881), while C. petrosa - in March (Weld, 1922b). According to Weld (1922b), C. petrosa induce a mass of confluent woody  cells  inside  the  acorn  in  place  of  the  normal  cotyledons, found in fall and affecting acorns of the current season crop and causing them to be more or less stunted in size.

  Distribution: GA, CT, FL, TX, VA, WA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3043686#page/113/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips affinis n. sp.

  Monothalamous, round, thin-walled galls in the buds of Quercus prinoides, usually partly hidden in the scales of the bud, but in some instances standing out round and free like a little blister on the twig, in size only large enough to hold the larva within, and in color dark brown and grayish spots, or wholly brown. These galls are half-grown in the autumn and develop so rapidly in the spring that the insects come out just as the leaves begin to expand.

  I should have been disposed to consider this species a variety of C vesicula, which, both in gall and in insect, it closely resembles, had not late discoveries shown that dimorphic species often in one generation closely resemble each other and in the next develop characters that fully establish their non-identity.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/21941237#page/34/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus vesiculus

  Cynips vesiculus
  Neutoterus vesicula
  Neuteroterus vesiculus

  A monothalamous, subglobular gall appearing late in the fall in the center of a bud at or near the tip of the twig. Slightly corrugated, with a small projecting tip. Of the color of the bud. Cell comparatively large. Develops rapidly in the following spring. On white oak, Quercus alba. Rare.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512404#page/377/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus vesicula

  Gall.--A small, thin-shelled, globular bud or bark gall. Monothalamous, up to 3 mm in dia; rather thin-walled, quite globular, the bud galls succulent and shrivelling on drying; the bud galls colored light green and drying light or dark brown; internally entirely hollow, without a distinct larval cell. In a terminal or lateral bud, partly covered by normal bud scales; on white oaks and chestnut oaks.

  Range.--MA to MI and TX. Probably throughout the eastern half of NA wherever white oaks occur.

  Varieties:

  Neuroterus vesicula variety affinis
  [Bud gall on Q prinoides]

  Neuroterus vesicula variety ocularis
  [Bud gall on Q stellata]

  Neuroterus vesicula variety vesicula
  [Bud gall on Q alba]


description:
  Neuroterus vesiculus

  Cynips vesicula
  Cynips affinis
  Neuroterus vesicula
  Neuroterus affinis

  Gall. In the buds of white oak (Quercus alba), dwarf chestnut oak (Quercus prinoides) and swamp white oak (Quercus platanoides [bicolor]), usually partly hidden in the scales of the bud, sometimes standing out round and free like a blister on the twig. Monothalamous, round, thin-walled and of a dark brown or greenish brown color, sometimes with grayish spots. In size it is only large enough to hold the larva within.

  Habitat. CT, NY, NJ, IL, MI, IO

  The galls of this large species of gall-fly are half-grown in the autumn and develop so rapidly in the spring that the insects come out just as the leaves begin to expand. I can find no differences between the adults and galls of N affinis and vesiculus, and they are, as surmised by Bassett, one and the same species. I have taken the galls in the vicinity of New York late in April. The flies begin to emerge about May 6.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/112/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus vesicula

  Quercus alba, prinoides [Weld also lists Neuroterus affinis on Q prinoides as a distinct species], prinus [montana]
  Bud galls
  Almost globular, smooth, bare, brown, 2-3 mm, thin-walled, in early spring. Some slightly larger and light green and projecting beyond bud scales may be different.

  Quercus bicolor, macrocarpa
  Bud galls
  Almost globular, reddish-brown and mottled, bare, 2.4 mm in dia, fleshy, thin-walled, in early spring.

  Quercus stellata
  Bud galls
  Globular, smooth, brown, 2-3 mm in dia, thin-walled, in very early spring.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q bicolor. Also on Q macrocarpa, alba. They agree with specimens and photos from Bassett. N affinis is probably a synonym of it. Bassett's idea that these galls are partially developed in the fall needs verification. Hervey Brackbill marked three branches of white oak on Mar 3 on which there were 4 galls. On Mar 10 there were 10 galls. In the interval six had developed into visibility. He noted that field sparrows, goldfinches, tufted titmice and a cardinal seemingly fed on these galls (MD). Adults emerged May 10-6 (IL); Apr 14-23.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/81/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus affinis

  Quercus prinoides
  Bud galls
  "Monothalamous, round, thin-walled, in the buds, usually hidden by bud scales, brown. Half-grown in the fall. Adults emerge as leaves begin to expand." Type host, entered from lit.

  [In the caption for Neuroterus vesicula, Weld notes that Neuroterus affinis is "probably a synonym of it."]

  [Figure 83, for "Neuroterus sp."] On Q bicolor. Also on Q alba. This may be Neuroterus affinis but galls are light green instead of brown. Adults of both sexes emerged Apr 27-May 6 (IL); Apr 14-23 (DC). Blackburnian warblers seemed to be opening these galls for the larvae inside. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512404#page/380/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus vesicula variety affinis

  Cynips affinis
  Neuroterus affinis
  Neuroterus vesiculus

  Gall.--As described for the species: [A small, thin-shelled, globular bud gall. Monothalamous, up to 3 mm in dia; rather thin-walled, quite globular, the bud galls succulent and shrivelling on drying; almost smooth, but microscopically pebbled; the bud galls colored light green and drying light or dark brown; internally entirely hollow, without a distinct larval cell. In a terminal or lateral bud, partly covered by normal bud scales.]

  Range.--CT Probably confined to a northeastern area of the US

  Bassett stated that these galls start growth in the autumn and mature early in the spring, the insects emerging by the time the leaves begin to expand. The variety is undoubtedly confined to Quercus prinoides, a distinct oak which always has a unique cynipid fauna. There are so many well-defined differences between vesicula and affinis that it would be a great loss to consider the two as synonyms. Bassett saw that the two insects are related but distinct, and it is a step backward to ignore such non-identities.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/20250#page/297/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus aciculatus sp. nov.

  Gall.--On the side of a twig of post oak (Quercus minor [stellata]) in March. Polythalamous. Elongate, irregular, hard and woody swelling, with the base broadly attached to the twig. Covered with a compact mass of white wooly substance, which is sometimes tinged with red or brown. The wool forms a rounded or almost globular mass on one side of the branch. Length 15 to 20 mm. Diameter, 12 to 20 mm. Height, 10 to 16 mm.

  Habitat: TX


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635510#page/113/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus tubicola

  Galls composed apparently of crystalline matter; attached to the leaves
  Clustered, tubular

  Spined oak tube gall. Tubular leaf gall, length 7 to 10 mm, narrow basally, open apically, yellowish, the surface with numerous red spines, the interior divided by two horizontal partitions, the basal and distal cavities empty, the latter open, on Q obtusiloba [stellata].


description:
  A distinct but similar gall is induced by a wasp originally described as [Andricus texanus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3367). This wasp was made a junior synonym of Callirhytis tubicola in the 1951 Krombein catalogue, and has not been treated separately by any subsequent literature. However, recent examination of the wasps by [Miles Zhang](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/30756251#activity_comment_c4206cdb-ba88-4ac7-8acb-5cd3c7e67029) suggests that this synonymy should be reversed. Pending formal publication of that change, Andricus texanus remains a junior synonym of C tubicola.

  The galls also differ in known range. Andricus texanus has only been reported in Texas, while Callirhytis tubicola is only known from Washington DC and South Carolina. 


description:
  Amphibolips inanis (Osten Sacken)

  Callaspidia confluenta
  Cynips quercus inanis
  Cynips inanis
  Amphibolips inanis

  Gall. On the leaves of scarlet and red oak (Quercus coccinea and Quercus rubra) in May and June. Bright green, sometimes with darker spots. Globular or nearly so, sometimes with a small nipple at the apex, thin shelled, with the surface glossy. Inside with a larval cell held in position by thread-like white filaments. When dry the gall becomes yellowish brown, often with darker brown patches. It is then very thin shelled and brittle. Diameter 25 to 35 mm.

  Externally the gall may be mistaken for that of Amphibolips confluens, but it is as a rule smaller and the larval cell is held in position by radiating fibers while the galls of confluens are filled completely with a dense spongy substance. The adults emerge in June and early in July.

  Habitat: Canada; New England and Middle States; MD, VA, NC, OH, MI, IN, IO


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/239303#page/43/mode/1up
description:
  Callaspidia confluenta, Harris [Fitch believed he was referring to a species, now Amphibolips confluenta, already described by Harris, but understood to be a distinct species by Osten Sacken shortly after.]

  Large smooth globular galls resembling apples, growing on the lower veins on the under side of the leaves of the red oak.

  There are probably two generations of it annually, for early in June the galls are found upon the trees grown to their full size, which varies from an inch to an inch and three-quarters in diameter. Their attachment to the leaf is so slight and brittle that when the leaves are agitated with a strong wind numbers of them break off and fall, so that the ground under particular trees is copiously scattered with them, even when they are but half or two-thirds grown, the latter part of May. They then resemble large nice smooth gooseberries, being of a lively pale green color, freckled with large blackish or purplish brown dots, and clear and semi-transparent when held between the eye and the light, with an opake cloud-like spot in their center. Cut open, this central spot is seen to be a pale greenish yellow ball the size of a pea, with numerous white threads beautifully radiating from its surface to the outer wall, and holding this ball in its place in the otherwise vacant cavity. On cutting this ball asunder it is found to be very juicy and white internally, with a round cavity in its center, in which lies a small plump white maggot, curved into the shape of a crescent, and lying motionless and without any signs of life. The exterior wall is 0.05 thick, or about the thickness of the rind usually taken from an apple when it is peeled, and of a similar succulent juicy texture.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/100/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips inanis

  Oak apples, i.e. galls with a central, hard kernel or larval cell, a firm (often hard) outer shell, and a spongy or fibrous intervening substance, The substance lying between the rind and the kernel is fibrous and often very scanty; Size large, kernel central, leaf usually aborted

  Globose, bright green, becoming yellowish brown, slightly nippled, thin-shelled glossy leaf gall, the central larval cell supported by radiating fibers, diameter 25 to 35 mm, on Q coccinea, rubra in May and June.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12267172#page/249/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips inanis

  Shape like the preceding [Amphibolips confluentus] but considerably smaller. Almost empty, the larval cell being kept in position by radiating filaments. Green and soft when young, brown and brittle when dry. On leaves of scarlet (Quercus coccinea) and red oak (Q rubra).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/374/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips inanis

  The "empty oak apple" has been collected at the following localities: IL, IN, WI, MO, OK, MD, VA, MA, NY, and Ontario.

  The galls are 18-32 mm in diameter, light green with irregularly scattered purplish spots, wall thin and somewhat translucent, produced singly on under side of leaf. At Evanston [IL] adults issued in various seasons on June 11; June 25, and July 6; at Ottawa July 8; in mountains of Virginia on July 9. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505981#page/195/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips inanis

  Larger Empty Oak Apple. Green with scattered purplish spots, 18-32 mm in diameter, produced singly on under side of the leaf of Q rubra. Adults emerged June 11, June 25, and July 6 in different seasons.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/121/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips inanis

  Quercus rubra
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Empty Oak Apple. Produced singly on under side of leaf, 18-32 mm in dia, light green, spotted. June.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q rubra. Empty Oak Apple. Adults emerged June 25 (IL); June 1-15 (DC); June 12, 21, 29 (CT); all out by July 1 (Toronto)


description:
  According to genetic results in the Ward et al 2022 phylogeny, [Amphibolips cookii](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1143) is likely the alternate generation of the same species that induces [Amphibolips quercusinanis](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/582). In the table where this speculation is listed, A cookii is labelled as a sexual generation and A quercusinanis as an agamic gall, but this is contradicted by prior literature and may be a mistake.

  Amphibolips quercusinanis is a common and distinctive gall found throughout the range of Quercus rubra. It is most commonly confused with Amphibolips confluenta/quercusspongifica, which is larger, more frequently aborts its host leaf, and tends to lack spots and have a bumpier, thicker shell. However, these characters can be misleading, and the most decisive way to tell the species apart is by comparing the internal structure. Amphibolips quercusinanis has an empty interior full of smooth, radiating strings, where confluenta has an interior either densely packed with spongy material or at least with spongy fibers. The presence of spots is especially misleading toward the southern edge of its range, where confluenta is apparently more likely to have spots and quercusinanis is less likely to occur at all. 

  It can also be confused with Amphibolips quercusostensackeni, especially early in the spring, which has a similarly thin shell and empty interior with smooth fibers, but which lacks spots, remains much smaller throughout the season, and does not distort the host leaf. 

  In the fall, Amphibolips cookii is often mistaken for quercusinanis. Both galls have spots and lack a spongy interior, but can be distinguished by their placement (cookii is found on buds, not leaves), their appearance (cookii has thicker, more succulent walls and fibers), and most easily by their season of appearance (cookii in the fall, quercusinanis in the spring).

  In some parts of its range, Amphibolips quercusinanis co-occurs with Atrusca quercuscentricola, an oak apple of similar size, pattern, and structure found on Quercus stellata.  Aside from its host, which is often not apparent if the gall is found on the ground, Atrusca quercuscentricola has a more yellow-orange appearance and red spots, light pubescence, and occurs in the fall. It is common in Arkansas and Missouri, where Amphibolips quercusinanis is found but relatively rare. 

  The gall of this species has [at least once](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82541020) been found on the flower stalk rather than the leaf.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/108/mode/1up
description:
  Xanthoteras radicola sex. gen.

  Quercus alba, chapmani, stellata
  "Root" galls
  Cluster of fleshy white galls at base of sprouts which bear old oak fig galls. In early spring.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Also on Q chapmani. Galls are found in late May. Adults emerged June 12-26 (IL). In 36 cases these galls were found at the base of stumps whose sprouts carried last years Oak Fig Galls (Xanthoteras forticorne).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/108/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus illinoisensis

  Quercus alba, macrocarpa
  "Root" galls
  Cells in greatly thickened bark at base of saplings underground, in the fall.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q macrocarpa. Adults emerged Nov 1-14.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/108/mode/1up
description:
  Holocynips badia

  Quercus alba, bicolor, chapmani, prinus [montana], stellata
  "Root" galls
  Hemispherical, rugose, 12-15 mm in dia, usually single, at base of sprouts in the fall.

  Quercus macrocarpa
  "Root" galls
  Button-shaped, rugose, sessile, usually single, at base of thrifty sprouts.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q chapmani. Also on Q stellata, prinus, alba, bicolor, macrocarpa. The type was taken ovipositing in buds of Q alba in early spring. Adults were reared Apr 13 (DC) and emergence was distributed over two seasons.

  Single gall in situ on Q macrocarpa and isolated galls. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/108/mode/1up
description:
  Holocynips maxima

  Quercus alba, bicolor, macrocarpa, prinus [montana]
  "Root" galls
  Rounded, many-celled mass, up to 50 by 95 mm growing out of side of big roots in the fall. 

  Quercus stellata
  "Root" galls
  Like Holocynips maxima. A disintegrated gall only seen. AR

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Also on Q prinus, bicolor, macrocarpa. Gall probably takes two or perhaps three years to develop. Transformation takes place in the fall and emergence the next spring in late April or early May. They have been taken ovipositing in buds of Q alba on Apr 6, 13, 19, 20, 23 (DC).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/107/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis elliptica

  Quercus alba
  "Root" galls
  Single or in cluster of three or four on rootlets just under surface of ground in fall.

  [Photo caption]
  On rootlets of Q alba. Contained adults Oct 31 (DC). Adults were seen ovipositing in the buds of white oak in different years on March 26, 28, Apr 3, 9, 18, 19, 20. Some such buds were marked but what gall (if any) resulted was never determined. This is perhaps a synonym of Callirhytis ellipsoida Weld.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/108/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis futilis, agamic

  Quercus alba, prinoides, prinus [montana]
  "Root" galls
  Cells in greatly thickened bark at base of the tree in fall.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Also on Q prinus, prinoides. Adults emerged May 12 (IL). Adults were ovipositing in buds of Q alba on Mar 27, Apr 3, 6, 15, 19, 20, 22, 27, 28 in different years when Kieffer pears were in bloom, dogwood not, bloodroot over.

  [Presumed synonym]

  Quercus stellata
  "Root" galls
  Cells in thick bark at crown like Fig 45 [C futilis]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/107/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis perrugosa

  Quercus alba
  "Root" galls
  Taken ovipositing in terminal buds of sprouts Apr 13-May 3. Probably from a root gall like Fig 37. 

  [Photo caption]
  Callirhytis perrugosa thought to have come from a similar gall [the included figure is of Callirhytis ellipsoida on Quercus bicolor] on roots of Q alba. Ovipositing in buds of saplings Apr 13-May 3.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/107/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis ellipsoida

  Quercus bicolor
  "Root" galls
  Single or in small clusters on the rootlets just below surface of the ground in the fall. 

  [Photo caption]
  On Q bicolor. Galls probably take two years to develop. Larvae transform the second fall and adults emerge the following spring between Apr 15 and May 7 and oviposit in swelling buds on the same tree, all females. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/57/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis brevinota

  Quercus breviloba
  "Root" galls
  A bullet gall, usually single, at base of sprouts in fall.

  [Photo caption]
  A bullet gall on Q breviloba usually single at base of sprouts


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/107/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus contortus agamic

  Quercus breviloba, stellata
  "Root" galls
  Gnarled woody swellings at base of small young sprouts in October, then containing pupae.

  [Photo caption]
  On Quercus breviloba. Also on Q stellata. Galls contained pupae on Oct 30 and adults were cut out Dec 12 (TX). The similar gall of the sexual generation is said to develop quickly in the spring, adults emerging Apr 3.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/59/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus humilis

  Quercus chapmani, stellata
  "Root" galls
  Cells at the base of the swollen current year's growth of runner sprouts in the fall. Cells not nested.

  [Photo caption]
  Cells at base of swollen current year's growth of runner sprouts of Q chapmani. Cells not nested.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/108/mode/1up
description:
  Bassettia floridana

  Quercus chapmani
  "Root" galls
  Cells elongated and nested at the base of slightly swollen shoot of current year's growth in the fall.

  Quercus stellata
  "Root" galls
  Cells over twice as long as broad nested at base of slightly swollen shoots of current year's growth in fall.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Q chapmani. Also on Q stellata. Cells are nested at base of current year's growth in fall. Cells are 3.25 mm long by 1.25 mm wide. A gall cut open Feb 23 contained both pupae and adults. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/129/mode/1up
description:
  Sphaeroteras ocala

  Quercus chapmani
  "Root" galls
  Somewhat spherical, single, pale yellow, fleshy, thin-walled, on exposed roots in April. FL.

  Quercus margaretta
  "Root" galls
  Almost globular, grayish, fleshy, covered with short pubescence, thin-walled, on roots. Adults out in April.

  [Photo caption]
  Single, sessile, on exposed roots of Q chapmani in April.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/108/mode/1up
description:
  Odontocynips nebulosa

  Quercus lyrata, stellata
  "Root" galls
  Woody nodules closely grown together into a large mass on roots of runner sprouts.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q stellata. Also on Q lyrata. Galls probably take two years to develop. Adults have been captured Mar 18-Apr 13 (GA); Feb 22-Mar 8 (AR).

  Odontocynips sp. 

  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  "Root" galls
  Seen at Cuero TX. Gall similar to Fig 38 [Odontocynips nebulosa]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/107/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis terrestris

  Quercus margaretta
  "Root" galls
  Large bullet galls on runner shoots under larger trees in fall, galls up to 17 mm in dia.

  Quercus stellata
  "Root" galls
  Large bullet galls in clusters of 2-5 on runner shoots under larger trees in fall, dia up to 17 mm.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q stellata. Also on Q margaretta. Adults were alive in out-of-door breeding cage on Dec 18, the thermometer having registered -14 F on Dec 10 (IL)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/109/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis exigua

  Quercus alba, stellata
  Flower galls
  Small, dark, tan, oval cells scattered in among normal stamens in a shortened axis.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q stellata. Also on Q alba, prinus. A small black filament gall. Adults emerged May 12 (DC).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/109/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus pallidus

  Quercus bicolor
  Flower galls
  Smooth, globular, tan, thin-walled in a compact cluster at or near the end of a staminate axis. CT. Entered from lit. 

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Q bicolor. Dense cluster near end of ament.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/109/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus evanescens

  Quercus breviloba
  Flower galls
  A swelling, 5 mm long, of the staminate axis in early March, TX. Adults emerged Apr 4 and oviposited on under side of leaves. Entered from lit.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Q breviloba. Gall an enlargement of the staminate axis similar to Fig 289 but shorter. Adults began to emerge Apr 4 and were observed ovipositing on under side of the leaves. Entered from lit.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/109/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus exiguus

  Quercus stellata
  Flower galls
  Fusiform enlargement of staminate axis, green, succulent, many-celled.

  [Photo caption]
  Q stellata. A fusiform enlargement of staminate axis. Adults emerged May 16, May 28-June 6; May 10-13 (DC).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/111/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis lapillula

  Quercus bicolor
  Acorn galls
  Separate cells in a group inside a mature lop-sided acorn in the fall.

  "Similar to those of Callirhytis lapillula"

  Quercus lyrata
  Acorn galls
  Separable cells inside a mature acorn in fall similar to those of Callirhytis lapillula. From GA, Feb 12.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q bicolor. Adults emerged the second and third springs between Apr 25 and May 16. There is a similar gall in the acorns of Q alba not described.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/111/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus incertus

  Quercus bicolor
  Acorn galls
  Gall 6.6 by 4 mm, with a nipple at apex formed in a depression in side of cup surrounded by a fringe. 

  Quercus lyrata
  Acorn galls
  Gall in a fimbriate depression on the side of acorn cub, dropping in early Sept.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q bicolor. Galls drop in early Sept. and adults emerged the second and third springs in late March and April. A similar gall occurs on nine other white oaks where the recess in the cup is not fimbriate and the gall protrudes for half its length or more. None of these has been reared. A bit of cloth would have to be tied about an affected acorn to prevent loss of the gall when it matures and drops.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/112/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis glandulus

  Quercus prinoides
  Acorn galls
  Types captured ovipositing in young acorns in pine barrens of NJ in early May. Entered from lit.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Types are from the pine barrens of NJ in early May on Q prinoides presumably ovipositing in young acorns and agreeing with one reared by Riley supposedly from a fimbriate cavity in the side of an acorn cup.

  [Weld's Figures 63 and 73 are from his 1922 description of Andricus fimbriatus, referring to galls he believes are distinct from A fimbriatus [Andricus incertus] and have never been reared to confirm "which if any" are C glandulus] 

  Quercus alba
  Acorn galls
  Cell in side of acorn cup, dropping in Sept and has a circle of white hairs at base. Fig 63. Never reared.

  Quercus breviloba
  Acorn galls
  Cell in side of acorn cup, dropping out in Sept. Like Fig 73. Never reared. 

  Quercus chapmani
  Acorn galls
  Gall in side of acorn cup, dropping when mature. Like Fig 73. Never reared. 

  Quercus lyrata
  Acorn galls
  Gall in side of acorn cup like Fig 63. Specimen on herbarium sheet of this oak from Mt Carmel IL in Chi Mus Nat Hist.

  Quercus macrocarpa
  Acorn galls
  Cell drops out of depression in side of acorn cup. Fig 63. Never reared.

  Quercus michauxii
  Acorn galls
  Cell in side of acorn as in Fig. 73.

  Quercus muehlenbergii
  Acorn galls
  Cell in side of acorn cup as in Fig 36 [certainly a typo; should read 63]. Never reared. 

  Quercus prinoides
  Acorn galls
  Cell in side of acorn cup. Fig. 73. Never reared.

  Quercus prinus [montana]
  Acorn galls
  Cell in side of acorn cup, dropping in Sept, has a circle of white hairs at the base. Fig 73. Never reared.

  Quercus stellata
  Acorn galls
  Cell in side of acorn cup as in Fig 73.

  [Photo caption]
  Figure 63. Never reared. On Q prinus [montana]. Also on Q prinoides, michauxii, chapmani, muehlenbergii, alba, breviloba, durandii [sinuata]. A gall on Q stellata, ready to drop Sept 13 (MD) measured 6.1 by 3.2 with a girdle of wool at base and a slight nipple at apex. For rearing a bit of cloth should be tied about the acorn so the gall will not be lost when it matures and drops.

  Figure 73. Never reared. On Q macrocarpa. Also on Q lyrata. Sept. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/112/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis electrea

  Quercus prinus [montana]
  Acorn galls
  A group of cells in a depression in the cotyledons in a mature acorn in the fall.

  [Photo caption]
  Q prinus [montana] Adults emerged the third spring Apr 20-29 and May 6. An undescribed black species also emerged in small numbers from two lots of acorns.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/112/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis subcostata

  Quercus stellata
  Acorn galls
  Produced on side of acorn cup in May, green, ribbed like a melon, 2.5-3 mm in dia.

  [Photo caption]
  Q stellata. A ribbed gall 2.5 to 3 mm in dia, produced on the side of the acorn cup when the latter is about 4 mm in dia and dropping in mid June (DC). Adults emerged the next spring April 1.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/113/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis gemmiformis 

  Quercus alba
  Bud galls
  Dormant bud gall on twigs or trunk, conical or blunt, greenish or red, cavity large, in fall.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Adults emerged the second spring in March and some the third spring. Females were twice seen ovipositing in buds of Q alba in Apr 11, 1938 and Apr 9 1944.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/113/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus murtfeldtae

  Quercus stellata
  Bud galls
  Cluster of a few hard brown galls at base of new growth in spring, dropping in May.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q stellata. Adults of both sexes issued the last week in April (SC) and in early June (DC). The type was from MO.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/113/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus maxwelli

  Quercus stellata
  Stem galls, detachable
  Polythalamous galls similar to those of [Andricus murtfeldtae](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/991) in size and shape. Often only a single gall on a tree. 1 to 27 adults emerged from a single gall in Apr. Some galls produce males others females, a few both.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Described from an unknown oak. As det. by Patterson the gall is produced at end of twigs of Q stellata. The type galls in Philadelphia resemble those of murtfeldtae above. From one to 27 adults were reared from a single gall; 16 galls yielded males. 18 yielded females, 7 gave both. Of 15 similar galls on Q breviloba all but two gave flies of one sex. The types are not murtfeldtae.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/113/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus flavohirtus

  Quercus alba, bicolor, macrocarpa, prinoides
  Bud galls
  Globular, smooth, surrounded by bracts which persist and enlarge after gall drops in June (=frondosa).

  "Like Andricus flavohirtus"

  Quercus margaretta
  Bud galls
  (=frondosa of old lit.)

  Quercus stellata
  Bud galls
  Bunched bracts in summer, the gall having dropped out and bud scales have continued to grow. Very common. Like frondosa of old literature.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q bicolor. Also on Q stellata, alba, macrocarpa. Galls attacked by guests do not drop, the bud scales enlarge and this "frondosa" mass is conspicuous in winter but yields only guests in May. The maker emerges from galls that drop in the spring but normal date of emergence is not known. Fig 101 shows the appearance in winter.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/114/mode/1up
description:
  Acraspis gemula

  Quercus alba, bicolor, macrocarpa, prinoides, prinus [montana]
  Bud galls
  Oval, black, at apex of new growth, 2.5 by 1.25 mm, in May.

  "Like Acraspis gemula"

  Quercus margaretta, michauxii, stellata
  Bud galls

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Also on Q prinoides, prinus [montana], bicolor, macrocarpa, margaretta. Adults emerged Apr 2-3 1945; May 5, 1935, Apr 27, 1927 (DC); Apr 20-25 (IL).

  Philonix pallipes

  Quercus alba
  Bud galls
  Black, at apex of new growth, like gemula in shape, surrounded by thread-like bodies. May. Included from lit.

  [Photo caption]
  Q alba. Similar to Fig 108 [Acraspis gemula] but with thread-like bodies about its base, blackish-brown, 2.25 mm long. Adults in May.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/114/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus stropus 

  Quercus chapmani
  Bud galls
  Terminal, surrounded by narrow bracts. The figure agrees with the types (cell having dropped).

  Quercus margaretta
  Bud galls
  Gall hidden in a mass of elongated narrow brown bud scales.

  Quercus stellata
  Bud galls
  Leafy Wreath Gall. Cell drops out in mid-Oct (TX) and has a circle of white hairs at base. Bracts continue to grow. I have never been able to rear it.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q stellata. Also on Q lyrata, chapmani. Galls drop in Oct. The writer has not been able to rear it. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/114/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis cressoni

  Quercus stellata
  Bud galls
  Cell 1 mm in dia, inside young buds and hidden by bud scales. TX

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Cell hidden inside bud. Q stellata, TX


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/114/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus cinnamomeus

  Quercus chapmani
  Bud galls
  Terminal enlarged bud with dead bud scales enclosing a single cell. In fall.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Q chapmani. An enlarged terminal bud with seemingly dead brown bud scales in Oct, containing a single eccentric thin-walled cell. Adult the next spring June 16-30.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24831#page/1119/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus quercuspalustris (Osten Sacken)

  Cynips (Trigonaspis?) quercus palustris
  Andricus (Callirhytis) palustris
  Dryophanta liberaecellulae

  Produce leaf galls on red oaks.

  Mass, Ont to FL, west to Iowa, La. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24831#page/1119/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus quercuslaurifoliae

  Sphathegaster q. laurifoliae
  Cynips q. aquaticae
  Dryophanta laurifoliae
  Dryophanta aquaticae

  Produces leaf galls on Quercus laurifolia, Q. nigra

  FL


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32798#page/313/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus cinerea n. sp.

  The Upland Willow Oak Apple Gall

  Host--Quercus cinerea [incana]

  Galls.--Large, perfectly spherical galls attached to the twigs and limbs, of a dark crimson color mottled with small spots of a lighter color. A single kernel in the centre held in place by dense, brownish, spongy filaments. Diameter one and one-fourth to one and one-half inch.

  The summer galls will probably produce the two gendered form.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32798#page/322/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips quercus citriformis n. sp.

  Host--Quercus phellos

  The Lemon-like Gall of the Willow Oak

  Galls.--Globular, smooth, shining yellowish galls, from seven-eighths to an inch in length, by three-eighths to half an inch in diameter, attenuated to a sharp point at tip and with a single kernel in the centre, held in place by a few thin, radiating, spiculate filaments. 

  Described from three bred specimens which issued from galls during the first week in May. No males.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32307#page/309/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips melanocera Ashm.

  Galls.--Greenish brown and yellowish green round, globular galls, issuing from bud axils of Quercus aquatica [nigra]; they vary greatly in size from one-quarter to half an inch in diameter. The outer shell is very thin, and interiorly there is a central kernel held in place by some very thin hair-like filaments.

  This species resembles Amphibolips citriformis. The gall, too, is markedly different in shape, although constructed on the same plan as in that species.

  Described from eight specimens bred in June.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/78/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips melanocera

  Quercus nigra
  Bud galls
  Globular, 6-12 mm in dia, yellowish green, from axillary buds in June, outer wall very thin, larval cell supported by very fine fibers. Only males reared. Entered from lit.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  On Q nigra. Globular bud gall 6-12 mm in diameter. Adults in June.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/127/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips citriformis

  Quercus laurifolia, phellos
  Bud galls
  Spindle-shaped, thin-walled, 22 by 12 mm. A gall of early spring. FL

  [Photo caption]
  On Q phellos. Also on Q laurifolia. Adults issued the first week in May.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/41/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis spiniformis 

  Cecidomyiaceltis spiniformis
  Cecidomyia unguicola New synonym.
  Celticecis unguicola

  Hosts. Celtis occidentalis, reticulata, laevigata, tenuifolia

  Gall. On leaf lamina, usually on underside of leaf, often in groups; upright-conical; base flared, circular, flat to rounded; tapering evenly from base to sharply pointed apex; surface hairless, glabrous, green, turning yellow to tan; 4–6 mm high and 3–4 mm wide at base; connection to leaf circular, flat, ca. 1/3 width of gall base; apparent on opposite side of leaf as slight, sometimes discolored convexity; gall in cross section of variable thickness beneath and around base of subcylindrical larval chamber, thinning abruptly between distal third and fourth, at which level gall apex breaks off upon adult emergence in spring. 

  Affinities. — Nine species of Celticecis appear to form a natural group: C. spiniformis, C. aciculata, C. acuminata, C. capsularis, C. conica, C. cupiformis, C. pilosa, C. subulata, and C. supina. All form galls on the leaf lamina except for C. supina whose galls are attached to veins, usually minor ones. 

  Biological notes. Galls reach their ultimate length as a narrow cone before the base broadens to its full width, so young galls can at first be confused with those of C. subulata. The gall only later spreads out considerably at the base, which can be acute to well-rounded in cross section. When full-grown, the larva spins a cocoon that extends only to the narrow part of the larval chamber where the tip of the gall will break off in spring. Galls were already evident in late March in central Louisiana on only partly expanded leaves and were first noticed already with second instars in early May in Maryland. At least some full-grown larvae had already formed cocoons in mid-June in Louisiana and late June in Maryland. Many galls still with second instars can be found through mid-July so growth appears staggered. Some galls with cocooned larvae may remain attached to the leaves into September in Maryland and into November in Louisiana where the leaves remain on the tree longer. This longer duration on the leaves is a habit shared by most of the nine species of the C. spiniformis group, unlike most galls of the remaining species that tend to dehisce as soon as the larvae have formed their cocoons. 

  Distribution (Map 18). — Celticecis spiniformis is a common, widespread species in the eastern half of the U.S., except in Florida where it is conspicuously absent. It is known from northern hackberry, sugarberry, dwarf hackberry and reticulated hackberry. 

  AR, GA, IL, IO, KS, KY, LA, MD, MS, MO, NY, OH, PA, SD, TN, TX, VT, VA, WV, WI; absent in FL


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus majalis

  Quercus alba
  Leaf galls, integral
  Fleshy, green parenchyma thickening projecting on both sides of leaf in very early spring, 9-11 mm thick.

  Quercus muehlenbergii, prinus [montana]
  Leaf galls, integral
  Fleshy green parenchyma thickening projecting on both sides of leaf when it is hardly half-grown.

  [Photo caption]
  Fig. 260. On Q alba. Also on Q prinus [montana]. Adults of both sexes out by May 6-11 (DC); June 12 (IL).

  Neuroterus irregularis

  Quercus chapmani
  Leaf galls, integral
  Abrupt fleshy thickening of large areas of leaf parenchyma, many-celled, in early spring. Like Fig 260 on Q alba [Neuroterus majalis].

  Quercus stellata
  Leaf galls, integral
  Succulent thickened areas of leaf projecting on both sides in early spring. 9-11 mm thick.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Gall similar to [Neuroterus majalis]; on Quercus stellata, chapmani. Galls mature before the leaves are full-grown. Adults out May 16-20, 1923; May 24-26, 1924 (DC). A heavy infestation practically defoliates the tree so that it puts forth a new set of leaves. Females were observed ovipositing on the under surface of the leaves and in September the leaves bore numbers of small galls like Neuroterus saltatorius australis Kinsey. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus utriculus

  Quercus alba, breviloba, chapmani, margaretta, stellata
  Leaf galls, integral
  Globular, thin-walled, green, 3-4 mm in dia, projecting on both sides of leaf, usually single, in May-June.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Also on breviloba, chapmani, stellata, margaretta. Adults emerged Apr 25 (DC); June 16 (IL).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/131/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus clarkeae

  Quercus alba
  Leaf galls, integral
  Light-colored, ellipsoid, sessile, at edge, covered with short wool, 2-3 mm long, in early spring.

  [Photo caption]
  Light-colored, ellipsoid, sessile, covered with short wool, 2-3 mm long, at edge of young leaf of Q alba in the early spring.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/131/mode/1up
description:
  Liodora comata 

  Quercus alba
  Leaf galls, integral
  Similar [to Neuroterus clarkeae] but pointed at end, 3 by 1.2 mm covered with crinkly white hairs, tan, thin-walled, at edge of leaf. May. 

  "Like Liodora comata"

  Quercus stellata
  Leaf galls, integral
  Tan, covered with stellate hairs. In May in VA.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Gall similar to above [N clarkeae]. Adults emerged May 4, 10, 12, 14 (DC).

  316. Similar to Neuroterus clarkeae. above but pointed at end, 3 by 1.2 mm and covered with crinkly white hairs, tan, thin-walled, at edge of leaf of Q alba in early spring.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus bassettii

  Quercus alba
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Oval, thin-walled, nearly hidden by pubescence, on very young leaves dwarfing and distorting them. CT. Entered from lit.

  Quercus alba
  Leaf galls, integral
  See above under detachable galls.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  On Q alba. Types are from MA where the adults emerged June 2. They emerged May 25 when the young leaves were one to two inches long (DC).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus niger

  Quercus alba, muehlenbergii, stellata
  Leaf galls, integral
  Round parenchyma thickenings, 2 mm in dia, more prominent above, nipple below, along main veins in fall.

  Quercus macrocarpa
  Leaf galls, integral
  Parenchyma thickening in the fall. 

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Also on Q stellata (teste the Thompson collection). Agamic females emerge the next spring.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus perminimus agamic

  Quercus alba
  Leaf galls, integral
  Elliptical parenchyma thickenings 1 mm long, in numbers in fall, producing the agamic generation. 

  Quercus bicolor
  Leaf galls, integral
  Elliptical parenchyma thickenings in numbers in fall, more prominent above.

  [Photo caption]
  266. On Q alba. Also on Q bicolor. The agamic females emerged the next spring Apr 4-20 (IL).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/122/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus chinquapin

  Quercus alba, bicolor, prinus [montana], stellata
  Leaf galls, integral
  Cell at end of a prolonged vein above upper surface of leaf or beyond the edge. May

  [Photo caption]
  On Q bicolor. Also on Q alba, prinus, stellata. Adults emerged May 18-24 (DC); June 10-16 (IL).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/127/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus foliaformis

  Quercus alba
  Leaf galls, integral
  Known only from original descripton of a single specimen from MI reared July 20. Type fly and gall lost. Andricus foliosus on Q bicolor is a synonym of it. 

  Quercus bicolor
  Leaf galls, integral
  A thickening of the midrib bearing a rosette of green filaments which hide the swelling, containing 1-6 cells, in June.

  Quercus macrocarpa
  Leaf galls, integral
  Midrib swelling bearing bracts above and below, containing 1-6 cells. June.

  [Photo caption]
  Described from Q alba in MI, the holotype and gall now lost. Description of adult and gall agree with Andricus foliosus described from Q bicolor from IL, the adults emerging June 20-25, 1912.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/129/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus verrucarum

  Quercus breviloba, chapmani, stellata
  Leaf galls, integral
  Compact woolly mass, 2 mm in dia by 1 mm high, in numbers on under side in fall.

  Quercus margaretta
  Leaf galls, integral
  Scattered compact woolly masses 2 mm in dia on under side of leaf in fall.

  [Photo caption]
  Compact woolly mass 2 mm in dia by 1 mm high in numbers on under side of leaf of Q stellata in the fall. 

  "Like Neuroterus verrucarum"

  Quercus stellata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Like Neuroterus verrucarum but detachable, with short hairs, with scarcely a trace on leaf above. Seen in MO, TX.

  Neuroterus exiguissimus

  Quercus alba
  Leaf galls, integral
  Hairy, brown, 2.5 mm, on under side in numbers along veins, sessile, leaf smooth above. In fall.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  On Q alba. Adults emerged the next spring in April (DC).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/56/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus fugiens

  Quercus bicolor
  Leaf galls, integral
  Single or scattered parenchyma thickenings more prominent below, sparingly hairy. May. Exit hole on upper surface.

  Quercus macrocarpa
  Leaf galls, integral
  Parenchyma thickenings next to a vein on under side of leaf in spring when the leaves are about one-third grown.

  [Photo caption]
  Single or scattered parenchyma thickenings more prominent below, sparingly hairy, on Q bicolor in May.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/56/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus papillosus

  Quercus bicolor, prinus [montana]
  Leaf galls, integral
  Elliptical cells in parenchyma in numbers in the fall, more prominent above. Exit hole on lower side.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q bicolor. Also on Q prinus [montana]. Adults emerged June 27-29 (IN); June 9 (DC).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/57/mode/1up
description:
  Xanthoteras ornatum

  Quercus breviloba
  Leaf galls, integral
  Spindle-shaped, at end of midrib, 6 by 11.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  On Q breviloba. Adults emerged Apr 15 from galls collected Mar 3 (TX)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/127/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis flavipes

  Quercus macrocarpa
  Leaf galls, integral
  Elongated, bare, fleshy midrib swelling in June, containing several cells.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  On Q macrocarpa. Adults were emerging July 6 when the galls were gathered (IO) Emerged June 23 (IL)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/72/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus vernus

  Quercus macrocarpa
  Leaf galls, integral
  Swollen petioles dwarfed and deformed on young leaves. Type host. Adults May 16- June 10. Entered from lit.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/131/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis bipapillata

  Quercus coccinea, ilicifolia
  Leaf galls, integral
  Isolated parenchyma thickenings in large numbers, projecting on both sides of the leaf in June. Rare on [Q coccinea]. Type host [Quercus ilicifolia].

  [Photo caption]
  267. On Q ilificolia. Also on Q coccinea (rare). Adults emerged June 30-July 5 (VA). Fig 317 for structure.

  317. Parenchyma thickenings in numbers on leaf of Q ilicifolia projecting on both sides of the leaf in June.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/88/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus gillettei

  Quercus stellata
  Leaf galls, integral
  Blisters on main veins and midrib, usually in groups, containing a few cells. Contained pupae Apr 26 (VA).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42559#page/27/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus flavipes n. sp.

  On bur-oak Quercus macrocarpa

  Gall.--A hard woody swelling of the mid-rib or one of the main veins of a leaf, the leaf becoming much wrinkled and deformed as the result. Large galls measure three-fourths of an inch in length and one-fourth of an inch in width. The flies usually escape from the upper surface, sometimes through a slightly raised teat-like projection. 

  Galls were gathered at Ames, IO, July 6 1888, from which the flies had already begun to issue.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114064#page/139/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus lamellae, new species

  Host: Quercus subturbinella=Q. turbinella

  Gall: A thickening of the parenchyma of a part of the leaf area, deforming the leaf, almost half an inch thick. Pubescence on lower side white and short, on upper side, where exit holes are located, it is longer. Resembles the gall of Neuroterus washingtonensis on Quercus garryana.

  Habitat: Dead adults were cut out of galls in November 1944 from galls collected July 23, 1943 at Prescott AZ. As dark pupae were found in galls at Prescott on July 12, 1947 the normal emergence is probably in late July.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114064#page/151/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis glomerosa, new species

  Host: Quercus coccinea

  Gall: A smooth greenish or brownish (in sun) bud gall in September or October around 3 mm in diameter, over half of it projecting beyond the bud scales, dropping when full-grown and then slightly pubescent at the base. Adults emerge the second spring. 

  Habitat: The type is from a gall collected at East Falls Church, Va., in late September 1933 and the adult cut out Oct. 16, 1934. Paratypes are from Vienna and Alexandria, Va. Similar galls have been seen on northern red oak, Spanish oak, and on Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/52/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus alba
  Acorn galls
  Undersized acorn (cup 7 mm in dia.) containing a single larval cell which occupies the whole interior. In fall (NY).

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Never reared. Undersized acorn of Q alba in gall (cup 7 mm in dia.) containing a single larval cell (NY).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/112/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus alba
  Acorn galls
  Group of 2-18 separate cells inside mature acorn beside the cotyledons in Oct. Adults emerge second spring--a Callirhytis. Never described.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Similar [to Callirhytis electrea on Quercus montana] separable cells inside acorns of Q alba.

  [Weld's caption for Callirhytis lapillula also likens this species to that one]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/55/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus bicolor
  Acorn galls
  Single cell in cup at base of a lop-sided acorn in the fall. Fig 67

  Quercus prinoides
  Acorn galls
  Cell in the cup under an aborted acorn (5 mm in dia.) in fall. Fig 67

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q bicolor. Sept (IL). Also on Q prinoides.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/86/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus stellata
  Acorn galls
  Probably from separate cells inside a mature acorn. Sp.#82 in Andricus.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/115/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus alba
  Bud galls
  Conical, 3.8 by 2.5 mm, red with green tip, wall thick, at apex of new growth June 24 (DC).

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Never reared. Conical, 3.8 by 2.5 mm, with a green tip, wall thick, at apex of new growth in June on Q alba.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/52/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus alba
  Bud galls
  Blunt, thin-walled, white cell hidden inside a weak lateral bud. Apr 15 (DC) Adult emerged Apr 26. Genus undetermined.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Never reared. Cell hidden inside a weak lateral bud of Q alba similar to Fig 293. [Fig 293 shows [Andricus cinnamomeus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/898)]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/115/mode/1up
description:
  [Not listed in the bud galls for Q alba]

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Never reared. Cell hidden inside an enlarged lateral bud of Q alba. Cell 2.9 mm long by 2 mm in dia. Found in October.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/59/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus chapmani
  Flower galls
  A fusiform thickening of the staminate axis.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Never reared. Q chapmani. A swollen staminate axis.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/59/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus chapmanii
  Bud galls
  Green, ovoid, smooth, in axil of leaf in Oct. At Ocala, FL. Never reared.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/71/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus sp.

  Quercus macrocarpa
  Flower galls
  A thickened staminate axis almost hidden by stamens. May 20. Ashmead gave it a manuscript name but never described it.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/72/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus macrocarpa
  Bud galls
  Tan, ribbed, with nipple at apex, projecting beyond bud scales. Oct. Fig. 90.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q macrocarpa in October in Chicago area.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/87/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus stellata
  Bud galls
  Oblong, 13 by 5 mm, projecting beyond bud scales, containing pupae in late June in NJ. Never reared.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/115/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis clavula

  Quercus alba
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Abrupt swelling at apex of the year's growth, bearing several leaves.

  A terminal club like Callirhytis clavula

  Quercus stellata
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Never reared.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Oak Club Gall. Adults emerged July 9, 13, 15 (DC). A similar gall (never reared) occurs on Q stellata in Texas, MO, and on Long Island NY.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/116/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus mammula

  Quercus alba
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Short, abrupt swellings at base of lateral branches in June. Many-celled.

  [Photo caption]
  Abrupt enlargement at the base of lateral branches in spring, many-celled, Adults emerge in July.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/115/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus distortus

  Quercus bicolor, prinus [montana]
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  An enlargement on one side of the new growth causing the branch to bend abruptly. Several-celled.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q bicolor. Also on Q prinus [montana]. Adults emerge in May of the current season.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/116/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis elongata

  Quercus breviloba
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  A slight elongated twig swelling up to 6 mm in dia containing many cells. Kinsey described var. rufopleurae from short globoid galls on same host with at most 4 cells. Cells were noticed in Dec; contained pupae in Jan. and adults emerge in March. Entered from lit.

  Quercus stellata
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  An elongate slight twig swelling containing a score of larval cells, up to 8 mm in dia. Austin, TX. Adults emerged from Mar 14 to Apr 3. Entered from literature.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  On Q breviloba, stellata. Slight many-celled twig swellings, 6-8 mm in dia, near tip of twig. TX. Adults emerged Mar 14-Apr 3.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7562993#page/263/mode/1up
description:
  Xystoteras contorta, new species. Agamic

  Host.--Quercus breviloba, Quercus stellata

  Gall.--Gnarled woody swellings at base of young sprouts which are only a few millimeters in diameter. Covered with normal bark. Polythalamous.

  Type locality.--Austin, TX. Collected galls on Q breviloba October 30, 1917, both old galls and fresh ones with pupae in. Living adults were cut out on December 12. Collected one gall on Q. stellata at Palestine, Texas, October 16, 1917, and cut out one fly December 1. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/226481#page/345/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus contortus 

  GALL. — An irregular stem swelling, wholly inseparable. Polythalamous. Individual galls up to 20. mm. long and 8. mm. wide, but sometimes several galls are closely adjacent and more or less fused. Externally very rough, small, irregular, raised spots indicating some of the larval cells; covered with greenish, young bark, drying browner. Internally woody, most woody centrally, with a great many, densely packed, small larval cells, 1.7 mm. long by 0.7 mm. in width, mostly toward the surface; the lining distinct but wholly inseparable. On young stems, involving young petioles and deforming the young leaves; at the crowns (or on roots?) of Quercus breviloba (figs. 58, 59). 

  RANGE. — Texas: Austin. Probably occurs thruout eastern Texas and adjacent parts of Louisiana and Oklahoma. The agamic generation is known from galls and adults obtained by Weld in 1917, and from a quantity of material Dr. J. T. Patterson has bred. Several hundred insects of the bisexual generation were bred by Dr. Patterson in the spring of 1922. I first connected the alternate generations of this insect on the basis of the complementary dates of development and the extremely close similarity of the insects and galls, and this similarity is enough to make the relation unquestionable. Dr. Patterson confirms this by his experimental data. 

  The agamic generation starts growth in April; Dr. Patterson describes the galls as nearly fully formed by the last of April, with small larvae in the galls by July; Weld found pupae on October 16 and 30, with live adults in the galls on December 1 and 12. Emergence is in the relatively mild winter season of Texas or in the early spring, from before the last of January to after the 7th of February, according to Dr. Patterson’s records. Dr. Patterson states that he has secured 10 males with 231 females of this agamic generation, but that these males are unable to mate with the females, altho they attempt to copulate; the females appear to have completely lost the mating instincts, as have the males to some degree. These males are apparently functionless, which is a most interesting case of this sex persisting as a generation becomes agamic. I have seen four of these males. The bisexual generation develops quickly in the spring. Dr. Patterson obtaining adults on April 3, 1922. He has sent me almost three times as many males as females, so probably the sexes occur in about equal numbers. The galls of the two generations are similarly located at the crown of the tree, and differ very little in structure. I do not see any differences between the insects of the two except in the larger size which is almost always correlated with agamic reproduction of Cynipidae. The close similarity of the alternates is one reason for placing contortus in this genus. This is the only root gall yet known in Neuroterus, but the gall is sometimes on stems at the crown of the tree. Weld records a specimen of this species obtained from Palestine, Texas, on Quercus stellata. It may belong to a distinct host variety. Probably still other white oaks of eastern Texas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma are hosts for this species. 

  Neuroterus contortus agamic form contortus 

  GALL. — Not greatly different from the gall of the other generation, somewhat larger and more smooth, probably due to the leaves having worn off (fig. 59).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/116/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis floridana

  Quercus chapmani
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Lop-sided stem swelling usually close to the ground covered with normal bark. Type host.

  Quercus margaretta
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Thickening of bark on one side of twig, many-celled.

  Quercus stellata
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Puffy thickenings of the bark on one side of the twig, often confluent, many-celled.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q stellata. Also on margaretta. In the fall the tissue cuts like cheese. Adults out the next April. Gall is usually larger than in photo.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/116/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus macrocarpa 
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Irregular, covered with normal bark, at base of last year's growth. Seen at Joliet, IL in May.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/116/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus rileyi

  Quercus muehlenbergii, prinus [montana], stellata
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Local thickenings of the bark in late summer, confluent, one-to-many-celled, covered with normal bark.

  [Photo caption]
  Q prinus [montana], muehlenbergii, stellata. Confluent, corky puffy swellings along twigs, developing in late summer. Adults emerge the next April and May.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/81/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus tectus

  Quercus prinoides
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Cells in the scarcely swollen base of the new growth in early spring. Type host. Entered from lit.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Galls in the slightly swollen new growth. Entered from lit.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/116/mode/1up
description:
  Acraspis longicornis

  Quercus stellata
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Slight enlargements of upper portion of very young and tender shoots. Entered from lit.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Q stellata. Slight enlargement of young and tender shoots, shriveling after the adults emerge. Entered from lit.


description:
  Similar galls have been noted from both red and white group oaks across the eastern US and Canada, and current research is not sufficient to confirm whether these galls are all necessarily formed by the same species across all hosts. Host associations beyond the type host (Quercus alba) are based on unconfirmed observations and should be considered tentatively associated with this specific fly species. 

  Quercus hemisphaerica added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/110335527). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28363390#page/232/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia niveipila n. sp.

  Deformation of oak leaves, consisting of a large fold with a white pubescence on the inside. It begins very early in the spring on the young leaves of the white oak and other kinds of oak. The egg is probably deposited on the upper surface of the leaf, on one of the ribs. The irritation caused by the larva produces a fold or cavity in the leaf, lined inside with a white pubescence. The under side of the leaf shows on the corresponding spot the swollen rib, which is pale green, bordered on both sides by the same white pubescence. The galls, according to their size, contain more or less larvae, sometimes ten or more. When this deformation is very large, it involves the whole leaf, which is folded in two along the midrib, the under side forming the outside of the fold, and showing the swollen ribs with the white pubescence in their intervals. On the 25th of May I found some of the galls considerably grown, thick, and swollen; their pubescence was of the brightest white; the larvae they contained were also grown, plump, white. Other galls, on the contrary, had grown but little, and appeared sickly or withered. They contained no larvae at all, or their inmates appeared yellowish and sickly. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28363390#page/233/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia erubescens, n. sp.

  Folded margin of an oak leaf, tinged with red. This deformation seems to resemble that of Cecidomyia quercus on the European oaks. Occurs in the spring.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28363390#page/233/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia symmetrica, n. sp.

  Hard red gall on the leaves of different kinds of oak, small and round (between 0.05 and 0.1 in diameter) when single, but more commonly assuming an irregular shape by the coalescence of a number of them. 

  I find them chiefly and in large numbers on leaves of Quercus falcata in autumn. They sometimes invade almost the whole surface of the leaf, and have exactly the same size and shape on both its sides. The single round galls contain one larva, the compound ones a number of them, depending on the size of the gall, but each in its own compartment. The red substance of the crust shows many cracks, when the gall is ripe, and is easily detached. Under it is a harder, almost woody, yellowish substance. When the dry leaves with such galls fall to the ground, the red part of the crust generally crumbles away in part, partly it is found erect, forming a jagged fence round the gall. Such galls are generally empty, the larvae having perhaps gone under ground, although one of the specimens which I brought home was inclosed in a delicate cocoon inside of the gall.

  These galls, as I remarked before, protrude symmetrically on both sides of the leaf. On other kinds of oak, especially the quercitron oak (Q tinctoria [velutina]), I found similar galls, but on the upper side of the leaf only, without the corresponding excrescence on the under side. Those I brought home were abandoned by their larvae, which went under ground. Thus I am very uncertain about the identity of both galls, as well as about the habits of the insects. As all these galls were found with larvae late in autumn, it is evident the fly escapes very early in the spring. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/118/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis quercus-globulus

  Quercus alba, margaretta, prinoides, prinus [montana], stellata
  Stem galls, detachable
  Round Bullet Gall. 8-15 mm in dia, single or in small clusters, in the fall.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  On Q alba. Round Bullet Gall. Smooth, about 8 mm, corky, single or few in a cluster on small twigs in fall. Contain pupae Sept 23 and adults emerged Oct 20-Nov 1 (IL). Brodie says they emerged Oct 12-Nov 1 at Toronto and oviposited at once in white oak twigs.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/116/mode/1up
description:
  Xanthoteras forticorne agamic

  Quercus alba, macrocarpa, prinoides, prinus [montana], 
  Stem galls, detachable
  Oak Fig Gall. Dense cluster usually on sprouts from stumps, persisting over winter.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Oak Fig Gall. Also on Q prinus, prinoides. Adults emerged in Jan and Feb. See Fig. 51 [Xanthoteras radicola] for the alternating sexual generation at the base of stump on whose sprouts was this gall the fall before.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/117/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis seminator

  Quercus alba, michauxii
  Stem galls, detachable
  Oak Seed Gall. Wool Sower. Globular, 20 mm in dia, white with pink spots. May. Many-celled.

  Quercus prinus [montana]
  Stem galls, detachable
  Oak Seed Gall. Wool Sower. Globular, 20 mm in dia, white with pink spots at apex of seed-like bodies, in May-June.

  [Photo caption]
  137. On Q alba. Oak Seed Gall. Also on Q michauxii, prinus [montana]. Adults emerge in late June after which the gall dries up.

  165. On Q alba, Fune Park IN. June 18 on same tree with the oak seed gall, Callirhytis seminator. Adults (all males emerged July 2-12. Interpreted as an abnormal specimen of that species.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/117/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis spongiosa

  Quercus alba, chapmani, margaretta
  Stem galls, detachable
  Globular, cluster, 20-30 mm in dia, with a rusty-brown surface. Rare on Quercus alba.

  Quercus stellata
  Stem galls, detachable
  Globular, cluster, 20-30 mm in dia, of closely packed galls with a rusty surface.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q stellata. Also on chapmani, margaretta, alba (rare). Adults emerged in Nov and Dec (FL).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/117/mode/1up
description:
  Adleria strobilana

  Quercus alba, bicolor, macrocarpa
  Stem galls, detachable
  Terminal cluster of angular galls in fall, dropping when mature. Rare on Quercus alba.

  Quercus lyrata
  Stem galls, detachable
  Terminal cluster of angular galls dropping in fall or remaining attached.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q lyrata Adults out the second spring.

  On Q macrocarpa

  Galls picked up on ground under Q bicolor. Adults emerged the second and third springs in April.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/53/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus indistinctus

  Quercus alba
  Stem galls, detachable
  Small, round, smooth, sessile on small twig. Oct. North Ohio. Entered from lit. Types are a Disholcaspis.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. The type gall in Philadelphia is globular, slightly wrinkled, dark colored, 4 mm in dia. Adult was nearly mature in Oct. The type and the two others belong in the genus Disholcaspis (unpublished).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/118/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis bassetti

  Quercus bicolor, macrocarpa
  Stem galls, detachable
  Conical, sessile, clasping at the base, single or in small numbers, in fall.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q bicolor. Also on macrocarpa. Contained pupae Sept 16, adults Oct 2.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/116/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis mamma

  Quercus bicolor, lyrata, macrocarpa
  Stem galls, detachable
  Pointed Bullet Gall. Green to reddish, darker at apex, covered with very short pubescence, in fall.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q bicolor. Also on Q lyrata, macrocarpa. Adult in Nov (IL)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/117/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis pattersoni

  Quercus breviloba
  Stem galls, detachable
  Dark red, tip darker, sessile, clasping at base, secreting honeydew.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q breviloba. Galls appear in late July, secrete honeydew, mature in August, contain pupae in Oct and adults by Nov 5. Some emerged Dec 2 (TX) Galls collected at Boerne TX and kept out of doors on ground in wire breeding cages at Evanston IL contained living adults on Feb 19 after six weeks without a thaw; others emerged Mar 23 and Apr 22.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/117/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis pruniformis

  Quercus breviloba, laceyi
  Stem galls, detachable
  Single or cluster of 2 to 5, soft and spongy when fresh, 22-30 mm in dia.

  Quercus stellata
  Stem galls, detachable
  Ovoid, 28 by 21 mm, yellow to reddish brown, soft and spongy when fresh.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q breviloba. Also on stellata, laceyi. Contained pupae Oct 30 and Nov 13; adults Dec 10.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/117/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis sp.

  Quercus breviloba
  Stem galls, detachable
  Rugose, 5-6 mm in dia. Contained pupae Nov. 21 and an adult on Dec 12. Boerne TX.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q breviloba. Contained pupae on Nov 21 and an adult Dec 12 (Boerne TX) Never described.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/117/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis quercusomnivora

  Quercus chapmani
  Stem galls, detachable
  A big smooth bullet gall, 15-20 mm in dia.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q chapmani. Adults were cut out Jan 10.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/117/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus aciculatus

  Quercus lyrata, stellata
  Stem galls, detachable
  A many-celled woody mass covered with dense white or reddish wool, in the fall.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q lyrata. Also on Q stellata and durandii [sinuata]. Adults emerged the next spring.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/75/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis sp.

  Quercus michauxii
  Stem galls, detachable
  Small bullet gall. Old galls only seen, in Fla. 

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Never reared. Small bullet gall on Q michauxii in Fla. Old galls only.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/82/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus prinoides
  Stem galls, detachable
  Cluster like Adleria dimorpha but on twig in Sept-Oct; light colored, wrinkle in drying, dropping in fall.


description:
  Observations tentatively associated with this species have been made in [Tennessee,](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/15738652) [New York,](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/7700422) and [Pennsylvania](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/33496044) [2](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/58097634) [3](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/58113215) [4](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63575208). They apparently [sometimes](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77599553) persist on the stem into the next spring.

  Quercus muehlenbergii added tentatively as a host based on its relationship to Q prinoides and on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/94512447). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/92/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus laceyi
  "Root" galls
  Pubescent, on a large root in fall. Boerne. TX. Never reared.

  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  "Root" galls
  Cluster of pubescent galls attached to a large root. Boerne. TX.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q virginiana. Also on Q laceyi. Empty in Oct. TX.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/69/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus laceyi
  "Root" galls
  Cluster at base of stump in spring. Old galls seen in Oct.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q laceyi. Empty in Oct. Boerne, TX.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/121/mode/1up
description:
  Atrusca cava

  Quercus breviloba, laceyi
  Leaf galls, detachable
  An oak apple, 14-20 mm in dia, usually single on under side of leaf in fall, not spotted.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q breviloba. Pupae had transformed by Nov 26 and adults had chewed out of the inner cell in Dec. Normal emergence date unknown.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/122/mode/1up
description:
  Adleria dimorpha 

  Quercus alba, macrocarpa, prinoides, prinus [montana]
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Midrib cluster of 20-30 pear-shaped light brown, fleshy galls, finely pubescent except on rounded end, on under side on basal third of leaf in the fall.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Also on Q prinus [montana], prinoides, macrocarpa. Adults emerged the second, third, and fourth springs; Mar 20, Mar 21, Apr 6 (DC). There is a similar gall on Q laceyi.

  "like Adleria dimorpha"

  Quercus laceyi
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Midrib cluster like Adleria dimorpha TX Oct.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q laceyi. Collected on ground, TX, Oct.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/69/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus laceyi
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Spangle with long straight hairs, on under side, Oct.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q laceyi. Boerne TX, in Oct.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/124/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus umbilicatus

  Quercus alba, macrocarpa
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 217, 314. Cup-shaped with inrolled edge 3-4 mm in dia, covered with short whitish hair, on under side in fall.

  Quercus bicolor
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Fig 217, 314. In numbers on under side covered with short stiff hairs. Easily detached and leave a dead spot on leaf.

  [Photo captions]
  217. On Q alba. Also on Q bicolor. Neither Beutenmueller nor the writer has been able to rear it. Perhaps the good galls (ie those without guests) drop early. See also Fig 314.

  314. Cup-shaped with inrolled edge, 3-4 mm in dia, covered with short whitish hairs, on under side of leaf of Q alba in the fall.

  [Undescribed species tentatively assigned to Neuroterus umbilicatus based on later report of this species on Q chapmanii by Price et al]

  Quercus chapmani
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Spangle with an inrolled pubescent edge, 1 mm in dia, in numbers on the under side of leaf in the fall.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/69/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus laceyi
  Leaf galls, integral
  Scattered blisters in parenchyma, exit holes above. Boerne TX Oct

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q laceyi in Texas. Galls empty in October. There is a similar gall on Q prinus on LI NY


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/118/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis sp.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q margaretta. Also on Q stellata. Contained pupae Sept 15. Adults were cut out Nov 13. Living adults were in breeding cage on Mar 1. Galls are harder, occur in larger groups and have a rougher surface than the bullet gall on white oak Disholcaspis quercus-globulus of which it has been made a synonym in literature. Bassett described it from Q prinoides under the name of rugosa. The life history needs to be worked out.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22092#page/110/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips rugosa

  Round, hard galls, sessile, on the branches of Quercus prinoides. Size from 1/2 to 1/4 of an inch in diameter. They are attached to the branch by a small point. The surface when green is smooth and often quite red on the side exposed to the sun. When fully ripe they have a shrunken and shrivelled surface and the color varies from an ashen hue to a dull brown. The free larval cell is surrounded by a yellowish brown cellular mass, too dense to be called spongy, which fills the entire gall. This species has been known to me for many years, but until lately I have considered it a variety of C. globulus Harris, but a careful study convinces me that it is a distinct species. C. globulus is only on the white oak and rarely more than one or two galls in a place, and has even when dry a smooth surface, while C. rugosa is often found in clusters of four or five and even more, so closely compressed that the galls are of an angular or cuneate form. The flies are all females and they mature and leave the galls late in the fall, at least I have never been able to find them in the galls in winter.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/21941239#page/36/mode/1up
description:
  Holcaspis rugosa

  Cynips rugosa

  Quercus prinoides

  Round, somewhat roughened, woody galls on branch of dwarf chestnut oak, Quercus prinoides. Frequently several are so crowded as to lose the spherical shape. Green with red side when young, turning brown. Free larval cell surrounded by brown hard-spongy mass. Diameter about 10-12 mm. Insects emerge in the fall.


description:
  The taxonomy of this species seems considerably confused. Bassett described Cynips rugosa on Quercus prinoides, with characteristics that seem to match Disholcaspis globosa (found on several closely related oaks) more than quercusglobulus (distinctions that led him to name it a new species). Weld's picture, taken on Quercus margarettae, also seems to resemble D globosa, as does that of Stebbins. However, by 1951 Cynips rugosa had been synonymized into Disholcaspis quercusglobulus. It isn't clear who did this or on what grounds. Weld seems to disagree with this synonymy, given the fact that his picture refers to it as a third, undescribed species, found on Quercus margarettae and prinoides (though not listed in his main text for either species). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/120/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus escharensis

  Quercus alba
  Stem galls, cells hidden under bark, little or no swelling
  Cell under and exit hole just above the leaf scar.

  Quercus bicolor
  Stem galls, cells hidden under bark, no noticeable swelling of twig
  Cell under and exit hole just above the leaf scar. Usually near terminal cluster of buds in spring.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q bicolor. Also on Q alba. Adults emerged Apr 15 (indoors) and were apparently ovipositing in the side of buds.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/53/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus alba
  Stem galls, cells hidden under bark, little or no swelling
  Cells in the pith. Adult chewing out in June (DC).

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Never reared. Cells in the pith of Q alba. Adults probably emerge in June.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/120/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis sp.

  Quercus breviloba, stellata
  Stem galls, cells hidden under bark
  Cells just under bark in wood of current year's growth in the fall. Adults out in Apr. More common on Quercus stellata.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q stellata. Also on Q breviloba, durandii [sinuata]. Cell 2.1 by 1 mm just under the bark in wood of current year's growth. Adults were cut out Apr 11, all females, and the writer is unable to separate them from Callirhytis crypta. If they are that species it is the first case of a red oak species being reared from a gall on a white oak. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/119/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus macrocarpa
  Stem galls, cells hidden under bark
  Cells just under bark in wood of current season. Seen in Nebr in Nov

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q macrocarpa. Also on Q bicolor, alba Cell in the wood just under the bark. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/83/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus prinoides
  Stem galls, cells hidden under the bark
  Cells just under bark in wood. Only evidence is the exit hole.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/59/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus chapmani
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Stem swelling like the winter form of Neuroterus quercus-batatus (Fitch).

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Never reared. Woody stem swelling on Q chapmani. Resembles the woody form of Neuroterus quercus-batatus (Fitch).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/342/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus exiguus n. sp.

  Visiting West Rock, near New Haven, Conn., several years ago in June, I found among the dry but still adherent aments of Q. obtusiloba [stellata] a number of very minute, dark colored, oval galls. The insects had escaped, but the species was new to me. Three or four years later i visited the locality in May and found galls in abundance, and the flies were very near maturity. I collected plenty of galls by breaking off small flower-covered branches. Placing these in water and keeping them under glass, a large number of very small gall-flies soon appeared. The galls were thin, short, oval larval cells, merely the modified sterile florets of the oak. Of galls affecting the sterile flowers of different kinds of oaks there are several species, but these were smaller and otherwise different from any I had seen. The effect of the sting of the fly was often to check the extension of the floral stems to a degree that reduced the florets to a close bunch or mass. This glomerate condition did not prevent the development of the gall-flies, and probably ten times as many flies appeared as there were galls in sight These galls are hardly black, but rather of a very dark slate color; they are not quite smooth. In size they measure nearly .05 of an inch in length and almost .04 in breadth. The apex is bluntly pointed. They are so very thin shelled and brittle that it is almost impossible to remove one when dry from the ament to which it is attached. After rearing several thousand flies from these galls I noticed that there were at least two species in the box. They differed little in size or general appearance as viewed with the naked eye, but the magnifying glass showed that there were two genera. I examined the galls very carefully, but found but a single species, and from this the Andricus surely came, as I found a specimen in the unopened galls. The other fly belonged to the genus Neuroterus. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/122/mode/1up
description:
  Acraspis erinacei agamic

  Quercus alba
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Hedgehog Gall. Ellipsoid, to 13 mm in dia, tuberculate with red hairs, 3-5 celled, in fall. 

  [Photo caption]
  187. On Q alba. The Hedgehog Gall. Adults emerge in Oct (IO), in Nov (MI), in Dec (NY). In the Chicago area on Nov 1 leaves were still on trees and the adults had only to crawl to the buds nearby where they were seen to oviposit during an early flurry of snow.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/122/mode/1up
description:
  Acraspis pezomachoides

  Quercus alba
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Globular, 5-8 mm, not hairy, two celled, usually single.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Galls are full grown in early July. In DC area galls contained pupae on Sept 1 and adults Oct 20. They probably emerge in Nov and Dec. The type was found in box on Jan 7. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/125/mode/1up
description:
  Philonix nigra

  Quercus alba, prinoides
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Globular, 5-8 mm, covered with grey felt, on under side Sept-Oct. Deciduous. One-celled.

  Quercus bicolor
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Globular, 5-8 mm, covered with greyish felt, scattered on the under side of leaf in Sept-Oct. Central cell is supported by coarse radiating fibers.

  Quercus macrocarpa, muehlenbergii
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Globular, 5-8 mm in dia, with gray pubescence, dropping in the fall. 

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Also on Q bicolor, prinoides, macrocarpa, muehlenbergii. Galls drop before the end of July altho some as late as Oct. Emergence in Nov and Dec distributed over three seasons beginning the first fall. In Baltimore MD 30 adults emerged Nov 27-Dec 9 the first fall from 100 galls. Emergence mostly in daylight. Some placed on ground a few inches from base of a white oak tree simply wandered away. 


description:
  The taxonomy of this genus is somewhat confused and may still be unresolved. Six original species descriptions were made: fulvicollis, nigricollis, lanaeglobuli, niger, gillettei, and gigas. Of these, fulvicollis and nigricollis were described from adults alone, while the others were described from adults reared from similar spherical felted galls. Beutenmuller mistakenly synonymized Acraspis erinacei and Philonix fulvicollis, and Kinsey followed his synonymy in 1920 but reversed this in 1929. Kinsey's 1929 book treats the entire genus as "Cynips fulvicollis," with fulvicollis, nigricollis, niger/nigra, and gillettei all synonymized as var fulvicollis, gigas and lanaeglobuli as distinct varieties, and with var canadensis, major, rubricosa, and vorisi added as new varieties (which he claims Weld mistakenly assigned to Philonix nigra). 

  Later work is inconsistent in accepting Kinsey's synonymies. Weld uses the name Philonix nigra for everything Kinsey assigns to fulvicollis, excepting lanaeglobuli and gigas. Krombein in 1979 lists both fulvicollis and Kinsey's varieties thereof as valid, but ignores his demotion of gigas and lanaeglobuli to variety status and retains nigra and nigricollis as valid. 

  According to Scott Digweed (personal communication), fulvicollis is the valid name and P nigra should be considered a junior synonym. 

  Galls that persist on leaves through the winter lose their pubescence and shrink somewhat, and can be confused with Acraspis pezomachoides on Quercus alba. While their surface may become wrinkled, it remains smooth, unlike any Acraspis gall. 

  Galls have been observed that resemble Philonix nigra in every respect except that their interior structure is hollow rather than succulent or fibrous throughout. These are presumed to be P nigra galls affected by an inquiline. This phenomenon has been observed eg on galls on Quercus alba in Maryland in [June](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/83906352) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/83415333). Similar galls were observed on Quercus macrocarpa in Michigan in [October](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96854737) containing live chalcidoid larvae. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/130/mode/1up
description:
  Xystoteras nigrum

  Quercus alba
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Depressed sphere, 3.5 by 1.8 mm on under side of leaf, with a white bloom. Sept. VA.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. From galls collected in Sept. adults were found in breeding cage Feb 15 the second spring which agree with the types.

  A depressed sphere 3.5 by 1.8 mm on under side of leaf of Q alba in VA in Sept; covered with a white bloom (as det. Weld).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/124/mode/1up
description:
  Xystoteras poculum

  Quercus alba, prinoides, prinus [montana]
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Spangle, 3-4.5 mm in dia with a whitish bloom, on under side leaf in Sept.-Oct.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Also on Q prinus [montana], prinoides. Full-grown in early Sept. Adults emerged in Jan, the second spring and some came out the fourth spring. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/131/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloteras rubinum

  Quercus alba, prinus [montana]
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Depressed sphere up to 5.2 mm by 3.1 mm high, on under side as leaves are turning in the fall, often on young trees.

  [Photo caption]
  A depressed white sphere up to 5.2 mm in dia by 3.1 mm high on under side of leaf of Q alba just as the leaves are turning in the fall.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/126/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloteras sigma

  Quercus alba, muehlenbergii
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Flat, sessile, 6-7 mm long, on the under side of leaf near the edge in the fall. Rare.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Always on under side of leaf near the edge on saplings 8-10 ft high. Also on Q muehlenbergii. Galls drop in late Oct. An adult was found alive in cage on Mar 7 the second spring. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/121/mode/1up
description:
  Xanthoteras politum

  Quercus alba
  Leaf galls, detachable
  A small oak apple, red or brown, 6-19 mm in dia, group of 1-20 on upper or lower side of leaf in fall. 

  Quercus chapmanii
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Oak apple, 6-18 mm in dia, not spotted, in numbers on leaf in fall.

  Quercus stellata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Reddish oak apple, not spotted, 6-19 mm in dia, in numbers on both sides of leaf in fall. Adults emerge the next spring March to June.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Q stellata, chapmani, alba (rare). In FL galls develop in May and adults emerge the last of Feb and in Mar. Galls from TX gave adults the next spring Apr 25.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/130/mode/1up
description:
  Liodora apiarium

  Quercus alba
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Solitary, sessile, 4 mm high, cell basal, on under side close to edge in fall on vigorous shoots six or 7 ft from the ground.

  [Photo caption]
  Solitary, sessile, 4 mm high, cell basal, on under side of leaf of white oak close to edge on sprouts a few feet from the ground.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/123/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus capillatus

  Quercus alba, prinus [montana]
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Midrib cluster of 2 to 12, each about 2 mm, pale yellow, not so hairy as to hide the outline, on the under side on lower leaves of strong sprouts from stumps in the fall.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Also on Q prinus [montana]. Adults emerged Jan 22 the second spring.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/125/mode/1up
description:
  Sphaeroteras carolina

  Quercus alba
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Globular, hard, pubescent, 5 mm in dia, slightly attached to the petiole in Sept-Oct NC

  Quercus breviloba, chapmani, margaretta
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Midrib cluster of 2-4 usually on upper side in fall, covered with stellate hairs. More often on post oak.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q stellata. Also on Q chapmani, margaretta, breviloba. Galls collected in VA in Oct 1943 gave adults Mar 24, Apr 7, 18, 1944 and one was cut out in late Oct.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32322#page/97/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus pallipes n. sp. 

  Galls small, monothalamous, variously situated on the stem and principal veins of very young white oak leaves, dwarfing and distorting them, and densely covered and often nearly hidden in their pubescence. They are oval, thin walled, and only large enough to contain the larva of the small gall-fly. I have forty male and female insects of this species, but there is only one, a female, whose antennae remains unbroken. 

  The insects differ materially from N. utricula Bass., though the galls resemble those quite nearly. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/54/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus alba
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Similar [to Andricus weldi] but galls smaller and truncate at end. Fig 202 In AR, in Oct.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q alba. Probably immature. Oct 12, Little Rock, AR.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/123/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus flocci

  Quercus alba, prinus [montana]
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Woolly, dirty white, of 2-10 seed-like bodies attached by one end on midrib on upper or lower side, dropping with the leaf, in fall.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q alba. Also on Q prinus [montana]. Galls fall with the leaves and remain on them over winter. Adults emerge the next spring Apr 22, 24, 30 and May 2, 5 (CT); April 14-16 (PA). Have been observed ovipositing in subapical buds Apr 15 (PA).


description:
  Most often confused with Andricus pattoni on Quercus stellata, which tends to be more loosely tufted and tan-brown, while Andricus quercusflocci is often more tightly packed and orange-tinted. However, host ID is the only reliable way to distinguish the galls.

  This gall has been [observed](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/92831287) and many other times on a stem of Quercus alba.

  Quercus michauxii added tentatively as a host based on [this and several other unconfirmed observations](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/105175706).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/131/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus tantulus

  Quercus alba, prinus [montana], stellata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Saucer-shaped, 0.9-1.6 mm in dia, in numbers, on under side dropping in early summer leaving a scar on the gall and a brown spot on the leaf. 

  [Photo caption]
  Saucer-shaped, 0.9-1.6 mm in dia, in numbers, on under side of leaf of Q alba dropping in early fall leaving a scar on the gall and a brown spot on the leaf. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/126/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus alba, margaretta, michauxii, prinus [montana] 
  Leaf galls, detachable [erroneously listed as integral on Q margaretta]
  Spherical, white, 1.2 mm almost bare, scattered on under side, a papilla at the apex, a deep hilum below with a pedicel in center. July-August.

  Quercus chapmani
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Globular, white, almost bare, 1.2 mm in dia, scattered on under side of the leaf in the fall.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q alba. Also on Q prinus [montana], michauxii, chapmani.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/54/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus alba
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Similar to above [Unknown q-alba-white-bead-gall] but red and hairy. Sept-Oct.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q alba. Red, hairy. Sept-Oct.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/122/mode/1up
description:
  Acraspis echini

  Quercus bicolor
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Similar to the hedgehog gall [Acraspis erinacei] but is smaller, usually two-celled. FL. Entered from literature.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  On Q bicolor. Galls similar to but smaller than the Hedgehog Gall, A erinacei above. Adults "bred in Nov." Fla.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/123/mode/1up
description:
  Adleria nigricens

  Quercus bicolor
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Midrib cluster of closely-packed reddish-brown galls, dropping in September.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q bicolor. From galls collected on ground in Oct 1938 adults emerged Mar 20-Apr 7, 1940; Mar 16-Apr 7, 1941; Mar 23 and Apr 21, 1942.

  "like Adleria nigricens"

  Quercus lyrata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Midrib cluster like Adleria nigricens. In fall.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/125/mode/1up
description:
  Philonix lanaeglobuli

  Quercus bicolor [apparently an error, see ID note]
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Globular, 7.6-8.9 mm, grayish pubescent, on under side of leaf. Fla. Entered from literature.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  On Q bicolor in Fla. Gall similar to Philonix nigra above, 7.5-8 mm in dia.


description:
  Weld has this species reported from Florida, but his given host, Quercus bicolor doesn't occur in Florida. This seems to be the result of some taxonomic confusion, with Beutenmuller interpreting Ashmead's "Quercus bicolor" as a then-deprecated synonym of his Quercus platanoides, now the modern Quercus bicolor. It seems most likely that Ashmead's trees were what we now call Quercus michauxii, which has at points been called Quercus bicolor var michauxii. 

  No Philonix galls have been reported in Florida apparently since Ashmead's original description. Weld, Kinsey, and Beutenmuller only list this species based on the specimen collected by Ashmead and no observations matching this gall appear in Florida on iNaturalist or Bugguide.  


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/123/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus ignotus

  Quercus bicolor
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Woolly, 2.5 by 1.25 mm, single or in groups along midrib or main veins, on under side, dropping with the leaves after which the hairs weather away.

  Quercus macrocarpa, stellata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Woolly midrib cluster on under side of leaf in fall.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q bicolor. Also on Q macrocarpa. Galls drop with the leaves in the fall and wool weathers away during the winter as shown in photo. Adults out Mar 24-Apr 27 and oviposited in buds.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/125/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus saltarius

  Quercus bicolor
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Saucer-shaped, on under side in numbers in June. Leaf surface opposite is smooth, lighter in color. After dropping in August they bounce about for some time.

  Quercus macrocarpa
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Small spangle in a cup-shaped depression on under side of leaf in numbers in fall and dropping out. 

  [Photo caption]
  On Quercus macrocarpa. On Q bicolor. After galls drop in June they jump about on the ground for some time as do the related species, Neuroterus saltatorius in CA. Adults emerged the second spring in March.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/124/mode/1up
description:
  Xystoteras volutellae

  Quercus lyrata, macrocarpa
  Leaf galls, detachable
  The type gall is like Fig 247.

  [Presumed synonyms]

  Quercus bicolor
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Spangle, 3 mm in dia, in numbers on under side in fall. Fig 222.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q bicolor. Found in Chicago area in Sept.

  Quercus macrocarpa
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Cylindrical spangle on ground at Ft Worth TX on Nov 2. Fig 247

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q macrocarpa. Found on ground Sept 1 at Fort Worth TX. The type gall of Xystoteras volutellae is similar to this.


description:
  A [similar gall](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2910) has been found on Quercus macrocarpa in Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana.

  The taxonomic history of this species is somewhat confused; see ID notes for [Callirhytis vaccinii](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/575). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/123/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus pattoni

  Quercus chapmani, margaretta, stellata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Woolly midrib cluster in fall similar to Andricus flocci, like Fig 208.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  A similar midrib woolly cluster [to Andricus flocci] on Q stellata and Q margaretta and Q breviloba. Adults the next April 10-16.

  [Presumed synonym]

  Quercus breviloba
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Woolly midrib cluster on under side of leaf in fall. Fig 213 Boerne TX. Contained adults in late fall.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q breviloba. Collected at Boerne TX in October.


description:
  Small clusters of 1-10 individual brown oval cells in the center of the leaf, emerging perpendicular from the midrib on both upper and lower leaf sides of Quercus laceyi in the fall. Seen in abundance on nearly every leaf. The cell surface when examined with a microscope shows numerous minute papillae covered with a crystaline material and sparse long white woolly hairs. The hairs come off as the galls age, except near the base. Inside is a single thin-walled chamber. Cells stay firmly attached to the leaf when it falls. Leaf petioles frequently display a small darkened area, presumably where eggs were inserted. Approximately 2-3mm long and 1.5mm in diameter. Seen in Fort Worth, TX in October. Adults emerge the following February.

  Observations are collected in [these Similar Observation Sets](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?verifiable=any&place_id=any&field:Similar%20observation%20set=Q.%20laceyi%20gall%20and%20inquilines) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?verifiable=any&place_id=any&field:Similar%20observation%20set=postoak_gumdrop) on iNaturalist.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/57/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus breviloba
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Cup-shaped, 7 mm in dia. Fig 239. On under side of leaf in Oct. Boerne, TX.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q breviloba. On under side of leaf. Boerne, TX. Oct. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/57/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus breviloba
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Cup-shaped spangle, 3 mm in dia. Fig 227. On under side of leaf in fall.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q breviloba. Collected at Boerne TX in Oct.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/87/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus breviloba
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Globular, 1 mm in dia. Fig 245 (like Fig 236 on white oak). This may be Neuroterus saltatorius australis Kinsey described from Q stellata from Austin TX.

  Quercus stellata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Spherical, white, 1 mm in dia. Fig 245. This may be Neuroterus saltatorius australis Kinsey described from this host at Austin TX.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q breviloba in TX in Oct.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/60/mode/1up
description:
  Sphaeroteras melleum

  Quercus chapmani, stellata
  Leaf galls, detachable 
  "Small, brownish yellow, globular, single or cluster of three or more, on upper side, easily detached, fleshy, shrivel in drying, 2.5-3.8 mm in dia." Entered from lit.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Cluster of one to three on upper surface of leaf of Q chapmani, 2.5-3.8 mm in dia; they shrivel in drying. "Reared in Feb." Not recognized in the field.

  [Undescribed species presumed to be synonymous based on Weld's statement and similarity of the galls]

  Quercus chapmani
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Similar to [Sphaeroteras carolina](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/862) above, but smoother, pink, single, saddled on midrib on the basal third of leaf on under side. This may be melleum.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Similar [to Sphaeroteras carolina](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/862) but smoother, pink, up to 10 mm in dia, saddled on a vein of Q chapmani on basal third of leaf on under side may be Sphaeroteras melleum.


description:
  Biorhiza mellea (Ashmead 1887)

  Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

  [Asexual generation detachable leaf gall found in the fall]


description:
  Sphaerotheras melleum (Ashmead) Ashmead comb. rev.

  [Reestablishes the genus Sphaeroteras and moves S mellea (the type species) back from Biorhiza]

  Biorhiza mellea Ashmead, 1887: 138; Mayr, 1902: 289; Melika y Abrahamson, 2002: 167.
  Biorhiza mellea (Ashmead) Ashmead, 1897a: 67. (error escritura)
  Sphaerotheras melleum (Ashmead) Ashmead (1897a: 67); Weld, 1951: 642.
  Cynips (Acraspis) mellea (Ashmead) Kinsey, 1930: 308


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/125/mode/1up
description:
  Philonix gigas

  Quercus lyrata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Globular, 15-20 mm in dia, with a thick wall and pubescent surface, dropping in the fall.

  Quercus macrocarpa
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Globular, 15-20 mm in dia, surface covered with a fine pubescence, dropping in early Sept. (Ft Worth, TX)

  [Photo caption]
  On Q lyrata. Also on Q macrocarpa. Adults emerged Dec 1 and Dec 15 after -14 F. More were found dead in breeding cage in March.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/125/mode/1up
description:
  Sphaeroteras unicum

  Quercus lyrata, margaretta, stellata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Globular, white, up to 7 mm in dia, saddled on a vein on under side of leaf in fall.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q stellata. Also on Q margaretta, lyrata. Adults emerged the next spring by May 25.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/71/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus rugatus

  Quercus lyrata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Midrib cluster of dark red rugose galls on under side of leaf in the fall.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q lyrata. Adults out Apr 11 the third spring and a pupa in the fall indicated there would be some the fourth.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/122/mode/1up
description:
  Acraspis villosa

  Quercus macrocarpa
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Globular, 7-8 mm, hairy, single on the under side in summer. Contains one larval cell.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q macrocarpa. Types emerged Oct 29 (MI). Adults were cut out on the galls Nov 1 (Chi)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/131/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus muehlenbergii
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Similar to [Phylloteras sigma] above but straight and without a scar in center, green, on a vein. Fig 313. Manhattan KS, June 27.

  [Photo caption]
  Similar to Phylloteras sigma but straight and without a scar in center, green, on a vein on Q muehlenbergii in June at Manhattan, KS.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/82/mode/1up
description:
  Acraspis prinoides

  Quercus prinoides
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Globular, 12 mm in dia, covered with cone-shaped projections, on upper surface of leaf in late Aug. Light green tinged with red, one-celled. Type host. Adults emerge in Dec.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  On Q prinoides. On Long Island galls were just starting on July 23. Galls from the pine barrens of NJ contained adults Oct 21; some emerged Dec 26.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/87/mode/1up
description:
  Atrusca centricola

  Quercus stellata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  A spotted oak apple on under side of leaf in fall, usually single.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q stellata. Adults Nov 27-Dec 8.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/87/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus biconicus

  Quercus stellata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Cluster at base of petiole in fall, brown, covered with stellate hairs, dropping when mature.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q stellata. Adults emerged the 2nd spring Mar 5 and Feb 21 the third spring (DC)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/123/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus stellata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Midrib cluster of pentagonal galls on under side in fall. Fig 196.

  [Photo caption]
  Callirhytis sp. On Q stellata, also on Q durandii [sinuata]. From galls on Q stellata at Texarkana AR. Oct 13 1917 an adult emerged May 12, 1919.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/88/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus stellata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Cup-shaped spangle in the fall. Fig 224. AR, MO, TX. Never reared.

  [Photo caption]
  Xysoteras sp. On Q stellata. Collected in TX in Oct. Wingless adults emerged Mar 25 the second spring. Never described.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/88/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus stellata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Spangle, 3.1 mm in dia, edge cream-colored and slightly inrolled, a slight nipple in center above. Long Island, NY in Sept


description:
  Green, fuzzy erineum pockets formed on the upper surface of Diospyros texana leaves in spring, persisting throughout the year. 

  This gall is often presumed to be formed by Aceria theospyri, the mite causing erineum galls on Diospyros virginiana. As the mite is to our knowledge undescribed, this may turn out to be the case but there is no reason to believe it at the moment. It is just as if not more likely to be a distinct species. It is, like its host, limited in range to Texas and, likely, northern Mexico.


description:
  [The Amrine catalog has three entries associated with Bucida buceras [Terminalia buceras]: 

  Colomerus bucidae (Nalepa 1904), a valid species with synonyms Eriophyes buceras and Colomerus bucidae
  Relationship: "Erineum in leaf bulges- upward."
  Note: "There may be three separate species here: one causing erineum, one causing leaf galls, and one causing the flower galls described by Trotter, 1929. This host plant and its mites need further study."

  Colomerus buceras (Trotter 1929), tentatively asserted as a deprecated synonym of Eriophyes bucida (Nalepa, 1904)
  Relationship: "Greatly elongated, slender, hollow, horn-shaped outgrowth on flower, about 19 cm long (instead of the normal fruit measuring only 5-6 mm) and about 2-4 mm thick. The gall cavity contains numerous fleshy irregular emergences. Some of the galls on inflorescence develop into witches' brooms."
  Note: "This appears to be a valid species that is distinct from and precedes Eriophyes buceras Cromroy, 1958. This mite was missed by Davis et al., 1982, and by Amrine & Stasny, 1994."

  Colomerus buceras (Cromroy, 1958), a deprecated synonym of Colomerus bucidae
  Relationship: "Deformed fruit, leaf erineum, and two types of galls [galls were not described]."
  Note for C buceras reads: "Is this the same species described by Trotter in 1917 (Eriophyes buceras Trotter, 1929)? If they are different species, then this mite needs a new name. The symptoms may be describing 2 or 3 species."]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32322#page/91/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus maxwelli n. sp.

  Galls polythalamous, but rarely containing more than half a dozen larvae. Globular or oval, though sometimes somewhat irregular in shape. From three-eighths to five-eights of an inch in diameter, yellowish brown to dark brown, mostly smooth and shining, but some of ray specimens are slightly rough and opaque. Internally, of a soft pith-like cellular tissue and without distinct larval cells. I received these galls many years ago from Mr. W. R. Maxwell, of Palestine, Texas, but did not learn from what species of oak they were collected, nor whether they were leaf or twig galls, though they are probably the latter. 

  Described from 12 specimens reared in April, 1877.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31780#page/141/mode/1up
description:
  ANDRICUS MURTFELDTAE, new species. 

  Gall. — An irregular, hard, pithy, brown, globular gall; externally finely granulated and with a few short blunt spines; interiorly of a hard, pithy, brown substance ; polythalamous. Diameter, 8 mm. ; length, 10 mm. 

  Described from 3 male specimens with the gall, labeled simply from Miss Murtfeldt, and probably taken at Kirkwood, Missouri. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/83/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus prinus [montana]
  Leaf galls, integral
  Like [Callirhytis bipapillata.](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/988) [Weld's description of C bipapillata: Isolated parenchyma thickenings in large numbers, projecting on both sides of the leaf in June.] NY. Empty in Sept.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/125/mode/1up
description:
  Belonocnema fossoria [not a formal synonym per Zhang but Weld uses this name to cover leaf galls of this genus on both Quercus virginiana and geminata. The former is B treatae.]

  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Tan, smooth, globular galls on under side of leaf in numbers in the fall.

  [Photo caption]
  Fig 230. On Q virginiana. Also on Q geminata. Adults emerged 8-13. In two cases where the galls were numerous on the leaves in the fall shriveled old galls of Belonocnema treatae Mayr were found on the roots.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/92/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus pattersoni

  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  "Root" galls
  Slight swelling of small roots containing several closely clustered spherical cells 1 mm in dia. Gall 20 mm long by 4 mm wide or larger. Adults emerged Feb 9. Entered from lit. 

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Cells clustered in a slight enlargement of small roots on Q virginiana. Perhaps a synonym of Bassettia floridana above.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16186021#page/375/mode/1up
description:
  Odontocynips nebulosa

  Quercus fusiformis, virginiana x fusiformis hybids

  All root galls examined in this study contained outer galls that were hard, solid, and woody. Larval chambers were completely surrounded by woody outer root tissue, but were not separated from the outer gall by an internal air space. The gall surfaces were generally smooth, lacking hairs and spines, and were not coated with a sticky resin. Unilocular single-chambered galls had out- er walls that were morphologically identical to those of individual chambers within multilocular galls. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/114/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus foliatus

  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  Bud galls
  Cell in center of elongated, narrow bud scales, not deciduous.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q virginiana. Also on Q geminata, fusiformis. Galls start to develop in Oct. Adults the next August.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/92/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  Bud galls
  Terminal, hollow. Fig 164. Seen at Austin TX in Oct.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q virginiana. Austin TX in Oct.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/92/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis batatoides

  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Abrupt swellings of twigs varying in form and size, many celled.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q virginiana. Also on Q geminata, fusiformis. Adults out in Feb, Mar, Apr 25-May 1 (FL).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/92/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis cinerosa

  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  Stem galls, detachable
  Diameter 19-24 mm, covered with a mealy gray powder which gradually weathers away. 

  [Photo caption]
  On Q virginiana in TX. Gall secretes honeydew. Some trees are loaded with hundreds of these galls. They contain 40% of tannic acid.  An adult emerged indoors Dec 30.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/130/mode/1up
description:
  Disholcaspis fungiformis

  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  Stem galls, detachable
  A cluster of mushroom-shaped galls, the top a flattened cone, 7-10 mm in dia and 4 mm high above a broad base in which is the larval cell. TX. Entered from literature.

  [Photo caption]
  A cluster of two-story galls; the upper part a flattened cone, 7-10 mm in dia and 4 mm high; the lower part containing the larval cell. On Q virginiana in TX [this apparently refers to Quercus fusiformis before it was separated as a distinct species].


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/92/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  Stem galls, Cells hidden under bark, some swelling
  Small group of non-separable nested cells firmly fixed to matrix in a slightly hypertrophied twig. New Orleans, LA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/92/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  Stem galls, Cells hidden under bark, some swelling
  Hard white cell which can be dug out intact from a slight twig swelling. New Orleans, LA. Jan.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/125/mode/1up
description:
  Belonocnema fossoria

  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Tan, smooth, globular galls on under side of leaf in numbers in the fall.

  [Weld's photo for this species shows Belonocnema treatae (or possibly kinseyi? location not specified) on Q virginiana]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/125/mode/1up
description:
  Belonocnema kinseyi

  Quercus virginiana, geminata [Weld's association with geminata is erroneous per Zhang; this likely refers to Belonocnema fossoria]
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Similar to the above [Belonocnema fossoria leaf galls] on live oak in Texas.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Galls are similar to those of fossoria above on Q virginiana in Texas. Galls are full grown by end of July. Contained pupae and adults Oct 26. Adults emerged before Nov 15 (TX).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/124/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus laniger

  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Woolly midrib cluster on under side.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q virginiana. Also on Q geminata. Adults emerged Feb 28-Mar 10.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/126/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus saltatorius texanus

  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Adults out Mar 8.

  [Photo caption]
  Described as Neuroterus saltatorius texanus Kinsey. On Quercus virginiana. In late fall in Texas. Adults emerged Mar 8.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/92/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus sp. 

  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  Leaf galls, detachable
  In numbers, their dropping in April suggesting pattering rain. San Antonio, TX.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/129/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus minutissimus

  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  Leaf galls, integral
  Small, 1.25-2.5 mm, covered with coarse, brown mossy pubescence, on under side in numbers in the fall.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  On Q virginiana, geminata. In numbers on under side of leaf, pubescent, the size of a pinhead.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/129/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus niger alimas

  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  Leaf galls, integral
  Adults Apr 16, Austin TX

  [Photo caption]
  On Q virginiana. Types emerged Apr 16  (Austin TX)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/129/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus virginiana, geminata
  Leaf galls, integral
  Like gall of Andricus utriculus Fig 274. Empty in Oct. TX.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q virginiana, fusiformis. TX in Oct.


description:
  Association with Quercus geminata possible based on the ambiguous implication in Weld 1959 that the entire list for Quercus virginiana also occurs on Quercus geminata, but not confirmed by later sources.

  Association with Quercus fusiformis inferred from iNaturalist observations.


description:
  In the literature, this species was originally described from a "variety of Quercus virginiana" found in Texas. It is not listed on Quercus virginiana by more recent sources and iNat observations have only been seen on trees identified as Quercus fusiformis in Texas. 

  Association with Quercus geminata possible based on the ambiguous implication in Weld 1959 that the entire list for Quercus virginiana also occurs on Quercus geminata, but not listed in any other source and therefore not included in our entry.


description:
  Association with Quercus geminata based on the ambiguous implication in Weld 1959 that the entire list for Quercus virginiana also occurs on Quercus geminata.


description:
  Quercus fusiformis added as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63500228). 

  Melika et al 2021 describe N bussae only from specimens collected in Florida. [An adult male](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/112870734) reared from [a gall resembling N bussae](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/112185188) in Austin, TX appears to match the male description given for N bussae in Florida, supporting the assumption that this same species is found outside of Texas. 

  In the description given by Melika et al, emergence holes are noted to be typically found on the upper side. Given the high prevalence of inquilines in these galls, it is possible that emergence holes on the lower side may be caused by those species rather than the inducer.

  Neuroterus bussae can be confused with the oviposition scars of [Belonocnema](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/710) leaf galls, which are found on live oak leaves in the spring during the same period as N bussae galls develop. [Belonocnema oviposition scars](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/112174581) are extremely numerous, often nearly a dozen on each leaf of a sprout of new leaves. The two are most easily distinguished from the upper side of the leaf, where N bussae produces a raised bump. N bussae galls do not cause holes in the leaf, as Belonocnema ovipositors often do. 

  Association with Quercus geminata possible based on the ambiguous implication in Weld 1959 that the entire list for Quercus virginiana also occurs on Quercus geminata, but not listed pending a confirming report on that host. 


description:
  Weld lists this species separately from [Neuroterus saltatorius texanus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1109) but the only apparent distinction between the two is that this species drops in April rather than the fall. They may the same species. 

  Association with Quercus geminata based on the ambiguous implication in Weld 1959 that the entire list for Quercus virginiana also occurs on Quercus geminata.


description:
  This wasp is one of two species (along with [Andricus quercuslanigera](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/895)) apparently native to the southeast US that has been imported to Quercus virginiana planted in California. The identity of the wasp has not been confirmed, however.

  Association with Quercus geminata based on the ambiguous implication in Weld 1959 that the entire list for Quercus virginiana also occurs on Quercus geminata.

  Quercus fusiformis added tentatively as a host based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/99881683).


description:
  Weld's gall is only associated with Quercus geminata based on the ambiguous implication that the entire list for Quercus virginiana also occurs on Quercus geminata. Conversely, [Melika et al 2021](https://www.gallformers.org/source/396)'s Andricus highlandensis is only described from Quercus geminata. It is possible that further research will show that the galls on other live oaks are induced by distinct species. 


description:
  Weld has this species reported from Florida, but his given host, Quercus bicolor doesn't occur in Florida. This seems to be the result of some taxonomic confusion, with Beutenmuller interpreting Ashmead's "Quercus bicolor" as a then-deprecated synonym of his Quercus platanoides, now the modern Quercus bicolor. It seems most likely that Ashmead's trees were what we now call Quercus michauxii, which has at points been called Quercus bicolor var michauxii. 

  Kinsey lists Ashmead's echini as a variety of his Cynips pezomachoides, known only from Ashmead's specimen. He also lists a distinct species, Cynips gemmula agamic form, that is apparently not described in any other known sources (to the extent that it differs from Acraspis prinoides). Given the confusion around Ashmead's host determination for Acraspis echini, it seems unlikely that these represent distinct valid species, and Kinsey's Cynips gemmula (excluding Acraspis prinoides) is taken to represent the same gall Ashmead described as Acraspis echini. 


description:
  Philonix echini

  Acraspis echini Ashmead

  Gall. On the leaves of swamp white oak (Quercus platanoides) in autumn. Almost globular, with the surface fintely netted or fissured like a strawberry and covered with short spiny prickles. Yellowish in color. Internally there are from one to four cells, but usually only two cells. Diameter 5 to 7 mm.

  Habitat: Florida

  The gall somewhat resembles that of Philonix erinacei and Philonix pezomachoides. It is smaller than erinacei and larger than pezomachoides. The surface is coarser than in erinacei and the spines are considerably shorter.


description:
  Philonix lanaeglobuli (Ashmead)

  Acraspis lanaeglobuli

  Gall: On the under side of the leaves of swamp white oak (Quercus platanoides [michauxii?]). Round or globular, slightly attached to the leaf and covered with a fine, dense, grayish pubescence. Internally of a pithy structure, with a large thin shelled kernel in the centre. Diameter 7.5 to 8 mm. 

  Habitat: Florida

  This species is not known to me; the type is in the US National Museum.


description:
  Philonix prinoides

  Cynips prinoides
  Philonix prinoides
  Acraspis prinoides

  Gall. On the upper or under side of the leaves of dwarf chestnut oak (Quercus prinoides), usually on the mid rib. In August and September. Monothalamous. Hard and woody. Globular with numerous cone-like projections, each with a long or short bristle. Green or yellowish usually tinged with red. Internally there is a rather large larval chamber. Diameter 6 to 12 mm.

  Habitat: NY, NJ, OH 


description:
  Philonix hirta

  Cynips q. hirta
  Cynips hirta
  Biorhiza hirta
  Biorrhiza hirta
  Philonix hirta

  Gall. On the veins on the upper and under sides of the leaves of chestnut oak (Quercus prinus [montana]) in September and October. Green or yellowish green. Hard, round, with the outer surface composed of fissures each with a short point. Internally there is a single larval cell. Diameter 4 to 6 mm.

  Habitat: MA, CT, NY, NJ, DC, PA, KS, CO(?)

  The gall very much resembles that of Philonix pezomachoides but the adult is very different from this species. It is allied to Philonix macrocarpae.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/85/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis seminosa

  Quercus palustris, rubra
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Abrupt, surface very irregular, cells near surface and very numerous.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q palustris. Also on Q rubra. Date of emergence of maker unknown.


description:
  Weld lists this species as a stem gall, and this is how it is typically perceived, but observations made early enough in spring will show that it is in fact a bud gall. This is why it is most often found at the terminus of twigs. Galls found elsewhere on the stem emerge from lateral buds.

  Callirhytis seminator is most frequently confused with Callirhytis quercusoperator, a catkin gall on red-group oaks. Aside from the absence of catkins and host ID, Callirhytis seminator can be distinguished by its regular pink-turning-brown spots and more regularly sphere-like shape. 

  It may also be confused with Andricus aciculatus, a stem gall on Quercus stellata. Andricus aciculatus has much denser wool, often condensing to a near-impenetrable felt when wetted, and lacks pink or brown spots entirely. 


description:
  Raised blisters on leaves of Quercus myrtifolia containing erineum below. Seen in April in [Florida](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/43654386) and in [Louisiana](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/69187444) and [Alabama](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/69919614) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/70151074) in February.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/107/mode/1up
description:
  Sphaeroteras caepuliforme

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], cinerea [incana], falcata, ilicifolia, laurifolia, marilandica, myrtifolia, rubra, texana [buckleyi], velutina
  "Root" galls
  Onion-shaped, in clusters on stem below ground, cream-colored to brown, 6-9 mm high. 

  [Photo caption]
  On Q rubra. Also on Q velutina, marilandica, ilicifolia, falcata, cinerea [incana], catesbaei [laevis], myrtifolia, texana [buckleyi], laurifolia. Galls are full-grown by Aug 1, contain pupae by Sept 1 and adults by Oct 3 (IL). Adults emerged Nov 23-Dec 2 (all females). Alternating generation unknown.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/107/mode/1up
description:
  Trisoleniella enigma

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], myrtifolia, nigra, texana [buckleyi], 
  "Root" galls
  Cluster of up to 150 at the base of sprouts.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q catesbaei [laevis]. Also on Q myrtifolia, rubra, nigra, texana [buckleyi]. Fig 35 [referring to Disholcaspis on Q stellata-presumably this should read Fig 34, the figure captioned] is of individual galls from a disintegrated old specimen. Galls may take two years to develop. Adults can be cut out Nov 1 (FL). Oct 22 (IL). Normal emergence date unknown.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/108/mode/1up
description:
  Eumayria floridana

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], cinerea [incana], coccinea, falcata, ilicifolia, laurifolia, marilandica, myrtifolia, rubra, texana [buckleyi], velutina
  "Root" galls
  Abrupt rounded mass with botryoidal surface, up to 25 mm in dia, at surface of ground on sprouts.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q catesbaei [laevis]. Also on Q coccinea, rubra, velutina, ilicifolia, falcata, cinerea [incana], myrtifolia, texana [buckleyi]. Adults emerged Apr 12-May 3 (FL).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/108/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus favus

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], cinerea [incana], laurifolia, marilandica, myrtifolia, nigra, palustris, rubra, texana [buckleyi], 
  "Root" galls
  Dense clusters at or below surface, up to 60 mm in dia, consisting of up to 250 individual cells, 11 mm.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q rubra. Also on Q marilandica, nigra, catesbaei [laevis], laurifolia, myrtifolia, texana [buckleyi]. Galls become full-grown in the late fall, larvae transform the next autumn and galls turn brown; during the winter the fleshy distal half becomes converted to spongy tissue as in Fig 47 and finally decays leaving the wedge shaped bases to persist for years. Adults, all females, emerge in late Autumn (Dec 3-Feb 27 (FL); Dec 28 (after -14 F), Feb 19 (after six weeks without a thaw) and Mar 2 (IL) from galls collected in MO in Oct.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/108/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis ovata

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], cinerea [incana], myrtifolia, texana [buckleyi], 
  "Root" galls
  Ellipsoidal, sessile, single or groups, 6 mm high by 5 mm in dia, colored like normal bark.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q myrtifolia. Also on Q catesbaei [laevis], cinerea [incana], texana [buckleyi]. Contained both pupae and adults on Dec 3 (FL). Galls were empty on Apr 15.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/108/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis marginata

  Quercus coccinea
  "Root" galls
  Abrupt cushion-like swellings in bark at or below surface on sprouts which are 5-10 mm in dia, in the fall.

  Quercus rubra
  "Root" galls
  Abrupt cushion-like swellings in bark at crown on sprouts, covered with normal bark. Adults emerged April 25 and were observed ovipositing in the swelling buds.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  On Q coccinea, rubra, similar to Fig 40 above [Callirhytis rubida]. Adults emerged Apr 25 (IL). Others were seen ovipositing in swelling buds on the same clump of scarlet oak sprouts. Further study may prove marginata to be synonym of rubida which has page precedence.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/108/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis rubida

  Quercus coccinea, velutina
  "Root" galls
  Abrupt local swellings on stem below ground with cells in the thick brown bark. In the fall.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q coccinea. Also on Q rubra. Galls cut open on Sept 21 contained full-grown larvae, pupae and adults (DC). An adult was cut out May 19 (IL).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/109/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus myrtifolia, phellos
  Flower galls
  Globular, short-pubescent. Fig 55.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q myrtifolia. Also on Q phellos.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/109/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis myrtifoliae

  Quercus myrtifolia, phellos
  Flower galls
  Arrowhead-shaped, one-celled, scattered along among normal stamens on staminate axis, drying to black.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q myrtifolia. Also on Q phellos. Adults out in early June (DC from galls on Q phellos).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/109/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis operator sex.gen.

  Quercus cinerea [incana], ilicifolia, imbricaria, myrtifolia, palustris, phellos, rubra, texana [buckleyi], velutina
  Flower galls
  A woolly white gall on the staminate flowers in May-June.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q rubra. Also on Q coccinea, velutina, imbricaria, ilicifolia, falcata, texana [buckleyi]. Galls turn brown about the time the adults emerge June 11-30 (DC); July 10 (Nova Scotia). On June 26 adults were ovipositing in last year's acorns of Q velutina then about 1/4 of an inch in dia.

  "Like Callirhytis operator sex.gen."

  Quercus falcata
  Flower galls
  Like Callirhytis operator sex.gen. Seen in AR.

  Quercus laurifolia, marilandica
  Flower galls
  Callirhytis sp. Like Callirhytis operator sex.gen.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/109/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis clarkei

  Quercus ilicifolia
  Flower galls
  A staminate flower gall resembling an elongated blackberry, each containing 1-4 cells. In April and May. I have never reared it. 

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Q ilicifolia. Galls resemble an elongated blackberry.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/110/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis blastophaga

  Quercus cinerea [incana]
  Flower galls
  "Minute, smooth, oval cells on the staminate flowers." Type galls are poitned at end and pubescent under a lens. Adults bred in May. Type host. Included from literature.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Q cinerea [incana]. A filament gall pointed at end like Fig 288 [Callirhytis florensis]. Reared in May. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/110/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis florensis

  Quercus marilandica
  Flower galls
  Galls scattered among the stamens in a shortened catkin, conical, 2.2 mm long. Type host.

  [Photo caption]
  Q marilandica. An enlarged filament. Adults of both sexes emerged May 18-25 (DC). Next fall nearly every acorn on this tree had a gall of Callirhytis balanaspis (whose maker emerged the second spring). 

  Galls scattered among normal stamens in a shortened catkin of Q marilandica, cells 2.2 mm long.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/110/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis parva

  Quercus imbricaria
  Flower galls
  Globular, 1-2 celled, covered with short crinkly hairs, dropping about the middle of May. Adults were cut out June 11 (DC). Type host.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Q imbricaria. Galls globular, greenish-white, usually two-celled, covered with crinkly hairs. The galls began to drop May 16; adults out June 11 (DC). Some adults came out and had died by June 1 and others were cut out June 4 (WV).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/110/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis turnerii

  Quercus nigra, phellos
  Flower galls
  Woolly, globular, as large as a cherry, consisting of several two-celled kernels. Adults out Apr 29. Type host. FL. Entered from literature.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Q nigra. A woolly white gall on staminate flowers as in Fig 58 [Callirhytis quercusoperator]. Adults Apr 28 (FL).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/74/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis sp.

  Quercus marilandica
  Acorn galls
  Ex gall like above [Callirhytis fructuosa] from Batesburg S Car reared Apr 17-May 3 the second spring.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/110/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips prunus

  Quercus coccinea, ilicifolia, imbricaria, nigra, palustris, rubra, velutina
  Acorn galls
  A plum gall produced on the side of the acorn cup in the fall, dropping when mature and becoming wrinkled. 

  Quercus falcata
  Acorn galls
  A plum gall in eastern and northern states, 13-19 mm in dia, wrinkles in drying.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q velutina. Also on Q coccinea, rubra, palustris, imbricaria, ilicifolia, falcata, nigra. Transformation takes place in the fall; emergence in the spring Feb 17-May 14 MO and is distributed over more than one season. Galls contain the highest percent of tannin (40%) of any that have been analysed but fluctuates from year to year. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/110/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips gainesi

  Quercus falcata, marilandica
  Acorn galls
  A plum gall on side of acorn cup, up to 37 mm in dia. Does not wrinkle in drying. Tex to Ark.

  [Photo caption]
  Fig 61. On Q marilandica. Also on Q falcata. One emerged May 4, another May 25 from galls collected the fall before; others the second spring. Tannic acid content is about half of that in the Aleppo gall and is an iron bluing variety suitable for the making of a writing ink.

  "Like Amphibolips gainesi"

  Quercus texana [buckleyi]
  Acorn galls
  Like Amphibolips gainesi. Fig 61. Seen at Boerne, TX in Oct.

  [Photo caption]
  Fig 60. Never reared. On Q texana [buckleyi]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/110/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis middletoni

  Quercus laurifolia, phellos
  Acorn galls
  A pip gall dropping in early May after which an outer fleshy later decays leaving a hard shell with a rough surface as in photo.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q phellos. Galls drop in early May (DC) and an outer layer decays leaving a hard shell as in photo. Adults emerged the next spring Apr 9-16 and the second spring Apr 17.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/110/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis balanacea

  Quercus imbricaria, palustris, phellos, rubra, velutina
  Acorn galls
  A pip gall in the fall beside small acorns of current season, spherical, up to 6.3 mm, smooth, bare, secreting honeydew, dropping in Oct and turning black.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q palustris. Also on Q velutina, phellos. Outer layer turns black, wrinkles, dries down on the hard inner shell (photo), drops Oct 12 (DC); adults emerged the second spring Mar 26-Apr 2 and the third spring in April.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/111/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis balanaspis

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], velutina
  Acorn galls
  A pip gall in fall on immature acorn, 6 mm in dia, larger than the normal young acorns.

  Quercus marilandica
  Acorn galls
  A pip gall in fall on immature acorns 6 mm in dia and larger than normal young acorns, secreting honeydew.

  [Photo caption]
  On immature acorn of Q marilandica. Also on Q velutina, catesbaei [laevis]. Galls drop in early Oct. Adults emerged the second spring Apr 9 and the third spring Apr 3 (DC).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/111/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis hopkinsi

  Quercus imbricaria
  Acorn galls
  A pip gall beside young acorns of current season, secreting honeydew, broader than high.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q imbricaria. Galls drop in early Sept (WV). Adults emerged the second spring Mar 29-Apr 14; third spring Mar 29-Apr 15; fourth spring Apr 13. Dr Hopkins estimated there were 50-100 galls per square foot on ground under tree or over a bushel under one tree.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/111/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis fructuosa

  Quercus coccinea, falcata, ilicifolia, marilandica, palustris, rubra, texana [buckleyi], velutina
  Acorn galls
  A stony-hard, many-celled mass inside mature acorns in the fall, crowding the cotyledons.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q coccinea. Also on Q velutina, rubra, palustris, marilandica, ilicifolia, falcata, texana [buckleyi]. In August the red squirrels cut open the affected acorns for the well-developed larvae. From acorns of Q marilandica from Batesburg SC another Callirhytis emerged the second spring Apr 17-May 3.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/111/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis petrosa

  Quercus cinerea [incana]
  Acorn galls
  A stone gall inside a mature acorn in fall. Type host. Adults emerged Apr 20-26 the third spring.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  A similar [to Callirhytis fructuosa] stone gall on Q cinerea [incana]. Adults emerged Apr 20-26 the third spring.

  Callirhytis corrugis

  Quercus imbricaria, palustris, rubra, velutina
  Acorn galls
  A stone gall inside a mature acorn in fall and not distinguished from fructuosa in the field. Fig 70.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Has been reared along with Callirhytis fructuosa from stone galls in acorns of Q palustris, imbricaria, rubra, velutina. This species was taken ovipositing in buds of Q velutina Apr 1-29 in ten different seasons (DC).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/111/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis fructicola

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], ilicifolia, imbricaria, marilandica
  Acorn galls
  A stone gall inside mature acorns not to be distinguished in field from Callirhytis fructuosa (Fig 70) and sometimes reared along with it [on Q marilandica].

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Has been reared along with Callirhytis fructuosa from stone galls in acorns of Q ilicifolia and Q marilandica. Galls similar to Fig 70 [Callirhytis fructuosa].


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/111/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis balanoides

  Quercus velutina
  Acorn galls
  Pip gall in fall on acorns of current season, secreting honeydew.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q velutina in fall dropping in early Sept (IL); adults emerged the second spring May 5.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/111/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips fuliginosa

  Quercus laurifolia, myrtifolia, phellos
  Acorn galls
  A plum gall on side of acorn cup, 7-10 mm in dia, dropping when mature (before October).

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Q phellos, laurifolia, myrtifolia. A plum gall, 7-10 mm in dia, dropping in Aug. Only rearing record May 1.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/111/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus phellos
  Acorn galls
  Larger [than Amphibolips quercusjuglans], light-colored, not wrinkled; adult 2nd spring.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Never reared. A plum gall on Q phellos, not wrinkled, up to 25 mm in dia. An Amphibolips sp. was cut out Dec 3.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/76/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus myrtifolia, phellos
  Acorn galls
  A stone gall inside a mature acorn like Fig 70 [Callirhytis fructuosa].


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/66/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus ilicifolia
  Acorn galls
  Fig 74 [refers to [Callirhytis perditor](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/780), listed separately for this host]. A pip gall in Sept. on acorns of current season. Adults emerged the second spring. Never described.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/67/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus imbricaria
  Acorn galls
  Like Fig 72 [[Callirhytis balanoides](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1128)]. Seen at Poplar Bluff, MO. Sept 4. Never reared.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/127/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis futilis sex. gen.

  Quercus alba, bicolor, lyrata, macrocarpa, prinus [montana]
  Leaf galls, integral
  Oak Wart Gall. Scattered blisters, 6-9 mm projecting on both sides of leaf, containing 2-3 cells supported by radiating fibers. May-June.

  [Photo caption]
  Oak Wart Gall. On Q bicolor (left) and Q alba. Also on Q prinus [montana], macrocarpa, lyrata. Adults July 3.


description:
  The agamic generation of this species is also known from Quercus prinoides and possibly Quercus stellata, suggesting the sexual generation could be found on those oaks as well. An observation consistent with this description has been found on Quercus stellata in May in [Texas](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78708815).

  Quercus michauxii added as a host based on the wide host range within white oaks otherwise known for this species and based on [this unconfirmed observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/42978811).


description:
  The sexual generation of this species is also known from Quercus bicolor, macrocarpa, and lyrata, suggesting the agamic generation could be found on those oaks as well. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/120/mode/1up
description:
  Bassettia ceropteroides

  Quercus coccinea
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Slight enlargement at base of new growth in July, containing a few cells. Entered from literature.

  Quercus palustris, rubra, texana [buckleyi]
  Stem galls, cells hidden under bark
  Slight enlargement of base of the annual growth in July, containing a few larval cells just under the bark in the wood. Entered from lit.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q coccinea. Also on Q imbricaria, palustris. Cell in wood just under bark. Possibly Bassettia ceropteroides.

  Bassettia ceropteroides
  Described from Q velutina. An inconspicuous enlargement of the annual growth containing but a few cells. Found in July. Included from literature.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/116/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis tuberosa

  Quercus ilicifolia, imbricaria
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  A much shortened thickened portion of the new growth bearing many leaves, many-celled, up to 15 mm long by 6 mm in dia. In June. Rare. The type host. Fig 299. Have never reared it.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Q ilicifolia, imbricaria. A much shortened thickening of the new growth, bearing leaves and containing several cells. The writer has never reared it.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/116/mode/1up
description:
  Eumayria longipennis

  Quercus laurifolia, phellos
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Woody enlargement at base of lateral branches or on new shoots, 8-10 mm long by 3.5-4 mm in dia. Types reared in May. Type host. Entered from lit. Fig 300

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Q laurifolia, phellos
  Small oblong swellings at base of new growth. Bred in May. Entered from lit.

  300. Woody enlargement at base of lateral branches of Q phellos, 8-10 mm long by 3.5-4 mm in dia. The types were reared in May.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/74/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus marilandica
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Abrupt hemispherical swellings, 10-11 mm in dia. In TX in Sept.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/74/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus falcata
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Spindle-shaped or lumpy thickenings of the bark containing many cells, 50 by 10 mm. Seen in MO. Never reared.

  Quercus marilandica
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Spindle-shaped or lumpy swellings containing many cells in thickened bark, 50 by 10 mm. Seen in TX and MO in Sept.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/116/mode/1up
description:
  Bassettia aquaticae

  Quercus nigra
  Stem galls, woody stem swellings
  Slight swelling at base of small twigs, 8.8 to 19 mm long by 7.5 to 10 mm in dia. Adult was cut out in March. Entered from lit.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Q nigra. Hard knotty swellings at the base of small twigs, 8-19 mm long by 7-10 mm in dia. An adult was cut out in March. Entered from lit.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/113/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus ellipsoidalis

  Quercus coccinea, marilandica, palustris, velutina
  Bud galls
  Spindle-shaped, blunt at both ends, up to 14 mm long, smooth, mottled, dropping in April-May.

  [Photo caption]
  94. On Q palustris. Also on Q coccinea, velutina, marilandica. Galls drop in late April (DC). The type was found in breeding cage Apr 10 the next spring.

  [Presumed synonyms]

  Quercus falcata, imbricaria
  Bud galls
  Probably Andricus ellipsoidalis. From weak lateral buds on previous year's growth in April, dropping when mature. FL and DC.

  [Photo caption]
  95. Never reared. Galls found on ground under Q velutina June 19 on the sand dunes in northern Indiana.

  106. Never reared. On Q imbricaria May 10 Joliet IL. Compare Figs 94, 95.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/58/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus catesbaei [laevis]
  Bud galls
  Globular, white, on small vigorous shoots in fall. Gainesvill FL. Oct 31.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610635#page/373/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips ellipsoidalis, new species

  Host. — Quercus palustris. 

  Gall (fig. 26). — A bud gall of early spring as new growth is starting. Spindle-shaped, blunt at both ends, up to 14 mm. long by 5 mm. in diameter, smooth, mottled with white when fresh, falling to ground when mature. Produced from weak lateral buds. 

  Habitat. — The type fly was reared from a gall collected May 9, 1920, on Q. palustris at "Dyche" on the wooded banks of the Potomac below Alexandria, Va. The fly was found dead in breeding cage April 10, 1921, Similar galls have been found in spring on Q. coccinea at Ravinia and Fort Sheridan, IL.; Miller, Ind.; and Washington, D. C. A shorter and broader gall with the same structure was seen on Q. imbricaria at Joliet, IL. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/61/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus cinerea [incana]
  Bud galls
  Green, smooth, bursting out of bud in fall, not secreting honeydew.

  Quercus laurifolia
  Bud galls
  Green, smooth, 4-6 mm in dia, in fall, not secreting honeydew.

  Quercus myrtifolia, phellos
  Bud galls
  Small, smooth, green, not secreting honeydew, in fall.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/61/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus cinerea [incana]
  Bud galls
  Gall hidden inside bud, pointed, thin-walled, exit hole thru bud scales. Seen in April. Never reared.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/62/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips sp.

  Quercus coccinea, ilicifolia, velutina
  Bud galls
  An Amphibolips similar to cookii. Green, 7-10 mm protruding from side of a bud in terminal cluster in fall, not spotted. Adults out Jan 1 and 14 the second spring. Never described.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Gall smaller than fig 84, not spotted, on Q velutina, coccinea, ilicifolia in late fall. Adults emerged the second spring.

  Like Amphibolips cookii

  Quercus texana [buckleyi]
  Bud galls
  Like Amphibolips cookii but smaller. Found on ground. Oct.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/70/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips sp.

  Quercus laurifolia, myrtifolia, phellos
  Bud galls
  Spindle-shaped, 15-20 mm long, green, in Oct.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/90/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus velutina
  Bud galls
  Melon-shaped, pink, fleshy, May 1 in Chicago area. Fig 81. Never reared.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q velutina. May 1 (IL).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/112/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips cookii

  Quercus rubra
  Bud galls
  Spherical, 11-25 mm in dia, spotted, dropping when full-grown in early Sept. and becoming wrinkled.

  [Photo caption]
  An immature gall on Q rubra. They are spotted when full-grown, 11-23 mm in dia, wrinkled after dropping. Brodie put 187 galls on ground over winter and fifty adults emerged the next Oct 25 and oviposited in buds on Dec 1 (Toronto). Miss Knox at Cornell reared the maker Oct 29-Nov 4. 54% of the galls were parasitized. The acorn moth, Valentinia glandulella was in 23% of the galls, the maker in 14.5%. Eight species of chalcids were reared and a guest cynipid, Synergus sp. emerged May 22 after a pupal period of 10 days from chambers formed in the central cell. Occurs on velutina too.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/113/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis rugulosa

  Quercus coccinea, rubra, velutina
  Bud galls
  Ovate, 7-10 mm long, ridged, with a knot of reflexed hairs at apex, stellate hairs on surface, wall thin, from weak lateral buds, single or in cluster, dropping in April-May.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q coccinea. Also on Q velutina. Galls drop in May. Some collected May 19, 1917 gave adults May 16, 1918 (IL). Adults emerged Mar 20, 29 (DC).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/113/mode/1up
description:
  Trisoleniella saltata

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], cinerea [incana], falcata
  Bud galls
  Ribbed, thin-walled, 9 by 3 mm, occurring 2-3 together from a bud axil in early spring, easily detached. After dropping in late Mar in FL has power of jumping for some weeks.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q falcata. Described from Q cinerea [incana]. The writer has never reared it. Gall appears the last of Mar and is easily detached and has power of jumping for several weeks. Ashmead reared one adult after 11 months and some days.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/113/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips spinosa

  Quercus laurifolia, phellos
  Bud galls
  Lemon-shaped. Collected on ground Oct to Feb. Type host.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q phellos. Also on Q laurifolia, cinerea [incana]. Collected on ground in Oct. Contained pupae Dec 5. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/113/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips tinctoriae

  Quercus coccinea, velutina
  Bud galls
  Compressed ovate, brown, the opposite sides keeled, single, wall thick, dropping in Oct.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q velutina. Also on coccinea. Galls drop in September. An adult emerged the next fall on Nov 20.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/114/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis gallaestriatae

  Quercus coccinea, palustris, rubra
  Bud galls
  Spindle-shaped with a long stalked base, up to 31 mm long, in late summer from weak lateral buds dropping in Sept.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q rubra. Also on Q coccinea, velutina, palustris, texana [buckleyi]. A dead adult was found in cage June 9 the second spring.

  Andricus gallaestriatae

  Quercus texana [buckleyi], velutina
  Bud galls
  Spindle-shaped with a long stalked base, up to 31 mm long, in late summer from weak lateral buds.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/114/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips acuminata

  Quercus cinerea [incana], palustris
  Bud galls
  Spindle-shaped, up to 58 mm long by 14 mm in dia, mid-April to early May.

  Quercus falcata, imbricaria
  Stem galls, detachable
  Spindle-shaped, up to 60 mm long, green to red, with a glaucous bloom. In spring.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q falcata. Also on Q imbricaria, cinerea [incana]. In DC area galls start to develop from mid-Apr to early May. Young ones are red and later develop a grayish bloom and often spots. Larvae pupate in June and galls turn brown. Adults emerged June 7, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 20 - nine adults from over 100 galls, being heavily parasitized.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/114/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis glomerosa

  Quercus coccinea, falcata, ilicifolia, rubra, texana [buckleyi]
  Bud galls
  Smooth, green or brown (in sun), in fall, about 3 mm in dia, over half projecting beyond bud scales. 

  [Photo caption]
  On Q rubra. Also on Q coccinea, ilicifolia, falcata, texana [buckleyi]. Galls drop when mature in early Oct. (IL). Galls are pubescent at the base. An adult emerged the second spring Apr 11, another Apr 20.

  [Presumed synonyms]

  Quercus imbricaria
  Bud galls
  Probably Callirhytis glomerosa. Green, smooth, half exposed beyond the bud scales, in fall. Never reared.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/114/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips murata

  Quercus cinerea [incana], marilandica, myrtifolia
  Bud galls
  Lemon-shaped, tan, smooth, 8-12 mm in dia, in fall. Wall thick, spongy tissue about the larval cell.

  Quercus laurifolia
  Bud galls
  A smooth tan bud gall, 8-12 mm in dia in fall with spongy tissue about the larval cell.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q marilandica. Also on Q myrtifolia, cinerea [incana], laurifolia, pumila. Adults were cut out in November. The only emergence records are Dec 4, 8 and April 11.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/114/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips globus agamic

  Quercus falcata, palustris
  Bud galls
  Agamic galls slightly pointed at end, green, up to 14 mm in dia, wall thin, dropping in late Aug.

  [Sexual generation listed on Q imbricaria]

  [Photo caption]
  [No photo] Q palustris. Galls of the agamic generation at the end of the season's growth in Aug and Sept up to 14 mm in dia, dropping when mature and becoming slightly wrinkled. Adults were cut out in Oct and Nov the next fall. 

  Fig. 294. Galls of the agamic generation slightly pointed at end, green, up to 14 mm in dia, wall thin, dropping in late Aug. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/115/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis cryptica

  Quercus falcata, myrtifolia
  Bud galls
  Gall in center of enlarged and seemingly dead bud scales which are elongated and narrow. Terminal. Oct.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Q myrtifolia, falcata. An enlarged terminal brown bud in Oct. Hidden within is a thin-walled eccentric cell with a tuft of hairs at apex. Adults emerged the next spring May 1.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/122/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips coelebs

  Quercus coccinea, rubra, velutina
  Leaf galls, integral
  Fig 191. Spindle-shaped, 28 by 4.5 mm, green, the prolongation of a vein.

  [Photo caption]
  191. On Q coccinea. Also on Q velutina, rubra. Adults emerged June 9-17 (DC).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/130/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis oblata

  Quercus coccinea, falcata
  Bud galls
  Green, smooth, bare, at apex of new growth in May, 4-5 by 3.5 mm, not at all hidden by bud scales.  When detached without a girdle of hairs at the base.

  [Photo caption]
  Q coccinea, falcata. Galls drop about May 15, bare at base. Adults the next spring Mar 21, Apr 6 (DC).

  292. Green, smooth, bare, not hidden by bud scales, at apex of new growth of Q coccinea and falcata in May. Without a girdle of hairs at base when detached.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/113/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips sp.

  Quercus falcata
  Stem galls, detachable
  Adults out Nov 20 and Mar 24. Never described.

  Fig 104. Amphibolips sp. On Q velutina. Also on Q falcata. Adults emerged the next fall.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/113/mode/1up
description:
  Fig 97. Q falcata, Ocala, FL. From galls collected in VA on Apr 4 a pupa was cut out in June after gall had been out of doors for three winters.


description:
  [Stem gall, appearing either green or red overall with round yellow spots or bumps. Most examples of this species will have a distinctive long, curved beak, however, forms of this gall occurring on Quercus cornelius-mulleri (Muller's Oak) can have beaks that appear very small or indistinct.]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/118/mode/1up
description:
  [Synergus sp. parasitoid(s)]

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], cinerea [incana], falcata, ilicifolia, imbricaria, laurifolia, myrtifolia, nigra, rubra, texana [buckleyi]
  Stem galls, detachable
  Fig 155. Small ribbed galls in early spring, secreting honeydew when young, dropping when mature in fall. When parasitized they do not drop but enlarge, become woody and persist over winter.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q rubra. When attacked by guests the galls do not drop, enlarge, become woody and remain on tree over the winter. These were once described as an Andricus but the types were all Synergus. These woody galls often bear traces of the truncate and ribbed surface of the original gall.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/77/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips sp.

  Quercus myrtifolia
  Stem galls, detachable
  Like [Amphibolips acuminata](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1084) but wall is thick, 35 mm long. Old and empty galls seen in Oct.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/119/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus coronus

  Quercus nigra, palustris, phellos
  Stem galls, detachable
  Terminal cluster in early spring, green, ridged galls pointed at both ends, solid with a central larval cell, dropping when mature.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  On Q palustris, phellos, nigra. A cluster of green, fleshy ribbed thick-walled galls, 8-12 mm long in early spring, dropping when mature in early May (DC). Adults the next spring Apr 25, Apr 26, and Apr 10 in different years.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/79/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus palustris
  Stem galls, detachable
  Terminal cluster of spindle-shaped galls with reflexed hairs at apex, not ridged, 6 mm long, not smooth. From Philadelphia PA in Apr. Fig 302

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Never reared. Cluster of spindle-shaped galls 11.6 mm long with reflexed hairs at apex. Fig 302. On Q palustris at Philadelphia PA in spring.

  302. Terminal cluster of spindle-shaped galls, 11.6 mm long on Q palustris in Philadelphia PA.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/89/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus texana [buckleyi]
  Stem galls, detachable
  Like Callirhytis excavata in habitus but two-horned, rugose, not polished. Many had dropped in Oct. Fig 157. Texas.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q texana [buckleyi]. Drops to ground in Oct. Boerne TX


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/117/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis difficilis

  Quercus cinerea [incana], laurifolia, myrtifolia, nigra, phellos
  Stem galls, detachable
  Small, rugose, grayish, in a cluster or rows from furrows in bark, dropping when mature in Oct.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q cinerea [incana]. Also on Q nigra, myrtifolia, phellos, laurifolia. Collected in Oct 1917 in AR. Galls gave adults Sept 29 and Dec 8 1919 and Oct 10, 1920.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/117/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis ventricosa

  Quercus cinerea [incana], falcata, ilicifolia, imbricaria, laurifolia, marilandica, myrtifolia, nigra, phellos, velutina
  Stem galls, detachable
  Conical, short-pubescent, sessile, single or small cluster bursting out of bark on trunk or twigs, green when young in May, turning brown and dropping in June.

  [Photo caption]
  144 On Q imbricaria. has been seen on all the red oaks except Q texana [buckleyi]. Green when growing, in May, turning brown and dropping in June (DC) or July (IL). Adults emerged the next spring May 23 (FL).

  145 On Q coccinea. June 16 at Ft Sheridan IL.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/117/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus formosus

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], cinerea [incana], laurifolia, marilandica, phellos, texana [buckleyi], velutina
  Stem galls, detachable
  Fig-shaped galls in cluster on twig in spring, dropping when mature in June (DC).

  [Photo caption]
  On Q coccinea. Occurs on all the red oaks. Galls drop when mature in June (DC). From galls collected in 1914 adults emerged Feb 24, 1915 and Feb 15, 1916.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/117/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips quercuscinerea

  Quercus cinerea [incana]
  Stem galls, detachable
  A large oak apple, 20-30 mm in dia in spring; usually wrinkles in drying. Type host.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q cinerea [incana]. Adults in late April.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/118/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis excavata

  Quercus ilicifolia, imbricaria, rubra, velutina
  Stem galls, detachable
  Lenticular, polished, bursting out of bark and dropping when mature in Sept. Difficult to rear. Type host [Quercus rubra]

  [Photo caption]
  On Q imbricaria. Also on Q rubra (type host), velutina, ilicifolia. From galls picked up on ground in Oct 1944 a living adult was found in the cage Jan 1 1946. Normal emergence date unknown. A bit of cloth tied about the twig will prevent the galls from being lost when they mature and drop. Fig 282 shows the individual gall.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/118/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis gemmaria

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], cinerea [incana], falcata, ilicifolia, imbricaria, laurifolia, myrtifolia, nigra, rubra, texana [buckleyi]
  Stem galls, detachable
  Fig 155. Small ribbed galls in early spring, secreting honeydew when young, dropping when mature in fall. [When parasitized](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1148) they do not drop but enlarge, become woody and persist over winter.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q cinerea [incana]. On all the red oaks. Galls secrete honeydew, drop when mature. Rearing record needed. Gates observed galls on Wayah Bald NC in 1937. Galls were on previous year's growth of every twig of every tree affected over an area of 600 acres, on red oak, none affected below 5100 feet. From 20-2000 galls on one twig. Most mature by early July. Start dropping by the middle of August. If the twig is girdled by the galls the new growth dies and turns brown and the extent of the infestation is visible from a distance because of the color. Trees were 70-75% defoliated. No galls were found in 1938 or in 1939. In 1940 there was a heavy infestation again, the area larger and the line of demarcation not so sharp. This will kill the trees and create a bald he thinks.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/118/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus imbricaria
  Stem galls, detachable
  Bursting out thru bark in Oct, on vigorous sprouts from stumps. Fig 161. Seen in MO and DC. Never reared.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q imbricaria. On vigorous sprouts from stump in Oct. Found only once in MO and once in DC.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/119/mode/1up
description:
  Kokkocynips imbricariae

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], cinerea [incana], falcata, ilicifolia, imbricaria, laurifolia, marilandica, phellos, rubra, texana [buckleyi], velutina
  Stem galls, detachable
  Banded Bullet Gall. Globular, 7-10 mm in dia, single or group on twigs, dropping when mature in fall.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  On all the red oaks. Banded Bullet Gall. Globular, red, bursting out of crack in bark in a group in fall. Adults emerge the next summer but rearing record is needed.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/119/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus floridensis

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], cinerea [incana], falcata, imbricaria, marilandica, nigra, palustris, phellos, velutina
  Stem galls, detachable
  A rosette of green bracts sessile or clasping small twigs, the larval cell in center. Usually single. April-May.

  [Photo caption]
  Seen on all the red oaks except Q texana [buckleyi]. A leafy green rosette usually single on twigs, containing one or two cells. Fig 297. Adults emerged June 11-19

  A rosette of green bracts sessile on trunk or partly clasping small twigs, larval cell in center. Usually single. Found on all the red oaks in early spring.


description:
  Disholcaspis plumbella

  Quercus douglasii, dumosa, durata
  Stem galls, detachable from the twig
  Fig 67. Dia 10 mm, yellow, single.

  67. Q dumosa, durata, douglasii - Galls just starting May 10 (Ukiah), full-grown Tug. 7 (Azusa). Certain bushes have thousands of them, others nearby very few (Descanso). Adults emerged Nov. 50 (Camp Baldy).

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=81&q1=disholcaspis%20plumbella


description:
  Disholcaspis prehensa Weld. 

  Quercus dumosa, durata
  Stem galls, detachable from the twig
  Fig 89. Base clasping, top enlarged, rugose.

  89. Q-dumosa and durata. Sessile with a sharp-edged clasping base. Contained full-grown larvae Sept. 9 (Sequoia National Park). Adults were cut out Jan. 25.

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=83&q1=disholcaspis%20prehensa


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37074612#page/143/mode/1up
description:
  Single or in groups of up to 25. Sessile with a smooth brown basal part clasping the twig, the top enlarged, rugose, dull, and darker in color, probably secreting honeydew when young.

  Larval cell basal.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/119/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis crypta

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], cinerea [incana], falcata, marilandica, nigra, rubra, texana [buckleyi]
  Stem galls, cells hidden under bark
  Cells under bark in the wood. If numerous the twig may be hypertrophied.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q marilandica. Also on catesbaei [laevis], falcata, nigra, velutina, rubra. Cell 2.5 by .9 mm just under bark in wood. Adults emerged Mar 31-Apr 20 (NJ). When cells are numerous and close together the exit holes weaken the twig so it breaks off thus causing an ill-shaped tree in a nursery row and larger trees are sometimes killed. There have been many reports of damage to trees in VA and NJ. The adults are all females. Alternating generation is not known. See Fig 301 also.

  Cell just under bark in the wood. On several of the red oaks.

  [Presumed synonym]

  Quercus imbricaria
  Stem galls, cells hidden under bark
  Cell just under the bark in the wood of the current year's growth; this may be Callirhytis crypta.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/119/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis medularis

  Quercus coccinea, ilicifolia, palustris, phellos, rubra, texana [buckleyi]
  Stem galls, cells hidden under bark
  Cells in the pith of current year's growth; no evidence until exit holes are seen.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q velutina. Also on Q coccinea, rubra, ilicifolia, palustris, marilandica, phellos. Cell in pith of the current year's growth. Exit holes close together weaken the twig so it breaks off. Nurseries in Ohio and PA have reported leadres of scarlet and pin oaks broken off resulting in a badly shaped tree. On Duke Uni campus 200 twigs were broken off or left hanging on a single willow oak tree. Adults, male and female, emerged July 15-Aug 1 (PA).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/119/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus marilandica
  Stem galls, cells hidden under bark
  Fig. 167. Cell under a very slight blister in the bark. Texas in Sept.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q marilandica. Empty in Oct. TX.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/120/mode/1up
description:
  Bassettia catesbaei

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], cinerea [incana] 
  Stem galls, cells hidden under bark
  "Slight wavy swellings at the base of the new shoots, hardly visible to naked eye. Reared Apr 28." Type host [Quercus catesbaei (laevis)]. Entered from lit.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Described from Q catesbaei [laevis]. "Slight wavy swellings at the base of the new shoots." Type galls show cells in twig with only exit hole to indicate location. Bred Apr 28.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/120/mode/1up
description:
  Eumayria invisa

  Quercus myrtifolia
  Stem galls, cells hidden under bark
  Cells just under bark. Adults cut out Nov 17.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Cells under bark of Q myrtifolia. Living adults with short wings were cut out Nov 17. 


description:
  Technically a lateral bud gall but often when mature the bud is no longer evident and the gall appears as a stem gall. Stebbins and Weld list this as a fall gall but galls matching its description have been more frequently seen in the spring. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/68/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus imbricaria
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Ellipsoidal, 3 mm high by 1.7 mm in dia. Standing erect on upper surface in a group of about 20, nearly black. Cincinnati OH and St Louis MO.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/125/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis attigua

  Quercus texana [buckleyi]
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Globular, smooth, 6-8 mm in dia, attached to petiole, dropping in Oct.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q texana [buckleyi]. Most had dropped by Oct 26. Adults emerged Aug 20-Sept 23 the next year.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/124/mode/1up
description:
  Loxaulus beutenmuelleri

  Quercus rubra
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Reared from a midrib cluster looking like Callirhytis piperoides Fig 201. Adults emerged Apr 6, 22, and May 11 the second spring.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  A midrib cluster similar to Dryocosmus piperoides (Fig 201) collected in NJ under a red oak tree. Adults emerged the second spring Apr 6-May 11.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/125/mode/1up
description:
  Zopheroteras hubbardi

  Quercus coccinea, velutina
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Ellipsoidal, white, 2.3 by 1.85 by 1.7 mm. From this gall an adult determined as this species was reared.

  [Photo caption]
  Spangle galls. 
  Fig 308 is of a gall from which an adult determined as this species was reared. Gall white, 2.3 by 1.85 mm by 1.7 mm high on under side of leaf of Q velutina in October. Adult emerged the second spring Apr 15 (DC).

  Described from a captured specimen from Detroit, MI. See Fig 308 and Q velutina and Q coccinea in host index. Entered also on p 115 under spangle galls.

  308. The figure is of a gall from which an adult determined as this species was reared. Gall white, 2.3 by 1.85 mm by 1.7 mm high on under side of leaf of Q velutina in October. Adult emerged the second spring Apr 15 (DC).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/125/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips nubilipennis

  Quercus coccinea, falcata, ilicifolia, imbricaria, marilandica, rubra, texana [buckleyi], velutina
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Like a green grape, succulent, almost translucent, up to 21 mm in dia, in May-June, single on under side.

  [Photo caption]
  Fig 309. On all the red oaks. Gall resembles a green grape, 14-22 mm in dia, single or under side of leaf. Adults emerged June 1-18 (DC); June 22-25 (NY). Out of 180 galls only 5 of the maker were reared. Very heavily parasitized.

  309. Like a green grape, 14-22 mm in dia, succulent, almost translucent. On under side of leaf of Q ilicifolia and other red oaks in June. Adults emerged June 22-25 (NY). Four-fifths of them were parasitized.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/125/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips racemaria

  Quercus laurifolia, myrtifolia, nigra, phellos
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Like a green grape on under side of leaf in April, 7-8 mm in dia, sour, succulent, adults (all males) emerged in may.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Gall similar [to Amphibolips nubilipennis] but smaller, 8-15 mm in dia. On Q laurifolia, phellos, myrtifolia, nigra. Adults emerged in May (FL); June 1 (GA). All females.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/126/mode/1up
description:
  Zopheroteras sphaerula

  Quercus rubra
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Nearly spherical, greenish or tinged with red, on upper or lower side of leaf, single or 3-4 in a row, dropping in Oct. Adults emerged Mar 13 and Apr 6 the next spring.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  On Q rubra. Slightly ellipsoidal, not depressed, on upper or lower surface, single or 3-4 in a row, about 3 mm in dia, dropping before the leaves. Adults emerged Mar 13- Apr 6 the next spring.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/126/mode/1up
description:
  Zopheroteras compressum

  Quercus coccinea, rubra
  Leaf galls, detachable
  White, on under side as leaf is turning brown. Type gall is ellipsoidal, 2.7 mm by 1.8 mm, tan-brown, the surface slightly wrinkled. Included from literature. 

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Described from Q rubra in Iowa. The type gall in IL St Nat Hist Surv. is 2.7 by 1.8 by 1.8 mm. The type fly is in the US Natl Mus. Gall was described as pure white, on the under side of the leaf in fall as leaves begin to turn, dropping with or before the leaves.

  [Presumed synonym]

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis]
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Ellipsoid, white, bare, single, on under side in fall. Resembles the gall of Zopheroteras compressum. Seen at Ocala FL in Oct.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/127/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips sp.

  Quercus phellos
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Spindle-shaped, 30-45 mm long at end of a leaf in spring. Old galls only seen. Fig 253. Never reared.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. On Q phellos. Old galls seen in Mo and Ark in Oct.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/129/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus phellos
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Erect club on under side of leaf, single, 4 m high, in spring. Fig 276

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. Fig 276. An erect club, 5 mm high, single on under side of leaf of Q phellos in October in Florida.

  276. Never reared. On Q phellos. Empty in October in Fl.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/81/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus phellos
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Almost globular, 1 mm high, in row beside vein on under side. Old galls only seen in AR in Oct.

  [No figure number listed but seems to match figure 277]
  277. Never reared. On Q phellos. Arkansas. Cynipid?


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/81/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus phellos
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Almost globular, white, small, single, on under side in fall. FL.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/126/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus rileyi

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], cinerea [incana], coccinea, falcata, ilicifolia, imbricaria, laurifolia, marilandica, nigra, rubra, velutina
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Globular, brown, 3 mm in dia, attached singly to a main vein usually on under side leaf in fall and dropping when mature.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q rubra. On all the red oaks. After the galls drop in October the fleshy knob at top shrivels leaving a hilum-like scar. Adults emerged June 15-24 (IL). The type emerged July 2 at St Louis MO from a gall on red oak.

  [Presumed synonyms]

  Quercus texana [buckleyi]
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Similar to gall of Dryocosmus rileyi Fig 237. Attached singly to a main vein in the fall.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/131/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus albidus

  Quercus coccinea, velutina
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Depressed sphere, white or rosy, fleshy up to 5.4 mm in dia, on under side, single, late fall.

  [Photo caption]
  242. On Q velutina. Also on Q coccinea. Galls drop before the leaves. Adults emerged Mar 23 the second spring and Mar 22 the third spring (DC). See Fig 312 for structure of gall.

  312. A depressed white sphere, fleshy, bare, up to 5.4 mm in dia on under side of leaf of Q velutina in the late fall, similar in external appearance to the above [Phylloteras rubinum] but internal structure is different and on a different host. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/127/mode/1up
description:
  [Photo caption]
  246. Never reared. On Q coccinea. Single or group of two or three. On the upper side of leaf in October.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/127/mode/1up
description:
  Zopheroteras guttatum

  Quercus coccinea, imbricaria, palustris, texana [buckleyi]
  Leaf galls, detachable
  Spherical, 1.45-2.5 mm with purple spots, single on under side on secondary vein in fall.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q palustris. Also on Q imbricaria, texana [buckleyi]. With purple spots, single on under side of leaf on a secondary vein, dropping in Oct. Adults emerged Mar 6-Apr 7 the second spring.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/63/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus coccinea, imbricaria
  Leaf galls, integral
  Swollen base of petiole remaining attached to stem over winter, 2 mm in dia; sometimes bears a scar.

  Quercus marilandica
  Leaf galls, integral
  Cell in swollen petiole base. Seen in FL in April.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/122/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips ilicifoliae

  Quercus ilicifolia
  Leaf galls, integral
  Spindle-shaped, up to 35 by 15 mm, attached to upper surface of leaf. June.

  [Photo caption]
  192. On Q ilicifolia. Adults emerged June 23-25 (VA); July (NY). Heavily parasitized.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/127/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis nigrae

  Quercus imbricaria, marilandica
  Leaf galls, integral
  Smooth bare elongated midrib swelling, succulent, many-celled, on under side of leaf in June.

  [Photo caption]
  254. On Q marilandica. Also on Q imbricaria. Adults emerged June 21-24 (DC).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/77/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus myrtifolia, phellos
  Leaf galls, integral
  Conical, wall thin and translucent, with a free-rolling cell, on under side in early spring. Full-grown in mid-Feb at Ft  Myers FL. Fig 303.

  [Photo caption]
  Never reared. Fig 303. Conical, 6-7 mm high, on under side of leaf in early spring. On Q phellos and myrtifolia.

  303. Conical gall on Q phellos, wall thin and translucent, with a free-rolling cell inside. On under side of leaf in mid-Feb at Ft Myers FL.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/81/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus phellos
  Leaf galls, integral
  Midrib swelling, green, fleshy, in May. Fig 264.

  [Photo caption]
  264. Never reared. On Q phellos.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/86/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus rubra
  Leaf galls, integral
  Like [Dryocosmus] cinereae above in size and shape but with no free-rolling cell. WI


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/127/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis tumifica

  Quercus coccinea, rubra, velutina
  Leaf galls, integral
  Fig 255. Midrib swelling at base of leaf blade or on petiole, many-celled, green, in May-June.

  [Photo caption]
  255. On Q rubra. Also on Q coccinea, velutina. Adults were emerging June 15 (IL).; July (VA).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/127/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis pigra

  Quercus coccinea, ilicifolia, velutina
  Leaf galls, integral
  Fleshy, smooth midrib swelling on the basal half of the leaf in midsummer.

  [Photo caption]
  257. On Q velutina. Also on Q coccinea, ilicifolia. Galls contained adults ready to emerge Oct 2; some came out Oct 25. Some galls produced males only. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis rugosa

  Quercus imbricaria, laurifolia, phellos, rubra
  Leaf galls, integral
  Hard, lenticular blister on under surface, usually two-celled, the leaf sunken, concave above.

  [Photo caption]
  262. On Q phellos. Also on Q marilandica, imbricaria. Adults emerged June 14 (DC).

  263. On Q rubra. Also on Q coccinea.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis favosa

  Quercus palustris, rubra, velutina
  Leaf galls, integral
  A parenchyma thickening projecting on both sides of leaf, inner structure in cross-section suggests a honeycomb, not succulent, Adults emerge in late July or August.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  On Q palustris, velutina, rubra. Adults emerged Aug 2-9 (DC). A cross section thru gall suggests a honeycomb.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis modesta

  Quercus coccinea, falcata, ilicifolia, imbricaria, marilandica, palustris, rubra, texana [buckleyi], velutina
  Leaf galls, integral
  Hard, confluent parenchyma thickenings projecting on both sides of leaf in June.

  [Photo caption]
  265. On Q rubra. Also on Q ilicifolia, coccinea, velutina, imbricaria, marilandica, falcata, texana [buckleyi]. Adults emerged June 27 (IL), June 17-19 (DC).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/122/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis confusa

  Quercus laurifolia, phellos
  Leaf galls, integral
  Small, ellipsoid, greenish-yellow, on a main vein on under side, with a free-rolling cell. Exit hole on upper side. Adults emerged the last of April. Type host. Entered from lit.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Q laurifolia. Gall 2.5 by 1.5 mm on the under side, on a main vein. Adult emerged the last of April.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/121/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus notha

  Quercus coccinea, falcata, nigra, palustris, rubra, texana [buckleyi], velutina
  Leaf galls, integral
  Fig 182. Green, wall thin and transparent, with a free-rolling cell, tip prolonged into a sharp, upturned point on upper surface of the leaf. Single. In May-June.

  [Photo caption]
  On Q coccinea. Also on Q velutina, rubra, palustris, ilicifolia, falcata, texana [buckleyi]. Adults emerged in June (IL). There is a similar gall on Q myrtifolia and on Q marilandica.

  [Presumed synonyms]

  Quercus marilandica, myrtifolia
  Leaf galls, integral
  Like Dryocosmus notha. Fig 182. Green, with a free-rolling cell, single. Old galls seen in TX in Nov.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/121/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips ostensackenii

  Quercus coccinea, falcata, imbricaria, palustris, velutina
  Leaf galls, integral
  A small oak apple, 7-9 mm in dia, larval cell supported by fibers, projecting on both sides of leaf.

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Ellipsoid, 7-8 mm, projecting on both sides of leaf, usually single. On Q coccinea, velutina, palustris, falcata, imbricaria. Adults emerged July 8-15 (IL); May 27-June 17. 

  Andricus singularis

  Quercus rubra
  Leaf galls, integral
  Fig 176. Small oak apple. 10-14 mm in dia.

  [Photo caption]
  176. On Q rubra. Adults emerged about July 10 (DC); June 20 (MI).

  [Presumed synonyms]

  Quercus imbricaria
  Leaf galls, integral
  An oak apple like Andricus singularis. Old gall seen in Oct.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/121/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis pedunculata

  Quercus coccinea, rubra
  Leaf galls, integral
  Spindle-shaped but small, with an inner free-rolling cell, the prolongation of a vein.

  [Photo caption]
  180. On Q rubra. Also Fig 190 on Q velutina. Adults emerged May 26-June 5 (CT); June 5 (IL).

  190. On Q velutina. Also on Q coccinea. Adults emerged May 26-June 5 (CT); June 5 (IL). See also Fig 180.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/121/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus cinereae

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], coccinea, falcata, ilicifolia, imbricaria, marilandica, myrtifolia, rubra, texana [buckleyi], velutina
  Leaf galls, integral
  Hemispherical, thin-walled, with a free-rolling cell inside, sessile on under side of leaf in May-June.

  [Photo caption]
  183. On Q rubra. On all the red oaks. Adults emerged May 14 (DC); May 27 (IL).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/121/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis quercifoliae

  Quercus catesbaei [laevis], cinerea [incana]
  Leaf galls, integral
  Rounded, wall thin, with a free-rolling cell inside, on surface of leaf in spring. Smaller than Dryocosmus laurifoliae. Adult reared in May. Described from Quercus catesbaei [laevis].

  [Photo caption (no photo)]
  Q catesbaei [laevis]. Galls are similar to those of palustris above but are smaller. Rare.


description:
  This may be Beutenmuller's Andricus impositus, which was described from specimens collected near New York City but which Weld later synonymized with [Callirhytis vaccinii](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/575), a gall only known from Texas. See ID notes for [Callirhytis vaccinii](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/575). 

  [According to Dr. Andrew Forbes](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/8265894#activity_comment_762c68b7-0c2b-4770-aacb-190a48fef03c), an adult reared from this gall was determined to be a sister species of Callirhytis vaccinii through genetic analysis.

  Quercus austrina added as a host based on [this observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/133240894).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505969#page/188/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips ellipsoidalis

  Bud galls.

  Cylindrical, 5 by 14 mm, tapering toward the blunt ends, mottled. In early spring from weak lateral buds on Q palustris and imbricaria. Deciduous. The fly probably emerges early the next spring as one was found dead in breeding cage April 10.


description:
  Amphibolips ellipsoidalis comb. rev.

  6 species from the genus Andricus herein are transferred to Amphibolips: A ellipsoidalis Weld, 1926 comb. rev.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/112/mode/1up
description:
  Acraspis erinacei sex. gen.

  Quercus alba
  Bud galls
  Fig 80. Thin-walled blister on the inner face of bud scales as buds start to open in the spring. 

  [Photo caption]
  80. On Q alba. When the new growth elongates the affected bud scales are left adhering at its base. Developed winter buds on trees where the hedgehog gall was common the fall before and where the wingless agamic females were seen on Nov 1 ovipositing in the buds. Adults of both sexes emerged May 17 (Chi).


description:
  Trigonaspis quercusforticorne (Weld) comb. nov.

  Seven Xanthoteras species here are transferred to Trigonaspis. . . Trigonaspis quercusforticorne (Weld) comb. nov.


description:
  Trigonaspis radicola (Ashmead) comb. nov.

  Seven Xanthoteras species here are transferred to Trigonaspis. . . Trigonaspis radicola (Ashmead) comb. nov.


description:
  Disholcaspis quercusmamma (Walsh and  Riley), 1869.

  Cynips quercusmamma 
  Holcaspis mamma
  Diplolepis quercus macrocarpae
  Holcaspis duricoria 
  Holcaspis duricaria
  Cynips macrocarpae
  Andricus macrocarpae
  Andricus quercus-macrocarpae
  Disholcaspis quercus-mamma
  Disholcaspis quercusmamma

  Hosts: Quercus macrocarpa, lyrata, bicolor

  Range: throughout eastern and central North America, from southern Manitoba, east through New Brunswick, throughout the eastern USA, and as far south as northern Florida and eastern Texas. However, the range of D. quercusmamma potentially  extends anywhere that potential host trees have been transplanted outside their native ranges, if the insects were also translocated (e.g., Edmonton and Fort Collins).


description:
  Disholcaspis quercusmamma (Walsh and  Riley), 1869.

  Cynips quercusmamma 
  Holcaspis mamma
  Diplolepis quercus macrocarpae
  Holcaspis duricoria 
  Holcaspis duricaria
  Cynips macrocarpae
  Andricus macrocarpae
  Andricus quercus-macrocarpae
  Disholcaspis quercus-mamma
  Disholcaspis quercusmamma

  Hosts: Quercus macroarpa, lyrata, bicolor

  Galls are formed in buds of Q. macrocarpa, Q. bicolor, and Q. lyrata. Galls become conspicuous during leaf flush in early spring, with one or more galls forming in the center among flushing leaves, or outside the bud around the base of new leaves. Galls are 2.7–3.2 mm long, smooth-surfaced, and ovoid with a thin, fragile wall. When developing, they are pale, sometimes creamy with green or pink coloration near the tip. Galls usually fade to light brown or buff when mature, and either fall off or become obscured as the surrounding leaves and twigs develop. Emergence holes from galls are rough-edged and are produced at or just below the gall apex. Blackened galls have been observed with the cause for the color unknown.

  Range: throughout eastern and central North America, from southern Manitoba, east through New Brunswick, throughout the eastern USA, and as far south as northern Florida and eastern Texas. However, the range of D. quercusmamma potentially  extends anywhere that potential host trees have been transplanted outside their native ranges, if the insects were also translocated (e.g., Edmonton and Fort Collins).


description:
  Callirhytis quercuscornigera (Osten Sacken)

  Diagnosis. Wasps from the tiny, blister-like leaf galls were previously known as the alternate generation (Felt 1940). These galls resemble the leaf galls induced by C. pomiformis (McCracken & Egbert 1922), but leaf galls induced by C. quercuscornigera occur on the midveins, large lateral veins, and infrequently on petioles and tiny lateral veins (Eliason & Potter 2000).

  Distribution. Canada: Ontario; USA: New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Maryland, west to Illinois, Indiana, Montana, Iowa, Arkansas, Tennessee, Colorado, Texas, south to Virginia, North Carolina (Q. hemisphaerica and Q. falcata), Alabama, Georgia. New for Florida (Q. hemisphaerica. Trees in May 1995 were heavily infested; entire branches were killed by the galls and inducers).

  Sexual leaf galls were observed on Q. palustris and Q. phellos.

  Biology. The biology of both generations of C. quercuscornigera was recently described in Lexington, Kentucky (Eliason & Potter 2000). 

  Asexual females exit ∼33-month-old stem galls and oviposit into swelling buds (Eliason & Potter 2000). Eggs are deposited next to the midvein or large lateral veins, and are slightly embedded into the leaf tissue on the abaxial leaf surface. One larva lives in each leaf gall, but two or more galls may develop next to each other. Maximum leaf gall length (∼2.0 mm) occurs by late May. Larvae completely consume the moist nutritive tissue, leaving only a thin gall layer around the final instar. Pupation occurs in May and adults exit in late May or early June.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/130/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips globus sex. gen.

  Quercus imbricaria
  Bud galls
  Sex. gen. Globular, green with a waxy bloom, up to 18 mm in dia, wall 1 mm thick, from lateral buds in June, not deciduous.

  [Agamic generation listed on Q palustris and falcata]

  [Photo caption]
  [No photo] Q palustris. Galls of the sex gen are found in June, produced from weak lateral buds on growth of the previous year, 18-20 mm in dia, green with a waxy bloom, not deciduous. Galls collected June 26 gave adults June 28, 30, July 2, 4 - twenty from 200 galls. Heavily parasitized.

  Fig. 294. Galls of sexual generation produced from weak lateral buds of the previous year's growth on pin oak saplings or on sprouts from stumps. Green, fleshy, bare, wall 1 mm thick, up to 18 mm in dia, not deciduous. Adults emerged June 28, 30, July 2, 4 (VA). They are very heavily parasitized.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15672479#page/367/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips globus, new species
  Sexual generation

  Host.--Quercus palustris

  Gall.--A bud gall in June produced from weak lateral buds on previous year's growth of saplings 1 to 3 feet high, on sprouts from stumps and on lower limbs of small trees, occasionally from dormant buds on main trunk of trees. In good light, deep green with white spots at attachment of radiating fibers inside; in deep shade, more or less etiolated. Globular, firm, fleshy, bare, up to 18 mm. in diameter, not deciduous. Wall 1 mm. thick. Central cell relatively large, supported by many coarse, branching, radiating fibers. Larval cell 6 mm. by 3.2 mm. and its wall 1.5 mm. thick with big cells at base of the radiating fibers. Exit hole 2.2 mm. in diameter made while gall is still green. After the emergence of the maker the gall turns brown and becomes wrinkled. Many undersized galls are parasitized. Out of more than 200 galls collected only 20 makers emerged. 

  Habitat. — The type series of galls was collected at East Falls Church, Va. June 26, 1948. Adults emerged June 28, 30, July 2, 4, 1948. None of these galls was seen at this place in 1949, in 1950, or in 1951. Galls had been seen at Rosslyn and Lucketts, Va., Washington, D. C, and Lanham, Md. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15672479#page/367/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips globus, new species
  Agamic generation?

  Host.--Quercus palustris

  In early September 1948 approximately 65 bud galls were collected on the ground under a large pin oak tree only a few feet from where galls of A. globus [sexgen] herein described were taken the previous June. Similar galls had not been seen here before — circumstantial evidence that it is the alternating form. It occurs in August and September at the end of the season's growth. It is smooth, bare, green with small purple spots marking the attachment of numerous radiating fibers within, up to 14 mm. in diameter, rounded at distal end, slightly tapering at attached base, the wall relatively thin (.8 mm.). Larval cell ellipsoidal, 6 by 4 mm. Galls drop in late August or early September and soon turn brown and become slightly wrinkled. At this time the nutritive layer is all used up and full-grown larvae and pupae are found inside. Some may emerge in the fall but the adults described below were cut out of the galls on October 18 and November 5, 1949. As they are thought to be the alternating agamic generation of globus they are not given a different specific name. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/54/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus perminimus sexgen

  Quercus alba
  Leaf galls, integral
  Similar [elliptical parenchyma thickenings 1 mm long] but larger lighter colored galls, single or few in number of leaf in spring when leaf is 2-3 in long and producing male and female in April may be the alt gen.

  [Agamic generation also listed on Q bicolor]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/356/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus perminimus [males and females reared, sexgen]

  This is the smallest species from which I have ever reared any gall-flies. They lie imbedded in the lamina of white oak leaves, and show on both sides, but more distinctly on the upper side. They are oval, pustule like bodies, only .04 long, .03 wide and .03 deep. I have only met them in a limited locality in Rockport, Ohio. In some cases two hundred can be counted on a single leaf of ordinary size. Small as they are, they are so infested with parasites that comparatively few true gall-flies ever reach maturity. I have reared a few of both sexes. The galls reach their growth about June 25th, and the flies hatch out before July 10th. 

  Note. — I have received within a week fresh galls of this species, but the flies had nearly all escaped on their arrival, June 28, 1900. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35478830#page/412/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus perminimus

  The galls of this species are scarcely 1 mm. long and 1 mm. wide and 1 mm. deep. They lie embedded in the lamina of white oak leaves, are pustule-like in form, and oval and apparent on both sides of the leaf, though more distinctly on the upper than on the under side. As many as two hundred of them may be found on a single leaf of ordinary size. Since many of the individuals become infested with parasites, very few of the hosts ever reach maturity. The galls mature about the 25th of June and the imagos hatch out before July 10th in Ohio. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610593#page/277/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus perminimus agamic

  The species was described from the sexual generation emerging in late June or early July from oval parenchyma galls in the current season's leaves of Quercus alba. The galls the writer refers to this species differ only in being found in October and yielding adults, all agamic females, in the early spring. Galls collected at Evanston, IL., gave flies April 1-23, 1909, and in 1910 from April 4-20. Brodie collected galls in October and reared adults May 9, 1888. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505980#page/198/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus perminimus

  Cells separate, numerous, elliptical, 1-2 mm long, showing on both sides of the leaf but more distinct on upper. On Q alba in June [sexgen] and similar galls in the fall [agamic]. Flies emerge from the overwintering galls April 1-23.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53512331#page/304/mode/1up
description:
  Neuroterus niger variety perminimus Bassett bisexual form

  Neuroterus perminimus
  Neuroterus niger (in part)

  GALL. — Small, oval, rather elongate, with sharply-defined boundaries, without a trace of a central point on the upper surface. On Quercus alba. 

  RANGE. — Ohio: Rockport (Bassett). New York: New York City (Beutenmuller). Probably confined to a more northeastern part of the United States. 

  Bassett recorded mature galls on June 25, with adults emerging before July 10 in one year, and before June 28 in 1900. I have collected galls from the typical host, Q. alba, at Forest Hills, Massachusetts, which appear to belong to an undescribed variety, but insects and galls in The American Museum of Natural History, from Q. alba in New York City appear to agree with the types. Varieties in this species are so similar that these records must not be trusted too fully for the definition of faunal areas. Beutenmuller made this a synonym of niger, altho even the published descriptions show that the two are distinct. On the same page, however, he described variety papillosus as a distinct species, — which is typical of the inconsistencies with which related things have been treated. 


description:
  Neuroterus niger

  Neuroterus nigrum Gillette
  Neuroterus niger Dalla Torre and Kieffer
  Neuroterus perminimus Bassett

  Gall. In numbers imbedded in the soft parts of the leaf of burr oak (Quercus macrocarpa) and white oak (Quercus alba). Monothalamous. Rounded or blister-like bodies protruding on both sides of the leaf, but somewhat more distinctly on the upper side; on the under side it has a minute nipple. Diameter 1-1.75 mm.

  Habitat: MI; OH; IO; IN; IL; NY; NJ; PA

  I fail to find any differences between the flies and galls of N niger and N perminimus, and I consider them one and the same species. The galls of N niger occur on burr oak (Q macrocarpa) and those of N perminimus on white oak (Q alba). The species is double brooded, the first brood emerges early in spring from galls of the previous year's growth, and the second brood appears during the latter part of June and early in July from galls formed by the first brood in May and June. The galls of the latter reach maturity late in August and in September.


description:
  Disholcaspis quercusvirens sexual generation

  Hosts: Quercus virginiana Mill., Q. geminata Small and Q. minima (Sarg.) Small.

  Gall. Single  galls  develop  in  apical  or  lateral  buds  on  young  shoots,  never  in  clusters. Unilocular. A small, inconspicuous, thin-walled gall, 2-3 mm × 1.5 mm when mature. The gall  surface  is  smooth  and  light  brown,  without ribs. A proportion of galls are partially concealed within  the  bud  scales.  The  apex  of  the  gall  is  pointed, without a small tuft of hairs. 

  [Photos of the sexual generation galls are included.]

  The  sexual  generation galls develop through the early spring and mature in late Mar, and the adults emerge immediately  from  early  Apr until May (Bird et al. 2013). The asexual galls form through the summer and mature in autumn. Adult asexual females emerge from late autumn.

  Distribution USA:Florida,  Georgia,  South  Carolina,  Mississippi,   Louisiana   and   Texas   (Burks   1979).   Disholcaspis quercussuccinipes was thought to be restricted to Florida (Burks 1979).


externallink: https://academic.oup.com/jee/article/106/4/1747/805904?login=false
description:
  Disholcaspis quercusvirens sexual generation

  Small bud galls developed beneath bud scales (Fig. 1E) and were located on the branches at the base of a petiole, hidden between young leaves (Fig. 1F). Bud galls were 2.5 ± 0.02 mm in length and 1.1 ± 0.01 mm in width. They likely were initiated by asexual wasp oviposition (i.e., November–January), and remained on trees until May. Bud gall tissue was soft and spongy and continued to grow and harden until the bud scales fell off the galls. The tips of young bud galls, sometimes red in color (Fig. 1E), were visible in early- to mid-March. Emergence of D. quercusvirens ended by mid-April, and parasitoid emergence continued until all bud galls fell off the trees in May. Bud galls were fragile after hardening, and, similar to the D. cinerosa system (Frankie et al. 1992), could be easily dislodged after adult emergence or inclement weather.

  Galled (2.8 ± 0.1 mm length, 1.7 ± 0.08 mm width) and nongalled (2.5 ± 0.1 mm length, 1.6 ± 0.05 mm width) buds collected on 9 March 2009 did not significantly differ in length (F = 1.70; df = 1; P = 0.1983) or width (F = 2.44; df = 1; P = 0.1251). Live oak buds collected on 9 March 2009 ranged in development from dormant to green-tipped.

  Sexual generation pupae (Fig. 3B) were present in bud galls by 11 March 2009, and 65% of the bud galls collected on 16 March contained white pupae. First adult emergence (Fig. 3C and D) occurred on 21–23 March 2009 from laboratory rearings, and emergence continued through ≈21 April 2009. 

  In total, 480 bud galls were collected from 4 April to 14 May 2008, at the end of the sexual D. quercusvirens emergence period. Parasitoids comprised 99.1% and D. quercusvirens comprised 0.9% of the specimens reared (Table 1). Parasitoids reared from these bud galls included a species of Aprostocetus, Baryscapus, and Pediobius (Eulophidae); Brasema auratus (Ashmead) (Eupelmidae); and Acaenacis lausus (Walker) (Pteromalidae). The most abundant species was B. auratus. No inquilines were reared from the bud galls; a feature shared with some other small and structurally simple oak cynipid galls (Stone et al. 1995, Schönrogge et al. 2000).

  From 19 March to 14 May 2009, 3,884 bud galls were collected. These bud galls had a more diverse parasitoid complex (Table 1), which included a species of Aprostocetus, Baryscapus, and Pediobius (Eulophidae); B. auratus and Brasema gemmarii (Ashmead) (Eupelmidae); Sycophila and an unknown species (Eurytomidae); Ormyrus hegeli (Girault) (Ormyridae); and A. lausus (Pteromalidae). Only one specimen was reared from each bud gall (e.g., bud galls were monothalamous), as observed in other small sexual-generation oak cynipid galls (e.g., Stone et al. 1995, Schönrogge et al. 2000). The most abundant parasitoid in 2009 was A. lausus, and it was reared also from bullet galls in 2007. Pteromalid wasps in cynipid galls are typically parasitoids, and their larvae feed on the eggs or larvae of their hosts (Krombein et al. 1979, Askew 1984). O. hegeli (Girault) (Ormyridae) was also reared from both bud galls in 2009 and bullet galls in 2007.

  The parasitoid species Brasema ficigerae (Ashmead), Eupelmus quercus Ashmead, Eurytoma querciglobuli rubra Bugbee, Eurytoma studiosa Say, Torymus elegantissimus (Ashmead), Torymus fagopirum (Provancher), and Torymus lissus (Walker) were previously reared from the bullet galls of D. quercusvirens (Krombein et al. 1979), but were not found in the current study. Eurytoma and Tetrastichus (Eulophidae) can feed on developing larvae of D. perniciosa in bullet galls (Seibert 1993). It is assumed that the parasitoids reared from the D. quercusvirens bud galls also fed on the gall maker larvae or pupae.


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=91&q1=callirhytis%20apicalis
description:
  Callirhytis apicalis [mistakenly listed as "Holocynips apicalis" in the list for Quercus wislizeni]

  Quercus agrifolia, kelloggii, wislizeni
  "Root" galls
  Fig 31. Biscuit-shaped, dia 15 mm. Mono.

  Fig 31. Q wislizeni, agrifolia, kelloggii. Partly grown, green, fleshy in mid-May (Los Gatos). Contain dark pupae Oct 10 and adults were cut out Dec 23, Mar 20, and Apr 16 (St Helena). Normal emergence date unknown.


description:
  Callirhytis apicalis
  (Andricus apicalis)

  Hosts: Quercus agrifolia, kelloggii, wislizeni

  Polythalamous, late spring

  Galls of this wasp occur at ground level on the trunk and roots of coast live oak, interior live oak, and black oak. Trunk galls are either bright yellow or brick red and measure 12-18 mm in diameter when fresh.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32293#page/151/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips spinosa n. sp.

  Galls on the Laurel Oak (Quercus laurifolia)

  Gall.— A small, brown globular gall, covered with prickles or spines; the shell is thick and covers with a slight spongy substance, a thin larval cell; diameter .30 inch. 

  Described from one specimen reared in January. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885295#page/368/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips spinosa

  Spiny oak apple. Globose, spined, brown, thick-shelled leaf gall, internally slightly spongy, diameter 7.5 mm, on Q laurifolia. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610823#page/375/mode/1up
description:
  Amphibolips spinosa

  This species was described from one specimen from " Florida " reared in January, the gall on Q. laurifolia. The writer has found the gall on Q. phellos also and at the following localities : Jacksonville, Daytona, Live Oak, Madison, River Junction, Tallahassee, Gainesville, and Clearwater. Among galls collected on ground at Madison on October 21, 1919 some contained pupae but the adults never emerged. When the galls were cut open October 10, 1920 moulded adults, a pupa and a larva were found. These adults were females. 


description:
  This cynipid wasp induces large, elongated, fleshy, polythalamous catkin galls, especially on coast live oaks.


description:
  Callirhytis congregata (Ashm.)

  Quercus agrifolia, wislizeni
  Flower galls
  Fig 36. Enlarged staminate axis, 10 mm.

  Fig 36. Q. agrifolia, wislizeni. Half-grown galls secreting honeydew Apr. 20 (Santa Anita), May 5 (Stanford). Only emergence record June 5 (Ukiah). At three localities these galls were found on a tree which also had galls of [Callirhytis carmelensis Weld.](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1263)

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=71&q1=callirhytis%20congregata


description:
  Amphibolips spinosa

  Gall. On leaves of laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia). Brown, globular, covered with prickles or spines. The outer shell is thick and internally it is composed of a slight spongy substance, which surrounds the thin central larval cell. Diameter 7.50 mm.

  Habitat: Florida.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28154038#page/835/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta floridensis sp. nov.

   Gall— On the trunks of Spanish Oak (Quercus digitata) [falcata] and Blue Jack (Quercus brevifolia) [incana], that are six or more inches in diameter; in April. The gall is soft and fleshy and does not look like a gall at all. At the base of each sprout there is a rather large cell, which is covered with short, fuzzy, abortive leaflets. They occur in clumps and are dormant bud galls. 

  Habitat. — Ocala and Jacksonville, Florida, (Lewis H. Weld). 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885273#page/346/mode/1up
description:
  Dryophanta floridensis

  Gall consisting of one or more larval cells or capsules in a leaf bud
  Cells surrounded by a rosette of linear leaves

  Dormant bud galls covered with short fuzzy abortive leaflets and occurring in clumps on trunks of Spanish oak (Q digitata [falcata]) and blue jack oak (Q brevifolia [incana]).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610698#page/311/mode/1up
description:
  Dryocosmus floridensis

  Dryophanta floridensis
  Andricus peltatus

  Host. — D. floridensis was described from Spanish oak, Q. rubra (falcata) and from Blue-jack oak, (cinerea [incana]) from Florida; peltatus from Q. marilandica., and the writer here adds the following unrecorded hosts: Q. nigra., Q. imbricara, Q. phellos, and Q. palustris. He has reared adults from palustris, rubra, and imbricaria. 

  Biology. — About Washington the galls may be found just starting in early May. They are then bright scarlet. As they develop the bracts become green and unless gall is parasitized turn brown about the time the adults emerge which is about the middle of June. For rearing the galls must be left on the tree until the pupa stage is reached and the living flies cut out of the dry galls later. May 27 was the earliest date at which a pupa was noted. By June 19, 1921, almost all the flies were out. 

  Habitat. — The species seems to belong to the Atlantic coast plain. The writer has seen galls at Chesapeake Beach, Md. ; East Falls Church, Rosslyn, and Fredericksburg, Va. ; Fairfax, S. C. ; Marianna, River Junction, and Glainesville. Fla.; Troy and Dothan, Ala.: Palestine, Houston, Trinity, and Texarkana, Tex.; and at Tuskahoma, Okla. J. L. Zabriskie collected galls at Flatbush. N. Y. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52021227#page/25/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus peltatus, n. sp. 

  The gall described below was discovered on Quercus marylandica Muench., near Raleigh, North Carolina, by the senior author who was impressed by its unique characters. The specimens were brought into the laboratory and the adults reared. These adults may not belong to the genus Andricus but awaiting a thorough revision of the Cynipid genera they may be placed there provisionally. The gall is very different from any other North American cynipid cecidium in the possession of the curious peltate bract-like appendages, which are borne on and constitute a part of the gall proper; in the usual situation with bracted galls the bracts are borne beneath the larval cell or cells, representing aborted leaves. The adult insects emerged about June 1st. 

  Gall: On Quercus marylandica Muench., sessile on stem at nodes (originates from apical meristem of lateral bud) on branch portions from 1-5 years old; prosoplasma, concentric type with up-walled superstructure ; flask-shaped, the neck bearing numerous, sparsely hairy bract-like appendages which are reflexed and overlap shingle fashion. Appendages greenish with red-tinged hairy tips, peltate, lanceolate, stalk short. When young very thickly covered with acicular trichomes some of which are of the compound stellate type; 8-14 mm. high, 14-22 mm. wide at base including appendages; 1 or sometimes 2 larval cells in proximal half (Fig. 4), distal false chambers corresponding, walls thick, thin sclerotic layer differentiated around nutritive layer lining the chamber; rare, Raleigh, North Carolina. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15672479#page/384/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis oblata, new species

  Hosts. — Quercus coccinea and Quercus falcata., Spanish oak. 

  Gall (pi. 16, fig. 7) . — A green, smooth, bare bud gall at apex of new growth in May, dropping to ground when mature. An oblate sphaeroid, 4-5 mm. in diameter by 2.5 mm. high, red in center above but without a nipple, not at all hidden by bud scales; when detached without a girdle of hairs at base. 

  Habitat. — The type is selected from a series that emerged March 21, 1946, from galls collected on Spanish oak at Dyke, 3 miles south of Alexandria, Va., on April 19, 1945. Paratypes are from galls on scarlet oak collected near Vienna, Va., and at East Falls Church, Va.


description:
  Aceria pallida Keifer, 1964

  Host: Lycium pallidum, carolinianum, barbarum

  Relationship: Leaf blisters

  Locality: AZ

  Considered a jun syn of Aceria kuko by Kuang 1983 and Huang, 2004


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16152019#page/619/mode/1up
description:
  Vaccinidiplosis vaccinii (Osten Sacken)

  Cecidomyia vaccinii New Combination
  Dasyneura gaylussacii

  Host: Vaccinium stamineum

  Galls are usually green and scallop-shaped with a serrate distal margin. Galls may turn orange to red in the fall or after leaves are picked. They are attached to the main veins on the under surface of leaves, which makes them inconspicuous from above. Galls may be found from July to October along the Atlantic United States from Massachusetts to Georgia. Each gall contains one to several larvae. Larvae remain in the first instar for most of the summer, usually until late August, when growth proceeds quickly through the second instar to the mature third and last instar. When larvae become fully developed in autumn, the galls split lengthwise into two equal halves. The larvae then drop to the ground, burrow under the surface. and form cocoons. Adults emerge the following spring. We have found the galls only on deerberry, Vaccinium stamineum L., in Georgia and Maryland, never on other blueberries or huckleberries. Galls have been found also on V. stamineum from Pennsylvania (J. Plakidas, personal communication, specimens in the National Museum of Natural History), North Carolina (Beutenmiiller 1907), and Massachusetts (Stebbins 1910). We cannot corroborate literature records of C vaccina from Gaylussacia (huckleberry), because we have seen no leaf galls on plants of that genus. It is possible also that such records are due to the misapplication of the common name "huckleberry." 

  Distribution, — (from north to south) Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Washington, D.C, North Carolina, Georgia. 

  Remarks. — Felt (1915) considered Osten Sacken's Cecidomyia vaccinii as having no standing in zoological nomenclature and confused it with Cecidomyia vaccinii Smith (now Dasineura oxycoccana [Johnson]), a species that feeds in blueberry and cranberry buds. Felt (1918) effectively renamed Osten Sacken's species as Dasyneura (sic) gaylussacii Felt and attributed it to the typical gall on Vacciniiim. but ascribed "Cecidomyia (vaccinii O.S)" to a purported generally similar gall on Gaylussacia frondosa. Felt (1925) formally renamed Osten Sacken's C. vaccinii as Cecidomyia gaylussacii. stating that the gall might be the work of a Dasineura. Felt 1940 listed Dasyneura (sic) gaylussacii Felt for the gall of Vaccinium spp. but still used Cecidomyia vaccinii Osten Sacken for the gall of Gaylussacia frondosa. As argued in our introduction, there is no hard evidence that V vaccinii occurs on Gaylussacia. 


description:
  Eriophyes dentatae Stebbins, 1909

  Eriophyes dentatae Stebbins, 1909: 16.
  Eriophyes dentatae; Amrine & Stasny, 1994: 196.

  Host. Castanea dentata (Fagaceae).

  Relation to host. Galls.

  Distribution. USA.


description:
  Acalitus ferrugineum

  Erineum ferrugineum Farlow & Hagen, 1885; Hagen, 1885: 26.
  Aceria fagerinea Keifer, 1959a: 650.
  Acalitus fagerinea; Keifer, et al., 1982: 108–109.
  Acalitus fagerinea; Amrine & Stasny, 1994: 7.
  Acalitus ferrugineum; Amrine & Stasny, 1994: 7.
  Acalitus fagerinea; Baker, et al., 1996: 142.

  Host. Fagus grandifolia (Fagaceae).

  Relation to host. Erineum.

  Distribution. USA, Canada


description:
  Aceria blastofagi 

  Aceria blastofagi Keifer, 1966b: 15.
  Aceria blastofagi; Amrine & Stasny, 1994: 27.

  Host. Fagus sp. (Fagaceae).

  Relation to host. Galls.

  Distribution. USA


description:
  Aceria machiei [sic]

  Eriophyes machiei Keifer, 1938: 302.
  Aceria machiei; Amrine & Stasny, 1994: 61.
  Aceria machiei; Baker, et al., 1996: 256.

  Host. Quercus agrifolia, Q. chrysolepis, Q. vaccinifolia, Q. wislizenii, Q. garryana (Fagaceae).

  Relation to host. Erineum.

  Distribution. USA.


description:
  Aceria paramackiei 

  Eriophyes paramackiei Keifer, 1941: 204.
  Eriophyes paramackie; Keifer, et al., 1982: 110–111.
  Aceria paramackiei; Amrine & Stasny, 1994: 73.
  Aceria paramackiei; Baker, et al., 1996: 256.

  Host. Quercus agrifolia (Fagaceae).

  Relation to host. Twig and bud clusters on lower limbs.

  Distribution. USA


description:
  Aceria quercerinus (Keifer, 1979)

  Eriophyes quercerinus Keifer, 1979: 21.
  Aceria quercerinus; Amrine & Stasny, 1994: 79.
  Aceria quercerinus; Baker, et al., 1996: 272.
  Aceria quercinus; Soika & Łabanowski, 2002a: 63.

  Host. Quercus virginiana, Q. petrea (Fagaceae).

  Relation to host. Erineum.

  Distribution. USA, Czech


description:
  Aceria querci

  Phytoptus querci Garman, 1883: 138.
  Aceria querci; Amrine & Stasny, 1994: 79.

  Host. Quercus macrocarpa (Fagaceae).

  Relation to host. Erineum.

  Distribution. USA.

  Remarks. No figure provided by Garman


description:
  Aceria trichophila 

  Aceria trichophila Keifer, 1955: 111.
  Aceria trichophila; Amrine & Stasny, 1994: 92.
  Aceria trichophila; Baker, et al., 1996: 258.

  Host. Quercus douglasii (Fagaceae).

  Relation to host. Galls, erineum.

  Distribution. USA.


description:
  Aceria trinema

  Aceria trinema Keifer, 1966a: 13.
  Aceria trinema; Amrine & Stasny, 1994: 93.
  Aceria trinema; Baker, et al., 1996: 268.

  Host. Quercus rubra (Fagaceae).

  Relation to host. Erineum.

  Distribution. USA.


description:
  Aceria triplacis 

  Aceria triplacis Keifer, 1960: 8–9.
  Aceria triplacis; Amrine & Stasny, 1994: 93.
  Aceria triplacis; Baker, et al., 1996: 256.

  Host. Quercus alba, Q. virginana, Q. sp. (Fagaceae).

  Relation to host. Erineum, vagrant.

  Distribution. USA


description:
  Acalitus blastofagi

  Aceria blastofagi

  Type host: Dwarf Beech (Bonzai), Fagus sp. (probably F crenata; Fagus sylvatica L. is also used for beech Bonsai; the two species  are very similar).

  Relationship: the mites form galls in the buds

  Type locality: Japan, intercepted at airport in California


description:
  Acalitus ferruginea (Stebbins, 1909)

  Erineum fagineum Persoon, 1822
  Acalitus fagerineus (Keiger, 1959)
  Acalitus ferrugineum (Farlow &Hagen, 1885)
  Acalitus ferrugineus (Stebbins, 1909)

  Host: Fagus grandifolia

  Relationship: "Yellow erineum patches on the upper surface of the leaf: compound capitate papillae."; Erineum on leaf undersurface; "numerous granules on leaf undersurface, discolored pustules above; at first frosty, later brown."

  Distribution: FL, MA, NH, PA, OH, WV

  Notes: Persoon (1822) described Erineum fagineum Persoon as a fungus, producing erineum patches on leaves of Fagus sylvatica L.; thus, this name is not available as a mite name.

  Hagen (1885) created the name Erineum ferrugineum P. (Farlow) (P. apparently refers to Persoon) for the mite producing erineum on leaves of Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Farlow gave a collection of beech leaves with erinea by this mite to the Cambridge Museum; Hagen described the symptoms as "Irregular velvety rusty patches on the underside of the leaves." The mite was given the name Acalitus ferrugineum (Farlow & Hagen, 1885) by Amrine and Stasny (1994): Persoon was dropped as he had no connection with the name ferrugineum and he thought a fungus caused the symptom; Farlow was retained, since it had been used by both Hagen and Stebbins; no publication by Farlow has been found.

  Stebbins (1909) listed the name Eriophyes? ferruginea Farlow as the mite producing erineum on leaves of Fagus grandifolia L. This name was not listed by Davis et al. 1982, nor by Amrine & Stasny, 1994. Stebbins was the first to assign the mite to Eriophyes (apparently derived from the name Erineum ferrugineum P. (Farlow) listed by Hagen (1885). Stebbins is thus the author of Eriophyes ferruginea producing erineum on the leaves of American Beech.

  One mite forms erinea on both surfaces of the beech leaf. We found two different mites in the two different erinea (Garman suspected this in 1894, but failed to provide names); we found an Aceria in the lower surface erinea and an Acalitus in the upper surface erinea. Earlier versions of our electronic catalog listed the mite causing the lower leaf surface erineum, as Aceria ferrugineum (Stebbins, 1909) and the mite causing the upper surface erineum, as Acalitus fagerinea (Keifer), but this was wrong. Careful study has found two species of Aceria that are inquilines in the erinea on both leaf surfaces; and these can become so abundant that sometimes, only an Aceria can be recovered from an erineum. 


description:
  Aceria durmitorensis (Petanovic & Boczek, 1990)

  Eriophyes durmitorensis Petanovic & Boczek, 1990

  Host: Fagus sylvatica L. subsp. moesiaca

  Relationship: Round erinea on undersurface of leaves.

  Locality: WV [a European species found on ornamental plantings in US]


description:
  Aceria mackiei

  Eriophyes mackiei

  Host: Quercus agrifolia, chrysolepis, garryana, vaccinifolia, wislizenii [(wislizenii inferred). Quercus alba and macrocarpa listed as erroneously given hosts in prior sources]

  Relationship: Erineum pockets on lower surfaces of leaves.

  Notes: There may be several sibling species on these oaks; careful rearing and DNA research should be done.

  Locality: CA, SD [error? none of its hosts occur there], WA


description:
  Aceria paramackiei (Keifer, 1941)

  Eriophyes paramackiei Keifer, 1941

  Host: Quercus agrifolia

  Relationship: The mites produce clusters of stunted twigs along the stems. the attacked twigs appear in the lower part of the trees; infested trees do not appear thrifty. These clusters grow slowly from year to year, harboring numerous mites in the buds along the short stems. Mites cause brooming and bud clustering

  Locality: CA


description:
  Aceria quercerina (Keifer, 1979)

  Eriophyes quercerinus
  Aceria quercerinus

  Host: Quercus virginiana

  Relationship: The mites make leaf-deforming patches in leaves.

  Locality: FL


description:
  Aceria querci (Garman, 1883)

  Phytoptus querci Garman, 1883
  Eriophyes querci (Garman, 1883)
  Eriophyes mackiei Keifer

  Host: Quercus macrocarpa

  Relationship: Galls, 2.5 mm to 6.25 mm diameter on leaves, usually protruding on upper surface, with pubescent erineum in cavity below; sometimes reversed [rewritten from Garman, 1883].

  Locality: IL, OH


description:
  Aceria trichophila Keifer, 1955

  Host: Quercus douglasii, ilex [in Spain]

  Relationship: The mites produce baggy erineum-filled leaf galls 1/4 to 1/2 inch in size.

  Locality: CA


description:
  Aceria trinema Keifer, 1966

  Host: Quercus rubra

  Relationship: Erineum patches on lower surfaces of leaves.

  Locality: WI


description:
  Aceria triplacis Keifer, 1960

  Eriophyes triplacis

  Host: Quercus alba, laurifolia, virginiana [laurifolia and virginiana seem dubious--the virginiana record is more like Aceria quercerina]

  Relationship: Erineum pocket galls on lower surfaces of leaves; large protrusions on upper surface.

  Locality: FL, MD, NY, VA, WV


description:
  Eriophyes dentatae Stebbins, 1909

  Host: Castanea dentata

  Relationship: Woody gall, 2-3 mm diam. with larval cell supported by radiating fibers (a cynipid).

  Locality: MA

  Notes: Apparently, from the description and illustration, it is not an eriophyid, but a Cynipid gall wasp. 


description:
  Contarinia sp. 

  Larva on male catkin
  The specific damage to the catkins made by this undescribed species is unknown, but in spring the full-grown yellow larvae drop in such great numbers as to cover the surface of the ground.

  Host: Quercus palustris

  Distr: MD


description:
  Contarinia sp.

  Aborted bud
  Larvae were taken from between imbricated bud scales in early June. 

  Host: Quercus rubra

  Distr: NY


description:
  Polystepha americana (Felt)

  Thin-walled, elongate blister on leaf vein
  This species was taken originally from slight swellings, nearly the same color as the leaf, on lateral veins.

  Host: Quercus rubra

  Distr: NY


description:
  Polystepha podagrae

  Thin-walled, elongate blister on leaf vein
  This species was reared from purplish blisters, about 8 mm long, on the underside of mid or lateral veins.

  Host: Quercus velutina

  Distr: MA


description:
  Polystepha symmetrica

  Circular, flat or convex cell between veins
  Rough, convex, thick-walled, brown gall, several often coalesced
  Gall equally prominent on both sides of leaf, outer surface peeling away at end of season

  This gall is uncommon. It is possible the species that forms it is responsible also for the gall in 305b [Polystepha globosa]

  Host: Quercus falcata

  Distr: Maryland


description:
  Polystepha pilulae

  Circular, flat or convex cell between veins
  Rough, convex, thick-walled, brown gall, several often coalesced
  Gall evident only on upper side of leaf, outer surface not dehiscent

  This is one of the most conspicuous Polystepha galls and is commonly seen in autumn on many kinds of oaks. 

  Hosts: Quercus spp.

  Distr: NY


description:
  Polystepha globosa

  Circular, flat or convex cell between veins
  Smooth, flat or convex, thin-walled cell
  Spherical gall

  This gall is usually found on the lower side of leaves. 

  Host: Quercus velutina

  Distr: MA


description:
  Polystepha quercifolia

  Circular, flat or convex cell between veins
  Smooth, flat or convex, thin-walled cell
  Flat and inconspicuous or slightly raised blisters
  Gall not raised above surrounding leaf tissue

  Often accompanied by reddish discoloration, the gall is otherwise inconspicuous.

  Host: Quercus rubra

  Distr: MD


description:
  Polystepha pustulata

  Circular, flat or convex cell between veins
  Smooth, flat or convex, thin-walled cell
  Flat and inconspicuous or slightly raised blisters
  Gall protruding on both surfaces of leaf

  The typical gall shows on both surfaces of the leaf.

  Host: Quercus velutina

  Distr: MA


description:
  Polystepha pustuloides

  Circular, flat or convex cell between veins
  Smooth, flat or convex, thin-walled cell
  Flat and inconspicuous or slightly raised blisters
  Gall protruding on both surfaces of leaf

  This gall protrudes on both sides of the leaf.

  Host: Quercus spp.

  Distr: NJ and NC


description:
  Polystepha serrata

  Circular, flat or convex cell between veins
  Smooth, flat or convex, thin-walled cell
  Flat and inconspicuous or slightly raised blisters
  Gall protruding on both surfaces of leaf

  A photo in Felt (1940) shows a central nipple on this gall. [Felt 1940 doesn't seem to have a photo of this gall?]

  Host: Quercus coccinea

  Distr: MA


description:
  Polystepha simpla

  Circular, flat or convex cell between veins
  Smooth, flat or convex, thin-walled cell
  Flat and inconspicuous or slightly raised blisters
  Gall protruding on both surfaces of leaf

  Host: Quercus velutina

  Distr: MA


description:
  Polystepha sobrina

  Circular, flat or convex cell between veins
  Smooth, flat or convex, thin-walled cell
  Flat and inconspicuous or slightly raised blisters
  Gall protruding on both surfaces of leaf

  This gall shows mostly on the upper leaf surface.

  Host: Quercus velutina

  Distr: MA


description:
  Macrodiplosis erubescens

  Leaf fold, always with a slit-like opening
  Folded sinus, usually green tinged with red

  Host: Quercus sp. "red oak." 

  Distr: MD


description:
  Macrodiplosis majalis

  Leaf fold, always with a slit-like opening
  Leaf folded along or between veins
  Short, pea-sized pouch gall on underside of leaf blade, usually near leaf vein, thin-walled, pale green to reddish

  Host: Quercus palustris

  Distr: MD


description:
  Macrodiplosis niveipila

  Leaf fold, always with a slit-like opening
  Leaf folded along or between veins
  Elongate vein fold

  Amorphous, thin-walled, large fold with white down on inside surface, often deforming leaf

  Hosts: Quercus alba and Q spp.

  Distr: MD


description:
  Macrodiplosis qoruca

  Leaf fold, always with a slit-like opening
  Leaf folded along or between veins
  Regular, narrow, thick-walled, more or less annulate vein fold
  Vein fold parallel sided, smooth, usually longer than 1 cm

  Host: Quercus sp.

  Distr: IL


description:
  Contarinia sp.

  Leaf fold, always with a slit-like opening
  Leaf folded along or between veins
  Regular, narrow, thick-walled, more or less annulate vein fold
  Vein fold tapered, striate, usually about 5 mm long

  Larvae drop to the soil in summer and presumably remain there until the following spring.

  Host: Quercus palustris

  Distr: MD


description:
  "Dasineura" silvestrii

  Leaf fold, always with a slit-like opening
  Folded, thickened lobe along leaf edge

  Only larvae are known of this species; they do not fit in any known genus but belong to the Oligotrophini.

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis, garryana, vaccinifolia

  Distr: OR, CA


description:
  Contarinia sp.

  Leaf fold, always with a slit-like opening
  Elongate, marginal leaf roll

  Larvae apparently drop to the soil in summer.

  Host: Quercus vaccinifolia

  Distr: OR


externallink: http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Allokermes%20branigani/
description:
  Allokermes branigani (King, 1914)

  Kermes branigani
  Kermes nigropunctatus (misidentification)

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis, grisea

  Structure: Adult female is globular, light cream in color with four broad transverse bands of light yellowish brown (King, 1914d). 

  Systematics: Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) cite some misidentifications of this species as Kermes nigropunctatus and state that the two may be synonyms. 

  Distr: CA, TX


externallink: http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Allokermes%20cueroensis/
description:
  Allokermes cueroensis (Cockerell in King, 1900) 

  Kermes galliformis cueroensis
  Kermes cueroensis

  Hosts: Quercus alba, virginiana

  Structure: Cockerell in King (1900a) describes the adult female as large, convex, brownish white in color, obscurely marbled with very pale gray and linear transverse brown bands. 

  Distr: FL, GA, LA, MI, MS, SC, TX


externallink: http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Allokermes%20essigi/
description:
  Allokermes essigi (King, 1913)

  Kermes essigi King 1913
  Kermes nigropunctatus; Ferris 1920b: 27. incorrect synonymy 
  Kermes nigropunctatus; Essig 1926: 276. misidentification
  Talla nigropunctata; Lindinger 1943a: 148. incorrect synonymy 

  Hosts: Quercus agrifolia, kelloggii, palustris [Q palustris does not occur in CA--unclear if this indicates a missing range value or an erroneous host listing]

  Distr: CA


externallink: http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Allokermes%20ferrisi/
description:
  Allokermes ferrisi Bullington & Kosztarab, 1985

  Hosts: Quercus emoryi, gambelii

  Distr: AZ, CA, CO, NM


externallink: http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Allokermes%20galliformis/
description:
  Allokermes galliformis (Riley, 1881) 

  Kermes galliformis Riley 1881: 482. 
  Kermes waldeni King 1914: 150-151. 
  Coccus galliformis (Riley, 1881)
  Talla galliformis (Riley, 1881)
  Talla waldeni (King, 1914)
  Kermes emoryi Ferris 1955a: 197-198.
  Kermococcus galliformis (Riley, 1881)
  Allokermes galliformis (Riley, 1881)
  Allokermes gallinocolus (Riley, 1881)

  Hosts: Quercus agrifolia, alba, arizonica, chrysolepis, coccinea, douglasii, durata, emoryi, falcata, gambelii, garryana, gravesii, grisea, hypoleucoides, ilicifolia, imbricaria, incana, kelloggii, laevis, laurifolia, lobata, macrocarpa, marilandica, michauxii, nigra, oblongifolia, palustris, petraea, phellos, phillyreoides, pungens, robur, stellata, undulata, velutina, virginiana

  Structure: Adult female is subspherical, polished, smooth and pale yellow (Riley, 1881). 

  Distr: Ontario, AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, IN, IO, KS, LA, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, NJ, NM, NY, NC, OH, OK, PA, SC, TN, TX, UT, VA, WI


externallink: http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Allokermes%20rattani/
description:
  Allokermes rattani (Ehrhorn, 1906)

  Kermes rattani Ehrhorn 1906: 329. 
  Kermes occidentalis King 1913a: 206. 
  Kermes mirabilis King 1914e: 133. 
  Talla mirabilis (King, 1914)
  Talla occidentalis (King, 1913)
  Talla rattani (Ehrhorn, 1906)

  Hosts: Chrysolepis chrysophylla, sempervirens; Quercus chrysolepis, douglasii

  Structure: Adult female is globose with a smooth, but not shiny surface and is light brown to gray in color with four or five transverse bands and often spotted (King, 1914e).

  Distr: CA


externallink: http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Allokermes%20nivalis/
description:
  Allokermes nivalis (King & Cockerell in Cockerell, 1898)

  Kermes nivalis King & Cockerell in Cockerell 1898t: 330.
  Coccus nivalis 
  Talla nivalis 
  Allokermes nivalis 

  Hosts: Quercus alba, petraea

  Structure: Adult female is dark sepia brown and marbled with blackish and pale ochre (Cockerell, 1898q). 

  Distr: KS, MS


externallink: http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Allokermes%20kosztarabi/
description:
  Allokermes kosztarabi (Baer, 1980)

  Kermes kosztarabi

  Hosts: Quercus laurifolia, myrtifolia, nigra

  Distr: AL, FL, GA, LA, SC


externallink: http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Allokermes%20kingii/
description:
  Allokermes kingii (Cockerell, 1898) 

  Kermes kingii Cockerell 1898q: 330.

  Talla kingi

  Hosts: Quercus coccinea, ilicifolia, imbricaria, laurifolia, petraea, phellos, rubra, velutina

  Structure: Adult female very convex, light ochreous in color and marbled with a darker reddish tint (Cockerell, 1898q).

  Distr: AL, CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, IN, MA, NY, OH, PA, TN, VA


externallink: http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Allokermes%20gillettei/
description:
  Allokermes gillettei (Cockerell, 1895) 

  Kermes gillettei Cockerell 1895f: 100.
  Coccus gillettei
  Talla gillettei

  Hosts: Quercus alba, emoryi, engelmannii, gambelii, hypoleucoides, undulata

  Dist: AZ, CO, FL, NM, TX


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/273718#page/127/mode/1up
description:
  Quercus imbricaria
  Bud galls
  Like [Amphibolips coelebs](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/593). Fig 251. 20-28 by 6-8 mm. Old galls seen in VA in Oct.

  Quercus laurifolia
  Bud galls
  Amphibolips sp. Like Amphibolips coelebs. Fig 251. 20 by 6 mm.

  [Photo caption]
  251. Never reared. On Q imbricaria. Really a bud gall.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/20/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis aciculata Gagne, new species

  Hosts: Celtis laevigata, reticulata, tenuifolia

  Description--Gall. On underside of leaf, rarely above, between veins, often in groups; usually cylindrical, sometimes widened at base, basal margin rounded or sharply angled, tip always abruptly narrowed a short distance before apex; glabrous, usually hairless, rarely with sparse, short, stiff hairs, green, turning tan to brown; 3.2–4.0 mm high and 2.0–2.5 mm wide at base; connection to leaf circular, flat, ca. 1/3 width of gall base, apparent on opposite side of leaf as slight discoloration, rarely as a small convexity; gall in cross section thickest surrounding base of cylindrical larval chamber, thinning gradually towards apex. 

  Affinities.--See under C spiniformis [C spiniformis entry: Affinities. — Nine species of Celticecis appear to form a natural group: C. spiniformis, C. aciculata, C. acuminata, C. capsularis, C. conica, C. cupiformis, C. pilosa, C. subulata, and C. supina. All form galls on the leaf lamina except for C. supina whose galls are attached to veins, usually minor ones.]

  Biological notes.--Occasionally, galls are splayed outwards basally as for galls of C. spiniformis, but C. aciculata galls are always abruptly narrowed apically rather than tapered. In Alexandria, Louisiana, galls can be found in early May when they already contain clear or white second instars. By mid-June many larvae have reached the third instar. By early July some have spun cocoons and have turned from white to light yellow, at least anteriorly. The cocoons abut the base of the nipple at the end of the gall. By the end of August galls begin to dehisce but many with viable larvae remain on the leaves until leaf drop in autumn. Gastrancistrus sp. from Alexandria, Louisiana and Torymus sp. from Sycamore Canyon Wilderness, Arizona were reared in spring from galls of C. aciculata collected the previous summer. 

  Distribution.--A southern U.S. species found from Georgia and Florida and west to Arizona, C. aciculata was found on sugarberry, dwarf hackberry and netleaf hackberry. 

  AZ, AR, FL, GA, LA, MS, TX


description:
  Amphibolips citriformis

  Cynips quercus citriformis

  Gall. On the twigs of willow oak (Quercus phellos). Varying considerably in shape from narrow spindle shaped to globular, with the apex attenuated to a sharp point. Smooth, shining, yellowish, and rather thin shelled. Internally is a larval cell held in position by a few thin, radiating filaments. Length 12 to 24 mm; width 6 to 12 mm.

  Habitat: FL


description:
  Amphibolips acuminata Ashmead

  Gall. Attached to the twigs of black jack oak (Quercus marylandica) in May and June. Elongated, subglobular, sometimes pepper-shaped, with the apex drawn out into a point, which is sometimes bent. Yellowish brown, probably green when fresh, thin shelled as in Amphibolips confluens and smooth. Internally it is filled with a spongy substance, with a central, hard, larval cell. Length, 30 to 55 mm. Diameter 15 to 30 mm.

  Habitat: MD, VA


description:
  Dryocosmus dubiosus 

  This cynipid wasp induces glossy, dark brown, club-shaped monothalamous galls on the catkins and new leaves of coast live oak and interior live oak. These bisexual-generation galls are 2 mm wide by 4-5 mm long. 


externallink: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/trees/scales/kermes_scale.htm
description:
  Allokermes kingii (Cockerell)

  Kermes kingi Cockerell, 1898 ca. 

  Talla kingi Lindinger, 1933. 

  Allokermes kingi Bullington and Kosztarab, 1985.

  Hosts: All records of infestation are reported from Quercus spp. except for one record on Castanopsis in California (Ferris 1955) and Junipercus sp. Allokermes kingii occur on Quercus borealis [rubra] (Michaux), Quercus coccinea (Muenchhausen), Quercus geminata (Small), Quercus ilicifolia (Wangenheimd), Quercus imbricaria (Michaux), Quercus laurifolia (Michaux), Quercus phellos (Linnaeus), Quercus rubra (Linnaeus), Quercus velutina (Lamarck), and Quercus virginiana (Miller). The primary hosts are Quercus borealis [rubra] and Quercus velutina. 

  Adult females are about 5 mm long, 4.3 mm wide, and about 3.5 mm high. Adult females are covered with a protective shell that is an integral part of their bodies. The secretion of wax from pores creates a very convex shell. The color is pale brownish-yellow, marbled with a slightly darker red tint, with small black spots covering the entire surface.

  Distribution: Allokermes kingii is native to North America, but occurs throughout the world. It occurs in 32 states in the U.S., and is largely absent in the western states. In Florida, Allokermes kingii occurs in Alachua, Gilchrist, Hendry, Pinellas and Polk Counties (Scalenet 2004). 


description:
  Allokermes galliformis

  Allokermes galliformis (Riley) (Hemiptera: Kermesidae) is the most abundant and widespread species of kermes scale in North America. It is present in 34 of the contiguous United States, in addition to being documented in Canada, Japan, and Mexico (Bullington and Kosztarab 1985, Gill 1993, Kosztarab 1996, García Morales et al. 2016). A. galliformis reportedly feeds on more than 40 species of oak trees as well as several species of chinquapin, but tentative identifications are common because A. galliformis morphology often changes based on its host plant (Baer and Kosztarab 1985, Kosztarab 1996). 

  The majority of Instar II females were present in mid-to-late June, and the majority of Instar III females occurred in early and mid-July. Instar III and early adult females turned maroon to brown (Fig. 2C). The peak time for reproductive female development is from mid-August through mid-September, and post-reproductive females were easily identifiable because their protective venter turned tan with three rows of dark spots (Fig. 2D).


externallink: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=79
description:
  Callirhytis serricornis (Kinsey) 

  Quercus agrifolia, wislizeni
  Flower galls
  Fig 35. Cluster 20-40 thin-walled cells.

  [Photo caption]
  Fig 35. Q agrifolia, kelloggii, wislizeni. Contained pupae Apr 20. Emerging Apr 25 to May 9, May 13 to 26.


description:
  Callirhytis serricornis
  (Andricus serricornis)

  This cynipid wasp induces clusters of hard, tiny, kernel-like monothalamous galls of the bisexual generation on the male flowers of coast live oak and interior live oak. The individual galls normally occur in grapelike clusters at the upper end of the catkins.


description:
  Allokermes galliformis

  Extends the reported host range of A galliformis to include Quercus rubra and shumardii.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44739#page/147/mode/1up
description:
  Kermes mirabilis, n. sp.

  Host--Oak, Quercus sp.

  Female scale--Subglobular, color gray, surface dull, not shiny. Diameter 7 mm. Markings consist of five transverse black bands, composed of quite large round dots and fine lines. Between the lines and dots the surface is pebbled and marbled with black dots and specks. The entire surface is covered with minute black specks. There are also some very faint reddish-brown patches.

  Habitat: CA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44753#page/216/mode/1up
description:
  Kermes occidentalis, n. sp.

  Host--Oak, Quercus sp.

  Female Scale — Globular in outline; 5 mm. in diameter; of a dull gray color. Segmentation indicated by five transverse narrow blackish bands, which are broken at intervals by somewhat larger round black dots. Surface between the bands of a marbled light gray-brown. The entire surface is dull, not shiny, and is covered with very minute black specks seen only under a hand lens. The above species was received from Mr. E. M. Ehrhorn in 1901 taken on Quercus sp. in California and labeled Kermes galliformis Riley. The latter species is very different, the color being pale yellow; appears minutely and evenly speckled with brown under a hand lens and is more or less confused or mottled with gray or brown. Just recently Mr. E. O. Essig sent me Kermes galliformis Riley and Kermes cockerelli Ehrh. collected by Mr. E. J. Branigan on Cache Creek near Yolo, Yolo County, California, May 16, 1910, on California black oak, Quercus kelloggii Newli. Here they were associated together on the same host plant. Kermes cockerelli Ehrh. is of a light brown color and strongly gibbose. In some of the markings Kermes occidentalis is nearest allied to Kermes arizonensis King, found in Arizona. 

  Habitat: CA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44753#page/216/mode/1up
description:
  Kermes galliformis 

  Host: Quercus kellogii

  [Kermes galliformis] is very different, the color being pale yellow; appears minutely and evenly speckled with brown under a hand lens and is more or less confused or mottled with gray or brown. Just recently Mr. E. O. Essig sent me Kermes galliformis Riley and Kermes cockerelli Ehrh. collected by Mr. E. J. Branigan on Cache Creek near Yolo, Yolo County, California, May 16, 1910, on California black oak, Quercus kelloggii Newli. Here they were associated together on the same host plant.

  Distr: CA


externallink: http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Kermes%20cockerelli/
description:
  Kermes cockerelli Ehrhorn, 1898

  Coccus cockerelli (Ehrhorn, 1898)
  Talla cockerelli (Ehrhorn, 1898)

  Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis, douglasii, durata, garryana, kelloggii, lobata

  Structure: Adult female is deeply segmented, light brown in color, with red eyes (Ehrhorn, 1898a). 

  Distr: CA, OR


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44753#page/216/mode/1up
description:
  Kermes cockerelli

  Hosts: Quercus kellogii

  Just recently Mr. E. O. Essig sent me Kermes galliformis Riley and Kermes cockerelli Ehrh. collected by Mr. E. J. Branigan on Cache Creek near Yolo, Yolo County, California, May 16, 1910, on California black oak, Quercus kelloggii Newli. Here they were associated together on the same host plant. Kermes cockerelli Ehrh. is of a light brown color and strongly gibbose.

  Distr: CA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44739#page/114/mode/1up
description:
  Kermes branigani n. sp.

  Host--Quercus chrysolepis

  Female scale — Globular in shape, 5 mm. long, 6 mm. wide, 5 mm. high. The color is light cream, nearly white, often with bluish cast, with four broad transverse bands of very light yellowish brown. Segmentation distinct; the sutures slightly depressed and marked by small round black dots. Surface shiny and thickly covered with minute black specks, which are seen only through a hand lens. There is a short, very distinct groove posteriorly reaching to the anus. This is a very pretty species and is closely allied with such species as Kermes galliformis, Kermes occidentalis, Kermes nigropunctatus and Kermes essigii. It is nearest to the latter and if gibbose would have been described as a variety of Kermes essigii. Taken on the smaller branches of a single large maul oak, Quercus chrysolepis Liebm., at the Rath Mine, Volcaiao Canyon, Sierra Nevada Mountains, altitude 3,500 feet, near Forest Hill, Placer County, California.

  Distr: CA


description:
  Dryocosmus dubiosus 

  Fresh galls of this unisexual generation are green and measure 3 mm long. Dozens of these galls can occur on a single leaf. 


description:
  Olliffiella cristicola 

  Hosts: Quercus emoryi, seldom Q hypoleucoides [observation on Q undulata listed as "questionable"]

  The galls, located on the undersurface of the leaf, are 10-12 mm long, 6-8 mm wide at base, compressed laterally to 5-9 mm, and taper into a sharp point. The gall opening is an elongate slit parallel to the midrib on the upper surface of the leaf. Two to four galls may be on a single leaf; occasionally two galls are fused. Dry galls are hard and woody. The female fills the lower or pointed end of the cavity of the gall and lies with its dorsum toward the opening. The overall shape of the female is conical, conforming to the shape of the cavity with a heavily sclerotized, flat, circular dorsum and a membranous or slightly sclerotized venter. It remains questionable how the first instars escape from under the female and through the opening of the gall. 

  Remarks. This species is found on Quercus "wrightii," and Q. emoryi in New Mexico, Arizona and Mexico. It is the only North American Kermesidae to form a gall. 


description:
  Allokermes branigani (King)

  Kermes branigani
  Kermes nigropunctatus

  Host--Quercus chrysolepis, wislizenii [observation on Quercus grisea listed as "questionable"]
   
  King described the post-reproductive female as: Globular in shape, 5 mm. long, 6 mm. wide, 5 mm. high. The color is light cream, nearly white, often with bluish cast, with four broad transverse bands of very light yellowish brown. Segmentation distinct; the sutures slightly depressed and marked by small round black dots. Surface shiny and thickly covered with minute black specks. . . . There is a short, very distinct groove posteriorly reaching to the anus. 

  Distr: CA


description:
  Allokermes essigi (King, 1913)

  Kermes essigi King 1913
  Kermes nigropunctatus; Essig 1926: 276. misidentification
  Talla nigropunctata; Lindinger 1943a: 148. incorrect synonymy 

  Hosts: Quercus agrifolia, kelloggii, wislizenii, sp. [observation on Q palustris listed as questionable]

  Post-reproductive female. King (1913a) described the post-reproductive female as Light brown. 6 mm long, 6 mm broad and 5 mm high; surface shiny. Under normal conditions practically globular, of two distinct forms, one with a deep broad longitudinal constriction, with sides bulging, and four transverse bands of a light cream color. The constriction is not pallid, but of the same color as that of the scale, light brown. The entire surface is peppered with minute black specks ... there are also several large black dots. .   .   . The other form is of the same color and markings, but distinctly gibbous.

  Distr: CA


description:
  Allokermes galliformis 

  Kermes galliformis
  Kermes waldeni New synonym.
  Coccus galliformis
  Talla galliformis
  Talla waldeni
  Kermes emoryi New synonym.

  Hosts: Quercus arizonica, borealis [rubra], douglasi, durata, emoryi, falcata, gravesii, havardii, laevis, laurifolia, lobata, macrocarpa, marilandica, nigra, oblongifolia, palustris, phellos, shumardii var texana [Quercus texana], stellata, velutina, virginiana, sp., [Observations on Q alba, garryana, ilicifolia, kelloggii listed as "questionable"]

  Post-reproductive female. female as Riley (1881) described the post-reproductive ... average length 5 mm. Subspherical, usually somewhat broader than long, and often with a broad shallow constriction medio-dorsally. Attached by a broad, dark-brown cut or excavation, which is covered by a beak anteriorly and notched anally, the brown color extending to a point above the notch. Polished and smooth. Ground color pale yellowish, appearing under lens minutely and evenly speckled with brown; more or less suffused or mottled with gray or brown, the constriction, when present, generally dark. A series of about seven irregular rows of black punctations running across the scale, often connected by an irregular black line, and this again relieved by white or pale yellow. The three uppermost rows most distinct and constant.

  Remarks. This species, recorded from California to Virginia, has been verified as being found on at least 20 species of oaks. It is probably found throughout the southern temperate zone in North America.

  It is possible that A. galliformis contains a complex of several undescribed species or subspecies. A thorough study of the adult males undoubtedly will clarify this question. 


description:
  Allokermes gillettei (Cockerell, 1895) 

  Kermes gillettei Cockerell 1895f: 100.
  Coccus gillettei
  Talla gillettei

  Hosts: Quercus emoryi,  hypoleucoides, [observation of Quercus undulata listed as "questionable"]

  Post .. reproductive female. Cockerell (1895b) described the post-repro-ductive female as ... 8 mm. long, 7 1/2 broad, 7 high. Distinctly segmented; dorsum with rounded tuberosities, not very shiny. Scale covered with minute dark brown specks. General colour ivory-white and dark brown mottled, the extent of the white or the brown variable, but usually a distinct white dorsal band, and more or less broken-up subdorsal ones. 

  Dist: AZ, CO


description:
  Allokermes grandis

  Kermes grandis
  Lecanium tubuliferum
  Talla grandis

  Host: Quercus engelmanii

  Post-reproductive female. Cockerell (1898d) described the post-reproductive female as: Globular, 10 millim. diam., not visibly segmented, surface dull; peppered or marbled with black, grey, and white. With a lens the white areas are seen to be thickly sprinkled with minute brown spots. The black and brown marbling is quite irregular.

  Distr: Mexico


description:
  Allokermes kingii (Cockerell)

  Kermes kingi Cockerell, 1898 ca. 

  Talla kingi Lindinger, 1933. 

  Hosts: Quercus borealis [rubra], velutina, coccinea, ilicifolia, imbricaria, laurifolia, phellos, sp.

  Post-reproductive female. Cockerell (1898c) described the postreproductive female as: Very convex, but the sides hardly bulging; length 5, breadth 4 1/3, height about 3 1/2 millim. Colour light ochreous, of quite a bright tint, marbled with a slightly darker redder tint; the marbling is absent in the mid-dorsal line, leaving a more or less distinct longitudinal pallid band; segmentation vaguely indicated by transverse rows of small black spots; entire surface very closely beset with minute dark dots. The scale is evenly rounded dorsally, without any prominences or depressions. 

  Remarks. This species has been recorded from eight species of oaks, but principally from Quercus borealis [rubra] and Q. velutina. All records are from the northeastern United States, the mountains of Virginia, or Alabama and Florida. The southern records on Q. phellos and Q. laurifolia may represent another undescribed species, but appear to be indistinguishable from A. kingi morphologically

  Distribution: All records are from the northeastern United States, the mountains of Virginia, or Alabama and Florida.


description:
  Allokermes kosztarabi (Baer)

  Kermes kosztarabi

  Post-reproductive female. This stage was never described, because we could not separate this species through the adult females from A. galliformis (Riley). The original description of the species was based on first instar nymphs. 


description:
  Allokermes nivalis (King & Cockerell in Cockerell)

  Kermes nivalis King & Cockerell in Cockerell 1898t: 330.
  Coccus nivalis 
  Talla nivalis

  Hosts: Quercus borealis [rubra] [observation on Quercus alba listed as "questionable"]

  Post-reproductive female. King and Cockerell (1898c) described the post-reproductive female as Length 4 1/2, breadth 4 1/2, height about 3 millim. Dark sepia-brown, irregularly marbled with blackish and pale ochreous, the latter colour inclined to be arranged in transverse bands, and beset with nu-merous minute dark dots. All of the scale except the middle of the back is powdered with snow-white secretion, which becomes very abundant at the sides. Microscopical characters ordinary; skin fairly closely beset with small round glands, and showing some larger glands at irregular intervals, on brown patches.

  Remarks. This species is found on Quercus borealis [rubra] and Q. alba in Massachusetts. A post-reproductive female paratype, collected on Q. alba (as was the holotype) was available for study. It is covered with a white mealy wax, which, in the authors' opinion, could have been secreted only by the multilocular disc pores present on the dorsum of the slide-mounted Q. borealis [rubra] specimens. For this reason the two lots from the two hosts are considered as belonging to the same species.


description:
  Allokermes cueroensis (Cockerell) 

  Kermes galliformis var. cueroensis
  Kermes cueroensis

  Hosts: Quercus virginiana [see remarks re: Q alba]

  Post-reproductive female. King (1900b) described the post-reproductive female as: Large, transverse diameter 8 mm, convex, with no median constriction; brownish-white, obscurely marbled with very pale gray, with linear transverse brown bands, somewhat wavy, and thickened at intervals; surface minutely speckled with brown dots

  Remarks. Except for one questionable record, this species, which is probably found all along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts from Texas to New Jersey, seems to be restricted to Quercus virginiana. The questionable record, from Michigan on Q. alba, is probably another undescribed species, but apparently cannot be distinguished from A. cueroensis on the basis of slide-mounted adult females.


description:
  Allokermes dubius, new species

  Hosts: Quercus falcata

  Post-reproductive female. Unknown. 

  Remarks. This species is known only from a single lot, but is probably widely distributed where its host, Quercus falcata, is found

  Distr: MS


description:
  Allokermes rattani

  Kermes rattani
  Talla rattani

  Host--Chrysolepis chrysophylla, sempervirens; Quercus douglasii

  Post-reproductive female. Ehrhorn (1906) described the post-reproductive female as .. globose, from 5 to 6  mm. in diameter, varying a little according to position on twig. Surface smooth, not shiny, nor hardly pubescent, sometimes waxy. Colour light brown, generally with four white stripes running parallel with segmentation. When seen through lens these stripes have numerous brown dots at intervals.

  Remarks. This species, found on Chrysolepis species and Quercus douglasii in California, is the only Allokermes recorded from Chrysolepis species. The specimens from C. sempervirens, with a narrow lateral row of quinquelocular disc pores that the specimens on C. chrysophylla do not have, probably deserve subspecific status.

  Habitat: CA

  Kermes mirabilis King

  Kermes rattani (misidentification?)
  Talla mirabilis

  Host: Quercus sp.

  Post-reproductive female. female as King (1914c) described the post-reproductive Subglobular, color gray, surface dull, not 'Shiny. Diameter 7 mm. Markings consist of five transverse black bands, composed of quite large round dots and fine lines. Between the lines and dots the surface is pebbled and marbled with black dots and specks. There are also some very faint reddish brown patches.

  Distr: CA

  Kermes occidentalis King

  Talla occidentalis
  Kermes rattani (misidentification?)

  Host: Quercus sp.

  Post-reproductive female. King (1913b) described the post-reproductive female as Globular in outline; 5 mm. in diameter; of a dull gray color. Seg-mentation indicated by five transverse narrow blackish bands, which are broken at intervals by somewhat larger round black dots. Surface between the bands of a marbled light gray-brown. The entire surface is dull, not shiny, and is covered with very minute black specks seen only under a hand lens.

  Distr: CA


description:
  Kermes nudus, new species

  Post-reproductive female. Unknown

  Hosts: Chrysolepis chrysophylla, sempervirens

  Distr: CA


description:
  Kermes prinus

  Remarks. This species has been described by utilizing the distinct morphology of the first instars. It was assigned to the K. concinnulus Cockerell group, where K. cockerelli Ehrhorn, K. rimarum Ferris and K. shastensis Ehrhorn belong. The description was based on specimens collected from Quercus prinus L., chestnut oak, found in Pipestem State Park, West Virginia. For more records on this species, see Baer and Kosztarab (1985).


description:
  Kermes rimarum Ferris

  Hosts: Quercus gambelii, douglasii, durata, garryana, lobata

  Post-reproductive female. Ferris (1955b) described this species from slide-mounted specimens. His scant characterization of the post-reproductive female is as A small, dark species, its diameter not exceeding 2-5 mm. in any plane, variously shaped in conformity with the irregularities of its surroundings. Dark brown and displaying a small amount of secretion. 

  Remarks. Th is species has been recorded on five species of oaks in the western United States. Some of these records associated with first instars that have been identified by Dr. R. G. Baer as K. cockerelli Ehrhorn, do not differ from the two type specimens of K. rimarum. 


description:
  Kermes shastensis Ehrhorn

  Talla shastensis
  Kermes branigani (misidentification)

  Hosts: Chrysolepis sp., Quercus chrysolepis, turbinella [observation on Q vaccinifolia listed as "questionable"]

  Post-reproductive female. Ehrhorn (1911) described the post-reproductive female as .   .   . enveloped in a thick white, brittle, waxy secretion, making the scale very striking and easily detected on the twigs of the trees. Scales round about 5 mm. in diameter. After removing waxy secretion, colour of scale is mahogany brown, very shiny, with usually three distinct dark brown lines across the dorsum.

  The post-reproductive adult female is noted for its covering of white wax, which in younger specimens is fluffy and cottony, and in older specimens, hard and brittle.

  Distr: CA


description:
  Kermes sylvestris (COCKERELL AND KING)

  Sphaerococcus sylvestris
  Kermes andrei
  Talia andrei

  Hosts: Quercus alba, ilicifolia, stellata [observations on Quercus borealis [rubra], macrocarpa, muehlenbergii, palustris, prinus [montana] listed as "questionable"]

  Post-reproductive female. King (1900a) described the post-reproductive female as ... pyriform in shape, very convex, 5 mm. high and 5 mm. in diameter at its base, variable in some individuals which are nearly hemispherical. Surface shiny. Colour, light brown, with three and sometimes four, very dark brown bands, these variable in length and breadth. There are also several suffused dark brown blotchy spots and round dots, more numerous around the posterior cleft. Segmentation obsure; a median posterior keel-like prominence, which is very much wrinkled above near the region of the posterior cleft.

  Remarks. This species has been recorded from Massachusetts to Texas and has been verified as being found on 4 species of oaks. It appears to be most common on Quercus alba.

  K. sylvestris is a species that completes its development rapidly: post-reproductive females can be collected in late May. It is a rare species. 

  It is therefore possible that K. sylvestris contains a complex of one or more undescribed species or subspecies. The adults from Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas may belong to an undescribed species. 


description:
  Nanokermes folium

  Kermes pubescens (misidentification)

  Hosts: Quercus alba, borealis [rubra]

  Post-reproductive female. Description from following lot: VA, Fairfax, Jun. 5, 1975, coll. B. Zirilli. Spheroid, ca. 3 mm long, 2 high, 2 1/2 broad; basal fourth covered with short, clear strands of wax. Color yellowish brown, with 3 to 5 transverse, suffused bands of brown intersecting with 2 longitudinal stripes of darker brown. If wax is rubbed off, surface of dorsum is shiny, somewhat translucent, and covered with minute dark brown specks. 

  Remarks. This species, found on Quercus alba from Massachusetts to the mountains of Tennessee, has been recorded once from Q. borealis.

  It has been confused with N. pubescens (Bogue), and much of the literature referring to N. pubescens may actually refer to it

  Etymology. This species is named for its habit of positioning itself on leaf mid-ribs and petioles. 


description:
  Nanokermes iselini

  Kermes iselini 

  Hosts: Quercus mohriana, arizonica

  Post-reproductive female (description from paratype female). Spheroidal, ca. 3 mm long, 2 high, 2 1/2 broad, completely covered with short, clear strands of wax. Color uniform dark yellowish brown. 94 
  If wax is rubbed off, surface of dorsum is shiny, somewhat translucent, and covered with minute dark brown specks. 

  Remarks. This species is found on Quercus arizonica and Q. mohriana in Arizona and New Mexico.


description:
  NANOKERMES PUBESCENS (BOGUE) 

  Kermes pubescens
  Coccus pubescens
  Talla pubescens

  Hosts: Quercus alba, stellata, marilandica, Xdeamii (Q macrocarpa X muehlenbergii), macrocarpa [observations on Quercus bicolor X macrocarpa, lyrata, borealis [rubra], muehlenbergii, prinoides, prinus [montana] listed as "questionable"]

  Post-reproductive female. Bogue (1898) described the post-reproductive female as ... spheroidal, 3 1/2 mm. in diameter, 3 high; pointed and grooved beneath; covered all over with short straggling whitish pubescence. Color rather light brown, with more or less obscure and suffused dark brown bands marking the obsolete segments. Surface shining, with minute concolorous specks, but no dark spots or pits. 

  Remarks. This species has been recorded from 5 species of oaks in the midwestern United States. If the number of citations in the literature is an indication of abundance, then it is very common. Most of the references, however, probably refer to N. folium, new species.

  The post-reproductive female is noted for its dorsum, which is covered with short strands of wax that en masse resemble pubescence. This "pubescence" is so remarkably similar in color and texture to the pubescence on the buds of Quercus macrocarpa, and the scale so similar in size to these buds, that the first author has had problems distinguishing scales from buds even when using a dissecting microscope.


description:
  KERMES BOGUEI COCKERELL

  Coccus boguei
  Talia boguei

  Host: Quercus alba

  Post-reproductive female. Cockerell (1897b) described the post-reproductive female as: Globose, slightly oval; length about 6  1/2, breadth 5 3/4, height 5 mm., varying a little in these proportions. Surface without gibosities, not very shiny; with a lens one sees that it presents innumerable dull rugosities with intervening shiny lines. The general color is dark; there are five suffused, more or less broken bands of dull scarlet; the areas between these are whitish, but largely occupied by broken black lines or stripes. There are also transverse blotchy bands of black, much interrupted. The general effect produced is an irregular blotching of scarlet, black, and dull white; the black may predominate and make a dark scale in which the scarlet and white are not so readily noticed.

  Distr: OK


externallink: http://scalenet.info/catalogue/KERMES%20BOGUEI/
description:
  Kermes boguei Cockerell, 1897 

  Coccus boguei
  Talia boguei

  Host: Quercus alba

  Structure: Adult female globular, 6.25 mm long, 5.75 mm long, 5.0 mm high. Not gibbous. General color dark; with 5 suffused, more or less broken bands of dull scarlet, the areas between which are whitish but largely occupied by broken black lines or stripes and there are also transverse blotchy bands of black, much interrupted. The general effect produced is an irregular blotching of scarlet, black and dull white (Ferris, 1955a). 

  Distr: OK


description:
  Kermes cockerelli Ehrhorn

  Coccus cokerelli
  Talla cockerelli

  Hosts: Quercus lobata. [observations on Q chrysolepis, kelloggii listed as "questionable"]

  Post-reproductive female. Ehrhorn (1898) described the post-reproductive female as ... 5 mm. long, 4.5 mm. broad and 4 mm. high, deeply segmented, dorsum usually marked with black lines and spots along the sutures, some species not showing any. There is a broad, median, longitudinal groove, where the segmentation is obsolete; on each side of this the segments are strongly gibbous. Color light brown, without any conspicuous black specks ....

  Distr: CA


description:
  Kermes concinnulus Cockerell

  Coccus concinnulus
  Talla concinnula

  Hosts: Quercus macrocarpa

  Post-reproductive female. reproductive female as: Cockerell (Bogue, 1898) described the post-... 4 mm. long, 4 1/2 broad, 3 1/2 high; very convex, rounded in front, more or less flattened behind; flattened beneath, except a median anterior keel-like prominence. Color lively ochreous. Surface shining, not speckled with black; segmentation very distinct, the sutures marked by bands and spots of dark brown and black, on the hind part by nu-merous pits. A median longitudinal groove, where the segmentation is obsolete, also partly marked out in black. Sutures not deep, nor are the segments strongly gibbous on each side of the median groove.

  Remarks. Judging from the type host and the description of the post-reproductive female, one would suspect that this species is identical to K. sylvestris (Ckll. and King).


description:
  Kermes concinnulus Cockerell in Bogue, 1898 

  Coccus concinnulus
  Talla concinnula

  Hosts: Quercus alba, lyrata, macrocarpa, michauxii, nigra, petraea, stellata

  Structure: Adult female is very convex, rounded in front, more or less flattened behind, ochreous in color with distinct segmentation (Bogue, 1898). 

  Distr: AL, AZ, CT, GA, IN, KS, MD, MA, OH, OK, PA, VA


externallink: http://scalenet.info/catalogue/KERMES%20NIGROPUNCTATUS/
description:
  Kermes nigropunctatus Ehrhorn & Cockerell in Ehrhorn, 1898

  Talla nigripunctata

  Hosts: Quercus agrifolia, chrysolepis, kelloggii

  Systematics: Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) state that "judging from the species of oaks that this Kermes has been recorded from, one would suspect that it is identical to Allokermes essigi (King)." 

  Structure: Adult female is ochreous with very small black specks, segmentation obscure (Ehrhorn, 1898a). 

  Distr: CA, Chihuahua


description:
  Kermes nigropunctatus Ehrhorn and Cockerell

  Talla nigripunctata

  Hosts: Quercus sp. [observations on Quercus agrifolia, kelloggii, and wislizenii listed as "questionable"]

  Post-reproductive female. Ehrhorn and Cockerell (Ehrhorn, 1898) de-scribed the post-reproductive female as .. .4.5 mm. long, 5.5 broad, nearly 4 high, not very pale ochreous, speckled all over with black, the specks so small as to be readily over-looked without the use of a lens; segmentation obscure, but discernible, the sutures slightly impressed and marked by more or less pallid trans-verse bands; an obscure median longitudinal depressed line. . .

  Remarks. Judging from the species of oaks that this Kermes has been recorded from, one would suspect that it is identical to Allokermes essigi (King).

  Etymology. Ehrhorn and Cockerell named this species for the black specks covering its yellow ochreous mid-dorsum.


description:
  Kermes perryi King

  Talla perryi

  Hosts: Quercus ilicifolia

  Post-reproductive female. King (1900b) described the post-reproductive female as: .very globular, small, 3 mm. in diameter. Superficially [sic] examined, its color appears to be dark gray, dull, not shining, very near the color of the bark upon the twig. Viewed with a hand lens the segmentation is nearly obsolete and indicated by fine black lines, upon a dark yellowish brown surface. Parallel with the segments are several depressed dots, which are darker than the surface. The entire surface of the scale is covered more or less with a dirty white wax; under a low power of the microscope this appears to be small white granular crystals. 

  Distr: MA


externallink: http://scalenet.info/catalogue/kermes%20perryi/
description:
  Kermes perryi King, 1900 

  Talla perryi

  Hosts: Quercus ilicifolia

  Biology: Adult female occurs on the twigs in clusters (King, 1900a).

  Structure: Scale is globular, small and dark gray in color. Female larva is dark yellow, oval and broader in front than behind. This is the smallest of the American Kermes (King, 1900a). 

  Distr: MA


externallink: http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Kermes%20pettiti/
description:
  Kermes pettiti Ehrhorn, 1899 

  Talla pettiti 

  Hosts: Quercus alba, imbricaria, laurifolia, petraea, velutina

  Systematics: Bullington & Kosztarab (1985) state that "one would suspect that this species is a synonym of Allokermes kingi."

  Structure: Female scale dark purplish brown, some individuals are paler in color and marbled with brown. A distinct longitudinal groove on the meson indicated by a dark line. Segmentation not distinct, indicated by rows of black spots. Ventral surface where it touches the bark, flattened and more or less covered with a yellow secretion. Beak prominent. When removed from host, scale leaves a whitish powder. When boiled in KOH derm is colorless except for numerous brown spots with black centers scattered over the dorsum (Ehrhorn, 1899). 

  Distr: Ontario, FL, IN, MA, MO, NY, OH, PA


description:
  Kermes pettiti Ehrhorn, 1899 

  Talla pettiti 

  Hosts: Quercus sp. [observations on Quercus alba, borealis [rubra], imbricaria, laurifolia, velutina listed as "questionable"]

  Post-reproductive female. Ehrhorn (1899b) described the post-reproductive female as: ... about 4 mm. broad, 3 mm. long, and 3 mm. high, dark purplish-brown; some individuals of a lighter colour and marbled with brown. A distinct longitudinal groove on the meson indicated by a dark line. Surface without minute black specks. Segmentation not very distinct, indicated by rows of black spots plainly seen through a pocket lens. Ventral surface, where it touches the bark, flattened and more or less covered with a yellow secretion. Beak very prominent.

  Remarks. Judging from the northeastern type locality, and the species of oaks that this Kermes has been reported from, one would suspect that this species is a synonym of Allokermes kingi (Ckll.). 

  Distr: NY


externallink: http://scalenet.info/catalogue/KERMES%20SASSCERI/
description:
  Kermes sassceri King, 1914 

  Talla sassceri

  Hosts: Quercus petraea, rubra

  Structure: Adult female turns white when shell is formed. Scale form is globular, but transverse with a broad medio-dorsal depression which gives it a bilobed look (King, 1914a). 

  Distr: CA, CT, MA, NY, PA, RI


description:
  Kermes sassceri King

  Talla sassceri

  Hosts: Quercus "rubra" [observations on Quercus borealis [rubra] listed as "questionable"]

  Post-reproductive female. King (1914a) described the post-reproductive female as: .turning nearly white when the hard shell is formed. After the scale has been collected and placed in a vial or box the color turns to a very light tint of lemon yellow. The form is not perfectly globular, but rather somewhat transverse and with a more or less pronounced and rather broad medio-dorsal depression which gives it a bilobed appearance. In many specimens this depression forms a rather broad, black or dark brown band following frequently its entire length and generally crossed by narrow blackish or brownish transverse lines of various lengths. Between these lines are several black specks as large as a pin head. The entire surface of the scale is covered with minute black specks.

  Distr: MA


description:
  Kermes trinotatus Bogue

  Talla trinotata

  Hosts: Quercus nigra [observations on Q alba listed as "questionable"]

  Post-reproductive female. Bogue (1900) described the post-reproductive female as .. variable in size, averaging about 5 1/2 mm. long, 6  mm. wide, and 4 1/2 mm. high; rounded above, somewhat flattened behind, convex beneath, front turned down into a more or less beak-like prominence; median groove obscure or broad and shallow; color varies from bright argillaceous to dull gray; surface uniform, more or less conspicuously speckled with black; segmentation obscure or plainly marked with dark spots. When the median groove is present it is crossed with more or less dark lines showing segmentation. There is a rounded dark spot on each side of the front, and an elongated dark blotch extending for a short distance above and below the anal opening: hence the specific appellation. 

  Etymology. Bogue named this species for the three dark blotches on its dorsum: two on the front and one surrounding the anal ring. 

  Distr: OK


description:
  Small, fuzzy, yellow spangles with thick, woody walls on veins on the underside of Quercus ilicifolia leaves. Never reared but each containing a single cynipid larva. Known from five observations in State College Pennsylvania on July 30, 2020: [1 (including cross section)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/54850407) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/54851081) [(3)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/54850709) [(4)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/54849994) [(5)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/54852104).

  A similar gall has been observed on an undetermined red oak in Louisiana in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88161996). Another has been observed on Quercus imbricaria in Pennsylvania in [August](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/91046748) and on Quercus falcata in Arkansas in [August](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/93211953).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33339946#page/19/mode/1up
description:
  Acraspis compressum

  Q rubra.
  Succulent, solid, spherical galls usually firmly attached to the leaf-blade
  On ground over winters, 2-3 mm. White, wax-like in texture, plate 4, 78.

  Philonix.

  [Listed as Philonix compressum in the image caption]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52079382#page/37/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus palustris form compressus (Gillette)

  Acraspis compressus Gillette, 1891, Bull. 111. Lab. Nat. Hist., Ill, p. 197. 
  Acraspis compressa Dalla Torre, 1893, Cat. Hymen., Cynip., II, p. 64. Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1902, Gen. Ins., Hymen., Cynip., p.. 58. Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, Das Tierreich, XXIV, p. 409. 
  Philonix compressa Beutenmuller, 1909, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXVI, p. 253. Felt, 1918, N. Y. State Mus. Bull., CC, p. 94. 
  Acraspis compressum Thompson, 1915, Cat. Amer. Ins. Galls., pp. 15, 35, PI. iv, fig. 78. 

  Galls. — Small, globular galls, (Figs. 25 and 26), 2-3 mm. in diameter, very slightly attached to the under surfaces (rarely the upper surfaces) of the leaves by a slight projection on the gall. White or pinkish, wax-like, solid and succulent at first, quickly deciduous, after which the gall enlarges and becomes brown, thin-walled, and hollow, the cavity constituting the larval cell. On the same species of red oaks, most likely, as the palustris gall.

  These minute galls are very quickly deciduous, falling in October or early November, usually before the leaves, to the ground where they undergo further development. The larva does not pupate until the next spring, a little time before emerging in April or early May, just before the time of appearance of palustris galls. 

  The adults [of Dryocosmus quercuspalustris, Kinsey's purported alternate generation] emerge from mid-May to June 4, depending on the latitude and the progress of the season. The insects are produced in about equal numbers of the sexes. They copulate almost immediately upon emergence and run rapidly up the branches to the young leaves, on the under sides of which they settle to oviposit, often remaining there for several days before they die. In all, only about a month has passed from the time of the first appearance of the young gall to the time of oviposition. Over ten months will be required for the alternate generation to reach full maturity. 

  The experiments by which I was fortunate enough to discover the relations of the two generations of this species were made under the strictly controlled conditions which I have described in the introduction. The tree on which the sexual adults were put was covered with a net for almost a month and there was no chance of other insects having reached it during that time, nor is there much likelihood of the galls having been produced by insects from any other source. Of the thirty small oaks in the greenhouse, none produced any galls that season (1918) except the one on which the palustris had been isolated. Several scores of the adults of that form were observed to oviposit on the under surface of the leaves on which eight galls of Philonix compressa were found the first of September. The small size of the galls had prevented their detection earlier, for it is likely that they appear by the first of August. 

  P. compressa was a '‘species’' known definitely from only two stations, Westchester Co., N. Y., and Ames, Iowa, while palustris had been known for sixty years to be a very abundant species throughout eastern America. It was rather surprising to find an apparently rare, local species to be the alternate form of one of the commonest of widely distributed galls. Fortunately, I recalled definitely the location of the very trees on which I had found the palustris galls from which the experimental material had been bred. I made a trip to these trees and found the leaves bearing an abundance of the compressa galls. Then I found the galls in the Millett Thompson Collection, taken in Massachusetts or lthode Island; these were figured in the Thompson Catalogue but the collection was not recorded in the text. After that, I collected compressa galls at Melrose Highlands, Forest Hills, and Blue Hills, which are in the neighborhood of Boston, and always found it abundant at that date. The small size of the galls and the fact that they are very quickly deciduous is sufficient explanation of the failure of previous collectors to find the form. 


description:
  Philonix compressa (Gillette)
   
  Acraspis compressus 
  Acraspis compressa

  Gall. Attached to the underside of the leaves of red oak (Quercus rubra) and scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea) in the fall, about the time the leaves are beginning to turn brown. Subglobular bodies from 2 to 3 mm in diameter. The galls appear like wax, and are either pure white or tinged with red while on the leaves, and when cut into are fleshy and juicy like a potato. They fall to the ground with or a little before the leaves, and each develops a single larva which gets its growth in the fall but does not emerge until the following summer. Only a very thin shell of the gall is left after the fly emerges.

  The adult of this species is not known to me and Prof. Gillette's description of it and the gall is here reproduced. I have taken the galls in numbers at Katonah, Westchester County, NY, on the undersides of the leaves of the scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea) but did not succeed in rearing the flies. My specimens were collected in October and November. If I remember rightly, I have also taken the galls in New Jersey and on Long Island NY some years ago. 

  Habitat: IA, NY


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610713#page/323/mode/1up
description:
  Zopheroteras compressa (Gillette)

  Acraspis compressus Gillette, Bull. IL. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, 1891, p. 197. 

  This species was described from two specimens cut from galls. The gall in the Illinois State laboratory is ellipsoidal, 2.7 mm. by 1.8 mm. by 1.8 mm., with a slightly wrinkled brown surface, the wall thin (.2 mm.) and made up of two about equal layers, the outer brown, the inner whitish. Their type fly has been lost. The remaining gall and fly in the Gillette collection have now been deposited in the National Museum. It is a Zopheroteras. Never having reared this species, which seems to be distinct from the following [[Zopheroteras sphaerula](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1158)], the writer does not recognize the fresh galls in the field.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610713#page/324/mode/1up
description:
  ZOPHEROTERAS SPHAERULA, new species 

  Host. — Quercus maxima [rubra], red oak. 

  Gall. — Spherical or slightly ellipsoidal, not depressed, found in fall on both upper and lower surface of leaf attached to a vein, singly or 3-4 in a row, about 3 mm. in diameter, greenish or yellowish-green often tinged with red above, dropping to the ground before the leaves. Monothalamous, fleshy, apparently solid when fresh, the larval cavity scarcely visible. 

  Habitat, — Type locality, Evanston, IL. The galls were also seen at Wilmette, Ravinia, and Moline, IL.; Medina, N. Y. ; and at Bluemont, Va. 

  Biology. — Galls collected on ground under two large forest trees on the bank of the Chicago River four miles west of Evanston on October 8, 1916, contained pupae when examined September 17, 1917, and adults November 16, 1917, which emerged in numbers and were found alive in out-of-door breeding cage on March 13, 1918, others emerging before April 6. 


description:
  We do not consider the relationship suspected by KINSEY (1920) between Andricus compresus (Gillette) a. f. and Andricus quercuspalustris (Osten Sacken) s. f. because the first one belongs to the genus Zopheroteras and the second one to the genus Dryocosmus.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88720#page/288/mode/1up
description:
  Parateras hubbardi, sp. n. 
  Agamous

  Range: Detroit, MI

  Described from two specimens [no gall associated with the specimens] 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305409#page/453/mode/1up
description:
  Zopheroteras hubbardi

  Parateras hubbardi Ashmead was described from two specimens from Detroit, "nothing known regarding habits." 

  Therefore hubbardi seems to be congeneric with vaccinii and Parateras a synonym of Zopheroteras. The gall of hubbardi is still unknown. 

  [Weld synonymizes Parateras (and thus P hubbardi) into Zopheroteras on the basis of comparison with Zopheroteras vaccinii. Note that the latter wasp was not known from a gall at the time--its association with the gall now known as Callirhytis vaccinii was known to be erroneous--and has not been matched to one since.] 


description:
  This species was named from a wasp collected without an associated gall or host plant. Its host plants are first listed in Krombein 1951, but it's not clear when these relationships were determined or where, if anywhere, a description of the galls was published before that. The brief description in Weld 1959 is the only one available, to our knowledge. 


description:
  One or a pair of small, globular galls bursting out of splits on the lower side of leaf midribs on Quercus rubra in Boston, Massachusetts. When the galls first appear in August-September, they are light colored, but darken to red and nearly black over time. They are almost perfectly spherical in shape and tethered to the midrib by a pedicel-like structure. Their texture is slightly bumpy but hairless. The splits they emerge from are small and subtle compared to the bulges formed by species like Callirhytis piperoides or Dryocosmus deciduus on similar hosts in the fall. 

  This may be a Zopheroteras, possibly [Z hubbardi](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/576). 

  [The "type" observation](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/55849213)
  [The same gall a week later](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/57326691)

  Other observations made nearby:
  [1](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/59904346)
  [2](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/62053776)
  [3](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/57326608)

  Similar galls on Quercus rubra have also been reported from [Newton, Massachusetts](https://bugguide.net/node/view/1149316), [Michigan](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/61116188) [2](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/62159776), [Ontario](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/67687075), [Pennsylvania](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/61978209), [Connecticut](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63175020), [Illinois](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63123015), and [Ohio](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/60663222) [2](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/60663392) [3](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64879748) [4](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/65078060) [5](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/65078188) [6](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64876762) [7](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64791501) [8](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63336366)


description:
  Blennogeneris spissipes

  Bulbous-gall sawfly

  Hosts: Symphoricarpos albus, mollis

  large fleshy, globular, monothalamous bud galls 


description:
  Phyllocoptes triacis

  Hosts: Symphoricarpos albus, spp.

  induces fleshy, swollen roll galls along the margins of leaves

  Distr: AK, MT, WA, OR, CA


description:
  Phyllocoptes triacis Keifer, 1966

  Hosts: Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus

  Relationship: Inquiline? in leaf edge roll and leaf folding with Eriophyes brownei Keifer.

  Distr: CA, OR

  Eriophyes brownei Keifer, 1966

  Hosts: Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus, Symphoricarpus occidentalis

  Relationship: Leaf edge rolls and leaf folding with Phyllocoptes triacis Keifer, 1966; in buds & leaf axils in SD

  Distr: OR, SD


description:
  Fuzzy bead galls in numbers on the upper and lower sides of Sideroxylon lanuginosum leaves in Texas. They appear in April and persist throughout the season, and in later months the pubescence wears off to reveal the irregular globular shape of the galls. The inside of each gall is filled with dense erineum. Emergence holes in the fall are caused by parasitoid wasps, not the eriophyid mites that induce the galls. 


description:
  A similar gall, differing only in its white color, was [observed in Ohio](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/58440581) in September.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56147207#page/143/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloteras volutellae (Ashmead)

  Host: Quercus macrocarpa

  Small (3.5 mm) cylindrical galls on underside of leaf of Quercus macrocarpa 

  Distr: Kansas

  Weld, believing that the type of Xystoteras volutellae had been lost, erroneously designated a series of specimens, collected at Texarkana, Arkansas, on Quercus lyrata as lectotypes (sic!). These were widely distributed to various museums. After he located the "lost" type, Weld acknowledged the error and stated that the specimens from Texarkana represented a new species that should be described. This was never done, however, so a description of this new species is provided here.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56147207#page/140/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloteras lyratum Lyon, new species

  Host: Quercus lyrata

  Gall.--Tiny, 3.5 mm high, monothalamous gall, attached to undersides of leaf blades. Developing galls covered with white bloom during growth, but lost at maturity. Larval cell occupies gall base.

  Weld (1926), believing that the type of Xystoteras volutellae had been lost, erroneously designated a series of specimens, collected at Texarkana, Arkansas, on Quercus lyrata Walt as lectotypes (sic!). These were widely distributed to various museums. After he located the “lost” type, he (Weld 1952) acknowledged the error and stated that the specimens from Texarkana represented a new species that should be described. This was never done, however, so a description of this new species is provided here. 

  Emerged from rearing Feb 19, Mar 20, May 23, Apr 6, Jun 14, 21. 

  Distr: AR


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56147207#page/140/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloteras prinum Lyon, new species

  Host: Quercus prinus [montana]

  Gall.--Monothalamous, circular, flattened disk, 4 mm diameter, with depressed center.

  Small (4.5 mm) circular spangles on the underside of leaves of Quercus prinus [montana]

  Emerged from rearing cages Jan 22

  Distr: VA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56147207#page/143/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloteras nigrum

  Host: Quercus alba

  Small (3.5 mm) depressed, spherical galls on underside of leaves of Q alba

  Distr: VA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56147207#page/143/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloteras rubinum

  Host: Quercus alba

  Depressed, spherical galls (2-3 mm) on underside of leaves of Q alba 

  Distr: IL, MO, NY, VA


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56147207#page/143/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloteras cupella

  Hosts: Quercus arizonica, grisea, undulata

  Small (2.6 mm) cup spangles on underside of leaves of Quercus arizonica, grisea, undulata

  Distr: AZ, NM


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56147207#page/143/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloteras sigma

  Host: Quercus alba

  Sigmoid-shaped galls on underside of leaves of Q alba

  Distr: MD, NY, VA, DC


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56147207#page/143/mode/1up
description:
  Phylloteras poculum

  Hosts: Quercus alba, prinus [montana], prinoides

  Button-shaped spangles on underside of leaves of Quercus alba, prinus [montana], prinoides

  Distr: CT, IN, KS, MD, MO, NY, VA, DC


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56147207#page/145/mode/1up
description:
  Euxystotera campanulatum Lyon, new species

  Gall. —(Figs. 3E, 3F) Small, campanulate cup, 5 mm diameter, 3 mm high; on lateral veins of upper and lower leaf surfaces. Monothalamous, larval cell occupying base. Appear in late summer as tiny, purple spangles that grow rapidly to reach maturity in October; mature galls red-brown; adults emerged 21 October. 

  Host. — Quercus pungens Liebmann, an unusual little shrub oak that grows at elevations of 3500-6000 ft on limestone cliffs of mountains at scattered locations in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. No cynipids or galls have previously been described from this oak. Lewis Weld, in his field notes, made frequent reference to it as a host oak; however, in later years, he (Weld 1960) indicated that he misidentified the oak and that his “ Quercus pungens ” was actually Q. turbinella Greene. A number of years ago, John Tucker, of the University of California at Davis, located specimens of this oak in the Franklin Mountains at El Paso, Texas, and indicated that an excellent opportunity to study the cynipid fauna existed. I have made periodic visits to these montains since 1964 and have found that the oaks were abundantly “galled” with both described and undescribed species. 

  Distr: TX


description:
  Phylloteras campanulatum comb. nov.

  Lyon (1993) separated Euxystoteras from Phylloteras "by its simple tarsal claws". The  inadequacy  of  this  generic  character  argues  that  Euxystoteras  must  be  a  synonym  of  Phylloteras.  Thus,  Euxystoteras  campanulatum  (Lyon  1993)  must  be  transferred  to  Phylloteras, P. campanulatum (Lyon), comb. nov.


description:
  White spangle galls scattered on the lower side of a Quercus muehlenbergii leaf. The galls are distinctly wider at the top and bottom than in the middle, and have a slight nipple projecting away from the leaf. The upper disk is rimmed with red. Likely Phylloteras. 

  Observed in Ohio in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/87603287) and [September](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/58359277).


description:
  Observed in Ohio in [July](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88593333) [(2)](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88592325) and [September](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/59129225).


description:
  Clusters of several near-spherical galls emerging from the lower (or occasionally upper) midrib of Quercus montana in September and October in [Pennsylvania](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/58859683). They differ from Andricus dimorphus in their uniform pubescence and regular spherical shape lacking a blunt, hairless outer face. They tend to occur in smaller numbers and sparser arrangements but can also be found in clusters of more than 20. They are initially white but often become longitudinally streaked with pink, sometimes more pink than white later in the season. They drop in late September and October, leaving small, round scars on the midrib. 

  Similar galls have been observed in [North Carolina](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/4193897), [Virginia](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/61696729), [Tennessee](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/62808729), [Ohio](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/61617852), and possibly [DC](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/32226871).  A similar gall has been observed on Quercus muehlenbergii in Ohio in [August](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/55619615) and [September](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/59701742). 


description:
  Galls matching this description have been observed on Quercus alba in September and October in Virginia.

  A similar gall was [observed on](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/138754256) Quercus margaretiae in October in North Carolina.


description:
  Callirhytis carmelensis 

  This cynipid wasp induces glossy, mottled galls at the base of acorns of coast live and interior live oaks. I have not found them on California black oaks, even though they are recorded as occurring on this species. 

  They are maroon or green with light-colored mottling, and each has a small nipple at the apex. 

  Galls produce honeydew that attracts ants, bees, and yellow jackets. 


description:
  Callirhytis carmelensis 

  Quercus agrifolia, wislizeni
  Acorn galls
  Fig 49. "Pip" gall beside small acorn. Apr.

  Fig 49. A "pip" gall on aborted acorns of previous season. Develop in April; secrete honey dew; drop in May. From galls collected Aug. 14, 1916 adults emerged Apr. 10-18, 1919 (Monterey). Collected May 15, 1918 adults emerged Apr. 10, 1919, Apr. 11, 1920 and others were cut out Nov. 7, 1920 (Los Gatos). 

externallink:
  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018313555&view=1up&seq=80&q1=%22callirhytis%20carmelensis%22


description:
  A gall similar to A weldi but lacking tubercles or wrinkles has been observed in October in [Virginia](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63127995). This may represent a distinct species, an inquiline-induced variation, or some normal range of phenotypic diversity within A weldi. 


description:
  A pair of globular greenish-tan galls found on the petiole of Quercus alba in October in [Virginia](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63128000). The galls were covered in short, straight, white hairs. The larger of the pair had a ring of red tissue at its apex. 


description:
  Small, tan, oblong galls scattered along the lower (occasionally upper) midrib or major side veins of Quercus velutina, phellos, and imbricaria in clusters that are initially loose but become densely packed. The galls appear tan-yellow  darkening to deep red but are densely covered in short, straight white hairs sometimes tinged with brown. They emerge from their veins in late September, but unlike Callirhytis piperoides, they emerge without causing noticeable swelling or patches of dead tissue. Their hairs are also much shorter than those of C piperoides. 

  Observed in September and October in Virginia on Quercus X [leana](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/58767226) [2](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/62360221) (imbricaria X velutina), [phellos](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/60447569), [velutina](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/60757154) [2](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/60757153) [3](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/62360222) [4](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/62327453), [5](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/62327455), [6](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/60876274), and [marilandica](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/61155442); in Ohio on Quercus [velutina](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/60626899) [2](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/60662951), in Virginia on [Quercus falcata](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/99253236), and in Michigan on Quercus [velutina](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/60479588). A possibly similar gall was seen in [Missouri](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/34657278). Another was seen on Quercus nigra in Arkansas in [October](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98000374).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53913195#page/62/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis eldoradensis [bisexual generation] emerges from integral acorn hull galls in aborted acorns. 

  Host:
  Q. wislizenii


description:
  Callirhytis eldoradensis

  These monothalamous galls look like normal acorns except they may reveal exit holes and can stay on the branches long after non-galled acorns have dropped to the ground. 

  This species is unusual in that the bisexual adults emerge in September and October from acorns formed in spring and summer. 

  Host:
  coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53913195#page/62/mode/1up
description:
  Callirhytis eldoradensis [unisexual generation]

  Twigs contained green spherical bud galls about four mm in diameter with white basal hairs. The galls abort the apical meristem and are surrounded basally by the bud scales. 

  Host:
  Quercus wislizenii


description:
  Emerging leaves of Fraxinus spp. in the spring are often seen to be abruptly divided into dozens of narrow, deformed leaflets, some of which may be extremely narrow. This phenomenon often affects one leaf of an opposing pair and not the other, or may even begin halfway along the length of an otherwise normal leaf. In other cases, even the petioles and twigs are affected, causing extremely dense clusters of abortive tissue.

  This symptom is often attributed to [Aceria fraxiniflora](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/658), which affects flowers on the same hosts. However, according to Amrine, Aceria fraxiniflora is distinguished from its European counterpart Aceria fraxinivora by the lack of leaf damage. It's possible this exclusion was mistaken, or that Aceria fraxinivora is responsible for these leaf symptoms (the mite has been found in North America, though [its leaf galls in Europe](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/acari/actinotrichida/prostigmata/eleutherengona/eriophyoidea/eriophyidae/eriophyinae/acerini/aceria/aceria-fraxinivora/) don't resemble the symptom discussed here). Likely the cause is something entirely different and yet to be discovered--possibly fasciation induced by mutations within the tree itself. For the moment, many observations can be found in [this observation set](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?verifiable=any&place_id=any&field:Undescribed%20ash%20leaf%20bunching%20gall=yes) on iNaturalist. 


description:
  Callirhytis eldoradensis [unisexual generation]

  The unisexual generation adults emerge in Spring from spherical bud galls, 4 mm in diameter, with white-haired basal bud scales. 

  Host:
  Quercus agrifolia 


description:
  Walshomyia cupressi

  This gall midge induces large, monothalamous, four-sided galls in summer on at least two cypress species. 

  They appear as massive replicas of the terminal buds and often occur in clusters of three or four individual galls. 

  Galls at different stages of development can be found from spring through fall. 

  Vigorously growing cypress trees seem to host more galls than stunted specimens nearby. 

  Hosts:
  Hesperocyparis pygmaea (Mendocino cypress)
  Hesperocyparis sargentii (Sargent cypress)


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30322264#page/153/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus glandulus sp. nov

  Cynips quercus glandulus

  Cynip glandulosus

  Gall.--In the cups of acorns of swamp white oak (Quercus platanoides [bicolor]), burr oak (Q macrocarpa), dwarf chestnut oak (Q prinoides), chestnut oak (Q prinus [montana]) and probably other trees belonging to the white oak group. Monothalamous. The gall is formed in a cavity, causing more or less bulging and swelling of the acorn cup. It is an elongate body averaging when well developed 5 mm. long and not quite half as wide. The sides are sometimes parallel, but more often slightly bulging or sometimes longitudinally ribbed or smooth; whitish green, yellowish, often with a roseate tinge. The base is truncate and covered with a whitish down. The crown is flattened or slightly concave with a small central conical nipple. The mouth of the cavity in the acorn cup is either strongly fimbricated or simple, according to the nature of the cup scales, and thus either concealing the gall or exposing a large part of it. The larva lies in a cell near the top of the gall. Sometimes the galls deform the acorns. 

  Habitat: N. Y., Penn., N. J., IL., Ohio, Mo., Conn. 

  Many years ago the late C. V. Riley gave me a specimen of a gall-fly which he said he had raised from the oak-pip gall in the acorn cups. But the species was never described by him, except from the gall which he termed Cynip quercus glandulus. While collecting in the pine barrens at Lakehurst, N. J., very early in May, I took a number of female gall-flies on the twigs of the dwarf chestnut oak, presumably ovipositing in young acorns. My specimens agree in all particulars with the one given to me by him, and are described above together with his as being the producers of the oak-pip galls. The ripe and well developed gall falls out of its cavity to the ground, where the larva remains within it either to the following spring or the next year. Described from twelve females, three of which have the anterior parallel and lateral grooves black and narrowly edged on each side by the same color. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84901#page/605/mode/1up
description:
  Cynips Gall Quercus-glandulus

  The new gall is more or less completely imbedded in the cup, and, on account of its resemblance to a diminutive acorn, I name it glandulus. 

  I have seen it on Q. prinoides and Q. bicolor.* The parent Cynips lays the egg very early in summer, as the gall is often formed on the aborted or blighted acorns, in which case, however, it seldom attains perfection. The ripe and well developed gall falls out of its cavity on to the ground, where the larva remains within it till the following spring. Those galls which remain within the cavity are generally imperfect. The fly producing this gall has not yet been reared nr described.

  Cynips Gall Quercus-glandulus: — An elongate, pip-like body, averaging, when well developed, 5 mm. long, and not quite half as wide; sides sometimes parallel, but more often slightly bulging, more or less deeply corrugate longitudinally, and whitish-green; base truncate and covered with whitish down ; crown flattened or slightly concave, with a central, conical nipple; color yellowish, often with a roseate tint. Larva lying in a cell near the crown. Formed in a cavity, and causing more or less bulging and swelling of the cupule. The mouth of the cavity either strongly fimbriated, or simple, according to the nature of the cup scales, and thus either hiding the gall or exposing a large part of it. This gall is allied in structure to that described by Mr. Bassett as Quercus frondosa, which is a deformation of an oak bud. The axillary bud is made by the sting of the Cynips to prematurely develop a number of lanceolate or ovate leaves which surround one or more cells, which loosen from their leafy matrix when ripe and drop to the ground. An analogous deformation of an oak bud, caused by Cynips fecundatrix Hartig, is very common in Europe, and is known in England as the Artichoke-gall. The cell of this gall has been described as an aborted acorn by Mr. Albert Muller,f who has made a special study of galls. It is not surprising, therefore, that our glandulus gall should very generally be looked upon as a diminutive or secondary acorn. Yet such views are quite erroneus. The cells of very many other Cynipidous galls resemble acorns in form, and the resemblances to different fruits among these singular plant- and-insect productions is often so striking as to easily mislead. 

  * Dr. Engelmann has noticed it on Q Prinus [montana], Q. michauxii, and Q. muhlenbergii. It thus occurs on every form of the Prinus Group, to which it is apparently confined. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885317#page/390/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus glandulus

  Irregular, monothalamous, conical swellings of the cupule, length 5 mm, diameter 2 mm, on Q platanoides [bicolor], macrocarpa, prinoides, and prinus [montana]


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305460#page/503/mode/1up
description:
  [Entry for Andricus fimbriatus, new species, a new wasp found on galls similar to Riley's Andricus glandulus.]

  Host.--Quercus bicolor

  Gall.--This fimbriate-cup gall on bicolor was well described by Riley in 1877 along with a similar one but protruding farther, from a smooth cup on Q. prinoides. Both have often been referred to in literature frequently under the names glandulus and glandulosus. The fly described as Andricus glandulus Beutenmueller, of which the author has a cotype, and associated with the above gall is a red species from an unknown gall. It belongs to the genus Callirhytis and is closely related to C. operatola — the agamic generation of C. operator (Osten Sacken). 

  The writer has field notes on a similar gall on nine other white oaks of the eastern United States where the recess in which the gall rests is not fimbriate and the gall protrudes half its length or more. See plate 3, figure 12, on prinus [montana] and figure 13 on macrocarpa. As he has not been able to rear any of these as yet it is not known whether any or all of these are caused by the above-described species or which if any is glandulus Beutenmueller. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7305460#page/503/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus fimbriatus, new species

  Agamic

  Host.--Quercus bicolor

  Gall.--This fimbriate-cup gall on bicolor was well described by Riley in 1877 along with a similar one but protruding farther, from a smooth cup on Q. prinoides. Both have often been referred to in literature frequently under the names glandulus and glandulosus. The fly described as Andricus glandulus Beutenmueller, of which the author has a cotype, and associated with the above gall is a red species from an unknown gall. It belongs to the genus Callirhytis and is closely related to C. operatola — the agamic generation of C. operator (Osten Sacken). 

  Habitat. — The type material was collected at Wilmette, Illinois, September 1, 1917, when the galls were dropping to the ground. "When some of the galls were cut open just a year later about half still contained larvae and half pupae and adults. One fly emerged in cage March 25 and one April 18, 1919. On December 2, 1919, five living flies were cut out. Transformation thus occurs in fall and emergence in the spring and the emergence is distributed over two seasons. As the emergence is before flowering there must be an alternating generation in a vernal gall. In 1908 the galls had nearly finished dropping by September 9 and in 1912 they had all dropped by September 10. They have been seen also at Evanston, Kenilworth, and Glencoe, Illinois, and at Porter, Indiana. The herbarium at Shaw Botanical Garden, St. Louis, has a specimen from Kimmswich, Missouri, collected in 1860. 

  The writer has field notes on a similar gall on nine other white oaks of the eastern United States where the recess in which the gall rests is not fimbriate and the gall protrudes half its length or more. See plate 3, figure 12, on prinus [montana] and figure 13 on macrocarpa. As he has not been able to rear any of these as yet it is not known whether any or all of these are caused by the above-described species or which if any is glandulus Beutenmueller. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7522373#page/341/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus incertus n. sp.

  No galls. One gall-fly taken ovipositing April 22, 1890, in buds of Q bicolor.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7610735#page/345/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus incertus Bassett

  Andricus fimbriatus

  The holotype of incertus was taken ovipositing in bud of Q. hicolor on April 22 at Waterbury, Conn., and is preserved in the Bassett collection in Philadelphia. In June 1921 S. A. Rohwer at my request took a paratype of fimbriatus to Philadelphia to compare with incertus and could see no difference. This species producing a gall in a fimbriate cup on acorn cup of Q. hicolor should henceforth be known as incertus Bassett. These galls have been noted at Washington, D. C. The alternating generation is unknown. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57505967#page/185/mode/1up
description:
  Andricus incertus

  Fimbriate cup gall. A smooth elongated gall, 4 by 7 mm., partly imbedded in a fimbriate depression in the side of the acorn cup and slipping to the ground when mature in the fall. On Q. bicolor. Flies emerge the second and third springs Mar. 25-Apr. 18 and oviposit in buds of Q. bicolor. Alternating generation unknown. 


description:
  The case that Callirhytis glandulus and [Andricus incertus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/927) are distinct galls formed by different species of wasps is relatively weak, based on the absence of positive evidence. The gall was originally named and described by Riley from a variety of white-group oaks on the basis of the similarity of the galls, with the variation observed attributed to differences in the anatomy of the host acorns. Beutenmuller gave the name Callirhytis glandulus to a wasp he found ovipositing in young acorns on Q prinoides. The association with the gall was never confirmed. Weld later reared a wasp from the galls now named Andricus incertus on Q bicolor, and since his wasp differed substantially from Beutenmuller's, he named it a new species, Andricus fimbriatus (note that given the alternation of generations in cynipids, the wasp ovipositing is often anatomically quite different from the wasp emerging from the gall, so it's not clear why Weld would have expected these to match even if they were the same species). Regardless, Weld cited minor differences in gall morphology and relegated the rest of "Callirhytis glandulus" to a dubious status awaiting confirmation by adult rearing as either his A fimbriatus, Beutenmuller's C glandulus, or a new wasp. Andricus fimbriatus was later found to be synonymous with another wasp captured "in buds of Q bicolor" by Bassett, Andricus incertus, an older name that took precedence over Weld's. 


description:
  The case that [Callirhytis glandulus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/985) and Andricus incertus are distinct galls formed by different species of wasps is relatively weak, based on the absence of positive evidence. The gall was originally named and described by Riley from a variety of white-group oaks on the basis of the similarity of the galls, with the variation observed attributed to differences in the anatomy of the host acorns. Beutenmuller gave the name Callirhytis glandulus to a wasp he found ovipositing in young acorns on Q prinoides. The association with the gall was never confirmed. Weld later reared a wasp from the galls now named Andricus incertus on Q bicolor, and since his wasp differed substantially from Beutenmuller's, he named it a new species, Andricus fimbriatus (note that given the alternation of generations in cynipids, the wasp ovipositing is often anatomically quite different from the wasp emerging from the gall, so it's not clear why Weld would have expected these to match even if they were the same species). Regardless, Weld cited minor differences in gall morphology and relegated the rest of "Callirhytis glandulus" to a dubious status awaiting confirmation by adult rearing as either his A fimbriatus, Beutenmuller's C glandulus, or a new wasp. Andricus fimbriatus was later found to be synonymous with another wasp captured "in buds of Q bicolor" by Bassett, Andricus incertus, an older name that took precedence over Weld's. 


description:
  Galls matching Weld's photo were seen in April in [Louisiana](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/74550108).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/39/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis semenrumicis (Patton)

  Cecidomyiaceltis semenrumicis
  Cecidomyia semenrumicis

  Hosts: Celtis laevigata, occidentalis

  Gall.--On twigs, occasionally on petioles or stronger veins on either side of the leaf; upright, with 3–6 prominent, longitudinal, narrow, lateral wings and long, slender, curled apex; surface hairless, matte, green turning tan, or wholly or partly red; 6–8 mm long, 4–6 mm wide at mid-length; connection to twig or leaf a broad, persistent callus; when on leaf apparent on reverse as a widened vein; gall in cross section an elongate-ovoid larval chamber surrounded by thin wall beyond which the wings radiate. 

  Affinities.--Celticecis semenrumicis, C. ramicola, and C. ovata are distinguishable mainly from their galls. Galls of all three species are usually found attached to twigs. Those of C. semenrumicis ultimately develop distinct wings, are hairless, have a slender, curled apex, dehisce by early summer, and are known from the Mississippi Basin and Texas. Galls of C. ramicola have the same general distribution, are also hairless but never winged, have a short, straight apical extension, develop in late summer and early autumn and are slow to dehisce, in some cases persisting through late autumn. Galls of C. ovata are not sympatric with those of the other two, are instead more northern and eastern and hairy and wingless.

  Biological note.--Galls first grow to their full length and only then develop wings. In Louisiana galls were found as early as late April on only partly expanded leaves, already with second instars. By June 6 only third instars were present, and galls dehisced readily although a few galls with viable full-grown larvae were found as late as August. 

  Distr.--KS, LA, MO, TX


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/21/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis acuminata Gagne, new species

  Gall.--On lamina on underside of leaf, often in groups; upright, bulbous at base, tapering beyond mid-length to gall apex; green, turning tan or gray, covered with moderately long white hair, hair not obscuring granulose gall surface; ca. 4.0 mm long by 2.5 mm at widest; apparent on opposite side of leaf as an inconspicuous convexity; gall in cross section with elongate-ovoid larval chamber with thick, woody walls widest near mid-length. 

  Affinities.--See under C spiniformis [C spiniformis entry: Affinities. — Nine species of Celticecis appear to form a natural group: C. spiniformis, C. aciculata, C. acuminata, C. capsularis, C. conica, C. cupiformis, C. pilosa, C. subulata, and C. supina. All form galls on the leaf lamina except for C. supina whose galls are attached to veins, usually minor ones.]

  Biological notes.--Young galls were found in Alexandria, Louisiana on only partially expanded leaves. Galls could be found on leaves into September. The cocoon extends to the base of the tapered portion of the gall that breaks off upon eclosion of the adults. 

  Distr.--This is an uncommon species found in southeastern and midwestern U.S. on northern hackberry, dwarf hackberry and sugarberry. It is one of the few species apparently absent from Louisiana [sic; observations from Louisiana are listed in the same paragraph and the following one] and Texas.

  AR, FL, GA, IA, LA, MS, OH, VA, KY


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/22/mode/1up
description:
  Ceticecis capsularis (Patton)

  Cecidomyiaceltis capsularis
  Cecidomyia capsularis
  Phytophaga painteri New synonym

  Hosts: Celtis laevigata, occidentalis, tenuifolia, reticulata

  Gall.--On leaf lamina on underside of leaf; depressed, circular, the sides conspicuously sulcate with 10 or more furrows, broadest at mid-length, apex with central spine; green, turning brown, granular, moderately longhaired but hairs not obscuring surface; ca. 2 mm high and 3–4 mm broad; connection to leaf conical, fitting into slight depression of leaf, a slight brown convexity apparent on reverse side of leaf; wall thick laterally, thin apically; larval chamber ovoid, extending the length of gall, lined with brittle tissue distinct from remainder of gall. 

  Affinities.--See under C spiniformis [C spiniformis entry: Affinities. — Nine species of Celticecis appear to form a natural group: C. spiniformis, C. aciculata, C. acuminata, C. capsularis, C. conica, C. cupiformis, C. pilosa, C. subulata, and C. supina. All form galls on the leaf lamina except for C. supina whose galls are attached to veins, usually minor ones.]

  Biological notes.--The gall grows lengthwise first, then laterally, developing the separate lobes as it expands. Full grown larvae are yellow and fill the entire cavity. In Alexandria, Louisiana galls with second instars were found in late March on newly expanded leaves and also later in the season. In Fort Pierce, Florida, fully-formed galls were found in early April. By mid-May some galls have fully-developed larvae. Galls with cocooned larvae may dehisce any time during the summer but many remain attached to the leaves through autumn. In spring pupae break through a circular opening that develops just below the apical spine. 

  Distr.-- This is a southeastern U.S. species taken on all hackberries within its range. 

  AR, FL, GA, LA, MS, TN, TX


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/24/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis celtiphyllia (Felt)

  Mayetiola celtiphyllia
  Phytophaga celtiphyllia

  Hosts: Celtis laevigata, occidentalis, tenuifolia

  Gall.--On twigs, petioles or major veins on either leaf surface and often distorting the leaf, usually in crowded clusters; campanulate, the flattened apex with central, fluted, elongate projection; surface green, turning buff or brown, entirely covered with long hairs not obscuring surface, lower portion smoothly rounded, upper portion beyond widest dimension may be furrowed; ca. 6 mm long and 5 mm in diameter at greatest width, distal appendage a further 1–2 mm long; connection to plant not prominent, ca. 1/3 gall diameter; wall woody, thin near base, much thickened at mid-length and beyond, larval chamber pear-shaped, the larva living in larger basal portion. 

  Biological notes.--For his gall description, Felt (1915b) cited Pergande’s unpublished notes, as follows: “very hard, obconic, the upper extremity produced as a long, slender nipple; at the base five or six low ridges. The galls are smooth inside and divided by a delicate though dense web into two compartments, the larva occurring in the lower.” This describes well the galls that are still at the USNM. The illustrations in Felt (1918, 1940) showed a separate series of young galls of this species growing on a stem, but their provenance was not indicated. With their slender shallotlike shape these galls look rather different from full-grown galls, but that is how the galls appear when the larvae are early second instars and before the galls broaden considerably. In Fort Pierce, Florida, galls were full grown with active second instars by March 7. Larvae had formed cocoons and were dehiscing by May 9. In both Louisiana and West Virginia, third instars were present by June 30. Galls did not always dehisce readily and were occasionally found with healthy larvae as late as September in West Virginia. Both second and third instars are very active and may be white to yellow-orange.

  Distr.--This species is widespread in eastern U.S. on northern hackberry, dwarf hackberry and sugarberry.

  AR, FL, GA, IA, KS, LA, MD, MS, OH, TX, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/26/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis conica Gagne, new species

  Hosts: Celtis laevigata, occidentalis

  Gall.--On leaf lamina on underside of leaf, found singly or in groups; upright, short-conical, evenly tapered from circular unsplayed base to narrowly rounded apex; hairless, glabrous, green, turning yellow to brown; ca. 2.5 mm high and 1.5 mm wide at base; connection to leaf circular, flat, ca. 1/3 width of gall base; apparent on opposite side of leaf as slight, sometimes discolored convexity; gall in cross section thick around base and thinning gradually toward apex, the subcylindrical larval chamber as long as gall. 

  Affinities. — The gall of this species is the smallest gall on hackberries after that of C. cupiformis, but is evenly conical rather than barrel-shaped. See under C. spiniformis for further discussion. [C spiniformis entry: Affinities. — Nine species of Celticecis appear to form a natural group: C. spiniformis, C. aciculata, C. acuminata, C. capsularis, C. conica, C. cupiformis, C. pilosa, C. subulata, and C. supina. All form galls on the leaf lamina except for C. supina whose galls are attached to veins, usually minor ones.]

  Biological notes.--In Maryland, galls were first noticed on May 12, already with second instars. Full grown larvae were found in late June and had formed cocoons by early July. Some galls persisted on the leaf at least through mid-September. Third instars are white until full-grown when the anterior half of the body turns yellow. 

  Distr.--This species is widely distributed in the eastern half of U.S. and occurs on both northern hackberry and sugarberry. Its relative rarity may be due to its small size, causing it to be overlooked; still, the fact that it was never found in Texas but occurs in Louisiana and Arkansas is remarkable.

  AR, GA, KY, LA, MD, OH, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/27/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis connata Gagne, new species

  Hosts: Celtis laevigata, occidentalis, reticulata, tenuifolia

  Gall.--Usually along twig, occasionally on fruit, petiole or major veins of upper side of leaf; spheroidal, often irregularly so, woody, often consisting of two or more coalesced galls, usually with short nipple at apex; hairless, surface shining, becoming matte, red or green, turning brown; 5–7 mm high, 5–12 mm wide; connection to host small in extent, not apparent; walls thick, woody, but thin below nipple, the larval chamber ovoid. 

  Biological notes.--This is the only species of Celticecis to regularly form aggregate galls. In Alexandria, Louisiana, galls were found in late March before the leaves had hardened. By mid-April some galls contained small third instars, and by mid-May some larvae had formed cocoons. Galls begin to dehisce by mid-May, yet some remain on the twigs through November. Adults emerged from galls collected from Alexandria, Louisiana, and from Florida the spring following their collection, but emerged from galls collected from Pineville, Louisiana, and Bertram and Temple, Texas, only the second spring following their collection. 

  Distribution. — This is a mainly southern U.S. species found on all available hackberries. 

  AZ, GL, GA, KS, KY, LA, MO, TX, VA, 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/28/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis cornuata Gagne, new species

  Hosts: Celtis laevigata, occidentalis, tenuifolia

  Gall.--On major vein, usually on lower surface of leaf; upright, elongate-cylindrical, unevenly tapered beyond 2/3 length to rounded, weakly recurved apex; basal margin irregularly angled; surface glabrous, hairless, slightly furrowed, visible longitudinal veins slightly spiraling; green, usually turning red; 6–7 mm in length and up to 2 mm wide; connection to vein a prominent, circular, flat, persistent brown callus at least as wide as gall base; gall apparent on opposite side of leaf as slight thickening of vein; wall thin throughout, larval chamber of same shape as gall. 

  Affinities.--The prominent callus that remains on the leaf after the gall dehisces is reminiscent of that seen in some stem galling species, e.g. C. ramicola.

  Biological notes.--Galls were first noticed in Louisiana on March 26 on partially expanded leaves. Galls are usually green when young and turn red with age. Full grown larvae were present in late April in Temple, Texas and in mid to late May in Alexandria and Pineville, Louisiana. Any galls still found attached to the leaves later than May 30 contained either a dead larva or a parasitoid, so the larva had presumably stopped feeding before an abscission layer was formed that would have allowed the galls to dehisce. 

  Distr.-- This species has a southerly U.S. distribution on sugarberry, northern hackberry and dwarf hackberry.

  AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MO, TX


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/29/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis cupiformis Gagne, new species

  Hosts: Celtis laevigata, reticulata

  Gall.--On leaf lamina, usually on underside of leaf; short-cylindrical, basal margins abruptly rounded, apex broadly rounded and ending in short, central umbo; glabrous, hairless or sparsely hairy, the hairs not obscuring surface; green, turning mostly brown, the apex yellow; ca. 1.5 mm high and 1.0 mm wide; connection to leaf circular, flat, ca. 1/3 width of gall base and barely apparent from opposite side of leaf; gall in cross section uniformly thin, brittle, the larval chamber of same shape as gall. 

  Affinities.--See under C spiniformis [C spiniformis entry: Affinities. — Nine species of Celticecis appear to form a natural group: C. spiniformis, C. aciculata, C. acuminata, C. capsularis, C. conica, C. cupiformis, C. pilosa, C. subulata, and C. supina. All form galls on the leaf lamina except for C. supina whose galls are attached to veins, usually minor ones.]

  Biological note.--The gall of this rare species is very tiny, which may explain why it was not collected more often. Full-grown larvae are pink, red, or orange, and completely fill the larval cavity of the gall. 

  Distr.-- This species is known only from southcentral U.S., on sugarberry with the exception of the Belton, Texas collection that was found on both sugarberry and netleaf hackberry growing side by side.

  LA, TX


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/30/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis expulsa Gagne, new species

  Hosts: Celtis laevigata, occidentalis

  Gall.--On stem, fruit, petiole and base of leaves; irregularly columnar, apically convex or flat, usually with short, central nipple, sometimes 2–3 galls partially coalesced, strongly convex on opposite side of petiole or vein and usually causing leaf distortion; base broad, integral to host tissue, developing apically a circular mark at apex, denoting margin where inner portion of the gall will emerge as a plug from the periphery and dehisce, the remainder of the gall shriveling; green, matte, with sparse white pubescence; 5 mm high, 3 mm broad; the deciduous plug yellow except for green apex, turning brown, larval chamber ovoid, the wall of the plug of uniform thickness.

  Biological notes.--The gall of this species is the only one in North America that is not entirely detachable. Initially it appears as a simple columnar elevation of the plant tissue but eventually the interior of the gall surrounding the larval chamber separates as a distinct, hard, cylindrical core (Fig. 21). In due course the outer tissue shrivels, allowing the core to drop to the soil. In Alexandria, Louisiana, and Holland, Texas, galls were evident in early April, already with second instars. Most galls had dehisced by mid-May wherever the gall was found. Adults were reared in March and April, 2011, from galls taken in June, 2009, in Lawrence, Kansas. 

  Distr.--Galls were found on both northern hackberry and sugarberry. This species may be more widespread than the distribution list indicates, but galls develop and excise earlier in the season than most of our collections were made.

  KS, KY, LA, MD, TX, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/31/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis globosa Gagne, new species

  Cecidomyia sp. Wells 1916: 273, Plate XVII, Fig 12a.

  Hosts: Celtis laevigata, occidentalis

  Gall.--Attached to leaf vein, usually on underside of leaf; ovate to globular, upright, often with lateral or encircling bulge near mid-length, apex flattened; light green, white to yellow, turning reddish, matte, hairless or, in most specimens from southcentral U.S. (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas) covered with short pubescence not obscuring surface; ca. 3.0–3.5 mm long and 2.0–2.5 mm wide; apparent on opposite side of leaf as minute convexity; wall uniformly thin except at bulge when present, larval chamber ovate, shaped as for gall not including bulge. 

  Affinities. — See discussion under C. pubescens. [C pubescens and two others, C. pyriformis and C. wellsi, appear to be related. All three cause upright, columnar, woody, more or less hairy leaf galls that are attached to veins, Celticecis globosa may also be related to these three. The gall of C. globosa is also upright and woody but the larval chamber is ovoid instead of columnar and the larva itself is flatter and more deeply sulcate between segments.]

  Biological notes.--The gall exterior is hairless (Fig. 22) or, in most specimens from Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas, fuzzy (Fig. 40). At the beginning of our study we kept these separate, but in the end we could find no other distinction between specimens of C. globosa from the hairy and non-hairy galls. This gall appears generally late in the season. In Alexandria, Louisiana, we noticed young galls with already developed second instars only in early July. These continued to develop long after galls of all other species except some C. pubescens were all mature. As late as September 25, some galls of C. globosa still contained second instars, although most contained third instars. By mid-October almost all galls contained third instars. Galls with viable third instars were still common on leaves on November 20, long after galls of most other species remaining on the leaves contained only dead larvae or parasitoids. In Kentucky, Ohio and Maryland, galls of C. globosa were also late, making it the most common gall collected in August and September. Larvae are usually white but some turn yellow to orange. 

  Distr.--This is a widespread species in eastern U.S. on both northern hackberry and sugarberry.

  AR, FL, IA, KS, KY, LA, MD, MS, OH, TX, VA, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/33/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis ovata Gagne, new species

  Hosts: Celtis laevigata, occidentalis, tenuifolia

  Gall.--On twigs, petioles or major veins of either leaf surface and often distorting the leaf, usually in crowded clusters; bulbous basally, the distal 1/3–2/3 gradually tapering to apex; connection to twig a pad as wide as gall base; surface green, turning brown, the surface then weakly longitudinally sulcate along entire length; covered with long white hair not obscuring surface; 5–6 mm long and 4–5 mm at widest diameter; wall woody, uniformly thick or thin, larval chamber of same shape as spheroid part of gall, not extending into tapered apical portion. 

  Affinities.--See under C semenrumicis. [Affinities.--Celticecis semenrumicis, C. ramicola, and C. ovata are distinguishable mainly from their galls. Galls of all three species are usually found attached to twigs. Those of C. semenrumicis ultimately develop distinct wings, are hairless, have a slender, curled apex, dehisce by early summer, and are known from the Mississippi Basin and Texas. Galls of C. ramicola have the same general distribution, are also hairless but never winged, have a short, straight apical extension, develop in late summer and early autumn and are slow to dehisce, in some cases persisting through late autumn. Galls of C. ovata are not sympatric with those of the other two, are instead more northern and eastern and hairy and wingless.]

  Biological notes.--The generally globular gall base becomes longitudinally sulcate when dried, lending the galls some slight resemblance to those of C. semenrumicis. young galls are similar to those of C. celtiphyllia, but those of the latter species eventually broaden apically and, when dry, may develop longitudinal sulcations only on the basal half. 

  Distribution (Map 11). — This species was mainly found on northern hackberry but was found in southeastern Virginia on both northern hackberry and sugarberry growing next to one another and in Georgia on dwarf hackberry.

  GA, IA, KY, MD, OH, VA, WV, WI


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/34/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis oviformis (Patton)

  Cecidomyiaceltis oviformis
  Cecidomyia oviformis

  Hosts: Celtis laevigata, occidentalis

  Gall.--Usually along twig, occasionally on petiole or major veins of upper side of leaf, most often in groups; evenly spherical beyond obtuse, often weakly lobed base, with short apical nipple; green, turning brown, uniformly short-fuzzy but hairs not obscuring matte surface; 5–6 mm long, 4–5 wide; connection to host a prominent, circular, flat, persistent brown callus nearly 1/2 as wide as gall base; when on leaf apparent on opposite side of leaf as a thickening of vein; wall of uniform thickness throughout, larval chamber spherical, of same shape as gall. 


  Biological notes.--Galls of this species have a similar shape to those of C. connata when those of the latter are not found in aggregate, but galls of C. oviformis are covered with fine pubescence and are uniformly thin-walled, unlike galls of C. connata that are hairless and have thick walls of irregular diameter. Galls of C. oviformis develop and dehisce early in the season, possibly why it was not collected more often. In mid-April when galls were first noticed in Alexandria, Louisiana, they already contained second instars. After mid-May galls of this species still found attached to the host were parasitized. 

  Distr.--This species is widespread in the U.S. and found on both northern hackberry and sugarberry. 

  FL, IL, KS, LA, MD, MO, OH, WV, TX


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/35/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis pilosa Gagne, new species

  Hosts: Celtis occidentalis

  Gall.--On leaf lamina on underside of leaf, usually in groups; uprightconical, apex pointed, base circular, not flared; surface covered with white hair nearly obscuring green surface; 3.5–4.5 mm high and 2.0–3.0 mm wide at base; connection to leaf circular, flat, ca. 1/3 width of gall base; apparent on opposite side of leaf as slight, sometimes discolored convexity; gall in cross section thickest near base surrounding larval chamber, thinning and less woody and more brittle apically. 

  Distr.-- This species was the most rarely collected species of Celticecis. It was found only on northern hackberry.

  KY


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/36/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis pubescens (Patton)

  Cecidomyiaceltis pubescens
  Cecidomyia pubescens
  Phytophaga texana New synonym

  Hosts: Celtis laevigata, occidentalis, reticulata

  Gall.--On underside of leaf, in vein fork, occasionally two adjacent in a fork and then sometimes partly or wholly coalesced, usually perpendicular to leaf; stout cylindrical with short apical tubercle in center of flattened apex and base abruptly tapering to short peduncle; surface green, turning brown, with or without long white pubescence that may sometimes obscure surface; ca. 4 mm long and 3 mm in diameter; apparent on opposite side of leaf as slight, sometimes discolored convexity; walls in cross section thick, yellowish, woody, larval chamber elongate-ovoid, nearly as long as gall. 

  Affinities.--This species and two others, C. pyriformis and C. wellsi, appear to be related. All three cause upright, columnar, woody, more or less hairy leaf galls that are attached to veins, Celticecis globosa may also be related to these three. The gall of C. globosa is also upright and woody but the larval chamber is ovoid instead of columnar and the larva itself is flatter and more deeply sulcate between segments. 

  Biological notes. — Young galls of this species bearing second instars were seen in late April and mid-May in Louisiana, but young, soft galls continued to appear through July. Galls with full- grown larvae are commonly found in August but some still contain second instars. Full-grown larvae are yellow to orange and fill the larval chamber. Persistent galls found later than August are generally parasitized; many galls of the current season can be found with a parasitoid's exit hole at the very base of the gall. Adult C. pubescens were reared in spring of 2010 and 2011 from galls collected in summer of 2009 in Temple, Texas.

  Distribution (Map 14). — This is a southern U.S. species known from Florida to Arizona and found on sugarberry, netleaf hackberry and northern hackberry. 

  AZ, AR, FL, LA, TX


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/37/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis pyriformis Gagne, new species

  Unnamed species, Riley 1890

  Hosts: Celtis occidentalis

  Gall.--Attached singly or serially to more prominent leaf veins on underside of leaf, occasionally adjacent galls partially fused; generally cylindrical, becoming bulbous at base, upright to recumbent, apex flat except for short central nipple; green turning yellow, sparsely to densely covered with long, crinkly white hair of variable length; 3–4 mm long and 2–3 mm broad at base; connection to vein conspicuous, often causing swelling of vein nearby and appearing as a convexity on opposite side of leaf; mature gall in cross section woody, wall of uniform thickness or thickest basally and thinning beyond mid-length, larval chamber elongate ovoid, nearly as long as gall. 

  Affinities. — See discussion under C. pubescens. [C pubescens and two others, C. pyriformis and C. wellsi, appear to be related. All three cause upright, columnar, woody, more or less hairy leaf galls that are attached to veins, Celticecis globosa may also be related to these three. The gall of C. globosa is also upright and woody but the larval chamber is ovoid instead of columnar and the larva itself is flatter and more deeply sulcate between segments.]

  Biological note.--In Maryland galls were first found in early June already with yellow second instars. By mid-July some galls contained either second or third instars and in mid-August larvae were in the third instar and the larval chambers were lined with silk. Once, at Falling Waters, West Virginia, a gall contained a predaceous Lestodiplosis larva feeding on the C. pyriformis larva. A hole was present at the base of the gall, but it is doubtful that the Lestodiplosis made the hole. 

  Distribution (Map 15). — This species is known only from northern hackberry and has a northerly U.S. distribution, from Kansas to Maryland. 

  KS, KY, MD, IL, MO, OH, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/38/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis ramicola Gagne, new species

  Hosts: Celtis laevigata

  Gall.--Usually on stem, occasionally on petiole or base of leaf and then often crowded and distorting leaf; closely placed galls may be partially connate; cylindrical or subcylindrical, abruptly tapering distally to narrow, elongate apex; connection to plant as wide as gall, apparent on other side when on leaf as a conspicuous convexity; hairless, granulose, may be weakly furrowed longitudinally, green, eventually turning brown; 3.0–4.0 mm high, ca. 2.5 mm in diameter; wall eventually woody, uniformly thin throughout, larval chamber of same shape as gall. 

  Affinities.--See under C. semenrumicis concerning the close similarity and presumed affinity among it, C. ramicola and C. ovata. [Celticecis semenrumicis, C. ramicola, and C. ovata are distinguishable mainly from their galls. Galls of all three species are usually found attached to twigs. Those of C. semenrumicis ultimately develop distinct wings, are hairless, have a slender, curled apex, dehisce by early summer, and are known from the Mississippi Basin and Texas. Galls of C. ramicola have the same general distribution, are also hairless but never winged, have a short, straight apical extension, develop in late summer and early autumn and are slow to dehisce, in some cases persisting through late autumn. Galls of C. ovata are not sympatric with those of the other two, are instead more northern and eastern and hairy and wingless.]

  Biological note.--Galls of this species mostly appear late in the season. Although seen as early as May in Alexandria, Louisiana, they were much more common there from August through October. In late September, many still contained second instars but by October all contained third instars. This is the only gall we have seen that may persist on branches into the next spring, and then not with viable larvae but with dead larvae or parasitoids. This gall may appear similar to those of C. aciculata. Galls of the latter species are always on the leaves and their attachment to the leaf is only half the diameter of the gall. Galls of C. ramicola are usually on twigs and their attachment to the substrate is at least as wide as the gall. The larvae of the two species are distinct. 

  Distribution (Map 16). — This species is restricted to southeastern U.S. and has been found only on sugarberry.

  GA, LA, MS, TN, TX


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/44/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis subulata Gagne, new species

  Hosts: Celtis laevigata, reticulata, tenuifolia

  Gall.--On leaf lamina, usually on underside of leaf, single or in groups; upright, elongate-conical, tapering evenly from sharply angled base to pointed apex; surface glabrous, green, turning tan to brown; 6–9 mm high and 2–3 mm wide at base; connection to leaf circular, flat, ca. 1/2 width of gall base, apparent on opposite side of leaf as slight discoloration, rarely as small convexity; gall in cross section thin-walled especially beyond 2/3 height, the cylindrical larval chamber extending from base of gall to apex. 

  Biological notes.--In central Louisiana, young galls can be found already with second instars in late March on partly expanded leaves. Fullgrown, cocooned larvae as well as some larvae still in the second instar were found in galls in late May. Galls may remain on the leaves through the season and dehisce in September and October. Cocoons extend from the bottom of the larval chamber to about 2/3 height at which point the gall will easily divide the following spring. Larvae are white until later in the third instar when their anterior half turns yellow. 

  Distribution (Map 19). — This southern U.S. species is found from Georgia and Florida west to Arkansas and Texas.

  AR, FL, GA, LA, MS, TX


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/45/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis supina Gagne, new species

  Cecidomyia sp. Wells 1916: 273.

  Hosts: Celtis laevigata, occidentalis, reticulata

  Gall.--Reclinate along major or minor veins, almost always on lower leaf surface; subcylindrical, tapering gradually or just before apex; surface striate to rugose, green at first, turning yellow to tan, usually with sparse white hair not obscuring gall surface; 3–4 mm long, 1–2 mm wide near base; wall thin, larval chamber shaped as for gall; gall on opposite side of leaf apparent as a slight discolored convexity. 

  Affinities. — The tiny galls of this species produce small adults that are among the smaller ones in Celticecis. See under C. spiniformis for further discussion. [Nine species of Celticecis appear to form a natural group: C. spiniformis, C. aciculata, C. acuminata, C. capsularis, C. conica, C. cupiformis, C. pilosa, C. subulata, and C. supina. All form galls on the leaf lamina except for C. supina whose galls are attached to veins, usually minor ones.]

  Biological notes. — This early-developing gall was evident in early May in Louisiana and by mid-May in Maryland, in both places already with second instars. In Louisiana galls found with third instars by May 23 in which some had cocooned by June 13. Cocoons fill the larval cavity except for the narrower apex that breaks off when adult emerges in spring. 

  Distribution (Map 20). — This species is generally widespread in eastern U.S. except that it appears to be absent in the southeast. It is found on northern hackberry, sugarberry and netleaf hackberry.

  IA, KS, KY, LA, MD, MO, OH, TN, TX, WV


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/46/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis wellsi (Wells)

  Phytophaga wellsi

  Hosts: Celtis laevigata, occidentalis

  Gall.--On underside of leaf, in vein fork, usually perpendicular to leaf, often single but may occur in twos and threes; turbinate, widest beyond midlength, the apex flattened with diminutive apical tubercle in center; surface green turning brown, covered with variable but usually thick, abundant white pubescence; ca. 4 mm long, almost as wide as long; apparent on opposite side of leaf as slight, sometimes discolored convexity; in cross section, walls thickest on distal half, yellowish, woody, thinnest at center apex; larval chamber elongate-ovoid, as long as gall. 

  Remarks. — Wells (1916) wrote that the gall was covered with short pubescence, but the specimens we have are more or less completely covered with long hairs, some crinkly. We suspect that Wells's specimen lost the hair through handling. In fact. Wells did not always note or draw hairs or draw them to their fullest extent. As examples, he did not draw hairs on galls of C. supina (Plate 1, Fig. 11) although that gall usually has hairs, and he drew what looks like very short pubescence for galls of C. celtiphyllia (Plate 2, fig. 9) when in fact they are usually covered with longer hairs. Felt (1916) wrote that the galls of C. wellsi were sparsely clothed with a whitish, appressed pubescence. This description agrees better with the galls we have seen. 

  Affinities. — See discussion under C. pubescens. [C. pubescens and two others, C. pyriformis and C. wellsi, appear to be related. All three cause upright, columnar, woody, more or less hairy leaf galls that are attached to veins, Celticecis globosa may also be related to these three. The gall of C. globosa is also upright and woody but the larval chamber is ovoid instead of columnar and the larva itself is flatter and more deeply sulcate between segments.]

  Distribution (Map 21). — This species is known from the midwestern U.S. and Georgia, on northern hackberry and sugarberry.

  GA, IL, IA, KS, KY, OH


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51467028#page/50/mode/1up
description:
  Peracecis fugitiva Gagne, new species

  Hosts: Celtis laevigata, occidentalis, tenuifolia

  Gall.--On leaf, an integral spherical blister usually of the leaf underside, and a narrow chimney on the opposite surface through which the full grown larvae eventually exit; green, the same color as the leaf, matte, with short white pile on the blister side, bare on the other; blister 4–7 mm in diameter, 3–4 mm high, the chimney on opposite side of leaf ca. 2 mm long; gall thin-walled, no thicker than normal leaf tissue. 

  Biological notes.--Galls appear early in spring and were first noticed on April 16 in Alexandria, Louisiana and on April 7 in Holland, Texas when the larvae were already in their third instar. On May 3 to 9 in Alexandria larvae appeared fullgrown, and by May 19 most had dropped to the soil. In Bibb County, Georgia a few larvae were recovered from galls collected on June 3. Galls are integral to the leaves so their shrivelled remains can be found throughout the season where they occur. Third instars are white, spindle-form and very active. As many as 15 larvae may be found in one gall. Peracecis larvae were observed crawling out of the galls through the chimney on the upper leaf surface. 

  Distribution (Map 22). — This mainly southern species does not appear to distinguish among hackberries.

  GA, KS, LA, TX


description:
  Celticecis acuminata 

  Celticecis acuminata was found at two study sites in Pennsylvania, one site in New Jersey, and one site in New York (Figure 1) representing three states with  newly  recorded  records  for  the  distribution  of  this  species. 


description:
  Celticecis celtiphyllia

  In  this  study,  C. celtiphyllia was  found  at  three  of  the  study  sites  in  Pennsylvania and at the two New Jersey study sites (Figure  2),  expanding  the  northeastern  range  and  representing two new state records for this species.


description:
  Celticecis cornuata

  C cornuata was found on veins on upper leaf surface in this study instead of lower leaf surfaces as described in Gagne and Moser (2013). 

  In this study, C. cornuata was found at two study sites in Pennsylvania, the two study sites in New Jersey, and at one of the New York study sites (Figure 3).  This study expands the range of C. cornuata into  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  and  New  Jersey, representing three new state records for this species. The existence of C. cornuata in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York represents a major expansion of  the  northeastern  range  of  this  species.  It  is  quite  likely  that,  with  sampling  at  additional  study  sites,  C. cornuata would be found in additional states that are  between  Kentucky,  and  the  states  that  were  the  subject of this study.


description:
  Celticecis expulsa

  Celticecis  expulsa  was  found  at  two  study  sites  in  Pennsylvania  (Figure  4).  This  study  expands  the range of C. expulsa into Pennsylvania, representing a new state record for this species. A limited number  of  old,  woody  galls  that  looked  like  those  of C.  expulsa  were  found  at  the  Phillipsburg  study  site in New Jersey during this study, suggesting that C.  expulsa  can  also  be  found  in  New  Jersey.  Since  actively growing galls with larvae were not found, confirmation  of  the  expansion  of  the  range  of C. expulsa into New Jersey was not be obtained


description:
  Celticecis globosa

  In  this  study,  C.  globosa was found at all four study sites in Pennsylvania, the  two  study  sites  in  New  Jersey,  the  two  New  York  study  sites,  and  in  New  London,  Connecticut  (Figure  5). These  findings  represent  new  state records for Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and Connecticut and represent the first record of this species in a New England state.


description:
  Celticecis ovata

  In  this  study,  galls  of  C.  ovata  were  found at all four study sites in Pennsylvania, the two study  sites  in  New  Jersey,  and  the  two  study  sites  in New York (Figure 6) representing three new state records for the distribution of this species. 


description:
  Celticecis oviformis

  Celticecis  oviformis  was found at three study sites in Pennsylvania and one site  in  New  Jersey  (Figure  7).  This  study  expands  the range of C. oviformis into Pennsylvania and New Jersey,  representing  two  new  state  records  for  this  species.


description:
  Celticecis pyriformis

  In  this  study, C.  pyriformis  was  found  at  three  study  sites  in  Pennsylvania,  and  the  two  study  sites  in  New Jersey  (Figure  8)  representing  two  newly  recorded  state  records  for  the  distribution  of  this  species.


description:
  Celticecis spiniformis

  In  this  study,  C.  spiniformis  was  found  at  all  four  study sites in Pennsylvania, at the two New Jersey study  sites,  and  at  the  two  study  sites  in  New  York  (Figure  9).  This  study  expands  the  range  of  C. spiniformis into New Jersey, representing a new state record for this species. 


description:
  Celticecis supina

  In  this  study,  C.  supina  was  found  at all four study sites in Pennsylvania and the two study  sites  in  New  Jersey  (Figure  10)  representing  newly  recorded  state  records  for  the  distribution  of  this  species. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42358#page/627/mode/1up
description:
  [Unnamed, later named Cecidomyiaceltis capsularis by Patton]

  33. Cecidomyidous galls on the under side of the leaf arising from the leaf-ribs, occurring either singly or in smaller or larger groups. Gall rosette-shaped, resembling the seed-capsule of certain Malvaceous plants of the genus Hibiscus, circular in outline, greatly flattened on the top and here furnished with a short central spine or median nipple (frequently broken off); sides sulcate, with from ten to twelve more or less marked furrows, and with the corresponding interstices convex. Surface of gall not shining, lighter or darker brown, speckled with small irregular blackish pustules, and sparsely beset with moderately long whitish hairs, which are easily abraded. Average height of gall, 75mm . diameter, 2 to 3 mm. Cell oblong oval, inclosed by thick, woody side walls, but with a thin bottom, and at the roof (i. e., toward the upper side of the leaf) covered with a thin soft layer. Gall on upper side of leaf usually visible as a small circular pustule of brownish or grayish color. The gall is also at once recognizable from its shape, but might readily be mistaken for a Psyllid gall. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Cecidomyia capsularis

  Rosette-shaped, ribbed leaf gall resembling the seed capsule of Hibiscus, on under surface of leaf, diameter 2 to 3 mm.


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54778#page/461/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis capsularis, new combination

  Cecidomyiaceltis capsularis 

  Celticecis painteri New Combination

  Phytophaga painteri


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54778#page/461/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis pubescens New Combination

  Cecidomyiaceltis pubescens 

  Celticecis texana New Combination

  Phytophaga pubescens 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54778#page/461/mode/1up
description:
  Celticecis spiniformis New Combination

  Cecidomyiaceltis spiniformis 

  Celticecis unguicola New Combination

  Cecidomyia unguicola 


description:
  Early in the season, before they develop their characteristic sulcate appearance, C capsularis strongly resembles C acuminata and is frequently mistaken for it. Gagne states that C acuminata is absent in Texas, so observations there are almost certainly C capsularis. However, in Louisiana through Georgia and Florida, both species occur, and to be safe, IDs should be made only after the ridges are visible. 

  Sources provided for this species are missing the original descriptions of Phytophaga painteri (see Gagne 2013 for citation).


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8635512#page/128/mode/1up
description:
  Phytophaga celtiphyllia

  Conical, flask-shaped or subglobular, slightly ribbed, greenish leaf or tender twig gall arising from a circular, truncate base, diameter 3-4 mm. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21732#page/277/mode/1up
description:
  Phytophaga celtiphyllia Felt

  A sub-balloon-shaped gall occurring on the leaves (either side), petioles and stems. 4-8 mm high, including the apical, variable, attenuate tip, which arises sharply from the distal end of the gall body. 4-5.5 mm. dia. through the broad distal half of the gall. The sides do not taper proximally in the typical balloon fashion, but show a definite constriction below the distal expanded portion. When isolated the galls show a perfect radially symmetric structure, but they are apt to be found in clusters, resulting in more or less loss of symmetry through mutual pressure. When on the leaves they generally are found on the upper side attached close to the principal veins. These galls retain their green color longer than any of the others ; when full size in mid-summer, the content of chloroplasts in the superficial cell layers is so great as to make them fully as green as the leaf. Coarsely pubescent. The chamber is constricted distally. Galls not uncommon in Kansas, but this form has not been seen in Ohio. 

  The writer is practically certain that this is the gall described by Pergande, whose notes are presented by Felt with the description of the above insect. Pergande states it to be a "very hard, obconic gall, the upper extremity produced as a long slender nipple; at the base five or six low ridges. The galls occur on the upper side of the leaf and drop when mature." Unfortunately no measurements are given. On the basis of the brief description, however, absolute certainty is not possible. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21732#page/279/mode/1up
description:
  Phytophaga wellsi Felt. Cecidium nov.

  On leaf, under side, more or less definitely obconic, resembling the shape of a somewhat flattened top. Generally found in clusters attached to the sides of the principal veins near the point of their divergence from the petiole. 2.5-3 mm. high, 3-4 mm. wide. Distal end shows a more or less definite central prominence. Yellowish tinged, with short pubescence. Walls pithy in texture, yet firm; tissue when old, brown. Chamber sub-cylindric. Protective layer poorly developed, confined to proximal one-third of gall. Nutritive layer very thin. Fibro-vascular bundles traverse galls near the surface. This is the simplest of all the itonid galls studied. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21732#page/279/mode/1up
description:
  12. Cecidomyia sp.

  "On leaf, under side, stoutly conical and nippled at tip. Succulent, pale green, and covered with fine bloom when young. 3x4 mm. Present in great numbers; larva, white." Sears. 

  The author's specimens rarely go over 3 mm. in high. They vary from 2-3 mm. in width. Many are purplish tinged. The chamber is sub-cylindric. rounded below. The protective layer is well developed and extends distally as far as the inner opening of the apical canal. The nutritive layer is confined to the proximal half of the chamber wall. The fibro-vascular bundles pass upward close to the protective layer. 


externallink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42358#page/626/mode/1up
description:
  [No name given; species later named Cecidomyiaceltis oviformis by Patton]

  30. Cecidomyidous galls on the tender twigs, either singly or placed in rows of two or more specimens ; occurring also singly on the petiole or on the lower surface of the leaf. Gall usually resembling somewhat a large egg of some diurnal Lepidopteron; short, conical, or subglobular in outline, arising from a circular, truncate base, rounded off at tip where it is furnished with a short spine or nipple; surface dark green, opaque, granulose, usually with faint and shallow longitudinal furrows and usually hirsute with short stout hairs; sides at the base with more or less distinct, irregular protuberances. The gall is not entirely sessile, but only connected with the twig at the central part of its base. A vertical section shows a single spherical cell (rarely two) having a thick whitish yellow, hard and woody wall. Average height of gall 4 mm (excluding the apical spine); average diameter at base 3.4mm. The gall varies in shape, some specimens being more conical, others nearly globular or even slightly depressed at tip, while others are not hairy and less opaque, the surface being covered with little pustules. The latter form possibly constitutes a distinct species. 


